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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82928-1 - The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages Ludmila Koryakova and Andrej Vladimirovich Epimakhov Index More information INDEX Italics indicate figures Abashevo context, 180 Alanya, 228. See Yagn-Tsai Abashevo cultural area, 33, 57 Alexander the Great, 223, 225, 229 Abashevo cultural intercommunity, 180, 340n3 Altai, 27, 42, 53, 104, 108, 139, 161, 169, 170, 175, Abashevo culture, 57, 58, 79, 83, 97, 111, 136, 187, 188, 230, 231, 241, 292, 311 , 340n4 178 cassiterite deposits, 42 animals, 64 frozen tombs, 216 burial grounds, 61 tin, 323 elite kurgans, 65 Altai, mountains, 6, 27, 43, 108, 285, 31 0 , 331 funeral tradition, 63 area, 40, 41 groups, 122 Amu-Darya, river, 112, 228 influence, 66 Ananyino burial ground, 252 metal, 34, 35, 60, 62 Ananyino cosmological model, 260 ornaments, 60 Ananyino cultural groups, 194 pottery, 60, 74, 86 Ananyino culture, 195, 195, 196, 251, 253, 258, 259, settlement material, 60 312 , 330 settlements, 59, 60 animals, 257 living architecture, 60 burials, 254 territory, 109 pottery, 257 Abashevo groups, 45, 66, 99 settlements, 254, 276 Abashevo metallurgical center, 37 Ananyino intercommunity, 251, 276 Abashevo sites, 34, 36, 57, 62, 112 Ananyino metallurgical center, 194, 200 Abashevo tradition, 59, 319 Ananyino metallurgy, 195, 196, 200 Achaemenid, 225, 236, 238, 304, 305 influence, 194 adzes, 34, 37, 41, 42, 50, 93, 189, 196 Ananyino sites, 194, 252, 258 Aegean, 91, 96 Ananyino society, 258 Afanasyevo culture, 53, 123, 188, 343n2 symbolic system of, 260 agriculture, 54, 65, 121, 146, 149, 167, 204, 206, 265, Anatolia, 26, 91, 181 324, 326 Andronovo area Alakul culture, 65, 97, 98, 126, 127, 136, 182 row materials, 43 burial grounds, 130 site distribution, 124 female hair decoration, 134, 137 Andronovo cultural and historical community, 342n3 funeral ritual, 134 Andronovo cultural and historical intercommunity, northern complex in, 150 126 origin, 137, 138 Andronovo cultures periodization, 136 characteristics, 127 pottery, 130, 132, 136 history of study, 123–126 settlements, 128 Andronovo family of cultures houses, 131 composition, 126 Alans, 220, 225, 228, 229, 249, 250, 31 0 Andronovo groups, 158 375 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82928-1 - The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages Ludmila Koryakova and Andrej Vladimirovich Epimakhov Index More information 376 Index animal husbandry, 103, 149, 178, 180, 181, 183, 257, Bashkiria, national territory, 245, 262 272, 273, 327. See livestock breeding battle hammer-axes, 256 animal style, 200, 221, 230, 231, 238, 259, 261, 31 0 , battle hammers, 194 332 battleaxe, 42, 85, 93, 100, 196, 198, 256 animals, 6, 88, 168, 174, 203, 204, 206, 208, 211, 212, beads, 79, 85, 119, 134, 270, 274, 314 , 333 215, 220, 343n3 Begazy-Dandybai culture. See Dandybai-Begazy as a property, 213 culture cult figurins, 274 Belaya, river, 5, 34, 112, 115, 171, 252, 262 domestic, 78, 102, 122, 152 , 158 , 167, 177 Big Sintashta Kurgan, 341n8 fur-bearing, 6, 272 bi-metallic objects, 50, 51, 52, 53, 188–190, 192–194, in cosmology, 260 195, 197 overgrazing, 208 birch bark, 100, 104, 216, 256, 282, 334 phytophagous, 146 bird-like idols, 285 small horned, 79 bi-ritualism, 127, 182, 269 wild, 6, 89, 245, 274, 286, 290 Black Sea, 43, 46, 55 wild hoofed, 99, 209, 281, 326 northern coast, 15 , 27, 161. See northern Pontic winter grazing, 207, 211 bloomery iron, 190, 194, 197, 200 Aorces, 220, 225, 240, 249 bone “spades”, 59, 64, 79, 80, 92 Aral Sea, 11, 14, 204, 236, 244, 341n24 bone dice, 127, 152 , 183 Aramaic alphabet, 304 Borodino hoard, 106, 149, 323 Aramaic inscriptions, 306, 31 0 Botai culture, 54 archaeological culture, 20, 25, 220, 233, 273, 342n32, bracelets, 37, 41, 42, 60, 64, 85, 119, 134, 142, 256, 344n5 270, 334 Arctic, 4, 6, 7 bronze cauldrons, 193, 216, 238, 241, 304 argillite, 281 burials of metallurgists, 44, 49, 56 aridity, 10, 97, 210, 328 Arimaspians, 220 camel, xviii, 207, 208, 342n11 Aristeas, 223, 231 carbonization, 188, 192, 193 aristocracy, 91, 250, 292, 296, 331 Carpathians, 27, 161 Arkaim, 8, 37, 66, 70, 71, 74, 75, 89, 91, 341n19, 353 carpentry, 52, 56, 326 cemetery, 78 Caspian Sea, 5, 10, 54, 225, 226, 334 design, 72 casting technology, 27 fortification, 70 Catacombnaya context, 181 houses, 72 Catacombnaya culture, 44, 53, 54, 57, 65, 96, 97, 178, interpretations, 90 180, 188, 343n2 pottery, 74 groups, 122 arrowheads, 15 , 63, 64, 79, 85, 104, 109, 115, 130, 144, cataphracts (armoured cavalry), 229 158 , 173, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 231, Caucasian metallurgical network, 27 235, 237, 238, 244, 245, 248, 256, 258, 260, Caucasus, 11, 27, 54, 96, 97, 99, 180, 190, 193, 200, 268, 274, 284, 285, 309, 311 , 333 223, 225, 273, 318 , 326, 327, 329, 340n4, 342n2 arsenical bronze, 27, 32, 35, 340n8 metallurgy, 32, 40, 194 arsenical copper, 34, 36, 37, 340n8 celts-axes, 39, 172 Arzhan, kurgan, 14, 230, 327, 331 Central Asia, 6, 144, 181, 189, 228, 229, 230, 231, 244, Arzhan-Chernogorovo phase, 18, 230, 290 250, 273, 291, 294, 299, 332, 334, 336, 345n3, Asia Minor, 27, 94, 223 345n5 assimilation, 110, 151 , 158 , 190, 320 states of, 314 Atlantic air, 4, 7 chalcedony, 281 Atlantic area, 4, 6 chalk, 49, 116, 190, 242, 298 Atlantic period, 8 chariot, 341n10 Avesta, 96 charioteer funeral complex, 322 awls, 32, 37, 50, 64, 79, 80, 114, 119, 130, 144, 155 , chariotry complex, 84, 181 172, 190, 196, 284 chariots, 66, 79, 80, 90, 92, 93, 97, 150 , 166, 324 cheek-pieces, 79, 85 Bactria, 225, 228, 249, 31 0 , 311 disc-like, 79, 181, 341n9 Balanovo culture, 63, 66, 99–100, 101, 341n29, 341n30 disc-shaped, 59, 60, 115 Balkan-Carpathian metallurgical network, 26 shield-like, 135 Balkans, 26, 27, 97, 181 three holes, 173 Bashkir model of a semi-nomadic economy, 294 cheek-pieces without thorns Bashkir, peoples, 1, 207 flat, 130 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82928-1 - The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages Ludmila Koryakova and Andrej Vladimirovich Epimakhov Index More information Index 377 Cheganda burial grounds Cyrus II, 225, 236 materials from, 268 Cheganda cemetery daggers, 39, 42, 44, 56, 108, 170, 172, 174, 176, material from, 270 193–195, 196, 198, 231, 235, 237, 258, 262, Cheganda chiefdoms, 274 285, 295, 311 Cheganda culture, sub-culture, 262 Dahae, Dahi, 220, 226, 240 Cheganda groups, 269, 276 Dandybai-Begazy culture, 162 Cheremis, 251 Dandybai-Sargary culture, 162 Cherkaskul culture, 150 , 151 , 323, 345n2 Darius, 236 funeral tradition, 152 Demircihuyuk, 91 materials, 154 diversified economy, 105, 158 , 276, 326 pottery, 151 , 153 division of labour, 121, 210, 282, 286, 287, 313 , 343n3 settlements, 152 Dnepr, river, 27, 43, 223, 225, 250, 312 house-structure, 153 dolphins, 304, 305 Chernetsov, V.N., 2, 104, 288 Don, river, 35, 46, 65, 91, 216, 223, 249, 250 Chernykh, E.N., 18, 25, 26, 28, 32, 39, 108 area, 57, 66, 114, 147, 190, 241, 244 chiefdom, 93, 214, 215, 228, 258, 273, 295, 299, 311 , basin, 33, 57, 112, 312 317 , 320, 336, 345n4 forest-steppe, 190 China, 109, 211, 226, 228, 31 0 , 332, 333, 334 steppe, 238 Chinese mirrors, 248, 249 Chingiz-Khan, 214 Elenovka mine, 28, 36, 340n5 chisels, 32, 37, 42, 64, 130, 144, 188, 189, 196 Eneolithic, 10, 13, 25, 26, 31 , 46, 53, 54, 55, 90, 94, Chorasmia, 91, 112, 228, 290, 294, 31 0 , 327, 332 97, 102, 104, 126, 159 , 178, 180, 209, 317 , 318 , Chorasmian inscriptions, 304, 31 0 326, 341n24 Cimmerians, 223, 312 , 329 environments, 1, 5, 8, 54, 152 , 166, 174, 208, 209, 211, Circumpontic area, 97 252, 273, 277, 324, 343n3 Circumpontic metallurgical complex, 75, 319 epaulette-like clasps, 267, 270 Circumpontic metallurgical network, 27, 32, 53, 96, Eurasian metallurgical network, 27, 42 340n2 Eurasian metallurgical province, 14, 136, 192 Circumpontic metallurgical province, 13, 14 Eurasian technocultural network, 29, 33, 43, 178 Circumpontic metallurgical system, 33 Eurasian technocultural system, 38 Circumpontic technocultural network, 29, 178, 180, Eurasian world of second millennium BC, 86 319 , 320 Circumpontic tradition, 38, 180, 189 family of cultures, 21, 112, 127, 182, 322 Circumpontic types of metal, 33, 41 Fatyanovo culture, 57, 100 clan-tribal structure, 212 fibulae, 192, 246, 249, 334 climate, 4, 6–8, 10–12, 162, 192, 204, 205, 210, 211, Filippovka kurgan, 217, 238, 240 241, 277 Finno-Permian linguistic group, 99 colonization, 150 , 151 , 158 , 323, 325, 338 Finno-Permic linguistic unity, 254 composite bow, 245, 248, 309, 345n6 Finno-Ugrian groups, 150 , 184 contextual archaeology, 20 Finno-Ugrian languages, 160 Corded Ware cultures, 57, 100, 178 Finno-Ugrian linguistic group, 123 corporate strategy, 321 Finno-Ugrian mythology, 160 craft, crafts, 26, 43, 53, 56, 90, 109, 149, 150 , 209, 270, Finno-Ugrian population, 1 276, 326, 328, 333, 343n3 Finno-Ugrian speakers, 99 craftsmen, 26, 43, 56, 91, 108, 109, 216, 272 Finno-Ugrian vocabulary, 100 craniological analysis, 262, 341n29 Finno-Ugrians, 344n3 cremation, 63, 106, 124, 127, 134, 141, 145, 147, 148, Finno-Ugric speakers. See Finno-Ugrian speakers 152 , 182, 236, 243, 256, 269, 274, 343n13 Finno-Volgaics. See Volga Finns, 344n2 cross-cultural analogies, 13 fortifications, 60, 67, 68, 82, 90, 94, 196, 217, 253, cross-stamped pottery, 159 279, 282, 283, 323 cultures of, 170 fortified houses, 277, 282 ornamentation, 290 fortified settlements, 82, 91, 92, 215, 252, 253, 254, cultivation, 174, 177, 206, 209, 257, 328. See 257, 258, 262, 271, 277, 279, 282, 291, 292, agriculture., 89, 103, 120, 121 300, 301, 330.
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    New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia

    RADIOCARBON, Vol 51, Nr 1, 2009, p 243–273 © 2009 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona NEW RADIOCARBON DATES AND A REVIEW OF THE CHRONOLOGY OF PREHISTORIC POPULATIONS FROM THE MINUSINSK BASIN, SOUTHERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA Svetlana V Svyatko1,2 • James P Mallory1 • Eileen M Murphy1 • Andrey V Polyakov3 • Paula J Reimer1 • Rick J Schulting4 ABSTRACT. The results are presented of a new program of radiocarbon dating undertaken on 88 human skeletons. The indi- viduals derived from Eneolithic to Early Iron Age sites—Afanasievo, Okunevo, Andronovo (Fedorovo), Karasuk, and Tagar cultures—in the Minusinsk Basin of Southern Siberia. All the new dates have been acquired from human bone, which is in contrast to some of the previous dates for this region obtained from wood and thus possibly unreliable due to old-wood effects or re-use of the timber. The new data are compared with the existing 14C chronology for the region, thereby enabling a clearer understanding to be gained concerning the chronology of these cultures and their place within the prehistory of the Eurasian steppes. INTRODUCTION The results of radiocarbon dating are of particular importance for the establishment of the chronol- ogy of cultures not recorded in written sources, as is the case for most of the cultures of prehistoric Southern Siberia. Some of the first 14C dates obtained for the prehistoric complexes of Southern Siberia (Scythian monuments of the Altai Mountain region) were published in Radiocarbon in 1965 (Butomo 1965), and since then the various aspects of the area’s 14C chronology have been presented and discussed in its pages (e.g.
  • Royal “Chariot” Burials of Sanauli Near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages

    Royal “Chariot” Burials of Sanauli Near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages

    ROYAL “CHARIOT” BURIALS OF SANAULI NEAR DELHI AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF PREHISTORIC INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES Asko Parpola University of Helsinki The article describes the royal cart burials excavated at the Late Harappan site of Sanauli near Delhi in the spring of 2018 on the basis of the available reports and photographs. The author then comments on these finds, dated to about 1900 BCE, with the Sanauli cart burials being the first of their kind in Bronze Age India. In his opinion, several indications suggest that the Sanauli “chariots” are actually carts yoked to bulls, as in the copper sculpture of a bull-cart from the Late Harappan site of Daimabad in Maharashtra. The antennae-hilted swords associated with the burials suggest that these bull-carts are likely to have come from the BMAC or the Bactria and Margiana Archaeological Complex (c.2300–1500 BCE) of southern Central Asia, from where there is iconographic evidence of bull-carts. The ultimate source of the Sanauli/BMAC bull-carts may be the early phase of the Sintashta culture in the Trans-Urals, where the chariot (defined as a horse-drawn light vehicle with two spoked wheels) was most probably invented around the late twenty-first century BCE. The invention presupposes an earlier experimental phase, which started with solid-wheeled carts that could only be pulled by bulls. An intermediate phase in the develop- ment is the “proto-chariot” with cross-bar wheels, attested in a BMAC-related cylinder seal from Tepe Hissar III B in northern Iran (c.2000–1900 BCE). The wooden coffins of the Sanauli royal burials provide another pointer to a possible Sintashta origin.