addition ofaddition three more kingdoms: Animilia. classifi ed generally kingdoms: were two just were there animals; or organisms plants as simply living century twentieth the Until Classification mosses. and ferns to similar are they respect of by means reproduce cannot make their own food by they so like plants, chlorophyll, contain not do They food. of like like but, source animals them, they do require an external around move cannot generally They own. their on a kingdom forming both; of characteristics some share but animals nor plants neither are Fungi ecosystems. in nutrients of recycling the facilitate they wood, and plants as such material, organic dead down breaking By ecologically. and economically both important are that organisms includes fungi of kingdom The Fungi are are Fungi than cellsdifferentiated typical of plants and animals. cell wall membrane-bound Bacteria, Archaea and domains: three into divided are things Today living etc.). yeasts and (e.g. unicellar organisms like amoebae and algae) and Heterotrophs can be be can Heterotrophs nutrition. their for organisms other by made compounds organic of a in held is material genetic their where cells complex have –they eukaryotes are Fungi etc.classes are sometimes added relationships. to clarify orders, families, genera Within each kingdom organisms are further classifi ed into fi t elsewhere). not do that (eukaryotes protoctists and fungi, plants, animals, kingdoms: Fig. 1 addition ofaddition three more kingdoms: Animilia. classifi ed generally kingdoms: were two just were there animals; or organisms plants as simply living century twentieth the Until Classification mosses. and ferns to similar are they respect of by means reproduce cannot make their own food by they so like plants, chlorophyll, contain not do They food. of like like but, source animals them, they do require an external around move cannot generally They own. their on a kingdom forming both; of characteristics some share but animals nor plants neither are Fungi ecosystems. in nutrients of recycling the facilitate they wood, and plants as such material, organic dead down breaking By ecologically. and economically both important are that organisms includes fungi of kingdom The Fungi are are Fungi than cellsdifferentiated typical of plants and animals. cell wall membrane-bound Bacteria, Archaea and domains: three into divided are things Today living etc.). yeasts and (e.g. unicellar organisms like amoebae and algae) and Heterotrophs can be be can Heterotrophs nutrition. their for organisms other by made compounds organic of material is held in a in held is material genetic their where cells complex have –they eukaryotes are Fungi etc.classes are sometimes added relationships. to clarify orders, families, genera Within each kingdom organisms are further classifi ed into fi t elsewhere). not do that (eukaryotes protoctists and fungi, plants, animals, kingdoms: Bacteroides Cytophaga Planctomyces Fig. 1 Thermotoga Aquifex Cyanobacteri Bacteroides Cytophaga Planctomyces Thermotoga Three domains of living organisms living of domains Three Aquifex Cyanobacteri Proteobacteri that is made of chitin of made is that BACTERIA Increased understanding of fundamental biology led to the the to led biology fundamental of understanding Increased heterotrophs Three domains of living organisms living of domains Three Proteobacteri that is made of chitin of made is that Spirochete BACTERIA a Increased understanding of fundamental biology led to the the to led biology fundamental of understanding Increased heterotrophs a Spirochete a organelles positives s nucleus Gram saprophytic Filamentous a , which means that they require an external source source external an require they that means , which Eukaryota Bacteri Green and and organelles positives Thermoproteus Pyrodicticu s nucleus Gram with a with a Methanobacterium species. saprophytic Methanococcu spores Filamentous such as as such , which means that they require an external source source external an require they that means , which ARCHAEA Eukaryota Bacteri rather than cellulose Green and and Methanosarcin , T. m ; the Eukaryota are divided into four four into divided are Eukaryota ; the parasitic Celer membrane Thermoproteus Pyrodicticu Prokaryota with a with a Methanobacterium rather than seeds and in that that in and seeds than rather Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, sub- Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, species. Methanococcu s spores such as as such mitochondria ARCHAEA rather than cellulose a or Methanosarcina , T. Entamoeba m Halophiles ; the Eukaryota are divided into four four into divided are Eukaryota ; the parasitic Celer membrane symbiotic. and they also contain other other contain also they and (e.g. bacteria), bacteria), (e.g. Prokaryota photosynthesis rather than seeds and in that that in and seeds than rather Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, sub- Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, s mitochondria e EUKAR . Fungal cells have a have cells . Fungal molds Slime and they are less less are they and Fungi or Saprophytes liveSaprophytes Entamoeba Halophiles symbiotic. and they also contain other other contain also they and phyla, classes, classes, phyla, Animals (e.g. bacteria), bacteria), (e.g. (e.g. moulds moulds (e.g. photosynthesis Plantae YA Plants Diplomonads Microsporidia Tr Flagellate F Ciliates Protoctista Protoctista ungi ichomonads . They . They e EUKAR . Fungal cells have a have cells . Fungal molds s Slime and and and they are less less are they and Fungi Saprophytes liveSaprophytes phyla, classes, classes, phyla, Animals (e.g. moulds moulds (e.g. Plantae YA Plants Diplomonads Microsporidia Tr Flagellate F Ciliates Protoctista Protoctista ungi ichomonads complex life cycle and produce fi ve different types of spores. They get get They spores. of types fi produce different ve and cycle life complex a have They microscopic. are and Basidiomycota the of members Rust Rusts Yeasts Yeasts Mould Moulds of antibiotics of spoilage organism. Some moulds are used for the commercial production ( mould bread the is saprobe Acommon organisms. Mouldscan be called fi laments individual of form hyphae the in grow that fungi microscopic are Moulds asexually. reproduce and rapidly grow Many mass. spore or Fungi secrete secrete Fungi diseases. fungal of examples are Foot Athlete’s and blight Potato them. kill even or damage can other may While living symbionts organisms. benefi t their hosts, parasites in or on live symbionts and parasites whereas matter organic dead on electricity in in electricity species generate to used been yeast recently have Yeasts years. of thousands for The fi ssion. cerevisia binary by commonly less and budding called aprocess by asexually reproduce generally are all types of fungi. fungi. of types all are fragmentation and3) sporulation. Moulds, yeasts, rustsandmushrooms 2) yeasts, in formation 1) bud are: reproduction asexual of methods main three The asexually. and sexually both reproduce can fungi Many asporangium. in spores asexual of masses producing by asexually Zygospore. walled atough produce and mate strains compatible two when occurs reproduction sexual group this in Rhizopus Zygomycota. and Chytridomycota Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, reproduction: sexual of mode the on based divisions main four are there fungi of kingdom the Within absorb. can they aform to matter organic the industry. Not all yeast species are benefi cial to humans – some can can some – humans Candida. as to such benefi humans in cial diseases are cause species yeast all Not industry. . They . They Fig. 2 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 8 fungi infect a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. They are are They plants. cultivated and wild of range awide infect fungi s is a general term for a for term ageneral is are are and and Examples of classifi cation system for for system classifi of cation Examples Division /Phylum Division Kingdom Domain Classifi cation level Genus Family Order Class Species that together form a form together that cultivated mushroom and blue whale. whale. blue and mushroom cultivated has been used in in used been e has unicellular – e.g. penicillin from from penicillin –e.g. microbial fuel cell enzymes saprobes fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats. Yeasts Yeasts habitats. moist or liquid inhabit that fungi Fungi secrete secrete Fungi diseases. fungal of examples are Foot Athlete’s and blight Potato them. kill even or damage can other may While living symbionts organisms. benefi t their hosts, parasites in or on live symbionts and parasites whereas matter organic dead on complex life cycle and produce fi ve different types of spores. They get get They spores. of types fi produce different ve and cycle life complex a have They microscopic. are and Basidiomycota the of members Rust Rusts Yeasts Yeasts Mould Moulds of antibiotics of spoilage organism. Some moulds are used for the commercial production ( mould bread the is saprobe Acommon organisms. Mouldscan be called fi laments individual of form hyphae the in grow that fungi microscopic are Moulds asexually. reproduce and rapidly grow Many mass. spore or are all types of fungi. fungi. of types all are fragmentation and3) sporulation. Moulds, yeasts, rustsandmushrooms 2) yeasts, in formation 1) bud are: reproduction asexual of methods main three The asexually. and sexually both reproduce can fungi Many asporangium. in spores asexual of masses producing by asexually Zygospore. walled atough produce and mate strains compatible two when occurs reproduction sexual group this in Rhizopus Zygomycota. and Chytridomycota Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, reproduction: sexual of mode the on based divisions main four are there fungi of kingdom the Within absorb. can they aform to matter organic the electricity in in electricity species generate to used been yeast recently have Yeasts years. of thousands for The fi ssion. cerevisia binary by commonly less and budding called aprocess by asexually reproduce generally industry. Not all yeast species are benefi cial to humans – some can can some – humans Candida. as to such benefi humans in cial diseases are cause species yeast all Not industry. into the the into Fig. 2 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 8 or or fungi infect a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. They are are They plants. cultivated and wild of range awide infect fungi mycelium microfungus parasites bakin Basidiomycota Fungi Eucarya mushroom) 1(cultivated Example Agaricus Agaricaceae Agaricales Homobasidiomycetae A. bisporus A. is a general term for a for term ageneral is are are Examples of classifi cation system for for system classifi of cation Examples Division /Phylum Division Kingdom Domain Classifi cation level Genus Family Order Class Species that together form a form together that cultivated mushroom and blue whale. whale. blue and mushroom cultivated substrate s has been used in in used been e has , and produce produce , and Penicillium. and g and unicellular which eventually producesspores. – e.g. penicillin from from penicillin –e.g. on a large variety of of variety alarge on microbial fuel cell enzymes that has a well defi ned mycelium fermentin saprobes on which they live that reduce reduce that live they which on belongs to the Zygomycota; Zygomycota; the to belongs Rhizopus fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats. Yeasts Yeasts habitats. moist or liquid inhabit that fungi ethanol g alcoholic beverage into the the into Chordat Animalia Eucarya (Blue (Blue whale) Example 2 Balaenopter Balaenopterida Cetace Mammali

B. musculus Rhizopus or or also reproduces reproduces also Saccharomyces mycelium microfungus for the biofue the for parasites bakin a Basidiomycota Fungi Eucarya mushroom) 1(cultivated Example Agaricus Agaricaceae Agaricales Homobasidiomycetae A. bisporus A. a substrates a substrate s a ) – a food ) –afood , and produce produce , and Penicillium. and g and e which eventually producesspores. Fungi on a large variety of of variety alarge on or or s that has a well defi ned mycelium l fermentin on which they live that reduce reduce that live they which on belongs to the Zygomycota; Zygomycota; the to belongs Rhizopus days each. each. days ‘fl four or three or three two in for 14–17 come last They that days. ushes’ stimulate the production ofmushrooms. Mushrooms are producedafter to soil peat-based of alayer with it covers and house mushroom environmentally-controlled aspecialised in shelves onto it puts who grower mushroom the to sent is –it weeks three –within colonised fully is compost the When manufacturer. spawn mushroom specialist of culture apure is this added; then is spawn) mushroom as (known mycelium Mushroom forms. compost pasteurised dark arich until weeks of anumber for composted and together mixed are ingredients The water. and gypsum manure, chicken and/or horse straw, wheat using producer compost mushroom and species it is grown on a specifi c type of made compost by a specialist Agaricus bisporus compost. or straw wheat sawdust, logs, wood as such substrates organic different on grown are Mushrooms world. the around commercially cultivated are species twenty about only but edible are species mushroom 1000 Approximately Cultivated mushrooms Mushroom Mushrooms barley and wheat. Puccinia e.g. graminis crops; cultivated of violaceum –e.g. hosts their with harmony in live sometimes and common very are Rusts plants. other infect and wind the by dispersed are spores of Millions stems. and leaves infected on pustules /orange yellow uredospores their of colour the from name their Mushrooms ( The Mushroom in Industry Ireland dispersed by the wind. wind. the by dispersed be to spores the allows and ground the above cap the holds stipe The form. spores which on ‘gills’ are there rain, from protected cap, the of side under the On acap. and (stalk) astipe of up made reproductive fruitbody that is Mushrooms have a distinctive parasitic or symbiotic. saprophytic, be can They poisonous. deadly are six and edible are 1000 about which of Agaricales of species 6,000 about are There Division. Basidiomycota the in is which Order, Agaricales epe n h pouto ad upy hi, aig t signifi cant a it making chain, supply areas. rural in and especially employer, production the in people 3,000 over employs sector The UK. the to mostly export, for mushrooms fresh premium-quality high-value produces The mushroom industry €99m. was Ireland of Republic the in produced mushrooms the of value gate farm the 2006 In industry. dynamic and modern asuccessful, now is it and 90s and 1980s the during dramatically expanded production mushroom Commercial Ireland. in grown crop food horticultural ethanol g alcoholic beverage Chordat Animalia Eucarya (Blue whale) Example 2 Balaenopter Balaenopterida Cetace Mammali

B. musculus Rhizopus on blackberry leaves. However, many are serious pathogens pathogens serious are many However, leaves. blackberry on also reproduces reproduces also is a general term used to describe any any describe to used term a general is Saccharomyces for the biofue the for a a Agaricus bisporus substrates a a ) – a food ) –afood e Fungi or or s l

Fig. 3 ) are the single most important important most single the ) are Agaricus bisporus Commercial mushroomcrop Commercial days each. each. days ‘fl four or three or three two in for 14–17 come last They that days. ushes’ stimulate the production ofmushrooms. 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Basidiomycota the in is which Order, Agaricales epe n h pouto ad upy hi, aig t signifi cant a it making chain, supply areas. rural in and especially employer, production the in people 3,000 over employs sector The UK. the to mostly export, for mushrooms fresh premium-quality high-value produces The mushroom industry €99m. was Ireland of Republic the in produced mushrooms the of value gate farm the 2006 In industry. dynamic and modern asuccessful, now is it and 90s and 1980s the during dramatically expanded production mushroom Commercial Ireland. in grown crop food horticultural is the most widely cultivated cultivated widely most the is causes black stem rust on on rust stem black causes , which are visible as as visible are , which macrofungus , produced by a by , produced on blackberry leaves. 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ACTION IN ACTION

AND Cap SECOND EDITIONTHIRD OG OG to to fi nd Y Y addition ofaddition three more kingdoms: Animilia. classifi ed generally kingdoms: were two just were there animals; or organisms plants as simply living century twentieth the Until Classification mosses. and ferns to similar are they respect of by means reproduce cannot make their own food by they so like plants, chlorophyll, contain not do They food. of like like but, source animals them, they do require an external around move cannot generally They own. their on a kingdom forming both; of characteristics some share but animals nor plants neither are Fungi ecosystems. in nutrients of recycling the facilitate they wood, and plants as such material, organic dead down breaking By ecologically. and economically both important are that organisms includes fungi of kingdom The Fungi are are Fungi than cellsdifferentiated typical of plants and animals. cell wall membrane-bound Bacteria, Archaea and domains: three into divided are things Today living etc.). yeasts and (e.g. unicellar organisms like amoebae and algae) and Heterotrophs can be be can Heterotrophs nutrition. their for organisms other by made compounds organic of material is held in a in held is material genetic their where cells complex have –they eukaryotes are Fungi etc.classes are sometimes added relationships. to clarify orders, families, genera Within each kingdom organisms are further classifi ed into fi t elsewhere). not do that (eukaryotes protoctists and fungi, plants, animals, kingdoms: Fig. 1 Bacteroides Cytophaga Planctomyces Thermotoga Aquifex Cyanobacteri Three domains of living organisms living of domains Three Proteobacteri that is made of chitin of made is that BACTERIA Increased understanding of fundamental biology led to the the to led biology fundamental of understanding Increased heterotrophs Spirochete a a organelles positives s nucleus Gram saprophytic Filamentous , which means that they require an external source source external an require they that means , which Eukaryota Bacteri Green and and Thermoproteus Pyrodicticu with a with a Methanobacterium species. Methanococcu spores such as as such ARCHAEA rather than cellulose Methanosarcina , T. m ; the Eukaryota are divided into four four into divided are Eukaryota ; the parasitic Celer membrane Prokaryota rather than seeds and in that that in and seeds than rather Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, sub- Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, s mitochondria or Entamoeba Halophiles symbiotic. and they also contain other other contain also they and (e.g. bacteria), bacteria), (e.g. photosynthesis e EUKAR . Fungal cells have a have cells . Fungal molds Slime and they are less less are they and Fungi Saprophytes liveSaprophytes phyla, classes, classes, phyla, Animals (e.g. moulds moulds (e.g. Plantae YA Plants Diplomonads Microsporidia Tr Flagellate F Ciliates Protoctista Protoctista ungi ichomonads . They . They s and and of antibiotics of spoilage organism. Some moulds are used for the commercial production ( mould bread the is saprobe Acommon organisms. secrete Fungi diseases. fungal of examples are Foot Athlete’s and blight Potato them. kill even or damage can other may While living symbionts organisms. benefi t their hosts, parasites in or on live symbionts and parasites whereas matter organic dead on complex life cycle and produce fi ve different types of spores. They get get They spores. of types fi produce different ve and cycle life complex a have They microscopic. are and Basidiomycota the of members Rust Rusts Yeasts Yeasts Mouldscan be called fi laments individual of form hyphae the in grow that fungi microscopic are Moulds asexually. reproduce and rapidly grow Many mass. spore or Mould Moulds electricity in in electricity species generate to used been yeast recently have Yeasts years. of thousands for The fi ssion. cerevisia binary by commonly less and budding called aprocess by asexually reproduce generally fungi. of types all are fragmentation and3) sporulation. Moulds, yeasts, rustsandmushrooms 2) yeasts, in formation 1) bud are: reproduction asexual of methods main three The asexually. and sexually both reproduce can fungi Many asporangium. in spores asexual of masses producing by asexually Zygospore. walled atough produce and mate strains compatible two when occurs reproduction sexual group this in Rhizopus Zygomycota. and Chytridomycota Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, reproduction: sexual of mode the on based divisions main four are there fungi of kingdom the Within absorb. can they aform to matter organic the industry. Not all yeast species are benefi cial to humans – some can can some – humans Candida. as to such benefi humans in cial diseases are cause species yeast all Not industry. Fig. 2 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 8 fungi infect a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. They are are They plants. cultivated and wild of range awide infect fungi is a general term for a for term ageneral is are are Examples of classifi cation system for for system classifi of cation Examples Division /Phylum Division Kingdom Domain Classifi cation level Genus Family Order Class Species that together form a form together that cultivated mushroom and blue whale. whale. blue and mushroom cultivated has been used in in used been e has unicellular – e.g. penicillin from from penicillin –e.g. microbial fuel cell enzymes saprobes fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats. Yeasts Yeasts habitats. moist or liquid inhabit that fungi into the the into or or mycelium microfungus parasites bakin Basidiomycota Fungi Eucarya mushroom) 1(cultivated Example Agaricus Agaricaceae Agaricales Homobasidiomycetae A. bisporus A. substrate s , and produce produce , and Penicillium. and g and which eventually producesspores. on a large variety of of variety alarge on that has a well defi ned mycelium fermentin on which they live that reduce reduce that live they which on belongs to the Zygomycota; Zygomycota; the to belongs Rhizopus ethanol g alcoholic beverage Chordat Animalia Eucarya (Blue whale) Example 2 Balaenopter Balaenopterida Cetace Mammali

B. musculus Rhizopus also reproduces reproduces also Saccharomyces for the biofue the for a a substrates a a ) – a food ) –afood e Fungi or or s l barley and wheat. Puccinia e.g. graminis crops; cultivated of violaceum –e.g. hosts their with harmony in live sometimes and common very are Rusts plants. other infect and wind the by dispersed are spores of Millions stems. and leaves infected on pustules /orange yellow uredospores their of colour the from name their Mushrooms ( The Mushroom in Industry Ireland each. days ‘fl four or three or three two in for 14–17 come last They that days. ushes’ stimulate the production ofmushrooms. Mushrooms are producedafter to soil peat-based of alayer with it covers and house mushroom environmentally-controlled a specialised in shelves onto it puts who grower mushroom the to sent is –it weeks three –within colonised fully is compost the When manufacturer. spawn mushroom specialist of culture apure is this added; then is spawn) mushroom as (known mycelium Mushroom forms. compost pasteurised dark arich until weeks of anumber for composted and together mixed are ingredients The water. and gypsum manure, chicken and/or horse straw, wheat using producer compost mushroom and species it is grown on a specifi c type of made compost by a specialist Agaricus bisporus compost. or straw wheat sawdust, logs, wood as such substrates organic different on grown are Mushrooms world. the around commercially cultivated are species twenty about only but edible are species mushroom 1000 Approximately Cultivated mushrooms Mushroom Mushrooms dispersed by the wind. wind. the by dispersed be to spores the allows and ground the above cap the holds stipe The form. spores which on ‘gills’ are there rain, from protected cap, the of side under the On acap. and (stalk) astipe of up made reproductive fruitbody that is Mushrooms have a distinctive parasitic or symbiotic. saprophytic, be can They poisonous. deadly are six and edible are 1000 about which of Agaricales of species 6,000 about are There Division. Basidiomycota the in is which Order, Agaricales epe n h pouto ad upy hi, aig t signifi cant a it making chain, supply areas. rural in and especially employer, production the in people 3,000 over employs sector The UK. the to mostly export, for mushrooms fresh premium-quality high-value produces The mushroom industry €99m. was Ireland of Republic the in produced mushrooms the of value gate farm the 2006 In industry. dynamic and modern asuccessful, now is it and 90s and 1980s the during dramatically expanded production mushroom Commercial Ireland. in grown crop food horticultural addition ofaddition three more kingdoms: Animilia. classifi ed generally kingdoms: were two just were there animals; or organisms plants as simply living century twentieth the Until Classification mosses. and ferns to similar are they respect of by means reproduce cannot make their own food by they so like plants, chlorophyll, contain not do They food. of like like but, source animals them, they do require an external around move cannot generally They own. their on a kingdom forming both; of characteristics some share but animals nor plants neither are Fungi ecosystems. in nutrients of recycling the facilitate they wood, and plants as such material, organic dead down breaking By ecologically. and economically both important are that organisms includes fungi of kingdom The Fungi are are Fungi than cellsdifferentiated typical of plants and animals. cell wall membrane-bound Bacteria, Archaea and domains: three into divided are things Today living etc.). yeasts and (e.g. unicellar organisms like amoebae and algae) and Heterotrophs can be be can Heterotrophs nutrition. their for organisms other by made compounds organic of a in held is material genetic their where cells complex have –they eukaryotes are Fungi etc.classes are sometimes added relationships. to clarify orders, families, genera Within each kingdom organisms are further classifi ed into fi t elsewhere). not do that (eukaryotes protoctists and fungi, plants, animals, kingdoms: Fig. 1 Bacteroides Cytophaga Planctomyces Thermotoga Aquifex Cyanobacteri Three domains of living organisms living of domains Three Proteobacteri that is made of chitin of made is that BACTERIA Increased understanding of fundamental biology led to the the to led biology fundamental of understanding Increased heterotrophs Spirochete a on blackberry leaves. However, many are serious pathogens pathogens serious are many However, leaves. blackberry on is a general term used to describe any any describe to used term a general is a Agaricus bisporus organelles positives s nucleus Gram saprophytic Filamentous , which means that they require an external source source external an require they that means , which Eukaryota Bacteri Green and and Thermoproteus Pyrodicticu with a with a Methanobacterium species. Methanococcu spores such as as such ARCHAEA rather than cellulose Methanosarcin , T. m ; the Eukaryota are divided into four four into divided are Eukaryota ; the parasitic Celer membrane Prokaryota rather than seeds and in that that in and seeds than rather Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, sub- Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, s mitochondria Fig. 3 a or ) are the single most important important most single the ) are Entamoeba Halophiles Agaricus bisporus symbiotic. and they also contain other other contain also they and (e.g. bacteria), bacteria), (e.g. photosynthesis Commercial mushroomcrop Commercial e EUKAR . Fungal cells have a have cells . Fungal molds Slime and they are less less are they and is the most widely cultivated cultivated widely most the is Fungi causes black stem rust on on rust stem black causes Saprophytes liveSaprophytes phyla, classes, classes, phyla, Animals (e.g. moulds moulds (e.g. Plantae YA Plants Diplomonads Microsporidia Tr Flagellate F Ciliates , which are visible as as visible are , which Protoctista Protoctista ungi ichomonads . They . They macrofungus , produced by a by , produced s and and Phragmidium Phragmidium complex life cycle and produce fi ve different types of spores. They get get They spores. of types fi produce different ve and cycle life complex a have They microscopic. are and Basidiomycota the of members Rust Rusts Yeasts Yeasts Mould Moulds of antibiotics of spoilage organism. Some moulds are used for the commercial production ( mould bread the is saprobe Acommon organisms. Mouldscan be called fi laments individual of form hyphae the in grow that fungi microscopic are Moulds asexually. reproduce and rapidly grow Many mass. spore or Fungi secrete secrete Fungi diseases. fungal of examples are Foot Athlete’s and blight Potato them. kill even or damage can other may While living symbionts organisms. benefi t their hosts, parasites in or on live symbionts and parasites whereas matter organic dead on electricity in in electricity species generate to used been yeast recently have Yeasts years. of thousands for The fi ssion. cerevisia binary by commonly less and budding called aprocess by asexually reproduce generally are all types of fungi. fungi. of types all are fragmentation and3) sporulation. 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They are are They plants. cultivated and wild of range awide infect fungi is a general term for a for term ageneral is are are Examples of classifi cation system for for system classifi of cation Examples Division /Phylum Division Kingdom Domain Classifi cation level Genus Family Order Class Species that together form a form together that cultivated mushroom and blue whale. whale. blue and mushroom cultivated has been used in in used been e has unicellular – e.g. penicillin from from penicillin –e.g. microbial fuel cell enzymes saprobes Fig. 4 fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats. Yeasts Yeasts habitats. moist or liquid inhabit that fungi mushroom research. mushroom Teagasc’s and Ireland in industry mushroom the about more out visit You can legislation. and and safety health under environmental mushroom industry, in particularly the area of their obligations the with closely work who advisors technical have also Teagasc looking for alternatives to peat for use in mushroom casing soil. diagnostics and control, managing spent mushroom compost and disease mushroom of areas the in are projects current and fi Dublin in nal Centre the Kinsealy the at of conducted is research Mushroom safety and environment. rural the of quality protection ensuring while the produce, ensure to and mushrooms, as such crops horticultural of competitiveness the increase to is objectives organisation’s the of One communities. rural and sector agri-food the facing challenges the on fifocused is Teagasc rmly roles. advisory and training in staff specialist other many and research, in technicians research 300 and scientists 200 over Teagasc and development rural agencies. with industries employs food and agriculture the of sectors all with work They country. the throughout locations 100 over at work staff 1,500 Over Ireland. andtraining for theservices agriculture andfood inindustry Teagasc Gills into the the into the many scientifi c projects they are involved in at at in involved are www.teagasc.ie they projects scientifi c many the and there work who people Teagasc, the about out Find or or Agaricus bisporus mycelium microfungus parasites bakin Basidiomycota Fungi Eucarya mushroom) 1(cultivated Example Agaricus Agaricaceae Agaricales Homobasidiomycetae A. bisporus A. substrate Top ofstipe s is a state organisation that provides research, advisory advisory research, provides that organisation astate is , and produce produce , and Penicillium. and g and which eventually producesspores. on a large variety of of variety alarge on http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood/mushrooms.htm http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood/mushrooms.htm that has a well defi ned mycelium fermentin on which they live that reduce reduce that live they which on belongs to the Zygomycota; Zygomycota; the to belongs SCIENCE TECHNOL SCIENCE TECHNOL Rhizopus (commercial mushroom) (commercial ethanol g alcoholic beverage Chordat Animalia Eucarya (Blue (Blue whale) Example 2 Balaenopter Balaenopterida Cetace Mammali

B. musculus Rhizopus ACTION IN ACTION also reproduces reproduces also Saccharomyces for the biofue the for a a substrates a a ) – a food ) –afood e Fungi or or AND s l Cap SECOND EDITIONTHIRD days each. each. days ‘fl four or three or three two in for 14–17 come last They that days. ushes’ stimulate the production ofmushrooms. Mushrooms are producedafter to soil peat-based of alayer with it covers and house mushroom environmentally-controlled aspecialised in shelves onto it puts who grower mushroom the to sent is –it weeks three –within colonised fully is compost the When manufacturer. spawn mushroom specialist of culture apure is this added; then is spawn) mushroom as (known mycelium Mushroom forms. compost pasteurised dark arich until weeks of anumber for composted and together mixed are ingredients The water. and gypsum manure, chicken and/or horse straw, wheat using producer compost mushroom and species it is grown on a specifi c type of made compost by a specialist Agaricus bisporus compost. or straw wheat sawdust, logs, wood as such substrates organic different on grown are Mushrooms world. the around commercially cultivated are species twenty about only but edible are species mushroom 1000 Approximately Cultivated mushrooms Mushroom Mushrooms barley and wheat. Puccinia e.g. graminis crops; cultivated of violaceum –e.g. hosts their with harmony in live sometimes and common very are Rusts plants. other infect and wind the by dispersed are spores of Millions stems. and leaves infected on pustules /orange yellow uredospores their of colour the from name their Mushrooms ( The Mushroom in Industry Ireland dispersed by the wind. wind. the by dispersed be to spores the allows and ground the above cap the holds stipe The form. spores which on ‘gills’ are there rain, from protected cap, the of side under the On acap. and (stalk) astipe of up made reproductive fruitbody that is Mushrooms have a distinctive parasitic or symbiotic. saprophytic, be can They poisonous. deadly are six and edible are 1000 about which of Agaricales of species 6,000 about are There Division. Basidiomycota the in is which Order, Agaricales epe n h pouto ad upy hi, aig t signifi cant a it making chain, supply areas. rural in and especially employer, production the in people 3,000 over employs sector The UK. the to mostly export, for mushrooms fresh premium-quality high-value produces The mushroom industry €99m. was Ireland of Republic the in produced mushrooms the of value gate farm the 2006 In industry. dynamic and modern asuccessful, now is it and 90s and 1980s the during dramatically expanded production mushroom Commercial Ireland. in grown crop food horticultural on blackberry leaves. However, many are serious pathogens pathogens serious are many However, leaves. blackberry on is a general term used to describe any any describe to used term a general is Agaricus bisporus OG OG to to fi nd Y Y

Fig. 3 ) are the single most important important most single the ) are Agaricus bisporus Commercial mushroomcrop Commercial is the most widely cultivated cultivated widely most the is causes black stem rust on on rust stem black causes , which are visible as as visible are , which macrofungus , produced by a by , produced Phragmidium Phragmidium in the the in Fig. 4 mushroom research. mushroom Teagasc’s and Ireland in industry mushroom the about more out visit You can legislation. and and safety health under environmental mushroom industry, in particularly the area of their obligations the with closely work who advisors technical have also Teagasc looking for alternatives to peat for use in mushroom casing soil. diagnostics and control, managing spent mushroom compost and disease mushroom of areas the in are projects current and fi Dublin in nal Centre the Kinsealy the at of conducted is research Mushroom safety and environment. rural the of quality protection ensuring while the produce, ensure to and mushrooms, as such crops horticultural of competitiveness the increase to is objectives organisation’s the of One communities. rural and sector agri-food the facing challenges the on fifocused is Teagasc rmly roles. advisory and training in staff specialist other many and research, in technicians research 300 and scientists 200 over Teagasc and development rural agencies. with industries employs food and agriculture the of sectors all with work They country. the throughout locations 100 over at work staff 1,500 Over Ireland. andtraining for theservices agriculture andfood inindustry Teagasc Gills the many scientifi c projects they are involved in at at in involved are www.teagasc.ie they projects scientifi c many the and there work who people Teagasc, the about out Find Agaricus bisporus Top ofstipe is a state organisation that provides research, advisory advisory research, provides that organisation astate is http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood/mushrooms.htm http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood/mushrooms.htm SCIENCE TECHNOL SCIENCE TECHNOL (commercial mushroom) (commercial

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AND Cap SECOND EDITIONTHIRD OG OG to to fi nd Y Y addition ofaddition three more kingdoms: Animilia. classifi ed generally kingdoms: were two just were there animals; or organisms plants as simply living century twentieth the Until Classification mosses. and ferns to similar are they respect of by means reproduce cannot make their own food by they so like plants, chlorophyll, contain not do They food. of like like but, source animals them, they do require an external around move cannot generally They own. their on a kingdom forming both; of characteristics some share but animals nor plants neither are Fungi ecosystems. in nutrients of recycling the facilitate they wood, and plants as such material, organic dead down breaking By ecologically. and economically both important are that organisms includes fungi of kingdom The Fungi are are Fungi than cellsdifferentiated typical of plants and animals. cell wall membrane-bound Bacteria, Archaea and domains: three into divided are things Today living etc.). yeasts and (e.g. unicellar organisms like amoebae and algae) and Heterotrophs can be be can Heterotrophs nutrition. their for organisms other by made compounds organic of a in held is material genetic their where cells complex have –they eukaryotes are Fungi etc.classes are sometimes added relationships. to clarify orders, families, genera Within each kingdom organisms are further classifi ed into fi t elsewhere). not do that (eukaryotes protoctists and fungi, plants, animals, kingdoms: Junior Certifi cate Science fungi. of nature Eukaryotic Fungi: and Bacteria of H.3.1.9 –Nature fungi. harmful two benefi two any of any and cial examples fungi: of importance Economic (budding). Yeast: and reproduction structure Nutrition. cycle. life and structure Rhizopus: poisonous fungi. and edible of Mention forms. parasitic and 3.1.4– Saprophytic –Fungi nature. in fungi and bacteria of Distribution 3.1.2 –Micro-organisms: Monera (Prokaryotae), Protista (Protoctista), Fungi, plant, and animal. classifiof system Five-kingdom cation: Organisms: of 3.1.1 Diversity – 3.1.4 –Fungi Unit CertifiLeaving Biology cate Syllabus Reference • Appreciate the economic value of mushroom production mushroom of value economic the Appreciate • production mushroom in involved processes main the Describe • fungi of groups main the of features characteristic the Describe • fungi parasitic and symbiotic saprophytic, of examples Give • Appreciate the provisional nature of groupings taxonomic • plants as classed not are fungi why Understand • ecosystems in fungi of importance the Appreciate • to: able be will student the section, this completing On Outcomes Learning and medicine. in industry biotechnology viruses; and fungi bacteria, as such micro-organisms of examples 1C8Section • Fungi are grouped into phyla according to their methods of of methods their to according phyla into grouped are Fungi • benefi possibly and their t, with, harmony in live that fungi Parasitic • parasites. or saprophytes be may Fungi • food. of sources external use –they heterotrophs are Fungi • cellulose. than rather chitin of made are cells fungal of walls cell The • classifi longer no are ed they that plants from different so are Fungi • living between relationships identify to used is DNA of Analysis • Points Learning General Fig. 1 Bacteroides Cytophaga Planctomyces Thermotoga Aquifex Cyanobacteri reproduction (where known) which are quite varied. quite are which known) (where reproduction symbionts. as to referred are host life. of kingdom aseparate form They plants. as kingdoms of eukaryotes. fi the of one more constitute or ve Fungi domains. different quite three into grouped are things Today living organisms. Three domains of living organisms living of domains Three Proteobacteri that is made of chitin of made is that BACTERIA Increased understanding of fundamental biology led to the the to led biology fundamental of understanding Increased heterotrophs Spirochete a a – Microbiology and biotechnology: investigation of organelles positives s nucleus Gram saprophytic Filamentous , which means that they require an external source source external an require they that means , which Eukaryota Bacteri Green and and Thermoproteus Pyrodicticu with a with a Methanobacterium species. Methanococcu spores such as as such ARCHAEA rather than cellulose Methanosarcin , T. m ; the Eukaryota are divided into four four into divided are Eukaryota ; the parasitic Celer membrane Prokaryota rather than seeds and in that that in and seeds than rather Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, sub- Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, s mitochondria a or Entamoeba Halophiles symbiotic. and they also contain other other contain also they and (e.g. bacteria), bacteria), (e.g. photosynthesis e EUKAR . Fungal cells have a have cells . Fungal molds Slime and they are less less are they and Fungi Saprophytes liveSaprophytes phyla, classes, classes, phyla, Animals (e.g. moulds moulds (e.g. Plantae YA Plants Diplomonads Microsporidia Tr Flagellate F Ciliates Protoctista Protoctista ungi ichomonads . They . They s and and complex life cycle and produce fi ve different types of spores. They get get They spores. of types fi produce different ve and cycle life complex a have They microscopic. are and Basidiomycota the of members Rust Rusts Yeasts Yeasts Mould Moulds of antibiotics of spoilage organism. Some moulds are used for the commercial production ( mould bread the is saprobe Acommon organisms. Mouldscan be called fi laments individual of form hyphae the in grow that fungi microscopic are Moulds asexually. reproduce and rapidly grow Many mass. spore or Fungi secrete secrete Fungi diseases. fungal of examples are Foot Athlete’s and blight Potato them. kill even or damage can other may While living symbionts organisms. benefi t their hosts, parasites in or on live symbionts and parasites whereas matter organic dead on electricity in in electricity species generate to used been yeast recently have Yeasts years. of thousands for The fi ssion. cerevisia binary by commonly less and budding called aprocess by asexually reproduce generally are all types of fungi. fungi. of types all are fragmentation and3) sporulation. Moulds, yeasts, rustsandmushrooms 2) yeasts, in formation 1) bud are: reproduction asexual of methods main three The asexually. and sexually both reproduce can fungi Many asporangium. in spores asexual of masses producing by asexually Zygospore. walled atough produce and mate strains compatible two when occurs reproduction sexual group this in Rhizopus Zygomycota. and Chytridomycota Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, reproduction: sexual of mode the on based divisions main four are there fungi of kingdom the Within absorb. can they aform to matter organic the industry. Not all yeast species are benefi cial to humans – some can can some – humans Candida. as to such benefi humans in cial diseases are cause species yeast all Not industry. Fig. 2 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 8 fungi infect a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. They are are They plants. cultivated and wild of range awide infect fungi is a general term for a for term ageneral is are are Examples of classifi cation system for for system classifi of cation Examples Division /Phylum Division Kingdom Domain Classifi cation level Genus Family Order Class Species that together form a form together that cultivated mushroom and blue whale. whale. blue and mushroom cultivated has been used in in used been e has unicellular – e.g. penicillin from from penicillin –e.g. microbial fuel cell enzymes saprobes (k) Fungi are simple plants. plants. simple are Fungi (k) Some fungi parasitise humans. (j) eukaryotes. are Fungi (i) cellulose. of made are fungi of walls cell The (h) plants. of parasites common are Rusts (g) means. asexual by exclusively reproduce Fungi (f) fi open in commercially elds. grown are Mushrooms (e) edible. are species mushroom of 20% About (d) mushrooms. of varieties are fungi All (c) fi you Record microscope. ndings. the under them examine and stipe and cap the of sections thin Cut gills. the of one of surface the examine microscope the of aid the With lens. hand the of aid the with surface cut the Examine stipe/stalk). gills, (cap, sketch the in details and fi the and cut Then examine surface paper draw its outline. ll in some the on half one Place centre. the through vertically mushroom the Cut Procedure pencil and paper/notebook • illumination top with preferably amicroscope, • a mature mushroom (open) • lens ahand • blade asafety • following: the need will you this For amushroom of Examination Activities Student (b) Yeasts are unicellular fungi that thrive in wet wet in thrive that (b) fungi unicellular are Yeasts trunks. tree on grows that fungus shelf alarge is A mould (a) True/False Questions fi your ndings size? cell in Do growth of results. multiplication cell the involves growth that Record indicate size? same the cells the all Are walls. cell the reveal best ones which record and stains different Try seen. be can cells the that so them stain and mushrooms mature and immature the both of parts corresponding from Take sections thin Procedure NH 5% or KOH 3% as such solutions staining Some better) • the smaller (the mushroom immature Asmall • required: materials Extra grow mushrooms How Extension: fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats. Yeasts Yeasts habitats. moist or liquid inhabit that fungi into the the into Check your answers to these questions on www.sta.ie on questions these to answers your Check or moist environments. or environments. moist Blue, Cresyl Blue (1 %), Methylene Blue (1%) Blue (1 Methylene %), Blue Cresyl Blue, or or mycelium microfungus parasites bakin Basidiomycota Fungi Eucarya mushroom) 1(cultivated Example Agaricus Agaricaceae Agaricales Homobasidiomycetae A. bisporus A. substrate s , and produce produce , and Penicillium. and g and which eventually producesspores. on a large variety of of variety alarge on that has a well defi ned mycelium fermentin on which they live that reduce reduce that live they which on belongs to the Zygomycota; Zygomycota; the to belongs Rhizopus ethanol g alcoholic beverage Chordat Animalia Eucarya (Blue (Blue whale) Example 2 Balaenopter Balaenopterida Cetace Mammali

B. musculus Rhizopus also reproduces reproduces also Saccharomyces for the biofue the for a a substrates a a ) – a food ) –afood e Fungi or or s l days each. each. days ‘fl four or three or three two in for 14–17 come last They that days. ushes’ stimulate the production ofmushrooms. Mushrooms are producedafter to soil peat-based of alayer with it covers and house mushroom environmentally-controlled aspecialised in shelves onto it puts who grower mushroom the to sent is –it weeks three –within colonised fully is compost the When manufacturer. spawn mushroom specialist of culture apure is this added; then is spawn) mushroom as (known mycelium Mushroom forms. compost pasteurised dark arich until weeks of anumber for composted and together mixed are ingredients The water. and gypsum manure, chicken and/or horse straw, wheat using producer compost mushroom and species it is grown on a specifi c type of made compost by a specialist Agaricus bisporus compost. or straw wheat sawdust, logs, wood as such substrates organic different on grown are Mushrooms world. the around commercially cultivated are species twenty about only but edible are species mushroom 1000 Approximately Cultivated mushrooms Mushroom Mushrooms barley and wheat. Puccinia e.g. graminis crops; cultivated of violaceum –e.g. hosts their with harmony in live sometimes and common very are Rusts plants. other infect and wind the by dispersed are spores of Millions stems. and leaves infected on pustules /orange yellow uredospores their of colour the from name their Mushrooms ( The Mushroom in Industry Ireland dispersed by the wind. wind. the by dispersed be to spores the allows and ground the above cap the holds stipe The form. spores which on ‘gills’ are there rain, from protected cap, the of side under the On acap. and (stalk) astipe of up made reproductive fruitbody that is Mushrooms have a distinctive parasitic or symbiotic. saprophytic, be can They poisonous. deadly are six and edible are 1000 about which of Agaricales of species 6,000 about are There Division. Basidiomycota the in is which Order, Agaricales epe n h pouto ad upy hi, aig t signifi cant a it making chain, supply areas. rural in and especially employer, production the in people 3,000 over employs sector The UK. the to mostly export, for mushrooms fresh premium-quality high-value produces The mushroom industry €99m. was Ireland of Republic the in produced mushrooms the of value gate farm the 2006 In industry. dynamic and modern asuccessful, now is it and 90s and 1980s the during dramatically expanded production mushroom Commercial Ireland. in grown crop food horticultural on blackberry leaves. However, many are serious pathogens pathogens serious are many However, leaves. blackberry on is a general term used to describe any any describe to used term a general is 4 OH, Cotton Cotton OH, Agaricus bisporus TF T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F Fungi

Fig. 3 ) are the single most important important most single the ) are Agaricus bisporus Commercial mushroomcrop Commercial

a word from the list on the right to complete the sentences below: below: sentences the complete to right the on list the from a word Choose micro-organism. of types are viruses and fungi Bacteria, (a) 9. (OL) CertifiJunior 2004 Science cate both be can viruses and bacteria fungi, as such 1.(k) Micro-organisms (OL) CertifiJunior 2003 Science cate C. B, A, Identify (i) Rhizopus. of mycelium the of part shows diagram The (c) 15. Certifi (OL) Leaving 2005 Biology, cate mould). bread (the Rhizopus of adiagram label and Draw (i) 11. (a) Certifi (OL) Leaving 2001 Biology, cate nature. in widespread are fungi parasitic and Saprophytic (c) (c) 15. Certifi (HL) Leaving 2005 Biology, cate Questions Examination A disease caused by a fungus is... afungus by caused A disease help changemilkBacteria into... C. of afunction (iii) State B. of afunction State (ii) (iii) asexualDescribe reproduction in Rhizopus. food. its gets Rhizopus how Describe (ii) found are that structures (iv) following the of each for afunction State (iii) a of example abenefi of one and example one fungus Give cial scheme overall the in fungus of types these of each of (ii) arole State of each the terms. underlined Explain (i) A disease caused by a virus is... avirus by caused A disease a... is eat can we A fungus (vi) have you that organism another Name belong? Rhizopus (v) does To kingdom what nutrition the (iv) describe to used is term What Fungi. as known organisms of agroup to belongs Rhizopus (b) 11. is the most widely cultivated cultivated widely most the is causes black stem rust on on rust stem black causes For further examples of past papers check check papers past of examples further For in fungi: fungi: in fungus. harmful of nature. belongs to the same kingdom as Rhizopus. as kingdom same the to belongs that course biology your in studied nature. in nutrition of type this of importance the Explain Rhizopus? of of bacteria. use one Give people. to harmful are fungi which in way one State people. to useful are fungi which in way one State useful and harmful. , which are visible as as visible are , which State three benefi cial and three harmful effects of Fungi. of effects benefi harmful three three and State cial macrofungus , produced by a by , produced rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore. Phragmidium Phragmidium in the the in Fig. 4 mushroom research. mushroom Teagasc’s and Ireland in industry mushroom the about more out visit You can legislation. and and safety health under environmental mushroom industry, in particularly the area of their obligations the with closely work who advisors technical have also Teagasc looking for alternatives to peat for use in mushroom casing soil. diagnostics and control, managing spent mushroom compost and disease mushroom of areas the in are projects current and fi Dublin in nal Centre the Kinsealy the at of conducted is research Mushroom safety and environment. rural the of quality protection ensuring while the produce, ensure to and mushrooms, as such crops horticultural of competitiveness the increase to is objectives organisation’s the of One communities. rural and sector agri-food the facing challenges the on fifocused is Teagasc rmly roles. advisory and training in staff specialist other many and research, in technicians research 300 and scientists 200 over Teagasc and development rural agencies. with industries employs food and agriculture the of sectors all with work They country. the throughout locations 100 over at work staff 1,500 Over Ireland. andtraining for theservices agriculture andfood inindustry Teagasc Gills the many scientifi c projects they are involved in at at in involved are www.teagasc.ie they projects scientifi c many the and there work who people Teagasc, the about out Find Agaricus bisporus Top ofstipe is a state organisation that provides research, advisory advisory research, provides that organisation astate is http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood/mushrooms.htm http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood/mushrooms.htm SCIENCE TECHNOL SCIENCE TECHNOL ATHLETE’S FOOT ATHLETE’S (commercial mushroom) (commercial MUSHROOM A CHEESE

ACTION IN ACTION www.sta.i AIDS C AND Cap e B SECOND EDITIONTHIRD substrates , symbiotic, unicellular, uredospores, yeast uredospores, unicellular, ,symbiotic, substrates phyla, Plantae, saprobes, rust, species, saprophytic, Prokaryota, mushroom, mycelium, nucleus, orders, organelles, parasites, parasitic, hyphae,heterotrophs, , mould, membrane, macrofungus mitochondria, Fungi, families, ethanol, Eukaryota, genera, enzymes, classes, chitin, Animalia, antibiotics, Archaea, Bacteria, biofuel, cell wall, cellulose, terms? following the of meaning the recall you Can Revise Terms The issue2/tree/. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist or http://www.scienceinschool.org/2006/ foraminifera) and many more. For information further see: http:// (e.g. Rhizaria ciliates), (e.g. Alveolata algae), (e.g. Chromista as such kingdoms separate several in divided be logically might they that diverse so are they fact In characteristics. common some on based kingdom or grouping anatural form not do protists) or (protoctists Protoctista The Protoctists A Did You Know? as garden compost. garden as is figrowth to the be can or land returned sold compost the spent nished mushroom the When manure. and straw as such products farm waste from made is compost the because eco-friendly is farming Mushroom letter. small capital a a with begins and with species the indicates begins name second the and while letter genus the indicates fi name The rst italics. bisporus fungus found in lichens. lichens. in found fungus a and alga an between relationship of kind the describe to symbiosis word the coined and lichens of stages developmental the studied He wheat. of parasites are that fungi of study extensive out carried also He further potatoes. of a parasites are that spent fungi of anumber and fi studying 1861 years in fteen fungi on fi work his rst published Bary De species. different be to seemed forms different the and developed they as dramatically quite form changed organisms many because cycle life whole the realised observe to He essential was it fungi. that in reproduction sexual describe fi to the rst was He plants. of parasites fungal –common rusts on abook published he 1853 In Heidelberg. at medicine of study his began Bary de 1848, In fungi. of classifiand physiology cation of study the in specialising mycologist, and microbiologist botanist, surgeon, German a was Bary de Anton (1831–1888) Bary de Anton Heinrich Notes Biographical OG OG Check the Glossary of Terms for this lesson at at lesson Terms of this for Glossary the Check to to fi nd binomial system Y Y (the cultivated mushroom). The names are always written in in written always are names The mushroom). cultivated (the is used in naming organisms – for example, example, –for organisms naming in used is SCIENCE TECHNOL SCIENCE TECHNOL

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AND SECOND EDITIONTHIRD www.sta.i OG OG Agaricus Y Y e • Appreciate the economic value of mushroom production mushroom of value economic the Appreciate • production mushroom in involved processes main the Describe • fungi of groups main the of features characteristic the Describe • fungi parasitic and symbiotic saprophytic, of examples Give • Appreciate the provisional nature of groupings taxonomic • plants as classed not are fungi why Understand • ecosystems in fungi of importance the Appreciate • to: able be will student the section, this completing On Outcomes Learning and medicine. in industry biotechnology viruses; and fungi bacteria, as such micro-organisms of examples 1C8Section Junior Certifi cate Science fungi. of nature Eukaryotic Fungi: and Bacteria of H.3.1.9 –Nature fungi. harmful two benefi two any of any and cial examples fungi: of importance Economic (budding). Yeast: and reproduction structure Nutrition. cycle. life and structure Rhizopus: poisonous fungi. and edible of Mention forms. parasitic and 3.1.4– Saprophytic –Fungi nature. in fungi and bacteria of Distribution 3.1.2 –Micro-organisms: Monera (Prokaryotae), Protista (Protoctista), Fungi, plant, and animal. classifiof system Five-kingdom cation: Organisms: of 3.1.1 Diversity – 3.1.4 –Fungi Unit CertifiLeaving Biology cate Syllabus Reference • Fungi are grouped into phyla according to their methods of of methods their to according phyla into grouped are Fungi • benefi possibly and their t, with, harmony in live that fungi Parasitic • parasites. or saprophytes be may Fungi • food. of sources external use –they heterotrophs are Fungi • cellulose. than rather chitin of made are cells fungal of walls cell The • classifi longer no are ed they that plants from different so are Fungi • living between relationships identify to used is DNA of Analysis • Points Learning General reproduction (where known) which are quite varied. quite are which known) (where reproduction symbionts. as to referred are host life. of kingdom aseparate form They plants. as kingdoms of eukaryotes. fi the of one more constitute or ve Fungi domains. different quite three into grouped are things Today living organisms. – Microbiology and biotechnology: investigation of (k) Fungi are simple plants. plants. simple are Fungi (k) Some fungi parasitise humans. (j) eukaryotes. are Fungi (i) cellulose. of made are fungi of walls cell The (h) plants. of parasites common are Rusts (g) means. asexual by exclusively reproduce Fungi (f) fi open in commercially elds. grown are Mushrooms (e) edible. are species mushroom of 20% About (d) mushrooms. of varieties are fungi All (c) wet in thrive that (b) fungi unicellular are Yeasts trunks. tree on grows that fungus shelf alarge is A mould (a) True/False Questions fi your ndings size? cell in Do growth of results. multiplication cell the involves growth that Record indicate size? same the cells the all Are walls. cell the reveal best ones which record and stains different Try seen. be can cells the that so them stain and mushrooms mature and immature the both of parts corresponding from Take sections thin Procedure NH 5% or KOH 3% as such solutions staining Some better) • the smaller (the mushroom immature Asmall • required: materials Extra grow mushrooms How Extension: fi you Record microscope. ndings. the under them examine and stipe and cap the of sections thin Cut gills. the of one of surface the examine microscope the of aid the With lens. hand the of aid the with surface cut the Examine stipe/stalk). gills, (cap, sketch the in details and fi the and cut Then examine surface paper draw its outline. ll in some the on half one Place centre. the through vertically mushroom the Cut Procedure pencil and paper/notebook • illumination top with preferably amicroscope, • a mature mushroom (open) • lens ahand • blade asafety • following: the need will you this For amushroom of Examination Activities Student Check your answers to these questions on www.sta.ie on questions these to answers your Check or moist environments. or environments. moist Blue, Cresyl Blue (1 %), Methylene Blue (1%) Blue (1 Methylene %), Blue Cresyl Blue, 4 OH, Cotton Cotton OH, TF T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F Fungi addition ofaddition three more kingdoms: Animilia. classifi ed generally kingdoms: were two just were there animals; or organisms plants as simply living century twentieth the Until Classification mosses. and ferns to similar are they respect of by means reproduce cannot make their own food by they so like plants, chlorophyll, contain not do They food. of like like but, source animals them, they do require an external around move cannot generally They own. their on a kingdom forming both; of characteristics some share but animals nor plants neither are Fungi ecosystems. in nutrients of recycling the facilitate they wood, and plants as such material, organic dead down breaking By ecologically. and economically both important are that organisms includes fungi of kingdom The Fungi are are Fungi than cellsdifferentiated typical of plants and animals. cell wall membrane-bound Bacteria, Archaea and domains: three into divided are things Today living etc.). yeasts and (e.g. unicellar organisms like amoebae and algae) and A disease caused by a virus is... avirus by caused A disease a... is eat can we A fungus is... afungus by caused A disease help changemilkBacteria into... below: sentences the complete to right the on list the from a word Choose micro-organism. of types are viruses and fungi Bacteria, (a) 9. (OL) CertifiJunior 2004 Science cate both be can viruses and bacteria fungi, as such 1.(k) Micro-organisms (OL) CertifiJunior 2003 Science cate (vi) have you that organism another Name belong? Rhizopus (v) does To kingdom what nutrition the (iv) describe to used is term What C. of afunction (iii) State B. of afunction State (ii) C. B, A, Identify (i) Rhizopus. of mycelium the of part shows diagram The (c) 15. Certifi (OL) Leaving 2005 Biology, cate Fungi. as known organisms of agroup to belongs Rhizopus (b) 11. (iii) asexualDescribe reproduction in Rhizopus. food. its gets Rhizopus how Describe (ii) mould). bread (the Rhizopus of adiagram label and Draw (i) 11. (a) Certifi (OL) Leaving 2001 Biology, cate found are that structures (iv) following the of each for afunction State (iii) a of example abenefi of one and example one fungus Give cial scheme overall the in fungus of types these of each of (ii) arole State of each the terms. underlined Explain (i) nature. in widespread are fungi parasitic and Saprophytic (c) (c) 15. Certifi (HL) Leaving 2005 Biology, cate Questions Examination Heterotrophs can be be can Heterotrophs nutrition. their for organisms other by made compounds organic of a in held is material genetic their where cells complex have –they eukaryotes are Fungi etc.classes are sometimes added relationships. to clarify orders, families, genera Within each kingdom organisms are further classifi ed into fi t elsewhere). not do that (eukaryotes protoctists and fungi, plants, animals, kingdoms: Fig. 1 Bacteroides Cytophaga Planctomyces Thermotoga Aquifex Cyanobacteri For further examples of past papers check check papers past of examples further For in fungi: fungi: in fungus. harmful of nature. belongs to the same kingdom as Rhizopus. as kingdom same the to belongs that course biology your in studied nature. in nutrition of type this of importance the Explain Rhizopus? of Three domains of living organisms living of domains Three of bacteria. use one Give people. to harmful are fungi which in way one State people. to useful are fungi which in way one State useful and harmful. Proteobacteri that is made of chitin of made is that BACTERIA Increased understanding of fundamental biology led to the the to led biology fundamental of understanding Increased heterotrophs State three benefi cial and three harmful effects of Fungi. of effects benefi harmful three three and State cial Spirochete a rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore. a organelles positives s nucleus Gram saprophytic Filamentous , which means that they require an external source source external an require they that means , which Eukaryota Bacteri Green and and Thermoproteus Pyrodicticu with a with a Methanobacterium species. Methanococcu spores such as as such ARCHAEA rather than cellulose Methanosarcin , T. m ; the Eukaryota are divided into four four into divided are Eukaryota ; the parasitic Celer membrane Prokaryota rather than seeds and in that that in and seeds than rather Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, sub- Sub-kingdoms, sub-divisions, s mitochondria a or Entamoeba Halophiles symbiotic. and they also contain other other contain also they and (e.g. bacteria), bacteria), (e.g. photosynthesis e EUKAR . Fungal cells have a have cells . Fungal molds Slime and they are less less are they and Fungi Saprophytes liveSaprophytes phyla, classes, classes, phyla, Animals (e.g. moulds moulds (e.g. ATHLETE’S FOOT ATHLETE’S Plantae YA Plants Diplomonads Microsporidia Tr Flagellate F Ciliates Protoctista Protoctista ungi ichomonads MUSHROOM . They . They A CHEESE s and and www.sta.i AIDS C complex life cycle and produce fi ve different types of spores. They get get They spores. of types fi produce different ve and cycle life complex a have They microscopic. are and Basidiomycota the of members Rust Rusts Yeasts Yeasts Mould Moulds of antibiotics of spoilage organism. Some moulds are used for the commercial production ( mould bread the is saprobe Acommon organisms. Mouldscan be called fi laments individual of form hyphae the in grow that fungi microscopic are Moulds asexually. reproduce and rapidly grow Many mass. spore or Fungi secrete secrete Fungi diseases. fungal of examples are Foot Athlete’s and blight Potato them. kill even or damage can other may While living symbionts organisms. benefi t their hosts, parasites in or on live symbionts and parasites whereas matter organic dead on electricity in in electricity species generate to used been yeast recently have Yeasts years. of thousands for The fi ssion. cerevisia binary by commonly less and budding called aprocess by asexually reproduce generally are all types of fungi. fungi. of types all are fragmentation and3) sporulation. Moulds, yeasts, rustsandmushrooms 2) yeasts, in formation 1) bud are: reproduction asexual of methods main three The asexually. and sexually both reproduce can fungi Many asporangium. in spores asexual of masses producing by asexually Zygospore. walled atough produce and mate strains compatible two when occurs reproduction sexual group this in Rhizopus Zygomycota. and Chytridomycota Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, reproduction: sexual of mode the on based divisions main four are there fungi of kingdom the Within absorb. can they aform to matter organic the industry. Not all yeast species are benefi cial to humans – some can can some – humans Candida. as to such benefi humans in cial diseases are cause species yeast all Not industry. Fig. 2 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 8 e B fungi infect a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. They are are They plants. cultivated and wild of range awide infect fungi is a general term for a for term ageneral is are are Examples of classifi cation system for for system classifi of cation Examples Division /Phylum Division Kingdom Domain Classifi cation level Genus Family Order Class Species that together form a form together that cultivated mushroom and blue whale. whale. blue and mushroom cultivated has been used in in used been e has unicellular – e.g. penicillin from from penicillin –e.g. microbial fuel cell enzymes saprobes issue2/tree/. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist or http://www.scienceinschool.org/2006/ foraminifera) and many more. For information further see: http:// (e.g. Rhizaria ciliates), (e.g. Alveolata algae), (e.g. Chromista as such kingdoms separate several in divided be logically might they that diverse so are they fact In characteristics. common some on based kingdom or grouping anatural form not do protists) or (protoctists Protoctista The Protoctists A Did You Know? substrates , symbiotic, unicellular, uredospores, yeast uredospores, unicellular, ,symbiotic, substrates phyla, Plantae, saprobes, rust, species, saprophytic, Prokaryota, mushroom, mycelium, nucleus, orders, organelles, parasites, parasitic, hyphae,heterotrophs, , mould, membrane, macrofungus mitochondria, Fungi, families, ethanol, Eukaryota, genera, enzymes, classes, chitin, Animalia, antibiotics, Archaea, Bacteria, biofuel, cell wall, cellulose, terms? following the of meaning the recall you Can Revise Terms The as garden compost. garden as is figrowth to the be can or land returned sold compost the spent nished mushroom the When manure. and straw as such products farm waste from made is compost the because eco-friendly is farming Mushroom letter. small capital a a with begins and with species the indicates begins name second the and while letter genus the indicates fi name The rst italics. bisporus fungus found in lichens. lichens. in found fungus a and alga an between relationship of kind the describe to symbiosis word the coined and lichens of stages developmental the studied He wheat. of parasites are that fungi of study extensive out carried also He further potatoes. of a parasites are that spent fungi of anumber and fi studying 1861 years in fteen fungi on fi work his rst published Bary De species. different be to seemed forms different the and developed they as dramatically quite form changed organisms many because cycle life whole the realised observe to He essential was it fungi. that in reproduction sexual describe fi to the rst was He plants. of parasites fungal –common rusts on abook published he 1853 In Heidelberg. at medicine of study his began Bary de 1848, In fungi. of classifiand physiology cation of study the in specialising mycologist, and microbiologist botanist, surgeon, German a was Bary de Anton (1831–1888) Bary de Anton Heinrich Notes Biographical Check the Glossary of Terms for this lesson at at lesson Terms of this for Glossary the Check fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats. Yeasts Yeasts habitats. moist or liquid inhabit that fungi binomial system into the the into or or mycelium microfungus parasites bakin Basidiomycota Fungi Eucarya mushroom) 1(cultivated Example Agaricus Agaricaceae Agaricales Homobasidiomycetae A. bisporus A. (the cultivated mushroom). The names are always written in in written always are names The mushroom). cultivated (the substrate s , and produce produce , and Penicillium. and g and which eventually producesspores. on a large variety of of variety alarge on that has a well defi ned mycelium fermentin on which they live that reduce reduce that live they which on is used in naming organisms – for example, example, –for organisms naming in used is belongs to the Zygomycota; Zygomycota; the to belongs SCIENCE TECHNOL SCIENCE TECHNOL Rhizopus ethanol g alcoholic beverage Chordat Animalia Eucarya (Blue (Blue whale) Example 2 Balaenopter Balaenopterida Cetace Mammali

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