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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Some aspects of the glaciology of the mars ice piedmont, Anvers Island, Antarctica Rundle, Arthur, S. How to cite: Rundle, Arthur, S. (1972) Some aspects of the glaciology of the mars ice piedmont, Anvers Island, Antarctica, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8642/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 SOME ASPECTS OP THE GLACIOLOGY OF THE MARS ICE PIEDMONT, ANVERS ISLAira, ANTARCTICA. ... Arthtir S. Rvindle, B.Sc, (Hons) Dunelm VOLUME oim TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Durham. Institute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State University, September 1972. J 5 FEB 1973 , SECTION ABSTRACT The results of a comprehensive three-year study of the Marr Ice Piedmont, Anvers Island, Antarctica are presented. The piedmont steinds on a low coastal platform ranging from sli• ghtly below sea level to 200 m, a.s.l. Ice thickness ranges from 60 to 80 m, at the coastal cliffs to more than 600 m, inland. Annual accumulation is high. There is a strong relationship between elevation and accumulation rates and a marked variation of acctunulation rates from year to year. Surface ice velocities range from 14 m/year to 218 m/year and there is considerable ice streaming as a resxilt of the subglacial topography. The mass balance of a representative part of the piedmont is considered to be in equilibrium or possibly, slightly positive. A study of a peripheral ramp shows annual fluctuations of beilance and it is hypothesised that there may be a long-term tendency towards a positive regime. Ice core studies indicate that there is no dry snow facies but all other facies are identified. The saturation line lies at approx• imately 600 m. a.s.l. and the equilibrium line ranges from 60 to 120 m. a.s.l. Englacial ten-metr^; temperatures range from -0.8 near the coast to -4.9 *C inland. Deformation velocities have been calculated and basal sliding velocities inferred. It is hypothesised that basal conditions are not eyerjrwhere the same and that parts of the piedmont are frozen to bedrock. It is suggested that basal sliding and erosion are related and that the piedmont is selectively eroding its bed and accentuating the subglacial topo^:raphy. Evidence of erosion, debris-rich ice, exists in the piedmont but is below sea level at the coastal cliff. The piedmont is not a "Strandflat Glacier" which is cutting a planed surface at a level controlled by the sea. ACKN0WLEDGEI^3I^TS W.P, Ahmsbrak, L.E. Brown, 3.R. DeWitt and C.C. Plximmer assisted the author in the field. R.A. Honkala and his colleagues, T.M. Chilians and J.E. Bruns, have contributed field data. Thanlcs are due to Dr. C.V/. M. Swithinbank for his radio-echo sounding ice thickness determinations and to G. Dewart for his contribution of ice thickness results. Several members of.' the British Antarctic Suirvey and the Chilean Navy helped in the field and at Palmer Station during visits. Many thanks are due to Miss Diana Daunt, Miss Diane Thomas, Mr. R. Donovan and Mr, F. Kouts for their help in reducing automatic-recording met• eorological graphs, and to the many members of the Institute of Polar Studies, Ohio State University, for their critical discussions of many of the topics contained in this thesis. The author is especially grateful for the assistance, particularly air support, given by Cdr. N. Nickerson USN, C.O.,USS (no^ USCGC) Edisto. Capt. W. Benkert USCG, CO. USCGC Eastwind and Capt. F. Goetle USCG, CO. USCGC vrestwind, and for the help and consideration given by US Naval personnel at Palmer Station. The assistance, direction and mse counsel of Dr. Brian S. John, in Durham, and Dr. Colin Bull, in Columbus, 7?ho acted as supervisors to the author, are gratefully acknovrledged. The research on Anvers Island was supported by the National Science Foimdation,. Washington DC throiigh grants GA.-1'65, GA-74-7 and GA-529 awarded to the Ohio State University Research Foundation. 1.1 To AITTARCTICA tSsiy Great White Mistress, whom I shall always love iii CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ± ACIQJOWLEDGEMEiraS ii DEDICATION iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii LIST OF TABLES xi CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1 GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT OP AlIVERS ISLAI'JD 5 PREVIOUS GLACIOLOGICAL WORK IN THE AI^TARCTIC PEIJINSULA . g PREVIOUS V70RK ON THE ICE PIEDMONTS AIJD THEIR GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE ........ I3 CHAPTER TWO. NATURE OF THE. DJVESTIGATIONS I9 Introduction 19 Chronology of Field Activities 20 Acctimulation Stake Netivorks 21 Ice Movement Stations 21 Associated Investigations . 24 CHAPTER THREE. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA . 26 Sxirface Configuration and Elevation 26 Ice Thiclcness and Bedrock Configuration 26 Discussion 40 Recent Changes in Surface Level and Dimension .... 43 Glacial History 46 Climate and Meteorology 47 CHAPTER FOUR. SIJOW ACCUItlULATION 49 INTRODUCTION 49 SNOW DEIJSITY 51 MADj LUIE: STATIONS E TO R - 52: MOUJiTAH^ LIN'E. STATIONS R TO LITTLE x . > 59 TOP 21 STAKES 62 ANGEM AND KERSTEl} LINES 65 iv CONTENTS; (continued) Page CHAPTER POUR (continued) NEUIjIAYER LINE 66 RUTH, CENTRAL AND INGRID LINES 7O MIDDLE LINE 73- 6 LINE STAKES 74 THERESE LUTE AIn'D NORTH PORK 77 SKYLINE AIID MONACO LINE 81 TOP LEffi TRAIL 85 STAKE FARMS 85 SUMIARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9O CHAPTER FIVE. SURFACE VELOCITY OBSERVATIONS 95 SmFACE VELOCITY DATA 98 Discussion 105 ARTHUR HARBOR SURVEY 109 Conclusions 114 SEASONAL VARIATION OP VELOCITY . '. 114 Introduction . .114 The Surveys 115 Results 116 CHAPTER SIX. THE MASS BALANCE OF THE ICS PIEDMONT 124 IIWRODUCTION 124 BUDGET YEAR 127 MASS HilCGIffi 128 VOLUIffi 01'' THROUGHFLOW 129 DISCUSSION OP THE ivIASS BALAt-ICE EQUATION . I50 CONSIDERATION 0.1? ERRORS EI THE MSS BALAllCE EQUATION I3O CONCLUSIONS 135 CHAPTER SEVEN. REGIlffi OP N0R3EL POEW MID BONAPART FOraT: raMPS . I37 DISCUSSION 149 SUMt.lARY AIID CONCLUSIONS FROM ALL liASS BALAJ^CE DATA I50 Accumulation . 151 Ablation 154 CONTENTS (continued) Page CHAPTER EIGHT. STRUCTURE OF NORSEL. POniT RAIC . ....... 157 Superimposed Ice • ^57 Glacier Ice ''58 Thickness of Superimposed Ice 159 Discussion ..... 159 CHAPTER NINE. EHGLACIAL STUDIES I: SIJOW FACIES ZONATION ... 163 INTRODUCTION 163 THE CONCEPT OP DIAGSMETICALLY PRODUCED FAGIE3 164 SIJOW FACIES ZONATION 166 Studies Above the Saturation Line 167 S+fltinn Little X 167 Station W 171 Station 3 . , 173 Studies Below the Saturation Line ir77 Station K 177 Station Big X . 179 Past Accumulation 181 Comments 182 SUMMARY AIJD CONCLUSIONS 183 CHAPTER TEW. ENGLACIAL STUDIES II: ICE TEttPERATURE 188 INTRODUCTION 188 ICS TEMPERATURES 1S9 Temperatures Below the Saturation Line 195 Temperatui-es Above the Saturation Line ........ 196 Temperatures at 10 m. to 12 m. Depth 196 Te mperatures in the;Norsel Point Ramp , 200 CONCLUSIONS 210 Vi CONTENTS (continued) Page CHAPTER ELEVEN. ASPECTS OP THE. GLACIER IffiCHAIJICS 211: BASAL SLIDING 211 DEFORMATION AND SLIDDIG VELOCITY 213 Basal Shear Stress 213 Measurement of Surface Slope 214 Values of the Basal Shear Stress 215 The Assumption of the Sliding Velocity 215 Validity of the Assumed Sliding Velocity 222 BASAL CONDITION OF THE PIEDMONT 222 CONCLUSIONS 240 CHAPTER TWELVE. BASAL EROSION BY THE ICE PIEDMONT 242 EVIDENCE OP EROSION BY THE PIEDMONT • 242 Physical Characteristics in Hand Specimen . 242 Specimens in Thin Section ...... 245 Synthesis of Erosion Theory 245 HYPOTHESIS RELATING TO THE MARR ICE PIEDMONT 248 Discussion 253 CONCLUSIONS 255 CHAPTER THIRTEEIM. GSlfERAL SmmJ AND CONCLUSIONS '/JITH SUGGESTIONS FOR: FUTURE WORE . 257 RErJSRE^ICES APPENDIX . ^ol^^ vii LIST OF ILLUSTR/iTIONS Figure Page 1. Location and physiography of Anvers Island .... 2 2. View of the Marr Ice Piedmont ......... 5 3. Heavily crevassed peripheral ice 5 4. Probable area-altitude curce of the Marr Ice Piedmont 6 5. View of the Biscoe Bay area 7 6. Ice cliff in Lowdwater Cove 15 7. Wauwermann Islands in Bismarck Strait 18 8. Configuration of lines of accumulation measuring poles 22^ 9. Network of accumulation and ice movement stations . 23 10\ Ice thickness values from radio-echo soxinding traverse 28 11. Bouguer anemalies in vicinity of Anvers Island . 30 12. Ice thickness within the study area 33 13. Bedrock elevation in meters within the study area 34 14. Longitudinal profiles of bedrock and ice surface . 36 '15. Surface depression in ice behind Arthvir Harbor . 38 16. Transverse profiles of bedrock and ice surface . 41 17. View of ice stream in which station LDJDA was placed 42 18. Skaerjard-type topography offshore of Anvers Island , 44 19. Network of accumulation and ice movement stations 50 20. Total and average annual accumixlation: Main line . 53 21. Total and average annual accumxilation: Top 21, Mountain Angela and Kersten lines , 60 22. Total and average annual accumulation: Neumayer, Ruth, 67 Central and Ingrid lines . 75 23. Annual accumulation and surface profile: G line stakes 24. Cliange of surface level at selected elevations: 79 cumulative accumulation 25. Total accumulation; Top Lino Trail. 84 26. Areal variation of accumulation: stake farm R .
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