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Review of Hawaiian Razorfishes of the Genus Iniistius Randall and Earle 391

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Review of Hawaiian Razorfishes of the Genus Iniistius Randall and Earle 391 Review ofHawaiian Razorfishes ofthe Genus Iniistius (Percifonnes: Labridae)l John E. Randall and John L. Earle 2 Abstract: The Indo-Pacific labrid fishes ofthe genus Xyrichtys Cuvier, popularly referred to as razorfishes, are reclassified in Iniistius Gill. The razorfishes of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific currently placed in Xyrichtys remain in that genus except for the Indo-Pacific Iniistius pavo Valenciennes, which also ranges to the eastern Pacific. The Indo-Pacific Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins, sometimes classi­ fied in Novaculops, is shifted to Xyrichtys. Five species of razorfishes of the genus Iniistius are recognized for the Hawaiian Islands: the wide-ranging Indo-Pacific 1. aneitensis (Giinther), 1. baldwini (Jordan & Evermann), 1. pavo, the endemic 1. umbrilatus (Jenkins), and 1. celebicus (Bleeker), a new record for Hawai'i (otherwise known in the western Pacific from the Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, and American Samoa). Hemipteronotus evides Jordan & Richardson is a synonym of 1. baldwini. Iniistius niger (Steindachner) is a melanistic color phase of 1. pavo. THE GENERIC CLASSIFICATION of the labrid genus Xyrichtys in the eastern Pacific, two of fishes known as razorfishes has a complicated which are undescribed. One of the six, how­ history. Many of the early species were de­ ever, is pavo, which we now place in Iniistius. scribed in the genus Hemipteronotus Lacepede. We noticed the resemblance of some of As explained by Randall and Bauchot (1993), the eastern Pacific species of Xyrichtys to No­ this genus was intended by Lacepede for the vaculops woodi (Jenkins) (sometimes placed Pilotfish (Naucrates ductor), in reference to its in Novaculichthys), described from the Hawai­ short dorsal fin. One razorfish, now Iniistius ian Islands. A comparison of N woodi with pentadactylus (Linnaeus), was included in the Xyrichtys novacula revealed no differences synonymy of Hemipteronotus, and the genus that could be regarded as generic, so we was later restricted to it. Because both Nau­ place Novaculops Schultz in the synonymy of crates and Xyrichtys were threatened by Xyrichtys. Hemipteronotus, Opinion 1799 of the Inter­ Iniistius was proposed by Gill (1862) for national Commission on Zoological Nomen­ the Indo-Pacific and eastern Pacific spe­ clature suppressed Hemipteronotus. cies Xyrichtys pavo Valenciennes. Jordan The genus Xyrichtys (from the Greek xyron (1891:662) wrote, "It is not unlikely that it meaning razor) was described by Cuvier will be found necessary to unite Iniistius, (1814), with the Atlantic Coryphaena novacula Hemipteronotus, Xyrichthys, and Xyrula into Linnaeus as the type species. Randall (1965) one genus, as Giinther has done." Randall in reviewed the five species of the genus in the Smith and Heemstra (1986:705) placed In­ Atlantic (as Hemipteronotus, before the name iistius in the synonymy ofXyrichtys. However, was suppressed). Victor et al. (2001) wrote an unpublished Ph.D. thesis on labrid osteol­ that there appear to be six razorfishes of the ogy by Tri-thuc Nguyen (1974) provided the following characters to separate Iniistius and 1 Manuscript accepted 15 January 2002. Xyrichtys: the palatine bone overlaps the 2 Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, ectopterygoid in Iniistius, whereas it is sepa­ Hawai'i 96817-2704. rate in Xyrichtys; there are no dorsal ptery­ giophores between the second and third Pacific Science (2002), vol. 56, no. 4:389-402 neural spines of Iniistius but two in Xyrichtys. © 2002 by University of Hawai'i Press The skull is notably higher in adult Iniistius All rights reserved than in Xyrichtys. Externally we can separate 389 390 PACIFIC SCIENCE· October 2002 the two genera by the position of the origin onym); Iniistius niger (Steindachner, 1900); of the dorsal fin: it is over or less than half an Hemipteronotus copei Fowler, 1900; H. um­ orbit diameter behind the eyein Iniistius, but brilatus Jenkins, 1900; H. jenkinsi Snyder, more than an eye diameter behind the eye in 1904; H. baldwini Jordan & Evermann, 1903; Xyrichtys. Furthermore, the space between and Xyrichtys niveilatus Jordan & Evermann, the second and third dorsal spines in Iniistius 1903. is much broader than the space between the Fowler (1928) correctly relegated Iniistius third and fourth spines, whereas these two pavoninus to the synonymy of1. pavo Valenci­ spaces are about equal in Xyrichtys. The first ennes, and Xyrichtys niveilatus to the synon­ two dorsal spines of Iniistius pavo and the ymy of1. aneitensis (Giinther), but he erred in related 1. dea are elongate (especially so in regarding Hemipteronotus umbrilatus as a syn­ juveniles) and entirely separated from the onym of H. pentadactylus (Linnaeus), and H. rest of the fin. Other species of Iniistius have baldwini and H. jenkinsi as synonyms of H. the membrane between the second and third melanopus (Bleeker). He added that his Hemip­ dorsal spines incised, and occasional juveniles teronotus copei, with an alleged type locality of of1. umbrilatus have the first two dorsal spines O'ahu, "is surely a specimen of Xyrichthys and connecting membrane separate (see Plate psittacus (Linne) and likely obtained some­ III E). where in the tropical Atlantic." There are four Hawaiian genera of labrid In their Handbook ofHawaiian Fishes, Gos­ fishes that contain species that are able to line and Brock (1960) correctly placed Hemip­ exploit food resources over broad open teronotus jenkinsi in the synonymy of H. stretches of sand; fishes of these genera avoid baldwini. They listed five species of razor­ approaching predators by diving into the fishes, all with the same generic and species sand. Ammolabrus is represented by a single names as Jordan and Evermann. species, A. dicrus Randall & Carlson, that We also recognize five razorfishes for the forms aggregations that feed on zooplankton Hawaiian Islands, all in the genus Iniistius. well above the substratum and only seeks We have determined that 1. niger is a mela­ refuge beneath the sand when threatened. nistic color phase of 1. pavo, and we report 1. Cymolutes consists of three fine-scaled species, celebicus (Bleeker) as a first record for the Is­ only one of which occurs in Hawai'i, the en­ lands. Iniistius evides (Jordan & Richardson, demic C. lee/use (Quoy & Gaimard). Xyrichtys 1909), described from Taiwan, was listed as a (formerly Novaculichthys or Novaculops) con­ synonym of 1. baldwini by Randall (1996: 142) tains four Indo-Pacific species, three ofwhich without documentation; confirmation is pro­ are undescribed; only X woodi (Jenkins) is vided here. found in Hawaiian waters. A fourth genus in All five of the Hawaiian species of Iniistius the same lineage, Novaculichthys, is repre­ inhabit the extensive sand area off Kahe Point sented in Hawai'i by the Rockmover Wrasse, on the Wai'anae coast of O'ahu. For over N taeniourus (Lacepede). Although able to a decade ].L.E. has made periodic surveys bury quickly in sand, it is usually found over for razorfishes, including transects, near the coral rubble or rubble-sand areas. A new Kahe Power Plant warm-water outflow. This genus will be described by us for a second study is ongoing, but some ecological and life species currently classified in the genus history notes have been included in the Re­ Novaculichthys, the Seagrass Wrasse, N mac­ marks section for each species. rolepidotus (Bloch), not known from the Ha­ Specimens were examined at the National waiian Islands. Museum of Natural History, Washington, In their comprehensive volume on the D.C. (USNM), and Bernice P. Bishop Museum, shore fishes of the Hawaiian IsI:}nds, Jordan Honolulu (BPBM). Lengths of specimens are and Evermann (1905) included the following given as standard length (SL), measured from razorfishes: Iniistius pavoninus Valenciennes the front of the upper lip to the base of in Cuvier and Valenciennes (in which they the caudal fin. Gill-raker counts include all placed 1. leucozonus Jenkins, 1902, as a syn- rudiments. Review of Hawaiian Razorfishes of the Genus Iniistius Randall and Earle 391 Genus Iniistius Gill TABLE 1 Iniistius Gill, 1862:143 (type species, Xyrichtys Gill-Raker Counts of Hawaiian Species ofIniistius pavo Valenciennes, by original designa- tion). Species 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Duohemipteronotus Fowler, 1956:281 (type speCIes, Hemipteronotus evides Jordan & anietensis 5 8 8 6 2 Richardson, by original designation; pro- baldwini 4 6 3 1 celebicus 2 2 5 6 posed as a subgenus). pavo 2 1 15 16 2 umbrilatus 4 11 9 3 DIAGNOSIS: Dorsal-fin rays IX,12; anal­ fin rays 111,12; pectoral-fin rays 12; pelvic-fin rays 1,5; principal caudal rays 12; lateral line with or without a low membranous connec­ interrupted, 19-22 + 4-6 (usually 20 + 5); tion; caudal fin short, slightly emarginate to gill rakers short, 15-25; branchiostegal rays 5; rounded (usually slightly rounded). vertebrae 25; body depth 2.3-3.3 in SL, the REMARKS: The species ofIniistius have the depth increasing with growth; body very same fin-ray and lateral-line scale counts. compressed, especially in adults, the width The only meristic character of value is the about one-third body depth; snout long (as number of gill rakers. However, as can be result of deep suborbital region), its dorsal seen from Table 1, there is broad overlap in profile steep in adults, nearly vertical in these counts for most Hawaiian species. The some large adults; remainder of head profile pattern of scales on the suborbital region is strongly convex; fleshy anterior edge of head helpful in classification. Some species have of adults a sharp ridge; a fleshy flange at edge only a single oblique series of small scales of posterior half of orbit, narrowest posteri­ from below the middle of the eye to behind orly; mouth small to moderate, horizontal to the lower part ofthe eye, whereas others have slightly oblique, with a pair of long curved a broad band ofsmall scales in several vertical canines anteriorly in each jaw that extend rows extending to behind the corner of the above and below lips when mouth closed, the mouth or slightly below.
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