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Dublin Core Microformatos: Web 2.0 Para El Dublin Core

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Microformatos: web 2.0 para el Dublin Core Microformatos: web 2.0 para el Dublin Core Por Eva Méndez, Alejandro Bravo y Leandro Mariano López Resumen: En este artículo se presenta el uso de microformatos Dublin Core (DC), una manera de utilizar el conjunto de elemen- tos DC en una forma especial de marcado muy utilizada en la web 2.0 y denominada genéricamen- te “microformatos”. Permiten la expresión de la semántica en el seno de una página xhtml de forma visible al usuario, esta- bleciendo por tanto un alto nivel descriptivo para tipos de recur- sos concretos (tarjetas de visita, Eva Méndez es doctora en do- Alejandro Bravo es diplo- Leandro Mariano López, más cumentación y profesora del mado en estadística por la conocido en la comunidad eventos, etc.). El caso concreto Departamento de Biblioteco- Universidad Complutense de web como “inkel”, trabaja de los microformatos DC tiene un nomía y Documentación de la Madrid, actualmente trabaja como programador web en amplio potencial para la descrip- Universidad Carlos III de Ma- en Getronics como desarro- Buenos Aires (Argentina) y es ción de recursos en general, pero drid desde 1997. Participa ac- llador web, fundamentalmen- además investigador freelan- tivamente en distintos grupos de te para clientes del sector ce. En el año 2004 fue uno de por su origen están especialmen- trabajo e investigación interna- financiero. Su interés por la los organizadores y ponentes te indicados para describir recur- cionales sobre la normalización web (especialmente accesi- del taller “La web semántica en sos bibliográficos. Asimismo se de la Web y el acceso a la in- bilidad, web semántica, web América Latina”. Participa ac- presenta una forma sencilla de formación digital y es miembro móvil, estándares, etc.) le han tivamente en grupos de traba- del Comité Asesor de la DCMI llevado a mantener un sitio jo y listas de correo sobre web codificar DC en microformatos (Dublin Core Metadata Initiati- personal (Webposible) y sus semántica, metadatos, etc., usando Dublin Core Metadata ve). Durante el año académico blogs “Blog posible” y “Web siendo uno de los referentes en Gen, y otra aplicación que per- 2005-06 fue investigadora en es móvil”. la comunidad hispanohablan- mite visualizar la información el Metadata Research Center te interesada en estos temas. de la Universidad de Carolina contenida dentro de estos micro- del Norte, Chapel Hill, EUA. formatos, a través de una extensión de Mozilla Firefox creada a tal efecto. Es autora de diversas publica- ciones, principalmente sobre Palabras clave: Metadatos, Dublin Core, Web 2.0, Microformatos, Semántica embebida en metadatos, estándares para la web, xhtml, RDF, Web semántica. la web semántica y gestión de contenidos digitales, temas en Title: los que, entre otros, centra su Microformats: web 2.0 for Dublin Core investigación. Abstract: This paper describes the use of Dublin Core (DC) microformats that allow the DC Metadata Element Set to be marked up in a style commonly applied in web 2.0. Microformats allow the semantic expression inside xhtml pages to be displayed in a manner visible to the user, thereby enabling a high level of description for specific types of resources (business cards, events, etc.). This particular use of DC microformats offers great potential for resource description in general, and is especially suitable for describing bibliographic resources. Also presented in this paper is a sim- ple way for encoding DC in microformats using the Dublin Core Metadata Gen software, as well as an application that allows information included in the microformats to be displayed using the Mozilla Firefox extension, created for this purpose. Keywords: Metadata, Dublin Core, Web 2.0, Microformats, Web embedded semantics, Xhtml, RDF, Semantic web. Méndez, Eva; Bravo, Alejandro; Mariano López, Leandro. “Microformatos: web 2.0 para Dublin Core”. En: El profe- sional de la información, 2007, marzo-abril, v. 16, n. 2, pp. 107-113. DOI: 10.3145/epi.2007.mar.02 1. Introducción Cuando la web era sólo 1.0 (html era la única forma EL SUEÑO DE LOS METADATOS INCLUI- de representar y marcar la información, y Altavista era el DOS en el código fuente de los documentos html se buscador por excelencia) el único mecanismo aparente- repite, pero ahora desde el punto de vista de los mi- mente válido para incluir información semántica en los croformatos1, una nueva forma de embeber semán- documentos eran las etiquetas <meta> o metaetiquetas. tica y metainformación en xhtml. Esta metainformación debía introducirse en la cabecera Artículo recibido el 14-12-06 Aceptación definitiva: 20-12-06 El profesional de la información, v.16, n. 2, marzo-abril 2007 107 Eva Méndez, Alejandro Bravo y Leandro Mariano López de un documento html (entre las etiquetas <head> y para las máquinas, pero también otro de sus objetivos, </head>), junto a otros elementos incluidos en el cuer- así como de los metadatos en particular, es hacer úti- po del documento (entre <body> y </body>) como title, les los datos, directa o indirectamente, a las personas o address, link, del, ins, o los atributos title y cite que por usuarios de los mismos. Sin embargo, los metadatos re- su naturaleza eran especialmente adecuados para expre- feridos a páginas (metaetiquetas) no estaban dirigidos a sar información sobre la información. Desde un punto de las personas, sino más bien a los motores de indización vista práctico, los elementos <meta> han sido, o han in- y búsqueda. Así pues, cuando navegamos no los visua- tentado ser, la forma más popular de añadir información lizamos directamente. semántica en los documentos xhtml. Pero su abuso y/o el Recordemos que una página es, básicamente, un mal uso (spamming) hizo fracasar el objetivo inicial de documento de texto plano fácilmente editable com- metadatos de propósito general aplicados a entornos de puesto por etiquetas o tags, que puede contener atribu- recuperación de información all-the-web –por búsqueda tos y sus valores determinados. En ella pueden aparecer all-the-web entendemos aquella que se desarrolla en el más etiquetas o bien directamente el texto que se visua- seno de motores de búsqueda y servicios de recuperación liza por el agente de usuario. De forma sencilla, la es- tipo Google, que pretenden indizar de forma automática tructura básica de una página xhtml está compuesta por “toda la web”– o las propias metaetiquetas básicas <meta dos partes: la cabecera (<head> y el cuerpo (<body>). keywords="" description=""> debido a la utilización in- En la primera se pueden incluir metadatos, vínculos a coherente o abusiva de esa metainformación básica, que ficheros javascript, vínculos relacionados, etc. y, salvo pronto sería ignorada por los motores de búsqueda. en el caso de lo comprendido en la etiqueta <title> el Esta insuficiencia de expresión semántica llevaría a contenido no se muestra generalmente en el navegador. calificar a algunos autores a html como una norma enve- El cuerpo está constituido por el contenido real de la jecida e inflexible2. Sin embargo, con la popularización página que el usuario ve en su pantalla. de xml y especialmente la estabilización de rdf desde Para poder acceder a la metainformación incluida 1999 como una recomendación del W3C3, se amplía la en la cabecera tenemos, sin embargo, varias opciones: perspectiva de versatilidad de los metadatos y mejora notablemente su potencial y uso como uno de los ele- – Visualizar el código fuente. mentos clave de la web semántica, en aras a la intero- – Utilizar aplicaciones que la muestren, por ejem- perabilidad y una recuperación de la información más plo, configurando el navegador Opera, utilizando ex- precisa. Los microformatos y rdf reviven el clásico de- tensiones en Firefox, Mozilla o Seamonkey y que per- 5 bate entre los estándares de facto y de jure y han llega- mitan la visualización de metadatos, como Meta Tags 4 do a denominarse “web semántica en minúsculas” . Por Sidebar6 o Dublin Core Viewer7, o bien a través de na- ejemplo rdfa es la nueva iniciativa (working draft) del vegadores especializados con los que se pueden ver los 25 W3C , que nace con vocación de estándar reconocido. metadatos embebidos en la cabecera al mismo tiempo Se trata de una sintaxis para expresar metadatos utili- que se accede al contenido (por ejemplo Metabrow- zando un conjunto de elementos y atributos que permi- ser8). ten embeber rdf en xhtml. Mientras, los microformatos sirven básicamente para lo mismo, codificar metainfor- – Codificar los metadatos en el cuerpo (<body>) mación en el seno de documentos xhtml, pero su uso del documento de manera que sean mostrados ex profe- extendido en la actualidad los ha convertido ya en un so por el navegador (dirigidos al usuario). estándar de facto dentro de la denominada web 2.0. Exactamente con esta última finalidad, mostrar in- http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2/ formación práctica a las personas, nacen los microfor- matos en el año 2003. Una forma de plantear una solu- ción sencilla e innovadora a una cuestión sempiterna en la web: la nivelación entre la orientada al hombre y a la máquina. Con el objetivo de hacer útiles los datos, y “Los microformatos y rdf reviven el mejorar la recuperación de información en la Red sur- clásico debate entre los estándares gió el DC en 1995 y, aunando ambos propósitos, nace de hecho y los oficiales, y han llegado la idea de codificar los elementos DC en una sintaxis de a denominarse ‘web semántica en microformatos9, 10. minúsculas” 2. Microformatos: una forma de expresar metadatos en la web 2.0 El objetivo principal de la web semántica es, de Tal y como se afirma directa y firmemente en la manera sencilla, conseguir un lugar más comprensible página del proyecto Microformats1, intentan ser útiles 108 El profesional de la información, v.16, n.
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