making sense of heritage

Old Sarum Airfield , Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Ref: 66013.01 September 2014

Old Sarum Airfield Salisbury, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Prepared for:

Old Sarum Airfield Ltd The Control Tower Old Sarum Airfield Salisbury Wiltshire SP4 6DZ

Prepared by: Wessex Archaeology Portway House OldSarumPark SALISBURY Wiltshire SP4 6EB

www.wessexarch.co.uk

02 December 2014

66013.01

© Wessex Archaeology Ltd 2014, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a Registered Charity No. 287786 (England&Wales) and SC042630 (Scotland) Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Title Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire – Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Client Old Sarum Airfield Limited Principal Authors Sian Reynolds, Chris Moore BA MIfA, Abigail Rolland BA MA MIfA Drawings Sian Reynolds and Ken Lymer Project Manager Chris Moore WA Project Code 66013 Report Date 2nd December 2014

Quality Assurance

Project Code 66013 Accession Client Code Ref. Planning Ordnance Survey 415231 133154 Application (OS) national grid Ref. reference (NGR)

Version Status* Prepared by Checked and Approver’s Signature Date Approved By v01 I SLR Chris Moore Chris Moore 12/09/2014 File: X://66013/OldSarumAirfield_66013.01_v01_12-09-2014 V02 E SLR Chris Moore Chris Moore 23/09/2014 File: X://66013/OldSarumAirfield_66013.01_v02_29-09-2014 V03 E STR Chris Moore Chris Moore 03/10/2014 File: X://66013/OldSarumAirfield_66013.01_v03_03-10-2014 V04 E STR Chris Moore Chris Moore 02/12/2014 File: X://66013/OldSarumAirfield_66013.01_v04_FINAL_02-12-2014

* I = Internal Draft; E = External Draft; F = Final

DISCLAIMER

THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE.

Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Old Sarum Airfield Salisbury, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project background ...... 1 1.2 The Site ...... 1

2 METHODOLOGY ...... 2 2.1 Scope of document ...... 2 2.2 Aims ...... 3 2.3 Study area ...... 3 2.4 Sources ...... 3 2.5 Site visit ...... 4 2.6 Assessment Criteria ...... 4 2.7 Chronology ...... 5 2.8 Best practice ...... 5 2.9 Assumptions and limitations ...... 5 2.10 Copyright ...... 5

3 PLANNING BACKGROUND ...... 5 3.1 Introduction ...... 5 3.2 National Planning Policy Framework ...... 6 3.3 Local Planning Policy ...... 6

4 BASELINE RESOURCE ...... 7 4.1 Introduction ...... 7 4.2 Previous studies ...... 7 4.3 Statutory and local heritage designations ...... 8 4.4 Archaeological and historical context ...... 9

5 SUMMARY OF HERITAGE ASSETS ...... 14 5.1 Introduction ...... 14 5.2 Known heritage assets with the Site ...... 14 5.3 Potential buried archaeological remains ...... 15 5.4 Assessment of survival and previous impacts ...... 15 5.5 Summary of known and potential remains within the Site ...... 15

6 IMPACTS ...... 17 6.1 Introduction ...... 17

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6.2 Proposed development ...... 17 6.3 Potential impacts ...... 18

7 CONCLUSIONS ...... 18 7.1 Summary ...... 18 7.2 Mitigation ...... 19

8 REFERENCES ...... 20 8.1 Bibliography ...... 20 8.2 Historic Environment Records ...... 21 8.3 Cartographic and Documentary Sources ...... 21 8.4 Online resources ...... 21

9 APPENDICES ...... 22 9.1 Appendix 1: National and Local Historic Environment Policies ...... 22 9.2 Appendix 2: Gazetteer of heritage assets within the Study Area (based on WSHER and other sources) ...... 26

List of Tables Table 1:Summary of factors for determining importance of heritage assets ...... 4 Table 2: Summary of known and potential remains within the Site ...... 16 Table 3: Summary of archaeological potential ...... 19

List of Figures Figure 1: Site location and Study Area showing designated heritage assets Figure 2: Archaeological sites and findspots recorded in the WSHER and other sources

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Old Sarum Airfield Salisbury, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Summary

Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Old Sarum Airfield Limited to undertake a desk-based assessment of land at Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, centred on National Grid Reference (NGR) 415231 133154 (‘the Site’). The assessment is required to inform an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in support of prospective applications to Wiltshire Council for outline planning and Conservation Area consent for development of three areas located to the north-west (‘Area A’); north-east (‘Area B’) and south (‘Area C’) of the current operational airfield.

The Site lies within an Area of Special Archaeological Significance, defined in the adopted Local Plan, reflecting the rich prehistoric landscape that extends across this part of southern Wiltshire. Designated heritage assets within a 1km Study Area include the prominent Iron Age hillfort of Old Sarum(Scheduled Monument No. 26715), which includes the Grade I listed extant remains of the medieval castle and cathedral of Old Sarum; and five Grade II listed buildings. Old Sarum Airfield dates from 1917 and is one of the best preserved WW1 grass flying fields in the country. Development Areas A-C lie within the Old Sarum Airfield Conservation Area, which includes the historic flying field and related buildings including two Grade II* listed aircraft hangars and the Grade II listed workshops and interwar station headquarters. The potential impact of the proposed development on the settings of the Scheduled Monument of Old Sarum, the Old Sarum Airfield Conservation Area and the Listed Buildings is addressed in a separate Conservation Statement prepared by Feilden and Mawson LLP.

The potential for and significance of archaeological remains within the Site has been assessed through a programme of previous archaeological investigations comprising geophysical survey and evaluation trenching. Identified archaeological assets recorded within the Site include the continuation of a ‘Wessex Linear’ prehistoric land division, a curving trackway and a rectilinear enclosure, and a number of small anomalies that could represent pits or natural features in Area C; the projected alignment of the Roman Road from Silchester to Salisbury, which bisects Area A; and a ring ditch of uncertain date within Area B1. Evidence of airfield roads, cable runs and other activities has been identified in all development areas except Area B2.

Previous consultation with Wiltshire Council has confirmed that the remains of the Roman road, ring ditch and airfield features identified in Areas A and B1 do not merit preservation in situ and do not constitute a constraint on development: the loss of archaeological remains due to development here can be mitigated through a programme of archaeological investigation and recording comprising targeted strip, map and excavate.

Further archaeological evaluation of Area C (trial trenching) is anticipated to inform the EIA.

The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further archaeological works to mitigate the impact of development in Areas A, B1 and C will be determined through consultation with the statutory authorities.

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Old Sarum Airfield Salisbury, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background 1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Old Sarum Airfield Limited to undertake a desk- based assessment of land at Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury (‘the Site’).

1.1.2 Old Sarum Airfield dates from 1917 and has been home to units of the , and Army, remaining in service use until 1979. The airfield is one of the best preserved WW1 grass flying fields in the country and was designated a Conservation Area in 2007.The grass flying field remains in active use.

1.1.3 Core Policy 9 of the South Wiltshire Core Strategy provides for sympathetic new development on the airfield perimeter that would enhance the historic environment and retain flying activity. The aim of this assessment is to establish the known and potential archaeological resource within and around the Site, in order to inform an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in support of prospective applications to Wiltshire Council for outline planning and Conservation Area consent for development of three areas on the periphery of the current operational airfield (Figure 1), as follows:

 Area A –residential development comprising approximately 310 new dwellings and associated green space  Area B – development within the historic core of the airfield adjacent to the flying field to create a flying hub, including new build control tower, seminar and training rooms, restaurant, café and private aircraft hangars.  Area C – a residential ‘village’ comprising approximately 160 new dwellings and associated green space. 1.1.4 The masterplan proposals include minor repositioning of and improvements to the existing airstrip.

1.2 The Site 1.2.1 The Site is located at Old Sarum Airfield (centred on NGR 415231 133154), approximately 0.5km to the north of the northern suburbs of Salisbury to the south of the Portway (the C56). The underlying geology of the Site comprises shallow well-drained calcareous silty soil over chalk bedrock at approximately 80m above Ordnance Datum (aOD).

1.2.2 The wider landscape setting of the Site is predominantly rural. However, the immediate landscape setting of the proposed development areas includes modern business park developments within the former airfield boundary on the southern side of the Portway; housing along the northern side of the Portway and to the south-east of the airfield at Ford; and a park-and-ride facility to the north-west of the Site. Peripheral areas of the flying field

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are in use for stock grazing or otherwise left to rough pasture, and a large open area pig farm is located at the western end of the airfield.

1.2.3 The development areas are all situated within the Old Sarum Airfield Conservation Area, which includes the surviving elements of the grass flying field and associated structures of the former military airfield. Areas A-C are situated on the northern and eastern peripheries of the grass flying field, which is currently in active use as a recreational flying club.

1.2.4 Area A is situated in the north-western corner of the airfield, south of the Portway and west and south of Castlegate Business Park. It comprises a rough grassland area of approximately 9ha. A shallow valley runs north-south through the area creating a distinct change in slope and a low point of about 71mAOD on the Portway boundary.

1.2.5 Area B is situated along the northern edge of the airfield and comprises two areas to the southwest and northeast of the technical area of the historic airfield. Area B1 to the southwest comprises 4.2haof level grassland on the periphery of the flying field, bounded to the north by the modern buildings of Castlegate Business Park. Area B2 to the east encompasses an area of land between the flying field and Green Lane extending to1.96ha, bounded to the northeast by the modern commercial buildings of Old Sarum Park and former airfield domestic quarters (now private dwellings), and to the east by Green Lane. Area B2 is divided by a concrete perimeter road, which formerly linked the technical area of the airfield to the domestic quarters in the south-eastern corner, and contains the extant remains of a First World War (WW1) machine gun range and squash courts. The land isgenerally level with a gentle slope east-south-east at the eastern endand is partly used for storage and is partly unused and unkempt.

1.2.6 Area C describes a broad arc in the south-eastern corner of the airfield to the north of existing residential development partly encompassing the former officers’ married quarters on the north-west side of Ford. It extends over some 8.9habetween Roman Road in the south-west and Green Lane in the north-east, including the concrete perimeter road that formerly linked the technical area of the airfield to the domestic quarters. It comprises an area of rough grassland used for stock grazing situatedon a pronounced south-easterly slope below the weak ridgeline on which the airstrip is located.

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Scope of document 2.1.1 The Historic Environment, as defined in National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2012): Annex 2, comprises:

 ‘all aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.’

2.1.2 NPPF Annex 2 defines a Heritage Asset as:

 ‘a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage

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interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing)’.

2.1.3 This assessment was requested by the Client in order to determine, as far as is possible from existing information, the nature, extent and significance of archaeological remains within the Site and the surrounding area and to assess the potential impact of development on any such remains.

2.1.4 The scope of this document covers cultural heritage and archaeology pre-1900. The potential impact of the proposed development on other aspects of the Historic Environment post-1900, and on the settings of Old Sarum, the Old Sarum Airfield Conservation Area and Listed Buildings, is addressed in a separate Conservation Statement prepared by Feilden and Mawson LLP.

2.2 Aims 2.2.1 The specific aims of this assessment are to:

 Outline the known and potential archaeological remains within the Site based on a review of existing information within a Study Area extending 1km from the site boundary;  Assess the impact of the proposed development and related land use changes on known and potential archaeological remains and their setting; and  Present mitigation proposals aiming to minimise the impact on archaeological remains.

2.3 Study area 2.3.1 The recorded historic environment resource within a 1km Study Area around the Site was considered in order to provide a context for the discussion and interpretation of the known and potential resource within the Site (Figure 1).

2.4 Sources 2.4.1 A number of publicly accessible sources of primary and synthesised information were consulted. Sources consulted comprise:

 The Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record (WSHER), comprising a database of all recorded archaeological sites, find spots, and archaeological events within the county;  National heritage datasets including the National Heritage List for England (NHLE), Images of England, PastScape, Viewfinder, NMR Excavation Index, and Parks and Gardens UK;  Historic manuscripts, surveyed maps, and Ordnance Survey maps held at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre;  Relevant primary and secondary sources held at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre and in Wessex Archaeology’s own library. Both published and unpublished archaeological reports relating to excavations and observations in the area around the Site were studied.

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2.4.2 A bibliography of documentary, archive, and cartographic sources consulted is included in the References section of this report.

2.5 Site visit 2.5.1 The Site was visited on 15th July 2014. The aim of the visit was to assess the general aspect, character, condition and setting of the Site and to identify any potential impacts not evident from secondary sources.

2.6 Assessment Criteria 2.6.1 Significance (for heritage policy) is defined in NPPF Annex 2 as, ‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’

2.6.2 The significance of a heritage asset is the sum of its architectural, historic, artistic or archaeological interest. For designated heritage assets, significance will generally be reflected in their special interest, outstanding universal value, or national importance.

2.6.3 The setting of heritage assets also forms an important element of their value, and embraces environmental factors and spatial associations in addition to visual considerations. The setting of heritage assets is defined in NPPF Annex 2 as, ‘the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral’. The Setting of Heritage Assets (English Heritage 2011) notes that, ‘Setting is not a heritage asset, nor a heritage designation. Its importance lies in what it contributes to the significance of the heritage asset’.

2.6.4 The overall significance of heritage assets and their settings is decided in line with criteria set out in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Summary of factors for determining significance of heritage assets

Significance Factors determining significance World Heritage Sites International Assets of recognised international importance Assets that contribute to international research objectives Scheduled Ancient Monuments Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings National Grade I and Grade II* Registered Parks and Gardens Undesignated assets of the quality and importance to be designated Assets that contribute to national research agendas Grade II Listed Buildings Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens Regional Conservation Areas Assets that contribute to regional research objectives Locally listed buildings Local Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor contextual associations

Assets with importance to local interest groups Assets that contribute to local research objectives Negligible Assets with little or no archaeological/historical interest

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Significance Factors determining significance The importance of the asset has not been ascertained from available Unknown evidence

2.7 Chronology 2.7.1 Where referred to in the text, the main archaeological periods are broadly defined by the following date ranges:

Prehistoric Historic Palaeolithic 900,000 – 9500 BC Romano-British AD 43 – 410 Early Post-glacial 9500 – 8500 BC Anglo-Saxon AD 410 – 1066 Mesolithic 8500 – 4000 BC Medieval 1066 – 1500 Neolithic 4000 – 2200 BC Post-medieval 1500 – 1800 Bronze Age 2200 – 700 BC 19thcentury 1800 – 1899 Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Modern 1900 – present day

2.8 Best practice 2.8.1 This assessment has been carried out in accordance with the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for desk based assessment (IfA 1994, revised November 2012).

2.9 Assumptions and limitations 2.9.1 Data used to compile this report consists of secondary information derived from a variety of sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purposes of this Study. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary sources, is reasonably accurate.

2.9.2 The records held by the WSHER are not a record of all surviving heritage assets, but a record of the discovery of a wide range of archaeological and historical components of the historic environment. The information held within it is not complete and does not preclude the subsequent discovery of further elements of the historic environment that are, at present, unknown.

2.10 Copyright 2.10.1 This report may contain material that is non-Wessex Archaeology copyright (e.g. Ordnance Survey, British Geological Survey, Crown Copyright), or the intellectual property of third parties, which we are able to provide for limited reproduction under the terms of our own copyright licences, but for which copyright itself is non-transferable by Wessex Archaeology. Users remain bound by the conditions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with regard to multiple copying and electronic dissemination of the report.

3 PLANNING BACKGROUND

3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 There is national legislation and guidance relating to the protection of, and proposed development on or near, important archaeological sites or historical buildings within

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planning regulations as defined under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. In addition, local authorities are responsible for the protection of the historic environment within the planning system.

3.1.2 The following section provides an overview of the national, regional and local planning and legislative framework governing the treatment of archaeological remains within the planning process. The national and local policies relevant to the present scheme are detailed in Appendix 3.

3.2 National Planning Policy Framework 3.2.1 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) was published by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) in March 2012, replacing Planning Policy Statement 5.

3.2.2 NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment sets out the principal national guidance on the importance, management and safeguarding of heritage assets within the planning process.

3.2.3 The aim of NPPF Section 12 is to ensure that Regional Planning Bodies and Local Planning Authorities, developers and owners of heritage assets adopt a consistent and holistic approach to their conservation and to reduce complexity in planning policy relating to proposals that affect them.

3.2.4 To summarise, government guidance provides a framework which:

 recognises that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource;  requires applicants to provide proportionate information on the significance of heritage assets affected by the proposals and an impact assessment of the proposed development on that significance;  takes into account the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and their settings;  places weight on the conservation of designated heritage assets;  requires developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible.

3.3 Local Planning Policy 3.3.1 The Site is located within the administrative boundaries of Wiltshire Council, which became a unitary authority in 2009.

South Wiltshire Core Strategy 3.3.2 Formally adopted on the 7th February 2012, the South Wiltshire Core Strategy now forms part of the development plan for south Wiltshire. Appendix C of the adopted South Wiltshire Core Strategy retains a number of policies related to heritage conservation originally contained within the Local Plan 2011 (Adopted by the former Salisbury District Council in June 2003).

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3.3.3 Core Policy 9: Old Sarum Airfield provides for sympathetic new development on the airfield perimeter where it can be demonstrated that proposals will deliver six specified outcomes that would enhance the Old Sarum Airfield Conservation Area and retain flying activity (Appendix 1).

Wiltshire Core Strategy 3.3.4 The South Wiltshire Core Strategy will form part of the Wiltshire Core Strategy, which is timetabled for adoption in 2014. Core Policy 58: Ensuring the conservation of the historic environment set out in the Wiltshire Core Strategy Pre-Submission Document (February 2012) addresses a suite of cultural heritage related issues (Appendix 1). In summary:

 Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment, and should not have an unacceptable impact on the historic environment, particularly where this could be avoided or mitigated.  Designated historic assets and their settings will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced.

4 BASELINE RESOURCE

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The following section provides an overview of the archaeological and historical development of the Site and the Study Area, compiled from sources listed in section 2 above. The aim is to establish the known and potential resource which could be affected by the development.

4.1.2 All heritage assets identified are listed in Appendix 2 and shown on Figures 1 and 2. Entries are given a WA prefix in the text for east of reference. The Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record (WSHER) and National List entries are listed by number within the text:

 1-2 Scheduled Monuments;  3-11 Listed Buildings;  12-154 Archaeological records; and  155-157 Sites identified in this report. 4.2 Previous studies Desk-based assessment 4.2.1 An archaeological desk-based assessment carried out by John Samuels Archaeological Consultants in 1999 (JSAC 1999) concluded that overall there was a moderate potential for the occurrence of further archaeological remains within the airfield.

Geophysical surveys 4.2.2 As part of the above archaeological assessment a programme of geophysical survey was undertaken of a limited area, which incorporated land partially within Area B2(GSB Prospection 1999). The results of the magnetometer survey did not positively identify any sub-surface anomalies indicative of archaeological features.

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4.2.3 A further phase of geophysical survey in 2007 investigated Areas A and B1 (surveyed as a single area referred to as Area A), and suitable/accessible parts of Areas B2 and C (Archaeological Surveys 2007). In Area A, the survey identified the ditches of the Portway Roman road feature and possible cable runs relating to airfield installations; this area of the airfield is known to have served as a pyrotechnic area. A single ring ditch and other cable runs were identified in Area B1. A former land boundary ditch was identified in Area B2, along with numerous anomalies of uncertain or likely agricultural origins.

4.2.4 Recent geophysical survey of Area C identified the continuation of a series of probable prehistoric ‘Wessex Linear’ land boundaries previously known from cropmarks running NNW-SSE across the airfield, together with a curving trackway and a rectilinear enclosure in the south-west of Area C, and a number of small anomalies of possible archaeological origin that could represent pits or natural features(Wessex Archaeology 2014). Features of the historic airfield and related activities were also identified.

Evaluation trenching 4.2.5 Two phases of trial trench evaluation were subsequently carried out within Areas A and B1 to test the results of the geophysical survey.

4.2.6 The first phase, undertaken in October 2007, confirmed the survival of the agger and flanking ditches of the Roman road in Area A. No evidence of associated settlement was found, although residual prehistoric material was identified preserved below the agger of the Roman road (Wessex Archaeology 2007).

4.2.7 The second phase of trial trenching, undertaken in January/February 2008 (Wessex Archaeology 2008) recorded a ring ditch feature of unknown date and function in Area B1, and a number of features related to the 20th century airfield, consisting of a gravel trackway thought to be a runway perimeter track; a reinforced concrete structure believed to be a military magazine; and a rubbish pit in Area A, possibly the remains of a detonator store recorded on the 1927 Air Ministry lay-out plan.

Other investigations in the locality 4.2.8 A number of archaeological investigations including documentary research, fieldwalking, geophysical survey and trial excavation have taken place to the north and south of Old Sarum Airfield (Wessex Archaeology 1996; 2003; 2004; 2005; 2006; 2013). The results from these investigations provide additional information relating to the type and nature of the buried archaeological resource within the immediate landscape.

4.2.9 Of particular note are investigations north of the Portway, which investigated a funerary landscape (Wessex Archaeology 2005, 2006); at Longhedge (Wessex Archaeology 2013), which confirmed the presence of an Iron Age enclosed settlement 1.1km north of the Site; and at Bishopdown (Wessex Archaeology 2014) 200m south of the Site, which identified a dispersed landscape of Bronze Age and Iron Age unenclosed settlement, together with a significant grouping of Neolithic pits.

4.3 Statutory and local heritage designations 4.3.1 Designated heritage assets within the Study Area are illustrated in Figure 1.

Scheduled Monuments 4.3.2 Although there are no Scheduled Monuments within the Site, the surrounding landscape contains numerous Scheduled sites, principally prehistoric burial mounds, or barrows. The most prominent Scheduled Monument within the Study Area is the earthwork remains

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of Old Sarum (Scheduled Monument No. 26715), approximately 750m to the west of the Site (WA01). A multivallate Iron Age hillfort with later Romano-British and Saxon occupation, during the medieval period Old Sarum was the site of a royal motte and bailey castle, a cathedral and Bishops’ palace, and associated settlement. The inner earthworks of the monument rise to about 120m aOD and the monument dominates much of the surrounding landscape. Parts of proposed development areas A-C are visible from the eastern ramparts of the Scheduled Monument (see separate Conservation Statement by Feilden and Mawson).

4.3.3 The ‘End Burgh’ long barrow (Scheduled Monument No.1005688) lies within the Study Area approximately 1km north-east of the Site (WA02).

Listed Buildings 4.3.4 The extant remains of the medieval cathedral and castle within Old Sarum hillfort, to the west of the Site, are Listed Grade I (WA03).

4.3.5 Three WW1 aircraft hangars situated to the north of the flying field are Grade II* Listed Buildings (WA04). Two airfield workshop buildings adjacent to the hangars and the interwar station headquarters (HQ) building to the north-east are Grade II Listed Buildings (WA10, 11).

4.3.6 Five further Grade II Listed Buildings within the 1km Study Area comprise Beehive Cottage (WA05) at the junction of the Portway and the A345 west of the Site; a barn (WA06) and granary (WA09) at Bishopdown Farm; the Old Castle Inn at Old Sarum (WA07); and a mill house and attached mill on the River Bourne east of Ford (WA08).

Conservation Areas 4.3.7 The proposed development areas are all situated within the Old Sarum Airfield Conservation Area (Figure 1). The Conservation Area was designated in 2007 on account of its historical association with early development of military aviation and the extant relationship of the three remaining WW1 hangars and technical area with the grass flying field, and includes the surviving elements of the flying field and associated structures of the historic military airfield. There has been extensive modern development within the technical/administrative area of the airfield, and substantial parts of the adjacent business parks are excluded from the Conservation Area accordingly.

4.3.8 Within the Study Area, the Old Sarum scheduled monument lies within the Stratford sub Castle Conservation Area.

Local Planning Designations 4.3.9 The Site is located within an Area of Special Archaeological Significance defined in the adopted Local Plan (see 3.3 above). This designation covers a very extensive area north of Salisbury, including much of Salisbury Plain and the part of the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site (WHS). The archaeological significance of the designated area relates to the rich prehistoric landscape, which extends across this part of southern Wiltshire.

4.4 Archaeological and historical context 4.4.1 The following section provides a brief summary of the archaeological and historical development of the Site and the Study Area, compiled from the sources listed above. The potential for the presence of as yet unrecorded archaeological remains within the Site is

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informed by consideration of known heritage assets recorded within the 1km Study Area surrounding the Site, in conjunction with the geology and topography of the area.

4.4.2 The archaeological records obtained from WSHER and other sources are illustrated in Figure 2 and listed in Appendix 2.

Prehistoric landscape 4.4.3 The earliest phase in prehistory for which a focus for activity in the area can be established is the Neolithic. A general background level of activity is indicated by recorded findspots of whole or partial Neolithic axes (WA 17-19), scatters of Neolithic flint work recorded in fields to the north of the Sarum Centre off the Portway (WA 25), on Bishopdown to the south of the Site (WA 24 and 26)and at Old Sarum to the west (WA 22). In addition, Neolithic settlement evidence has been recovered in the form of a number of pits containing pottery recorded in pipeline trenches east and north-east of Old Sarum (WA 20, 21, 23,27 and155). Archaeological investigations at Bishopdown (Wessex Archaeology 2014) and Old Sarum (Wessex Archaeology 2005, 2006) have identified extensive Neolithic pit alignments that may represent long-distance land divisions similar in extent and orientation to the ‘Wessex Linears’ seen in the Bronze Age (below).

4.4.4 Evidence from aerial photographs indicates the possible presence of the ploughed out remains of a Neolithic long barrow and associated enclosure approximate 500m north of Old Sarum (WA 28). This monument and the remains of a possible early Neolithic cluster of cremations recorded during excavations to the north of the Site indicate that the area was being used for interment of the dead from at least this period. North-east of the Site, the Ende Burgh barrow (WA02) is Scheduled as a long barrow characteristic of the Neolithic period, but is now considered as possibly Bronze Age or Roman in date, comprising a primary barrow with two super-imposed barrows.

4.4.5 A focus on mortuary activity is also expressed by the extensive remnants of Bronze Age burial monuments within the immediate landscape of the Site. North of the Portway, three concentrations of Bronze Age round barrows are recorded as ‘ringditch’ cropmarks on aerial photographs, and in some cases survive as low earthwork mounds (WA 41,43, 135- 145, 148-154).

4.4.6 Archaeological excavations have established that these burial mounds are often accompanied by small cremation cemeteries, such as that associated with the group of barrows situated immediately to the north of the Site on the northern side of the Portway (WA 146). The barrow cemetery here is associated with the remains of a series of parallel ditches, which can be seen on aerial photographs (Figure 2)and in geophysical surveys (Wessex Archaeology 2014)to extend southwards into the airfield, forming part of a trackway constructed in the Middle/Late Bronze Age (Wessex Archaeology 2006). This trackway probably forms part of a wider interlinking system characteristic of the Wessex chalklands, commonly referred to as ‘Wessex Linears’ and thought to represent major prehistoric land divisions and boundaries. Often associated with barrows and barrow cemeteries, evidence for these trackways and ditches has been traced over long distances across the landscape (Bradley et al 1994). North of the Portway at Old Sarum, the Wessex Linear that crosses the Site is coincident with a Neolithic parallel pit alignment, suggesting that the land division here was of significance centuries before the double-ditched trackway was constructed. There is evidence elsewhere in the region to suggest that after the Bronze Age period, these landscape features persisted and were often incorporated into the boundaries of Late Iron Age and Romano-British field systems.

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4.4.7 The intensive level of Bronze Age activity within the wider landscape is confirmed by a general background level of artefacts of this date recorded in fields in the area around the Site (WA 31, 32, 35-40, 42). The apparent focus of activity on mortuary monuments and the interment of the dead (WA 29, 30, 33, 34) with sparse evidence for contemporary settlement activity may be misleading, and recent excavations at Bishopdown, 200m south of the Site (WA156) recorded an unenclosed group of mid to late Bronze Age roundhouses on the west facing slope (Wessex Archaeology 2014).

Iron Age – Old Sarum hillfort 4.4.8 The visually prominent hilltop of Old Sarum, from which the airfield takes its name, is an Iron Age multivallate hillfort (Appendix 1, WA01;Figure 2). The external defensive ramparts of the hillfort survive as substantial earthworks surrounding the hilltop, on which excavations have established the presence of an early Iron Age settlement. Features including pits, pottery and other artefacts indicative of settlement have also been recorded immediately outside the hillfort, with a possible concentration of activity on Castle Hill 400m to the east of the modern entrance to the hillfort (WA 45-50, 53, 54).

4.4.9 Evidence for activity of this date within the landscape to the east of the hillfort is known on the eastern spur of Castle Hill (WA 51) where a settlement represented by 26 storage pits, ditches and occupation debris was recorded through archaeological evaluation; and 200m south of the Site at Bishopdown (WA 157), where recent excavations have recorded unenclosed settlement comprising a group of six roundhouses with at least one ancillary four post structure and numerous pits and postholes (Wessex Archaeology 2014). Approximately 1km north-west of the Site, evaluation trenching at Longhedge investigated an enclosed settlement of Early Iron Age date. The enclosure was bounded by a steep V- shaped ditch that measured up to 1.5m deep with a possible internal bank (Wessex Archaeology 2013).

4.4.10 However, it is likely that with Old Sarum serving as a focus for settlement activity, the immediate environs of the hillfort would have been characterised by an open agrarian landscape divided into small fields. As discussed above, prehistoric land divisions may have provided a direct reference for the development of the later land divisions and fieldscape, and the presence here of a Wessex Linear may have provided a blueprint for the pattern of later fields systems.

Romano-British – Sorviodunum, a roadside settlement 4.4.11 The convergence of four Roman roads at the east entrance of Old Sarum demonstrates the significance of the hillfort and associated settlement during this period. The Site lies between the Roman Road from Silchester to Salisbury (the Portway, WA 80) and the Roman road from Salisbury to Winchester (WA 79). Whilst the line of the modern Portway closely follows the alignment of the original routeway, it diverges at the western end of the airfield, with the projected line of the Roman Road extending through agricultural fields across the former WW1 airfield before it reaches the entrance to the hillfort (Figure 2); geophysical survey and trial trenching have demonstrated the survival of the agger and ditches within Area A of the Site (Archaeological Surveys 2007; Wessex Archaeology 2008).

4.4.12 It is likely that the Roman settlement Sorviodunum, identified in the Antonine Itinerary dating to AD 200, was sited at the convergence of these routeways. Although the precise location, form and function of the settlement has been the subject of conjecture, the main focus of settlement is thought to have lain to the southwest of Old Sarum, extending across to the other side of the River Avon at Stratford sub Castle (James 2002). However,

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it is likely that the settlement area may have included occupation on the slope of Bishopsdown immediately adjacent to the eastern entrance of Old Sarum, and some settlement activity within Old Sarum itself (WA 58). Whilst the function of the roadside settlement may have originally been military, its position on the convergence of the roads implies an enduring importance as a civilian settlement, or vicus, for trade and exchange.

4.4.13 Concentrations of pottery and other artefacts of Romano-British date recorded at a few locations in the wider area surrounding Sorviodunum suggest that the Site lay in a settled agrarian landscape with small dispersed farmsteads. For example, to the north-east of the Site, settlement evidence of 3rd century date has been recorded within a large kidney- shaped enclosure visible on aerial photographs (WA 57).

Saxon 4.4.14 Whilst the level of recorded evidence for Saxon activity within the general area is sparse, a concentration of finds from within the ramparts of Old Sarum and a number of contemporary documentary sources referring to pre-Norman occupation indicate that Old Sarum remained a focus for activity in the early and later Saxon period (WA 84).

4.4.15 A mid-6th century documentary reference to a battle of Searobyrg could be an early mention of the Saxon name for the hilltop later known as Old Sarum. By the later 10th century, Old Sarum had become a borough and the centre of a large Saxon royal estate owned by the Bishop of Ramsbury and Sherborne.

4.4.16 Further evidence for Saxon activity has been recorded in the wider landscape. Two intrusive burials in the side of the Ende Burgh ‘long barrow’ (above) to the north-east of the Site (WA 83) also appear to confirm a level of Saxon activity within the wider landscape.

4.4.17 Away from the focus for settlement and trade at Old Sarum, the surrounding area was developing as a settled and managed agrarian landscape. The majority of the small settlements located in the valleys of the River Bourne to the east and the Avon, are of later Saxon (10th century) origin. Laverstock, Winterbourne Dauntsey, Porton, Durnford, Idminston and Woodford are all recorded as settlements in the Domesday Book of 1086. These valley settlements, and others such as Ford, utilised the resources of the river, flood meadow, fertile arable slopes and well drained pasture on the chalk downlands (Short 2006).

4.4.18 It is likely that the predominant pattern of land organisation, which became fossilised in the later medieval landscape, had its origins in the preceding periods. The historic parish boundaries define strips extending from the rivers to the chalk upland. The alignment of these boundaries echoes that of the earlier Bronze Age ‘Wessex Linear’ in the centre of the Study Area. Notwithstanding the introduction of modern development, the basic elements of the later Saxon/early medieval landuse can be seen to persist within the present fieldscape following the cross-valley alignment shared by the parish boundaries.

4.4.19 During this period it is likely that the Site was located within the agrarian hinterland, situated away from the foci of settlement activity in the river valleys. Whilst arable fields may have been located closer to the valley settlements, the landscape surrounding the Site would likely have been part of the open pastureland used as grazing.

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Medieval 4.4.20 Within the ramparts of the Iron Age hillfort a royal motte and bailey castle was built by AD 1100. The defences of the hillfort were adapted to form the outer bailey while a mound and stone built castle were constructed in the centre of the hilltop. A town was established within the bailey of the castle and Old Sarum developed as a stronghold of the crown and church, with the construction of a cathedral, ecclesiastical precinct and Bishop’s palace (WA 01). By the 13th century the focus of the medieval town had been moved southwards and a new cathedral constructed in the centre of what is now Salisbury.

4.4.21 In the wider landscape around the medieval town, the agrarian landscape is likely to have remained largely unchanged in terms of land use and organisation from that of the preceding Saxon and early medieval periods.

Post-medieval 4.4.22 The earliest cartographic evidence consulted for this assessment was the Laverstock Enclosure Award map of 1820 (not reproduced here). Parliamentary inclosure took place throughout the 18th and early part of the 19th centuries, dividing up former areas of common pasture and arable fields. The 1820 map shows that the area of the Site remained largely unenclosed, being depicted as one large field (‘Castle Field’). The western side of the field is defined by a ‘dog-leg’ boundary, which may represent the fossilised line of strip fields. A further indication of the former existence of small medieval strip fields in this area is indicated by the depiction of small parcels of land adjacent to the western boundary, belonging to the parish of Milford to the south and Stratford to the west. The size and alignment of these vestigial parcels may be illustrative of the pre- enclosure medieval landscape. In the south-east corner of Castle Field a small farm is shown, named on later maps as Ford Farm.

4.4.23 Subsequent historic maps, including the Tithe Map of 1842 and later 19th and early 20th century Ordnance Survey maps (not reproduced), depict the post-Enclosure landscape largely unchanged beyond the rationalisation of field boundaries and the expansion of farms and the development of the settlements within the valleys.

Old Sarum Airfield – First World War and Second World War 4.4.24 The most significant change to the post-medieval rural landscape came in 1917, with the construction for the Royal Flying Corps of the Old Sarum Airfield as a training base for day bomber units. Following the formation of the Royal Air Force in 1918, Old Sarum became a joint training base for the RAF and the Army and home of the School of Army Co- operation. During the RAF Expansion Scheme of the mid 1930s, the airfield was developed as a permanent military station with the construction of new domestic, administrative and technical buildings.

4.4.25 During WW2 the airfield was very active with a number of operational squadrons. RAF Old Sarum played a vital role in the readying of military vehicles prior to the D-Day landings as part of the 2nd Tactical Air Force (TAF) Concentration Area, with an expanded complement housed in seven large tented camps in the countryside around the airfield, such as at Longhedge, 1km to the north-west of the Site where evaluation trenching identified slit and zigzag trenches thought to have enclosed three areas of temporary camps (Wessex Archaeology 2013). Within the Site, a 1945 aerial photograph shows the airfield perimeter track running through Areas A, B1 and C; a series of features relating to a possible camp or depot in Area C; and the sites of the battle HQ and a pillbox within Area B2. Geophysical survey (Archaeological Surveys 2007; Wessex Archaeology 2014)

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and evaluation trenching (Wessex Archaeology 2007, 2008) have confirmed the survival of many elements of these features.

4.4.26 Post-WW2, the airfield resumed its role as a training base specialising in inter-services co- operation roles, home to the School of Land/Air Warfare and a series of later iterations. Old Sarum ceased to be an RAF base in 1971, although it continued in active use with the Army until 1979.

4.4.27 For further discussion of the airfield, see the Conservation Statement prepared by Feilden and Mawson.

5 SUMMARY OF HERITAGE ASSETS

5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 The planning policies listed in Section 3 aim to promote development proposals that will preserve, conserve and, where possible and appropriate, enhance the historic environment; and that will seek to avoid or mitigate against harm.

5.1.2 In line with national and local planning policies, development proposals which have the potential to affect designated and non-designated heritage assets and their settings will be permitted only where it can be demonstrated that the asset would be conserved and, where appropriate, enhanced.

5.1.3 A description of the significance of heritage assets directly affected by the proposed development, based on the current level of available information, is presented below in line with current planning policy (NPPF Ch.12 Para.128).

5.2 Known heritage assets with the Site Non-designated heritage assets 5.2.1 A series of broadly parallel Wessex Linear ditches are known to extend north-west to south-east through the centre of Area C (Figure 2).

5.2.2 Identified archaeological remains recorded within the Site comprise:

Area A  the Roman Road from Silchester to Salisbury, surviving as agger and flanking ditches with associated buried soil.  cable runs and a rubbish pit, possibly the remains of a detonator store recorded on the 1927 Air Ministry airfield lay-out plan. Area B1  a ring ditch of uncertain date.  remains of airfield installations of likely WW2 date comprising a possible runway perimeter track and a reinforced concrete structure believed to be a military magazine. Area B2  a former land boundary ditch and numerous anomalies of uncertain or likely agricultural origins.

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Area C  the continuation of a ‘Wessex Linear’ prehistoric land division  a curving trackway of unknown, possibly prehistoric date  a rectilinear enclosure of unknown, possibly late prehistoric date  a number of small anomalies that could represent pits of unknown, possibly prehistoric date  features likely to relate to the airfield including a perimeter road and features possibly related to a WW2 camp or depot.

5.3 Potential buried archaeological remains 5.3.1 Based on the evidence presented within the baseline resource (Section 4 above) there is considered to be the potential for as yet unknown buried archaeological remains within the Site relating to the following periods:

 Neolithic  Bronze Age  Romano-British  Medieval and Post-medieval  Modern 5.3.1 This potential is summarised in Table 2 below.

5.4 Assessment of survival and previous impacts Archaeological remains 5.4.1 The Site is situated within a landscape which remained rural and largely undeveloped until the start of WW1. Consequently, any damage to the potential buried archaeological remains would have been limited to past agricultural practices such as the construction of drainage systems, excavation of ponds and, in particular, ploughing.

5.4.2 It is likely that the removal of the land from arable farming in 1917 will have helped to promote the preservation and survival of any buried archaeological remains, and where present these are likely to survive well. This is borne out by recent trial trenching in Area C.

5.5 Summary of known and potential remains within the Site 5.5.1 Table 2 below presents a summary of the known and potential remains within the Site which may be subject to direct impacts as a result of the proposed development. The risk of encountering heritage assets has been given a rating calculated using professional judgement based on the various datasets assessed during the course of the study. A survival rating has been determined following a review of previous impacts identified within the Site, based on a Site visit, cartographic sources and other relevant Site information (e.g. HER event records).

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Table 2: Summary of known and potential remains within the Site

Risk Period and Description Importance Survival

Concentrations of Bronze Age barrows are widespread to the north of the Portway. A single ring ditch in Area B1 remains undated following trial trenching. Additional funerary features or related settlement activity might be anticipated within the Site. A Wessex Linear extends across the Site into Area C. This is composed of three ditches and may have formed a major land division; two weaker parallel ditches could potentially form part of a wider field system. The presence of Neolithic pit alignments north and south of the site at Old Sarum and High Neolithic Bishopdown, in places coincident with the and Bronze Wessex Linear, suggests a significant and Regional Good Age long-lived boundary and focus of activity. Possible trackway and enclosure features within Area C are potentially of Bronze Age date. A number of small anomalies in Area C are possibly archaeological and could represent pits, although there is no discernible pattern that might suggest a focus of settlement related activity. A prehistoric buried soil survives beneath the Roman road in Area A. Bronze Age evidence is of value to regional research objectives. The Portway Roman Road survives in Area A. There is limited potential for additional Romano- features of this period to exist within the Site. Local Good British Any evidence uncovered would be of value to local research objectives. High Features relating to the use and maintenance of the airfield survive within all development areas, including cable runs, trackways and Modern remains of demolished structures. Local Good Airfield remains are of value to local research objectives. There are limited records of Anglo-Saxon or medieval activity within the Study Area, and Anglo- the Site is likely to have been in the agrarian Saxon to hinterland of nearby settlements in this Regional Unknown post- period. medieval Any evidence uncovered would be of value to Low regional research objectives No features of other prehistoric date were Prehistoric recorded during previous fieldwork. (exc. Any evidence uncovered would be of value to Regional Unknown Bronze regional research objectives Age)

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6 IMPACTS

6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 The management and mitigation of change to the heritage resource resulting from development is based on the recognition within Government planning objectives that “…heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource…” (NPPF para. 126). Impacts to the historic environment and its associated heritage assets arise where changes are made to their physical environment by means of the loss and/or degradation of their physical fabric or setting, which in turn leads to a reduction in the significance of the historic environment record and its associated heritage assets.

6.2 Proposed development 6.2.1 The proposed development includes the following:

 The demolition, modification and renovation of existing buildings, structures and site development.  Provision of approximately 16.4ha of residential land accommodating 470 residential dwellings in Areas A and C.  Provision for a mixture of employment, commercial/leisure, residential and aviation uses on 6.2ha of land in Area B, including a “Flying Hub” comprising a control tower, heritage centre, visitor centre, parachute centre, aviation archives and aircraft hangers.  Provision of associated access, including the construction of new points of vehicle access to the surrounding highway network, car parking, and connections to the surrounding footpath and cycle networks.  Relocation of the existing grass runway by approximately 40m to the south;  Improvements to the airstrip comprising a narrowing from 50m to 40m in width and lengthening by approximately 50m (to 850m) with associated re-grading of the landform, particularly at the eastern end of the new runway position.  Provision of green infrastructure including formal and informal open space, children’s play spaces, recreational footpaths and landscape enhancement areas.  Infrastructure and utilities provision, including the provision of above and below ground utilities, including a sustainable urban drainage system.  Associated vegetation removal, ground modification and engineering works. 6.2.2 Although specific design details regarding construction methods are not yet known, development works at the Site are likely to include some or all of the following ground disturbance and excavations:

 Ground works and landscaping  Excavation of service trenches  Excavation of foundation trenches  Tree planting  Creation of estate roads  Plant movement.

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6.2.3 It is anticipated that destructive impacts on buried archaeological remains would be concentrated within the footprint of the proposed residential development areas in Areas A and C and the new flying hub facilities in Areas B1 and B2, and diminished within the proposed green spaces: in the absence of any ground works or landscaping in green space, any direct impact would be restricted to areas of tree planting and plant movement.

6.2.4 Additionally, relocation and extension of the flying strip is likely to involve local alteration of levels to achieve permitted gradients.

6.3 Potential impacts Archaeological remains within the Site (direct impacts) 6.3.1 The Site is situated within a landscape which remained rural and largely undeveloped until the start of WW1. It is likely that the removal of the land from arable farming in 1917 will have helped to promote the preservation and survival of any buried archaeological remains, and where present these are likely to survive well.

6.3.2 Detailed development plans are not available at this stage in the project and specific impacts cannot be identified. However, the development activities identified are likely to result in loss of any archaeological remains within the development areas.

6.3.3 The development areas have been subject to a programme of archaeological evaluation and it is possible that, with further archaeological investigation in conjunction with an assessment of detailed development designs at a later stage in the project, the potential impacts of the development could be reduced or removed through careful design and mitigation.

Settings of designated heritage assets 6.3.4 Potential impacts on the settings of Old Sarum, the Conservation Area and the Listed Buildings are considered separately in a Conservation Statement prepared by Feilden and Mawson.

7 CONCLUSIONS

7.1 Summary 7.1.1 The effect of the development proposals on the known and potential heritage resource will be a material consideration in determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding archaeological constraints which are likely to preclude development.

7.1.2 The potential for and significance of archaeological remains has been assessed through a programme of archaeological investigations comprising geophysical survey and evaluation trenching and is summarised in Table 3 below.

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Table 3: Summary of archaeological potential

Risk Period and Description Significance Development Area Bronze Ageland division, Regional B1, C, Airstrip funerary and/or settlement activity High The Portway Roman Local A road and related activity Modern remains relating Local A, B1, B2 to operation of the military airfield Medieval or post- Local A, C, Airstrip medieval activity Low Prehistoric activity (other Local C, Airstrip than Bronze Age)

7.2 Mitigation 7.2.1 Previous consultation with Wiltshire Council has confirmed that the remains of the Roman road, ring ditch and airfield features identified in Areas A and B1 do not merit preservation in situ and do not constitute a constraint on development. The loss of archaeological remains due to development here can be mitigated through a programme of archaeological investigation and recording comprising targeted strip, map and excavate.

7.2.2 Further archaeological evaluation of Area C (trial trenching) is anticipated to inform the EIA.

7.2.3 The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further archaeological works to mitigate the impact of development in Areas A, B1 and C will be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.

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8 REFERENCES

8.1 Bibliography Atkins Heritage.2006. Old Sarum Airfield Character Appraisal and Assessment of Eligibility for Conservation Area Designation. Atkins. Bradley, R et al.1994. Prehistoric Land Divisions on Salisbury Plain. The work of the Wessex Linear Ditches Project. English Heritage. Department of Communities and Local Government 2012: National Planning Policy Framework English Heritage, 2008a: Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment, http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/publications/conservation-principles-sustainable-management- historic-environment/ -- 2000. Survey of Military Aviation Sites and Structures. Summary Report – Thematic Listing Programme. English Heritage.

-- 2011: The Setting of Heritage Assets – English Heritage Guidance, http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/publications/setting-heritage-assets/ GSB Prospection.1999. Old Sarum Airfield Salisbury – Geophysical Survey Bradford, GSB Prospection unpublished client report ref. 99/92.

IfA 1994 (revised 2012): Standard and Guidance for desk-based assessment, Institute for Archaeologists James, D.J. 2002. Sorviodunum – A review of the Archaeological Evidence Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 95, pp 1-26

Mills, A.D., A Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford.

Short, B.2006. England’s Landscape - The South East. English Heritage.

Victoria County History of Wiltshire Vol. 1 (Part 1) 1957

Victoria County History of Wiltshire Vol. 1 (Part 2) 1973

Victoria County History of Wiltshire Vol. 7 1953

Wessex Archaeology. 1996. ‘Portway House’: The Former Operations and Medical Buildings of Old Sarum Barracks, Old Sarum Airfield, North of Salisbury, Wiltshire: Archaeological Desk-based Study. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology, unpublished client report Ref. No. 2000.01

-- 2003. Land at Old Sarum, Salisbury Wiltshire: Phase 1 Archaeological Assessment. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 53579.02.

-- 2004. Land at Old Sarum, Salisbury Wiltshire: Initial Archaeological Evaluation. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 53579.02.

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-- 2005. Land at Old Sarum, Salisbury Wiltshire: Archaeological Evaluation Report. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 61680.01

-- 2006. Land at Old Sarum, Salisbury Wiltshire: Interim Report on Archaeological Excavation. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 61681.02.

-- 2007. Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Archaeological Evaluation. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 66010.11.

-- 2008. Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Archaeological Evaluation Area A. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 66012.01.

-- 2013. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 84971.03.

-- 2014. Excavations and watching brief at Bishopdown Farm 2013-14. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 101630.

-- 2014. Old Sarum Airfield 2014, Salisbury, Wiltshire Detailed Gradiometer Survey Report. Salisbury, Wessex Archaeology unpublished client report ref. 66013.02

Williams, A. and Martin G.H. 2002. Domesday Book. A complete translation. Penguin.

8.2 Historic Environment Records Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record (WSHER) Wiltshire and Swindon Archives 8.3 Cartographic and Documentary Sources 1772 (2nd ed. 1810) Andrews and 1901 Ordnance Survey 25” DruryMap of Wiltshire 1880 Ordnance Survey 25” Laverstock Enclosure Map 1820 1939 Ordnance Survey 25” Laverstock Tithe Map 1842 1963 Ordnance Survey 6” British Geological Surveyhttp://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyviewer 8.4 Online resources http://ads.ahds.ac.uk http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/ http://domesdaymap.co.uk/ http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/ http://www.magic.gov.uk http://www.old-maps.co.uk/index.html http://www.pastscape.org.uk/ http://www.promap.co.uk/

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9 APPENDICES

9.1 Appendix 1: National and Local Historic Environment Policies Statutory framework and National planning policy Policy Ref. Title Scope n/a Ancient Monuments and Scheduled Monuments and Archaeological Areas of Importance (AAIs or their equivalent) are afforded statutory protection and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 the consent of SoS (DCMS), as advised by English Heritage (EH), is required for any works. (as amended) n/a Planning (Listed Buildings and Works affecting Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas are subject to additional planning controls administered by Local Conservation Areas) Act 1990 Planning Authorities (LPAs). EH are a statutory consultee in works affecting Grade I or II* Listed Buildings.

n/a Hedgerow Regulations 1997 Under the Hedgerow Regulations 1997, as amended by The Hedgerows (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002, hedgerows (amended 2002) are deemed to be historically Important if they are over 30 years old and if: A hedgerow incorporating, or associated with, an archaeological feature or site which is: a) Included in the schedule of monuments compiled by the Secretary of State under section 1 (schedule of monuments) of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; or b) Recorded at the relevant date in a Sites and Monuments Record c) A hedgerow that forms an integral part of a pre-1845 field system, or a pre-1870 enclosure field system In practice, hedgerows are deemed Important under the above regulations if they can be demonstrated to exist on the appropriate pre-1845 parish tithe or enclosure map. NPPF Conserving and enhancing the In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage historic environment. Para. 128 assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation.

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Policy Ref. Title Scope NPPF Conserving and enhancing the Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a historic environment. Para. 129 proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.

NPPF Conserving and enhancing the When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should historic environment. Para. 132 be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. NPPF Conserving and enhancing the The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining historic environment. Para. 135 the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

NPPF Conserving and enhancing the Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites historic environment. Para. 137 and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably

NPPF Conserving and enhancing the Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled historic environment. Para. 139 monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets. NPPF Conserving and enhancing the Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan- historic environment. Para. 141 making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible

Local planning policy: Wiltshire Core Strategy Pre-Submission Document (February 2012) Policy Ref. Title Scope Core Policy Ensuring the conservation Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment, and should not have 58 of the historic environment an unacceptable impact on the historic environment, particularly where this could be avoided or mitigated. Designated historic assets and their settings will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced, including: i. archaeological remains and their setting ii. the World Heritage Site

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Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Policy Ref. Title Scope iii. buildings and structures of special architectural or historic interest and their settings iv. the special character or appearance of conservation areas and their settings v. historic parks and gardens and their setting vi. important landscapes and townscapes. Development will be required to conserve and seek opportunities to enhance structures and areas of heritage significance throughout Wiltshire, including the character, setting and cultural significance of designated and other locally or regionally significant non-designated heritage assets, including: vii. the sensitive re-use of redundant and under-used historic buildings and areas which are consistent with their conservation especially in relation to the viable re-use of heritage assets atrisk viii. opportunities to enhance Wiltshire’s historic public realm by ensuring that all development, including transport and infrastructure work, is sensitive to the historic environment Distinctive elements of Wiltshire’s historic environment, which creates a sense of local character andidentity and variation across the county, will be conserved, enhanced and their potential to contribute towards wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits will be exploited, including: ix. the individual and distinctive character and appearance of Wiltshire’s historic market towns and villages x. nationally significant prehistoric archaeological monuments and landscapes xi. the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site xii. historic buildings and structures related to the textile industry xiii. historic rural structures including threshing barns, granaries, malt houses, dovecots and stables xiv. ecclesiastical sites including churches, chapels and monuments xv. the historic Great Western Railway and associated structures xvi. the historic waterways and associated structures including canals and river courses xvii. heritage assets associated with the military.

24 WA Project No. 66013.01

Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Local planning policy: South Wiltshire Core Strategy (Adopted February 2012) Policy Ref. Title Scope Core Old Sarum Airfield New development will only be permitted on Old Sarum Airfield if it delivers the following: Policy 9 • A long-term proactive strategy for the enhancement of the Conservation area including management plan and public access and visitor/interpretive material on its historic relevance; • A high quality strategic landscape improvement to mitigate impacts of existing intrusive buildings, to soften impacts when viewed both from out of and into the Conservation Area and from Old Sarum Scheduled Ancient Monument; • The completion of a legal agreement (section 106) to agree reasonable controls over flying activity in the interests of the amenity of local residents; • Submission, agreement and implementation of a development master plan, which delivers a high quality development that takes opportunities to enhance the historic environment and protects the amenity of existing residents; • Retains and safeguards flying activity from the airfield; • Provides community benefit for the Old Sarum residents.

Targets: Agreement of a management plan for Old Sarum conservation area and enhancements to the area. The retention of flying activity at the airfield with a reasonable degree of control in the interests of local amenity.

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Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

9.2 Appendix 2: Gazetteer of heritage assets within the Study Area (based on WSHER and other sources) National Heritage List for England – Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings within the Study Area List Entry WA No. Name Grade Easting Northing No. 1 1015675 Old Sarum SM 413768 132679 2 1005688 'Ende Burgh' long barrow SM 415893 134041 3 1248682 REMAINS OF OLD SARUM CASTLE AND CATHEDRAL I 413653 132789 4 1355710 3 FORMER AIRCRAFT HANGARS AT OLD SARUM AIRFIELD II* 415185 133465 5 1023822 BEEHIVE COTTAGE II 414323 133213 6 1023852 BARN AT BISHOPDOWN FARM II 415596 132130 7 1258431 OLD CASTLE INN II 414144 132492 8 1355735 MILL HOUSE AND ATTACHED MILL II 416461 132938 9 1355736 GRANARY AT BISHOPDOWN FARM II 415615 132155 OLD SARUM AIRFIELD: WORKSHOPS IMMEDIATELY TO N OF CENTRAL 10 1391602 HANGAR (HANGAR 2) II 415159 133484 11 1391603 OLD SARUM AIRFIELD: TA HEADQUARTERS II 415229 133599

Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record - Archaeology WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type Settlement, A later Prehistoric settlement was recorded during excavation, Northeast of Castle including seventy post holes and small rectilinear scoops. 12 MWI32066 Hill SETTLEMENT Prehistoric 414906 132621 Two Ditches, Old Two linear parallel features, probably ditches, were recorded through 13 MWI32017 Sarum DITCH Prehistoric geophysical survey. 413882 132558 Ditches and Post Two probable ditches, running approximately west-east downslope, Hole at Old Castle DITCH, POST and a possible post hole were excavated. 14 MWI32019 House HOLE Prehistoric 414207 132468 A probable prehistoric pit was partially revealed during an archaeological evaluation. A possibly Neolithic flint blade flake was Prehistoric Pit at the recovered from the primary fill. A flint fabricator tool was recovered Bee Hive, from the topsoil, considered to be of middle to late 15 MWI32021 Laverstock PIT Prehistoric Neolithic date. 414354 133244

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Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type Probably Late Two pits and three postholes were uncovered during a watching Prehistoric Pits and PIT, POST brief, containing burnt, unworked flint, struck flint waste 16 MWI32027 Postholes HOLE Prehistoric flakes and Late Prehistoric pottery. 414132 132018 Garden of Ford Neolithic polished axe 17 MWI10834 Farm FINDSPOT Neolithic 415800 133101 Behind Old Castle Neolithic axes 18 MWI11097 Inn FINDSPOT Neolithic 414100 132500 19 MWI11098 Pauls Dene Estate FINDSPOT Neolithic Part of a Neolithic axe. 414200 132300 East Side Old Three Neolithic pits found during the excavation of a pipeline. 20 MWI11099 Sarum PIT Neolithic 414170 132720 21 MWI11100 NE Old Sarum PIT Neolithic Two Neolithic pits excavated in pipe trench. 413820 132950 22 MWI11101 Old Sarum FINDSPOT Neolithic Neolithic flint tools 413800 132700 A Neolithic pit with Peterborough ware pottery was excavated during 23 MWI11103 Land at The Beehive PIT Neolithic an evaluation in 1999. 414366 133321 Pond Field, Neolithic worked flint implements found during excavation, and 24 MWI10840 Bishopdown FINDSPOT Neolithic earlier. 415402 132302 Land North of the Neolithic flint implements found during a combined fieldwalking and 25 MWI11104 Beehive FINDSPOT Neolithic metal detecting exercise in 1998. 414456 133480 Associated Dense scatter of Neolithic worked flint implements. 26 MWI10836 Bishopsdown finds, DITCH Neolithic 415741 132621 A well preserved sequence of six Middle Neolithic pits were were Pits, East of the found in two groups of three, 10 metres either side of a very 27 MWI32057 A345 PIT Neolithic substantial tree bowl. 414280 132875 LONG A Neolithic long barrow 28 MWI11102 Rocks Hill BARROW Neolithic 414154 133490 Pond Field Bronze Age burial found during excavation in 1993. 29 MWI10847 Bishopdown BURIAL Bronze Age 415402 132298 A pit containing probable Bronze Age pottery and cremated bone 30 MWI10849 Bishop Down Farm PIT Bronze Age found during an evaluation excavation. 415150 132320 31 MWI10850 Bishopsdown Farm FINDSPOT Bronze Age Bronze Age axe 415500 132100 32 MWI10851 W of Ford Farm FINDSPOT Bronze Age A Bronze Age axe. 415600 132900 A Bronze Age urn containing a cremation found during construction. 33 MWI10854 Castle Ford Farm FINDSPOT Bronze Age 415720 132910 34 MWI10855 W of Ende Burgh FINDSPOT Bronze Age Bronze Age burials found during the excavation of a pipeline. 415420 133898 35 MWI10845 Bishopsdown Associated finds Bronze Age Bronze Age flint implements. 415730 132620

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Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type 36 MWI10859 Bishopdown FINDSPOT Bronze Age Bronze Age worked flint tools and a pottery fragment. 415830 132449 S of Old Sarum Probable Bronze Age flint tools were excavated from the test pits of 37 MWI11114 Airfield Associated finds Bronze Age an evaluation in 1997. 414714 132737 A fragment of Bronze Age pottery was found during an evaluation 38 MWI11116 Land at The Beehive FINDSPOT Bronze Age excavation in 1999. 414272 133209 Land at Old Sarum sub-square pit containing fragment of collared urn 39 MWI10865 (Pit &collured urn). PIT Bronze Age 415388 133857 40 MWI11117 Land at Old Sarum BURIAL Bronze Age Early Bronze Age collared urn. 414929 133636 Land at Old Sarum. Small Bronze ring ditch, and crouched inhumation. 41 MWI10866 Ring ditch. RING DITCH Bronze Age 415204 134250 42 MWI11113 Bishopsdown Associated finds Bronze Age Bronze Age flint tools. 414983 132621 BOWL Bronze Age bowl barrow excavated in 19th century and possibly 43 MWI11303 East Old Sarum BARROW Bronze Age earlier. 414280 132492 SW of Hurdcott Field Two Iron Age features found during a watching brief. 44 MWI10867 Barn SITE Iron Age 415450 134670 East Outskirts Old Iron Age pottery found in a ditch. 45 MWI11120 Sarum DITCH Iron Age 414100 132550 Eastern Outskirts A probable Iron Age ditch found during excavation of pipe trench. 46 MWI11124 Old Sarum DITCH Iron Age 414280 132660 Hilltop Way, Pauls Iron Age pits found during the excavation of a water pipeline. 47 MWI11125 Dene Estate SETTLEMENT Iron Age 414370 132380 Hilltop Way, Pauls Three Iron Age pits, one of which was excavated. 48 MWI11126 Dene Estate SETTLEMENT Iron Age 414450 132300 East Outskirts Old A probable Iron Age ditch found during excavation of water pipe 49 MWI11128 Sarum DITCH Iron Age trench. 414170 132730 50 MWI11133 Old Sarum FINDSPOT Iron Age A gold stater of Tasciovanus 413701 132571 51 MWI10877 Bishopsdown SETTLEMENT Iron Age Iron Age settlement through which trenches were excavated in 1992. 415140 131950 78, Downsview Two iron Age burials were excavated during 1996. 52 MWI11136 Road BURIAL Iron Age 414710 132050 LINEAR Pits and linear features found. Finds obtained suggest Iron Age to 53 MWI10881 Land at Old Sarum FEATURE Iron Age Medieval. 415358 134009 54 MWI11131 Castle Hill DITCH Iron Age An Iron Age ditch found during excavation for reservoir. 414310 132470 Inhumations, North Three inhumations were recorded during excavation. 55 MWI32051 of Phillips Lane INHUMATION Iron Age 413780 133090 56 MWI32058 Ditch and Burials, DITCH, Iron Age An Iron Age burial alignment and Romano-British ditch were 414251 132893

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Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type East of the A345 FLEXED excavated. INHUMATION, CROUCHED INHUMATION Romano- Romano-British pottery and a corn drier found during construction of 57 MWI10889 W of Ende Burgh SETTLEMENT British a water pipeline in 1989. 415801 134103 Romano- Romano-British settlement found through excavation. 58 MWI11141 Old Sarum SETTLEMENT British 413845 132632 East Outskirts, Old Romano- A probable Roman ditch found during excavation of pipe trench. 59 MWI11143 Sarum DITCH British 414160 132740 East Outskirts, Old Romano- A probable Roman ditch found during the excavation of a pipe 60 MWI11144 Sarum DITCH British trench. 414370 132580 Romano- Romano-British pottery, and tile fragments with a dense scatter of 61 MWI11148 Bishopsdown Associated finds British burnt flint partially excavated in 1992. 414450 132400 Castle Hill/Pauls Romano- Romano-British post-hole. 62 MWI11154 Dene Estate POST HOLE British 414202 132302 Romano- Late Romano-British pottery found during excavation of new 63 MWI11158 Castle Hill Associated finds British reservoir. 414310 132470 Romano- Barbarous copy of radiate coin c270AD found near Old Sarum 64 MWI11159 Old Sarum FINDSPOT British Cathedral 413700 132600 Romano- Four Romano-British coins. 65 MWI11162 Pauls Dene FINDSPOT British 414300 132400 Romano- Unexcavated roadside ditch for Portway Roman road. 66 MWI11175 Land at Old Sarum DITCH British 414932 133439 Romano- Romano-British pottery and tile fragments. 67 MWI10896 Bishopsdown Associated finds British 415728 132617 Pond Field, Romano- Romano-British pottery fragments found during excavation in 1993. 68 MWI10898 Bishopdown Associated finds British 415400 132300 S of Old Sarum Romano- Romano-British pottery fragments were found during an evaluation 69 MWI11140 Airfield FINDSPOT British excavation in 1997. 414740 132657 A few Romano-British pottery fragments and 17 coins found during a Land North of The Romano- combined fieldwork and metal detecting exercise in 70 MWI11168 Beehive FINDSPOT British 1998. 414452 133474 Romano- A Romano-British bow brooch and two coins. 71 MWI10902 Ford FINDSPOT British 416400 132801 72 MWI11171 Paul's Dene Estate FINDSPOT Romano- A large Romano-British tile 414800 132200

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Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type British Romano- A Romano-British clay jar 73 MWI11172 Paul's Dene Estate FINDSPOT British 414500 132100 Old Castle Inn Romano- A possible Romano-British skeleton excavated in 19th century. 74 MWI11166 paddock BURIAL British 414100 132580 Romano- Romano-British settlement site through which trenches were 75 MWI10897 Bishopsdown Farm SETTLEMENT British excavated in 1992. 415157 131952 DITCH, A ditch and possible palisade, a small kiln and three pits were Ditch and Pits, North PALISADE, Romano- identified during excavation. 76 MWI32063 of Castle Hill KILN, PIT British 414449 132570 Gulley at Old Castle Romano- A shallow, flat based gully was excavated. 77 MWI32020 House GULLY British 414209 132473 Pit at Old Castle Romano- A sub-circular shallow pit was excavated. 78 MWI32023 House PIT British 414208 132473 Roman Road from Old Sarum to Romano- Roman road between Old Sarum and Winchester. 79 MWI11157 Winchester ROAD British 414644 132736 Romano- Roman road from Salisbury to Silchester 80 MWI10890 The Port Way ROAD British 415505 133844 Juniper Drive, Pauls Romano- Spread of Romano-British refuse found during development. 81 MWI11142 Dene Estate SETTLEMENT British 414389 132242 Old Sarum to Mildenhall Roman Romano- Roman road from Old Sarum to Mildenhall. 82 MWI11156 Road ROAD British 414386 133877 83 MWI10909 End Burgh CEMETERY Anglo-Saxon Various Saxon burials found during excavation of earlier mound. 415880 134052 84 MWI11179 Old Sarum SETTLEMENT Anglo-Saxon Saxon settlement within Old Sarumhillfort. 413839 132655 E Outskirts Old Cemetery of fourteen Saxon burials excavated from an earlier 85 MWI11180 Sarum CEMETERY Anglo-Saxon barrow. 414280 132490 86 MWI10910 Ford FINDSPOT Anglo-Saxon A Saxon brooch. 415901 133151 87 MWI10911 Ford FINDSPOT Anglo-Saxon A Saxon Sceatta. 415900 132900 88 MWI10912 Ford FINDSPOT Anglo-Saxon Two Saxon sceattas found in 1989. 416200 132900 Site of Chapel of Site of Medieval church or chapel. 89 MWI11215 Holy Cross CHURCH Medieval 414133 132613 Medieval 12th century area of lime-burning including pits and kilns East Suburb Old INDUSTRIAL found during the excavation of a pipe trench on the edge 90 MWI11224 Sarum SITE Medieval of the eastern suburbs of Old Sarum 414220 132630

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Old Sarum Airfield, Salisbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type 91 MWI11227 Braemar Rise FINDSPOT Medieval A French jetton probably dated to the early 14th century. 414570 131800 92 MWI11238 Old Sarum FINDSPOT Medieval A late 12th century lead counter. 413699 132593 93 MWI11239 Old Sarum FINDSPOT Medieval A Medieval iron key. 413699 132581 HOSPITAL, LEPER HOSPITAL, Site of the medieval hospital of St John the Baptist and St Anthony Site of St John's CEMETERY, believed to be in the eastern suburbs of Old Sarum. Hospital (and St BOUNDARY 94 MWI11229 Anthony) DITCH Medieval 414200 132695 95 MWI11245 Old Sarum FINDSPOT Medieval Medieval coin. 414040 132690 96 MWI11249 15 Hill Top Way BUILDING Medieval Possible Medieval building foundations. 414380 132250 97 MWI11182 12, Juniper Drive FINDSPOT Medieval 13th century coin. 414420 132230 98 MWI11189 Near Old Sarum FINDSPOT Medieval A 12th century seal. 413920 132290 Castle Street including 281 Castle A 15th century key. 99 MWI11191 Road FINDSPOT Medieval 414200 132240 100 MWI11192 293 Castle Road FINDSPOT Medieval A silver penny of Edward I from the Bristol mint. 414170 132330 101 MWI10934 Ford FINDSPOT Medieval A Medieval brooch. 415900 133150 S of Old Sarum A fragment of Medieval pottery was excavated from a pit during an 102 MWI11186 Airfield FINDSPOT Medieval evaluation in 1997. 414701 132717 Eastern Suburbs of A Medieval cemetery of more than 70 burials which has been 103 MWI11223 Old Sarum CEMETERY Medieval excavated in parts at various times. 414176 132620 104 MWI10933 Ford FINDSPOT Medieval Medieval coins. 416400 132800 Vicinity of Old A Medieval horse harness pendant. 105 MWI11259 Sarum FINDSPOT Medieval 414100 132420 106 MWI11234 Castle Hill Reservoir FINDSPOT Medieval Medieval pottery fragments and a tile 414347 132461 107 MWI11244 Old Sarum FINDSPOT Medieval Polished Medieval stone. 413685 132697 Garden of Roman's Medieval building found during excavations in 1958. 108 MWI11231 Rest BUILDING Medieval 414120 132580 Land North of The A Medieval brooch and coins were found during a combined 109 MWI11230 Beehive FINDSPOT Medieval fieldwork and metal detecting exercise in 1998. 414393 133417 City Wall at Old Erosion of the field boundary revealed wall foundations on the line of 110 MWI31970 Sarum TOWN WALL Medieval the reputed city wall marked on older maps. 413910 132370 Ditch and Burial, DITCH, A curving medieval ditch was recorded immediately east of the 111 MWI32065 East of the A345 INHUMATION Medieval A345, with a single inhumation recovered from the ditch fill. 414210 132919

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WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type Old Sarum East Part of a pair of Medieval iron shears 112 MWI11266 suburb FINDSPOT Post-medieval 414700 132800 113 MWI11265 Old Castle Inn FINDSPOT Post-medieval A Post Medieval key 414100 132600 Chalk Floor at The A compacted chalk floor was recorded during excavations. 114 MWI32031 Old Castle Inn FLOOR Post-medieval 414138 132510 Pit at The Old Castle A small sub-circular pit was recorded during excavations. 115 MWI32032 Inn PIT Post-medieval 414138 132510 Pillbox, on Old PILLBOX A Type 22 pillbox is located within Old Sarum Airfield. 118 MWI31529 Sarum Airfield (TYPE FW3/22) Modern 415398 133577 Within Ende burgh PILLBOX A Second World War Type 24 pillbox 119 MWI10943 enclosure (TYPE FW3/24) Modern 415904 134144 Modern Rubbish Pit A square-shaped modern refuse pit contained ash and charcoal, at the Bee Hive, glass bottles, pottery, Bakelite fragments and numerous 120 MWI32022 Laverstock PIT Modern metal objects all from around 1930-40. 414365 133251 Enclosure, A cropmark of a large rectangular enclosure, probably modern, is Southeast of RECTANGULA visible to the southeast of Shepherds Corner. 121 MWI63486 Shepherds Corner R ENCLOSURE Modern 413715 133443 BELFAST Three Aircraft TRUSS World War One aircraft hangars on Old Sarum Airfield. Hangars on Old AIRCRAFT 122 MWI31995 Sarum Airfield HANGAR Modern 415175 133480 123 MWI10944 SW of Ende Burgh BURIAL Undated A possible Bronze Age burial. 415740 133880 South Side of Old Two undated human skulls. 124 MWI11271 Sarum BURIAL Undated 413800 132400 S of Old Sarum A possible undated pit was excavated during an evaluation in 1997. 125 MWI11342 Airfield PIT Undated 414701 132711 ROUND Ditch of a possible barrow uncovered during an excavation. 126 MWI10956 SW of Ende Burgh BARROW Undated 415496 133895 A broad, shallow undated ditch was seen during an evaluation 127 MWI11346 Land at The Beehive DITCH Undated excavation in 1999. 414272 133201 Parallel gullies, perhaps modern steam ploughing, were excavated 128 MWI11347 Land at The Beehive SITE Undated during an evaluation in 1999. 414272 133198 Land to the north of A probably trackway of Romano-British or later date, revealed during 129 MWI11345 the Beehive ROAD Undated an evaluation excavation in 1999. 414465 133300 North-West of Ende Undated ring ditch. 130 MWI11029 Burgh RING DITCH Undated 415333 134278

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WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type A linear feature/ditch found which contained tile, fired clay and 131 MWI11279 Land at Old Sarum DITCH Undated pottery dating from Romano-British to Medieval. 414656 133657 132 MWI11280 Land at Old Sarum DITCH Undated west-north-west/south-east-south aligned ditch. No dating obtained. 414807 133766 Five probable postholes irregularly spaced in a line, one of which 133 MWI11281 Land at Old Sarum POST HOLE Undated contained a copper alloy object. No dating was obtained. 414820 133526 Ditch Possibly An undated, truncated ditch was identified during a watching brief, Related to Bronze sealed by a probable cultivation horizon. The ditch Age Barrow orientation suggests it may have been related to the Bronze Age Cemetery, Stratford barrow cemetery to the east. No finds were collected or 134 MWI31682 Sub Castle DITCH Undated observed during the course of the project. 413803 133107 135 MWI11314 North of Old Sarum RING DITCH Undated An undated circular feature, probably a barrow. 413755 133373 136 MWI11315 North of Old Sarum RING DITCH Undated An undated circular feature, probably a barrow. 413782 133387 137 MWI11318 North of Old Sarum RING DITCH Undated An undated circular feature, probably a barrow. 413820 133271 ROUND An undated circular feature, probably a barrow. 138 MWI11316 North of Old Sarum BARROW Undated 413844 133341 139 MWI11317 North of Old Sarum RING DITCH Undated An undated circular feature, probably a barrow. 413848 133315 140 MWI11322 Rockshill RING DITCH Undated An undated ring ditch 414096 133401 141 MWI11320 Rockshill RING DITCH Undated An undated ring ditch, probably the site of a round barrow 414107 133459 SQUARE A small square undated enclosure. 142 MWI11340 Rockshill ENCLOSURE Undated 414121 133484 143 MWI11321 Rockshill RING DITCH Undated An undated ring ditch OR a rectangular enclosure 414127 133431 144 MWI11319 Rockshill RING DITCH Undated An undated ring ditch, probably the site of a round barrow 414188 133472 145 MWI11330 Rockshill RING DITCH Undated An undated ring ditch 414193 133449 Laverstock Isolation ROUND An undated round barrow 146 MWI11300 Hospital BARROW Undated 414891 133628 147 MWI11002 Bishopdown FIELD SYSTEM Undated Undated field system. 415221 131775 148 MWI10968 SW of Ende Burgh RING DITCH Undated Undated ring ditch. 415465 133904 BOWL Undated ring ditch. 149 MWI10955 SW of Ende Burgh BARROW Undated 415483 133870 150 MWI10948 W of Ende Burgh RING DITCH Undated A large undated ring ditch. 415485 134109 BOWL Undated ring ditch. 151 MWI10957 SW of Ende Burgh BARROW Undated 415492 133925 152 MWI10967 SW of Ende Burgh RING DITCH Undated A small undated ring ditch. 415516 133924 153 MWI10969 SW of Ende Burgh RING DITCH Undated An undated ring ditch. 415621 133989 154 MWI10949 NW of Ende Burgh BOWL Undated An undated ring ditch. 415642 134225

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WA Monument HER No. Name Period Description Easting Northing No. Type BARROW 155 Bishopdown PIT Neolithic Four pairs of Neolithic pits 415342 132599 156 Bishopdown SETTLEMENT Bronze Age Three post-built roundhouses and possible fenceline 415531 132571 Six post-built roundhouses, four post structure, ditches, pits and 157 Bishopdown SETTLEMENT Iron Age postholes 415291 132546

34 WA Project No. 66013.01

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Site

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11 *# Study Area 10 # Proposed Development Areas **# 04 Site *# Grade I Lised Building 05 *# *# Grade II* Listed Building *# Grade II Listed Building Scheduled Monuments

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Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright 09 and database right 2014. *# This material is for client report only *# 06 © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

132000 Date: 28/08/2014

Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:12,500 at A3 0 1 km Illustrator: SLR/KL

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Site location and historic environment designations Figure 1 414000 415000 416000 417000

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133000 21 (! 111 33 (!56 32 87 88 (! 27 (! (! (! (! (! 112 104 (! (! Roman road 71 20 79 107 22 (!(! 125(! 95 49 (! 94 102 (! (! (! (! 59(! 46 37 84 (!58 90 (! (! 12 42 35 (! 113 89 (! 69 155 (! (! 103 60 (! (! 26 (!(! 64 (!50 13 (! 76 (! 156 67 (! 74 (!45(! 108 (! (! 157 (! 93 (! (! (! 92 18 85 (! 114 63 115(! (! 36 78 (! 77 (! (! 106 43 (! 124 105 (! 61 (! 110 14 (!54 47 (! (! (! 100 65 30 98 (! 19 48 (! 29 (! 62 (! 68 (! 24 (! 99 96 Reproduced from the (2002) Ordnance Survey 1:25 000 (! 81 (!(! Explorer ® map with the permission of the controller of Her Majesty's (! 97 72 Stationery Office © Crown copyright, Wessex Archaeology, (! Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire. SP4 6EB Licence Number: 100028190. 73 31 ! This material is for client report only ( 52 (! © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. 16 (! (! 132000 51 (!(! 75 Date: 02/02/2015

Revision Number: 0 91 (! Scale: 1:12,500 at A3 Inset area (Figure 2b) 147 0 1 km Illustrator: SLR/KL

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Reproduced from the (2002) Ordnance Survey 1:25 000 Explorer ® map with the permission of the controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown copyright, Wessex Archaeology, Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire. SP4 6EB Licence Number: 100028190.

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 02/02/15 Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:5000 at A4 Illustrator: KL Path: X:\PROJECTS\66013\GIS\FigsMXD\Fig02bv2.mxd

Inset detail of Archaeological Sites and Findspots recorded in the WSHER and other sources Figure 2b Wessex Archaeology Ltd registered office Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6EB Tel: 01722 326867 Fax: 01722 337562 [email protected] www.wessexarch.co.uk

Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a company limited by guarantee registered in England, company number 1712772. It is also a Charity registered in England and Wales, number 287786; and in Scotland, Scottish Charity number SC042630. Our registered office is at Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6EB.