ntal & A me na n ly o t ir ic Reis et al., J Environ Anal Toxicol 2017, 7:3 v a n l T E o Journal of f x DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000458 o i l c o a n l o r g u y o J Environmental & Analytical Toxicology ISSN: 2161-0525 ResearchResearch Article Article Open Accesss Evaluation of Trace Elements in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) from the Mogi Guaçu River Infected for Acanthocephala Neoechynorhyncus Curemai Noronha, 1973 (Acanthocephala) Cintia Moreira Ramos dos Reis1*, Naira da Siva Campos2, Marlene Tiduko Ueta1, Júlio César José da Silva2, Paulo Sérgio Ceccarelli3 and Silmara Marques Allegrette1 1Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil 3Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil Abstract The basin of the Rio Mogi Guaçu has one of the best fish faunas studied in Brazil. Their fish are an important source of food for the inhabitants of the region, but due to human impact suffering along its course, it is relevant to do an analysis of contamination by trace elements. The objectives of this study were to analyze the presence of trace elements, copper, chromium, lead and zinc, and compare the trace element concentration in muscles and fish liver and intestinal parasites. 229 specimens were collected in 2012 of Prochilodus lineatus, known as curimbatá, in Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga. Muscle and liver samples were collected and analyzed to obtain the concentration of trace elements as well as intestinal parasites to evaluate the investigated analytes. Atomic absorption spectrometry in flame mode (F AAS) and graphite furnace mode (GF AAS) was employed to quantify the analytes. Digestion samples were analyzed using method EPA-3050B (modified). The concentration of trace elements in parasites Neoechinorhynchus curemai was higher than in the fish tissues indicating that these organisms can be good indicators of the presence of trace elements and pollution. Keywords: Acanthocephala; Prochilodus lineatus; Mogi Guaçu River; The most used parasites for this evaluation have been the intestinal Trace elements parasites, acanthocephala and cestode. The concentration of accumulated toxins in their tissues provides information about the environment in which Introduction they are found and analyses show a relationship between parasite weight The Mogi Guaçu River is born on the hill of Curvado, municipality and trace element concentration. Mortality by high concentrations of trace of Bom Repouso, in the Serra da Mantiqueira region, state of Minas elements has not been observed in the parasites [6-8]. Gerais, Brazil. In the region of the municipality of Pirassununga (SP), Thus, the study proposed here addresses the increase in knowledge of among the various environmental impacts, we highlight the anthropic the increase in trace element concentration, and the effect on the parasite sources of pollution, such as the cultivation of sugar cane. Also, the species and on the tissues of the fish studied. The proposal of the present installation of industries and the commerce of brandy, with the dumping study proved to be relevant because the Mogi-Guaçu river is very impacted of pesticides, fertilizers and soil correctives in the river, which can carry substances such as copper, mercury, lead and zinc, as well as industrial due to the accelerated growth of the cities in recent years and that has led to sewage [1,2]. These factors turn the river a potential reservoir of non- considerable environmental degradation [9]. organic elements, such as trace elements, that can concentrate on the Materials and Methods riverbed or be ingested by fish and other animals, including man. This last issue is especially important considering that one of the main The study was carried out in the Mogi-Guaçu River, in the district of species of fish traded in the country is found in the Mogi Guaçu river, Cachoeira de Emas, municipality of Pirassununga (SP) Brazil. The site of the curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus [3]. analysis of the specimens collected was the Health, Welfare and Disease The aspects inherent to the pollution and accumulation of trace Control laboratory of CEPTA/ICMBio (National Center for Research elements that the Mogi Guaçu river has been suffering for 100 years and Conservation of Continental Fishes and Chico Mendes Institute for have never been associated with the ichthyoparasitary dynamics [1]. Biodiversity Conservation). This type of approach is very common in countries such as Germany and Austria, where Scheef et al. [4,5] concluded that fish parasites are *Corresponding author: Cintia Moreira Ramos dos Reis, Department of Animal excellent environmental bioindicators due to their ability to accumulate Biology, State University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, São Paulo, larger amounts of trace elements. A proposal in this sense is necessary in Brazil, Tel: 5532999217275; E-mail: [email protected] order to understand the dynamics of the parasitofauna and to evaluate Received April 12, 2017; Accepted April 19 , 2017; Published April 24, 2017 the quality of the aquatic ecosystem through the intestinal parasites. Citation: dos Reis CMR, da Siva Campos N, Ueta MT, da Silva JCJ, Ceccarelli PS, A study of current levels of some trace elements was done to et al. (2017) Evaluation of Trace Elements in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, ascertain the environmental history of the Mogi Guaçu River, through 1837) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) from the Mogi Guaçu River Infected for the technique of sediment profile dating through the 219Pb methodology, Acanthocephala Neoechynorhyncus Curemai Noronha, 1973 (Acanthocephala). J Environ Anal Toxicol 7: 458. doi: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000458 in three bottom sediment profiles at the Rio das Pedras lagoon in Pirassununga. The results of deposition rates observed between 0.6 and Copyright: © 2017 dos Reis CMR, et al. This is an open-access article distributed 0.1 cm year-1 showed that the 25 cm depth profile corresponds to 135 under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original years of history of deposition of suspended material in the lagoon [1]. author and source are credited. J Environ Anal Toxicol, an open access journal ISSN: 2161-0525 Volume 7 • Issue 3 • 1000458 Citation: dos Reis CMR, da Siva Campos N, Ueta MT, da Silva JCJ, Ceccarelli PS, et al. (2017) Evaluation of Trace Elements in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) from the Mogi Guaçu River Infected for Acanthocephala Neoechynorhyncus Curemai Noronha, 1973 (Acanthocephala). J Environ Anal Toxicol 7: 458. doi: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000458 Page 2 of 4 The work was approved by the Animal Use Ethics Committee heating at 60°C in a hot plate until the volume was almost reduced to of the State University of Campinas (CEUA/UNICAMP), protocol dryness. Samples were taken in triplicates, when possible. The standard number 2645-1, and was in accordance with the ethical principles in solutions used for the construction of the analytical curves were prepared animal experimentation adopted by the Brazilian Society of Sciences in from the stock solutions of Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn with concentration of Laboratory Animals (SBCAL) and with the current legislation, Law no. 1000 mgL-1. Analytical standards and blanks solutions were prepared in 11.794, dated October 8, 2008 and decree no. 6.899, dated July 15, 2009, acid medium (0.1% v/v HNO3). In order to obtain the concentration and the collections were approved by Sisbio, protocol number 37336-1. of the analytes in the samples, a multi-calibration curve was made for Cr, Pb and Cu ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 mgL-1 and for Zn the curve Monthly collection expeditions were carried out between January showed concentrations between 0.1 to 2.0 mgL-1. Then the analytes were and December 2012, covering the drought and flood periods of the river, determined F AAS. All readings were made in triplicates and the analyte near the dam of Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, SP (21° 55 'S and concentrations were expressed in milligrams per 100 g of sample [11]. 47°22' W). During the study, 229 specimens of Prochilodus lineatus were collected with the aid of nets and flasks, each specimen being weighed The parasites Neoechynorhynchus curemai (Acanthocephala) from and measured (standard measure). curimbatá were separated by season and packed in Eppendorf®-type tubes and frozen for trace element analysis, tissue samples were also Liver and muscle tissue samples were removed between the fins separated by conditioned and frozen season. The trace elements studied of the dorsal region, conditioned and then frozen at a temperature of in the muscle and liver samples were Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, which present a -1°C. The acanthocephalan parasites were removed using tweezers maximum tolerance limit allowed by the Ministry of Health through and stylet and placed in 2.5 ml Eppendorf® plastic tubes with distilled decree 55.871 of March 26, 1965 and by Mercosur Ordinance No. water and frozen. The analysis of trace elements in fish was carried 685, of 27 August 1998. For GF AAS measurements the parasites were out in the Baccan Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of dehydrated in greenhouses for two hours, then crushed and weighed and Chemistry, University Federal of Juiz de Fora, by means of an flame digestion was started through 500 μL of concentrated nitric acid in a hot atomic absorption spectrophotometer (F AAS). The method of opening plate at 60°C, then the volume was filled to 1 mL with deionized water. the tissue samples was adapted from the official EPA (Environmental The calibration curve followed concentrations 2.5 μL; 5.0 μL; 10 μL; 20 Protection Agency) method 3050B for the digestion of sediment μL; 30 μL and 40 μL for the analytes.