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B Chromosome Variants in Prochilodus Lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) Analyzed by Microdissection and Chromosome Painting Techniques

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B Chromosome Variants in Prochilodus Lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) Analyzed by Microdissection and Chromosome Painting Techniques Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics ISSN: 0008-7114 (Print) 2165-5391 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tcar20 B chromosome variants in Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) analyzed by microdissection and chromosome painting techniques Manolo Penitente, Sandro Natal Daniel, Patrícia Elda Sobrinho Scudeler, Fausto Foresti & Fábio Porto-Foresti To cite this article: Manolo Penitente, Sandro Natal Daniel, Patrícia Elda Sobrinho Scudeler, Fausto Foresti & Fábio Porto-Foresti (2016) B chromosome variants in Prochiloduslineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) analyzed by microdissection and chromosome painting techniques, Caryologia, 69:2, 181-186, DOI: 10.1080/00087114.2016.1152113 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2016.1152113 Published online: 16 Mar 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 79 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tcar20 CARYOLOGIA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CYTOLOGY, CYTOSYSTEMATICS AND CYTOGENETICS, 2016 VOL. 69, NO. 2, 181–186 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2016.1152113 B chromosome variants in Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) analyzed by microdissection and chromosome painting techniques Manolo Penitentea, Sandro Natal Daniela, Patrícia Elda Sobrinho Scudelerb, Fausto Forestib and Fábio Porto- Forestia aFaculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Bauru, Bauru, Brazil; bDepartamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Several cytogenetic studies in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes 1836) describe a striking system Curimbatá; FISH; of supernumerary microchromosomes revealing the occurrence of three morphological types origin; polymorphism; visualized as acrocentric, metacentric and submetacentric. The present study aimed to compare supernumerary chromosome the DNA homology among the B chromosome variants, as well as the components of the standard complement using total B specific probes obtained by microdissection. This technique, which allows direct isolation of DNA from each B chromosome variant of interest, was applied to obtain the probes. Accordingly, cross hybridizations targeting all types were performed by using the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique. The results obtained revealed signals of hybridization on all kinds of B chromosomes, indicating homology among the variants. Moreover, markings on the standard A complement were observed using the B submetacentric chromosome specific probe. Based on these data, we can infer that B chromosome variants in P. lineatus have homologous regions, suggesting a common origin from an ancestral variant. Furthermore, it can be also hypothesized that the primitive supernumerary was probably originated from elements of the standard complement, since the B submetacentric morphotype shares sequences with the centromeric region of some chromosomes of the A complement. Introduction given great support to the intraspecific origin of super- numeraries in several species, as derived from the forma- Supernumerary chromosomes are extra chromosome tion of isochromosomes (Mestriner et al. 2000; Néo et al. elements present in the genome of various plants, fungal 2000; Jesus et al. 2003; Artoni et al. 2006). Alternatively, and animal species. It is assumed that the B chromo- an interspecific origin resulting from hybridizations of somes generally occur in approximately 15% of species. closely related species also can be considered as a mech- Nevertheless, the morphological and molecular hetero- anism for the origin of B chromosomes (Camacho et al. geneity found in different supernumerary chromosomes 2000; Sapre and Despanche 1987; Eickbush et al. 1992; is an interesting problem, since the number of common McVean 1995; Perfectti and Werren 2001). characteristics is limited. Usually heterochromatic and The fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) and dispensable nature identifies them better, while the chromosome microdissection techniques have become absence of recombination during the meiotic process, essential tools for the study of the origin of B chromo- both among themselves and with the other elements somes in various organisms (Voltolin, Pansonato-Alves, within the genome, in addition to a non-Mendelian et al. 2013; Silva et al. 2014; Pansonato-Alves et al. 2014). mode of inheritance constitute strong particularities to However, very little is known about the composition, recognize these genomic elements as supernumerary origin and maintenance of B chromosomes in the fish chromosomes (Vujošević et al. 2013). carriers. There are several plausible hypotheses to explain the Prochilodus lineatus has been one of the species origin of B chromosomes. One proposal hypothesizes most used in studies concerning the origin, behavior that supernumerary elements may have an intraspecific and evolution of supernumerary chromosomes in fish. origin from the elements of the A standard complement, In this species they generally are visualized as micro- following their own evolutionary path (Camacho et al. chromosomes and present a wide frequency variation, 2000). Evidence of common ancestry among fish have which may involve the presence of individuals with zero CONTACT Fábio Porto-Foresti [email protected] © 2016 Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica, Università di Firenze 182 M. PENITENTE et AL. to nine supernumeraries in the populations analyzed size and distinct morphology from the chromosomes of (Voltolin et al. 2011). Another interesting feature of this the A complement. species is that these B chromosomes exhibit an interest- Samples containing 10 microdissected B chromo- ing morphological polymorphism, which may result in somes of each variant from selected individuals were three types, with acrocentric (small-sized), metacentric transferred to different microtubes (0.2 ml) with 9 μl (medium-sized) and submetacentric B chromosomes ultrapure water, and the DNA was amplified using the kit (large-sized) (Artoni et al. 2006; Penitente et al. 2013). GenomePlex® Single Cell Whole Genome Amplifition The present study aimed to analyze the DNA com- (WGA4 – Sigma, USA) (Gribble et al. 2004). Following position and differentiation process of B chromosome the reactions, the products were verified by agarose gel variants in P. lineatus using B specific probes obtained electrophoresis, and after DNA amplification, probes by chromosome microdissection, along with the tech- for all three B chromosome morphotypes (acrocentric nique of fluorescence in situ hybridization. It is consid- B [Ba], metacentric B [Bm] and submetacentric B [Bsm]) ered that the data obtained can provide new insights into were generated from a reamplification of the amplified the diversification mechanisms and particularities of the DNA using the GenomePlex® WGA Reamplification Kit different forms presented by supernumerary chromo- (WGA3 – Sigma) associated with digoxigenin-11-dUTP somes in this species. (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, USA). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using Materials and methods Ba, Bm and Bsm probes was performed on specimens bearing acrocentric, metacentric and submetacentric Chromosome preparations were obtained from 136 B chromosomes. The standard FISH procedure was specimens of Prochilodus lineatus. The specimens were adopted following the protocol established by Pinkel et collected from the natural population of the Mogi-Guaçu al. (1986). The chromosomes were counterstained with River, Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) maintained in the facilities of the ICMBio institution in and analyzed under an Olympus BX50 photomicro- Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. scope (Olympus Optical, Japan). Images were obtained The cytogenetic preparations were obtained through using the QCapture Pro 5.1.1.14 software (http://www. the lymphocyte culture technique described by qimaging.com/support/downloads/qcappro51.php). Fenocchio and Bertollo (1988) with some adjustments for this species. The best preparations of fish carrying Results each of the three supernumerary variants were selected, fixed in methanol and stored at 4°C. The technique The first step of the chromosome staining experiments described by Sumner (1972) was applied for the char- was to create a control group from the in situ hybridi- acterization of constitutive heterochromatin. zation of the probes combined with the metaphases that Microdissection of B chromosomes was performed gave rise to each of them, in order to verify the func- using a micromanipulator (Eppendorf-5171, Germany) tionality of the probes. The Ba probe (Figure 1) was used with a glass needle coupled to an inverted microscope for markings in control chromosomes (Figure 1a). The (Axiovert 100 – Zeiss, Germany). The cell suspensions individual that originated this probe was carrying an were dropped onto 24 mm × 60 mm glass slides and acrocentric and two metacentric B chromosomes, and stained with 5% Giemsa for 5 min. B chromosomes were intense signals were observed on the three B chromo- easily identified in the metaphases due to their reduced somes in this preparation, including the two metacentric Figure 1. Somatic chromosomes of Prochilodus lineatus after in situ hybridization using a B acrocentric (Ba)
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