DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolutionary Evidence of Chromosomal Rearrangements Through SNAP Marina Mota Merlo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolutionary Evidence of Chromosomal Rearrangements Through SNAP Marina Mota Merlo Evolutionary evidence of chromosomal rearrangements through SNAP (Selection during Niche AdaPtation) Marina Mota Merlo Degree project in bioinformatics, 2021 Examensarbete i bioinformatik 45 hp till masterexamen, 2021 Biology Education Centre and Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University Supervisors: Lionel Guy and Andrei Guliaev Abstract The Selection during Niche AdaPtation (SNAP) hypothesis aims to explain how the gene order in bacterial chromosomes can change as the result of bacteria adapting to a new environment. It starts with a duplication of a chromosomal segment that includes some genes providing a fitness advantage. The duplication of these genes is preserved by positive selection. However, the rest of the duplicated segment accumulates mutations, including deletions. This results in a rearranged gene order. In this work, we develop a method to identify SNAP in bacterial chromosomes. The method was tested in Salmonella and Bartonella genomes. First, each gene was assigned an orthologous group (OG). For each genus, single-copy panorthologs (SCPos), the OGs that were present in most of the genomes as one copy, were targeted. If these SCPos were present twice or more in a genome, they were used to build duplicated regions within said genome. The resulting regions were visualized and their possible compatibility with the SNAP hypothesis was discussed. Even though the method proved to be effective on Bartonella genomes, it was less efficient on Salmonella. In addition, no strong evidence of SNAP was detected in Salmonella genomes. The adaptability of bacteria Popular Science Summary Marina Mota Merlo Every living being, from humans to bacteria, depends on its ability to adapt. Imagine you agree to participate in a TV program with two rounds. In the first round, you have to cook a dish using a very limited set of ingredients. In the second round, you are given a wide variety of ingredients, and you have to try to prepare a dish using all of them. The idea in both cases is making the most of what you have. Who wouldn’t want to be an expert using the limited ingredients from the first round? Who wouldn’t want to be fast enough to incorporate all the ingredients from the second? Imagine that you could become twice as good at any of the rounds. You would definitely have an advantage over the other contestants and maybe you would be even chosen as a winner. Bacteria can do this much more efficiently than humans. Parts of their genomes can be duplicated just by random chance, which means that they would have twice the original dosage of some of their genes. Let’s imagine the function of these genes is related to metabolism, i.e., the way cells —and therefore bacteria— process nutrients, similar to how ingredients are cooked when following a recipe. If there is a limited set of nutrients in their environment, and the genes involved in the processing (“cooking”) of these nutrients are present twice, then the bacterium with the duplication will be more efficient than others, and therefore it will “win” over other bacteria. The bacterium will divide and divide and eventually there will be more clones of itself carrying the duplication. For a nutrient-rich environment, the same would apply, but effectiveness would be more important than efficiency. Following the contest analogy, the participant who could cook faster, and therefore include all the ingredients, would win in this case. During the contest, the participant also learnt irrelevant information, such as the birthdays of the members of the jury. In this case, the contestant would most likely forget these facts. The same happens for bacteria, since some genes in the duplication do not really confer an advantage. In this case, the genes would eventually be lost, just like the memories of the birthday dates. In fact, this process follows a similar logic as remembering: only the relevant parts are retained. And, much like entangled memories, because some genes are kept and other are lost, this results in a new, rearranged order of genes. The name of the full process is SNAP (Selection during Niche AdaPtation), since it describes how bacteria adapt to new environments that are either harsh or nutrient- rich, each one represented by a round of the contest. The purpose of this work was to develop a method able to find evidence of SNAP in bacteria. Degree project in bioinformatics, 2021 Examensarbete i bioinformatik 45 hp till masterexamen, 2021 Biology Education Centre and EvoLegioLab, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Supervisors: Lionel Guy and Andrei Guliaev Table of contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11 2. Materials and methods .................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Defining the pipeline ........................................................................................................ 14 2.2. Downloading data ............................................................................................................ 14 2.3. Finding OGs ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.4. Identifying duplicated SCPos ............................................................................................ 16 2.5. Building duplicated regions .............................................................................................. 17 2.6. Analysis of the duplicates ................................................................................................. 18 3. Results ............................................................................................................................. 19 3.1. OGs and protein locations ................................................................................................ 19 3.2. Duplicated SCPos .............................................................................................................. 20 3.3. Duplicated regions ........................................................................................................... 21 3.4. Analysis of the duplicates ................................................................................................. 23 3.4.1. Bartonella .................................................................................................................. 23 3.4.2. Salmonella ................................................................................................................. 24 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 28 4.1. Distribution of genomes per species ................................................................................ 28 4.2. OGs and protein locations ................................................................................................ 29 4.3. Duplicated SCPos .............................................................................................................. 30 4.4. Duplicated regions in Bartonella ...................................................................................... 31 4.5. Duplicated regions in Salmonella ..................................................................................... 32 4.5.1. Duplicated genes ....................................................................................................... 32 4.5.2. Evidence of deletions ................................................................................................ 33 4.5.3. Veracity of the duplications ...................................................................................... 34 4.6. Performance of the method ............................................................................................. 35 5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 36 6. Conflict of interest ........................................................................................................... 36 7. Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 37 References .......................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 43 Abbreviations ABC ATP-Binding Cassette Blast Basic local alignment search tool CDS CoDing Sequence DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DUF Domain of Unknown Function GFF General Feature Format HGT Horizontal Gene Transfer FTP File Transfer Protocol IAD Innovation, Amplification and Divergence MFS Major Facilitator Superfamily NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information OG Orthologous Group SCPo Single Copy Panortholog SNAP Selection during Niche AdaPtation 1. Introduction Many of the processes that can be affected by genome organization in bacteria are integral to the proper functioning of the cell, such as replication and transcription (Touchon & Rocha, 2016). In particular, replication is the key factor structuring the chromosome. For example, its interplay with gene expression results in an overabundance of genes in the leading strand (Rocha, 2008). Another example of this is how gene order affects levels of expression, with genes placed closer to the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abstract Pultorak, Elizabeth Lauren
    ABSTRACT PULTORAK, ELIZABETH LAUREN. The Epidemiology of Lyme Disease and Bartonellosis in Humans and Animals. (Under the direction of Edward B. Breitschwerdt). The expansion of vector borne diseases in humans, a variety of mammalian hosts, and arthropod vectors draws attention to the need for enhanced diagnostic techniques for documenting infection in hosts, effective vector control, and treatment of individuals with associated diseases. Through improved diagnosis of vector-borne disease in both humans and animals, epidemiological studies to elucidate clinical associations or spatio-temporal relationships can be assessed. Veterinarians, through the use of the C6 peptide in the SNAP DX test kit, may be able to evaluate the changing epidemiology of borreliosis through their canine population. We developed a survey to evaluate the practices and perceptions of veterinarians in North Carolina regarding borreliosis in dogs across different geographic regions of the state. We found that veterinarians’ perception of the risk of borreliosis in North Carolina was consistent with recent scientific reports pertaining to geographic expansion of borreliosis in the state. Veterinarians should promote routine screening of dogs for Borrelia burgdorferi exposure as a simple, inexpensive form of surveillance in this transitional geographic region. We next conducted two separate studies to evaluate Bartonella spp. bacteremia or presence of antibodies against B. henselae, B. koehlerae, or B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in 296 patients examined by a rheumatologist and 192 patients with animal exposure (100%) and recent animal bites and scratches (88.0%). Among 296 patients examined by a rheumatologist, prevalence of antibodies (185 [62%]) and Bartonella spp. bacteremia (122 [41.1%]) was high.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Partial Molecular Characterization of Rickettsia and Bartonella from Southern African Bat Species
    Detection and partial molecular characterization of Rickettsia and Bartonella from southern African bat species by Tjale Mabotse Augustine (29685690) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER SCIENTIAE (MICROBIOLOGY) in the Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa Supervisor: Dr Wanda Markotter Co-supervisors: Prof Louis H. Nel Dr Jacqueline Weyer May, 2012 I declare that the thesis, which I hereby submit for the degree MSc (Microbiology) at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, is my own work and has not been submitted by me for a degree at another university ________________________________ Tjale Mabotse Augustine i Acknowledgements I would like send my sincere gratitude to the following people: Dr Wanda Markotter (University of Pretoria), Dr Jacqueline Weyer (National Institute for Communicable Diseases-National Health Laboratory Service) and Prof Louis H Nel (University of Pretoria) for their supervision and guidance during the project. Dr Jacqueline Weyer (Centre for Zoonotic and Emerging diseases (Previously Special Pathogens Unit), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (National Heath Laboratory Service), for providing the positive control DNA for Rickettsia and Dr Jenny Rossouw (Special Bacterial Pathogens Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases-National Health Laboratory Service), for providing the positive control DNA for Bartonella. Dr Teresa Kearney (Ditsong Museum of Natural Science), Gauteng and Northern Region Bat Interest Group, Kwa-Zulu Natal Bat Interest Group, Prof Ara Monadjem (University of Swaziland), Werner Marias (University of Johannesburg), Dr Francois du Rand (University of Johannesburg) and Prof David Jacobs (University of Cape Town) for collection of blood samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Case of Bartonella Alsatica Lymphadenitis
    LETTERS (6). The sequence is distinct from a DOI: 10.3201/eid1412.080944 Human Case of small number of sequences derived from rabies viruses in Vietnam, which References Bartonella alsatica suggests that China is a stronger can- Lymphadenitis 1. Smith JS, Fishbein DB, Rupprecht CE, didate for the source of the virus than Clark K. Unexplained rabies in three To the Editor: Lymph node en- her native country. immigrants in the United States: a vi- Although the case history could rologic investigation. N Engl J Med. largement is a common medical prob- not provide evidence for interaction 1991;324:205–11. lem that is usually caused by bacterial, 2. Grattan-Smith PJ, O’Regan WJ, Ellis PS, with a dog while her family was in viral, fungal, or protozoal agents (1). O’Flaherty SJ, McIntyre PB, Barnes CJ. A Malignancies or lymphoproliferative Hong Kong Special Administrative second Australian case, with a long incuba- Region, rabies was endemic within tion period. Med J Aust. 1992;156:651–4. diseases are often found, especially in the colony at the time that the pa- 3. McColl KA, Gould AR, Selleck PW, elderly patients (1). Bartonella hense- Hooper PT, Westbury HA, Smith JS. tient’s family was resident. From 1980 lae, the main causative agent of cat- Polymerase chain reaction and other labo- scratch disease (CSD), appears to be through 1984, 5 human cases were re- ratory techniques in the diagnosis of long corded (9). Only 2 case-patients had incubation rabies in Australia. Aust Vet the most common organism respon- clear evidence of a dog bite; histories J.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmonella Species
    MICROBIAL FACTSHEET SERIES ISSUE NO. 1 | SEPTEMBER 2011 Salmonella species 1. What are Salmonella spp.? Salmonella spp. are a group of bacteria which reside in the intestinal tract of human beings and warm blooded animals and are capable of causing disease. They are the second most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in Ireland (Campylobacter spp. is the most frequent cause). They are facultative anaerobic Gram- negative rods. Salmonella spp. are members of the Enterobacteriaceae group. The genus Salmonella contains 2 species: • Salmonella enterica • Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica is an important agent of foodborne illness. This species is sub-classified into 6 subspecies of which S. enterica subspecies enterica is the most important for human health. The genus Salmonella can be subdivided into more than 2,400 serotypes. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are the most frequently isolated serotypes in humans in Ireland. Serotypes are further sub- divided by their resistance to bacteriophages (phage types or lystotypes), antibiotics or heavy metals; their biochemical characteristics (biovars or biotypes) or their sensitivity to or production of bacteriocins. 2. Growth and Survival Characteristics Table 1. Factors affecting the growth of Salmonella spp. COndITIOnS MInIMuM OpTIMuM MAxIMuM Temperature (ºC) 5.2* 35 – 43 46.2 pH 3.8 7 – 7.5 9.5 Water activity (aw) 0.94 0.99 >0.99 * Most serotypes fail to grow at < 7ºC Salmonella spp. are not particularly heat resistant and most serotypes are killed by normal cooking conditions, i.e. cooking to a core temperature of 75ºC instantaneously or an equivalent time temperature combination, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmonella Bongori Provides Insights Into the Evolution of the Salmonellae
    Salmonella bongori Provides Insights into the Evolution of the Salmonellae Maria Fookes1", Gunnar N. Schroeder2", Gemma C. Langridge1", Carlos J. Blondel3, Caterina Mammina4, Thomas R. Connor1, Helena Seth-Smith1, Georgios S. Vernikos1, Keith S. Robinson2, Mandy Sanders1, Nicola K. Petty1, Robert A. Kingsley1, Andreas J. Ba¨umler5, Sean-Paul Nuccio5,Ine´s Contreras3, Carlos A. Santiviago3, Duncan Maskell6, Paul Barrow7, Tom Humphrey8, Antonino Nastasi9, Mark Roberts10, Gad Frankel2, Julian Parkhill1, Gordon Dougan1, Nicholas R. Thomson1* 1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2 Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 3 Departamento de Bioquı´mica y Biologı´a Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quı´micas y Farmace´uticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 4 Dept. Sciences for Health Promotion ‘‘G. D’Alessandro’’, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, 5 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United State of America, 6 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 7 School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom, 8 National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom, 9 Dipartimento di Sanita` Publica, Universita` di Firenze, Italy, 10 Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom Abstract The genus Salmonella contains two species, S. bongori and S. enterica. Compared to the well-studied S. enterica there is a marked lack of information regarding the genetic makeup and diversity of S.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing the Molecular Biology of a Bacteriophage-Like Particle from Bartonella Bacilliformis
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1999 Characterizing the molecular biology of a bacteriophage-like particle from Bartonella bacilliformis Kent D. Barbian The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Barbian, Kent D., "Characterizing the molecular biology of a bacteriophage-like particle from Bartonella bacilliformis" (1999). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6634. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6634 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i I S Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of IVIONTANA Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. ** Please check ’’Yes'* or ”No” and provide signature ** Yes, I grant permission X" No, I do not grant permission _____ Author's Signature Date Any copying for conunercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. Characterizing the Molecular Biology of a Bacteriophage-Like Particle FromBartonella bacilliformis by Kent D. Barbian B.A,, The University of Montana, 1997 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology The University of Montana 1999 Approved by: Committee Chair Dean, Graduate School Date UMI Number: EP37435 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Number Organisms Bacteria/Virus/Archaea Date
    Project_ Accession Organisms Bacteria/Virus/Archaea Date Sanger SOLiD 454_PE 454_SG PGM Illumina Status Number number P01 Bacteria Rickettsia conorii str.Malish 7 2001 Sanger AE006914 Published P02 Bacteria Tropheryma whipplei str.Twist 2003 Sanger AE014184 Published P03 Bacteria Rickettsia felis URRWXCal2 2005 Sanger CP000053 Published P04 Bacteria Rickettsia bellii RML369-C 2006 Sanger CP000087 Published P05 Bacteria Coxiella burnetii CB109 2007 Sanger SOLiD 454_PE AKYP00000000 Published P06 Bacteria Minibacterium massiliensis 2007 Sanger CP000269 Published P07 Bacteria Rickettsia massiliae MTU5 2007 Sanger CP000683 Published P08 Bacteria BaBL=Bête à Bernard Lascola 2007 Illumina In progress P09 Bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii AYE 2006 Sanger CU459141 Published P10 Bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii SDF 2006 Sanger CU468230 Published P11 Bacteria Borrelia duttonii Ly 2008 Sanger CP000976 Published P12 Bacteria Borrelia recurrentis A1 2008 Sanger CP000993 Published P13 Bacteria Francisella tularensis URFT1 2008 454_PE ABAZ00000000Published P14 Bacteria Borrelia crocidurae str. Achema 2009 454_PE PRJNA162335 Published P15 Bacteria Citrobacter koseri 2009 SOLiD 454_PE 454_SG In progress P16 Bacteria Diplorickettsia massiliensis 20B 2009 454_PE PRJNA86907 Published P17 Bacteria Enterobacter aerogenes EA1509E 2009 Sanger FO203355 Published P18 Bacteria Actinomyces grossensis 2012 SOLiD 454_PE 454_SG CAGY00000000Published P19 Bacteria Bacillus massiliosenegalensis 2012 SOLiD 454_PE 454_SG CAHJ00000000 Published P20 Bacteria Brevibacterium senegalensis
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Typing and Evolutionary Relationships of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi
    Molecular typing and evolutionary relationships of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Sophie Octavia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Australia A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2008 PLEASE TYPE 1.3.1 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Octavia First name: Sophie Other name/s: PhD in Microbiology Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: School: Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty: Science Title: Molecular typing and evolutionary relationships of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) The evolutionary relationship between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, other typhoid-like enteric fever causing serovars and 10 non- Typhoid serovars from S. enterica subspecies I, could not be determined by comparative nucleotide sequences of six genes. Phylogenetic analyses of the dataset showed that the genes of interest underwent frequent recombination, suggesting a low level of clonality within subspecies I of S. enterica. To establish the evolutionary relationships within serovar Typhi, genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) was explored as a marker for both typing purposes and phylogenetic analysis. Thirty eight SNPs were typed in 73 global Typhi isolates, including 18 isolates expressing the special flagellar antigen z66, using restriction enzyme digestion method. The isolates were differentiated into 23 SNP profiles and grouped into four distinct clusters. The z66 isolates were divided into four SNP profiles and were all grouped into one cluster, suggesting a single origin. An alternative SNP typing method using the hairpin real time PCR assay was investigated to type four additional SNPs, termed as biallelic polymorphisms (BiP).
    [Show full text]
  • Human Bartonellosis: an Underappreciated Public Health Problem?
    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Review Human Bartonellosis: An Underappreciated Public Health Problem? Mercedes A. Cheslock and Monica E. Embers * Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences, Covington, LA 70433, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +(985)-871-6607 Received: 24 March 2019; Accepted: 16 April 2019; Published: 19 April 2019 Abstract: Bartonella spp. bacteria can be found around the globe and are the causative agents of multiple human diseases. The most well-known infection is called cat-scratch disease, which causes mild lymphadenopathy and fever. As our knowledge of these bacteria grows, new presentations of the disease have been recognized, with serious manifestations. Not only has more severe disease been associated with these bacteria but also Bartonella species have been discovered in a wide range of mammals, and the pathogens’ DNA can be found in multiple vectors. This review will focus on some common mammalian reservoirs as well as the suspected vectors in relation to the disease transmission and prevalence. Understanding the complex interactions between these bacteria, their vectors, and their reservoirs, as well as the breadth of infection by Bartonella around the world will help to assess the impact of Bartonellosis on public health. Keywords: Bartonella; vector; bartonellosis; ticks; fleas; domestic animals; human 1. Introduction Several Bartonella spp. have been linked to emerging and reemerging human diseases (Table1)[ 1–5]. These fastidious, gram-negative bacteria cause the clinically complex disease known as Bartonellosis. Historically, the most common causative agents for human disease have been Bartonella bacilliformis, Bartonella quintana, and Bartonella henselae.
    [Show full text]
  • Ru 2015 150 263 a (51) Мпк A61k 31/155 (2006.01)
    РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) (11) (13) RU 2015 150 263 A (51) МПК A61K 31/155 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ЗАЯВКА НА ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЕ (21)(22) Заявка: 2015150263, 01.05.2014 (71) Заявитель(и): НЕОКУЛИ ПТИ ЛТД (AU) Приоритет(ы): (30) Конвенционный приоритет: (72) Автор(ы): 01.05.2013 AU 2013901517 ПЕЙДЖ Стефен (AU), ГАРГ Санджай (AU) (43) Дата публикации заявки: 06.06.2017 Бюл. № 16 RU (85) Дата начала рассмотрения заявки PCT на национальной фазе: 01.12.2015 (86) Заявка PCT: AU 2014/000480 (01.05.2014) 2015150263 (87) Публикация заявки PCT: WO 2014/176634 (06.11.2014) Адрес для переписки: 190000, Санкт-Петербург, Box-1125, "ПАТЕНТИКА" A (54) СПОСОБЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ (57) Формула изобретения 1. Способ лечения или профилактики бактериальной колонизации или инфекции у субъекта, включающий стадию: введения субъекту терапевтически эффективного количества робенидина или его терапевтически приемлемой соли, причем указанная A бактериальная колонизация или инфекция вызвана бактериальным агентом. 2. Способ по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что субъект выбран из группы, включающей: человека, животных, принадлежащих видам семейства псовых, кошачьих, крупного рогатого скота, овец, коз, свиней, птиц, рыб и лошадей. 3. Способ по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что робенидин вводят субъекту в дозе в диапазоне от 0,1 до 250 мг/кг массы тела. 4. Способ по любому из пп. 1-3, отличающийся тем, что бактериальный агент является 2015150263 грамположительным. 5. Способ по п. 4, отличающийся тем, что бактериальный агент выбран из
    [Show full text]
  • Infectious Diseases of the Dominican Republic
    INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Stephen Berger, MD 2018 Edition Infectious Diseases of the Dominican Republic Copyright Infectious Diseases of the Dominican Republic - 2018 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2018 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN: 978-1-4988-1759-2 Visit www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or etiologic grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella Talpae Comb
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNALOF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY, Jan. 1995, p. 1-8 Vol. 45, No. 1 0020-7713/95/$04.00+0 Copyright 0 1995, International Union of Microbiological Societies Proposals To Unify the Genera Grahamella and Bartonella, with Descriptions of Bartonella talpae comb. nov., Bartonella peromysci comb. nov., and Three New Species, Bartonella grahamii sp. nov., Bartonella taylorii sp. nov., and Bartonella doshiae sp. nov. RICHARD J. BIRTLES,’ * TIMOTHY G. HARRISON,2 NICHOLAS A. SAUNDERS,2 AND DAVID H. MOLYNEUX3 Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, and Laboratory of Microbiological Reagents, Central Public Health Laboratory, London Nw9 5HT and School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 SQA, United Kingdom Polyphasic methods were used to examine the taxonomic positions of three newly identified Grahamella species. A comparison of the 16s rRNA gene sequences of these organisms with the sequences available for other bacteria revealed that these three species form a tight monophyletic cluster with members of the genus Bartonella. This cluster is only remotely related to other members of the order Rickettsiales. Determinations of the levels of DNA relatedness between Grahamella species and Bartonella species (by using a modified hydroxyapatite method) revealed that all of the species belonging to these two genera are distinct but closely related. On the basis of these data and the results of guanine-plus-cytosine content and phenotypic characterization studies, we propose that the genera Grahumella and Bartonella should be unified and that the latter name should be retained. Bartonella talpae and Bartonella peromysci, new combinations for former Grahamella species, are created, and the following three new Bartonella species are described: Bartonella grahamii, Bartonella taylorii, and Bartonella doshiae.
    [Show full text]