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Perspectives for the European Union's External Energy Policy
Working Paper Research Unit EU Integration Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs © Oliver Geden, Clémence Marcelis*, Andreas Maurer Working papers are papers in Perspectives for the the subject area of a Research Unit, which are not officially European Union’s published by SWP. These papers are either preliminary studies External Energy Policy: that later become papers Discourse, Ideas and Interests in published by SWP or papers Germany, the UK, Poland and France that are published elsewhere. Your comments are always welcome. Ludwigkirchplatz 3ñ4 10719 Berlin Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] *Clémence Marcelis studied law and public administration in Paris and London. She did internships at the SG of the European Commission and at the European Parliament. She is currently taking a Msc in Working Paper FG 1, 2006/ 17, December 2006 European politics at the LSE. SWP Berlin Table of Contents I. Problems and findings 2 SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik II. State of Play 4 German Institute 1. The increasing predominance of imports in EU for International and Security Affairs energy supply 5 2. Energy situation in the Member States 6 Ludwigkirchplatz 3ñ4 2.1. Oil 6 10719 Berlin 2.2. Gas 7 Phone +49 30 880 07-0 2.3. Coal 7 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 2.4. Nuclear energy 7 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] 2.5. Renewable energy 8 3. Growing awareness of energy security issues 9 4. The rise of a coordinated energy European policy 10 5. -
Pierre Gerbet, the Franco-German Duo and Europe
Pierre Gerbet, The Franco-German duo and Europe Source: Pierre Gerbet, Institut d'études politiques de Paris, Paris (2005). Copyright: (c) Translation CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/pierre_gerbet_the_franco_german_duo_and_europe- en-1a00a313-d581-4b5a-aeab-ca9d18bedafb.html Last updated: 05/07/2016 1/12 The Franco-German duo and Europe by Pierre Gerbet, Emeritus Professor of the Universities at the Institute of Political Studies (IEP) in Paris. The rapprochement between France and Germany after the Second World War paved the way for the establishment of the European Communities. The joint action by the two countries contributed, often decisively, to the Communities’ development and to the setting up of the European Union. For half a century, however, the solidity of the Franco-German duo and its capacity to contribute to European integration went through some major ups and downs, during which the leaders of the two countries played a decisive role. 1. Establishment of the European Communities It was the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, who took the historic first step, on 9 May 1950, towards reconciling France and Germany within the framework of a robust European organisation. Inspired by Jean Monnet, he invited the newly established Federal Republic of Germany (the FRG) to join, as a full and equal partner, a supranational European community, initially restricted to coal and steel and open to membership by other countries. -
European Y Documentation /; \
SPECIAL ISSUE european y \ documentation /; ; L---- a survey INDEX 1966-1969 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Secretariat General directorate of parliamentary documentation and information Centre europeen Plateau du Kirchberg Luxembourg EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Directorate-General for Parliamentary Documentation and Information EUROPEAN DOCUMENTATION A SURVEY Special issue Index 1966-1969 INDEX OF 'EUROPEAN DOCUMENTATION- A SURVEY' 1966 - 1969 PE-i-830 - 1 - FOREWORD This special issue, containing an index for the years 196B to 196 9, is being published in addition to the four ordinary issues of 'European Docu mentation' to appear in 1971. The form of 'European Documentation' changed somewhat between 1966 and 1969. It ceased to appear monthly in July 1967 and became a quar terly. At the same time it was decided to insert the section covering the activities of the European Parliament in a separate publication, i.e. 'European Parliament -Information Bulletin'. The index for 1970 will be attached to the issue of 'European Docu mentation' covering the first quarter of 1971. - 3 - INDEX I. Political and institutional matters ...••...•••..•...... 7 II. Economic and financial matters .•.........••.......•. 37 III. Social matters ...................••................. 49 IV. Agriculture .•.•.......•.••.....................•... 54 V. Competition .••.....••....•...••.............••..... 64 VI. Transport...••...•................................. 65 VII. Energy and space ..•••..••....•.............•...•... 67 VIII. Overseas countries and territories ................. -
The Benelux Memorandum
The Benelux Memorandum Source: CVCE. European NAvigator. Étienne Deschamps. Copyright: (c) CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_benelux_memorandum-en-58119e2d-faf6-4faa- 9bc1-d1918343bb6e.html Last updated: 03/08/2016 1/2 The Benelux memorandum Following on from the many initiatives taken over the previous two years by Johan Willem Beyen, Netherlands Minister for Foreign Affairs, with a view to reviving European integration on the basis of a general common market, Paul-Henri Spaak, the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Joseph Bech, the Luxembourg Minister for Foreign Affairs, met with their Netherlands colleague in The Hague on 23 April 1955. Adopting the principle of a joint memorandum combining the ideas of Jean Monnet and Beyen, they decided to propose to their European partners a sectoral approach for transport and energy, especially nuclear energy, and the parallel establishment of a general common market. The Benelux memorandum was finalised on 18 May and officially submitted to the French, German and Italian governments two days later. It laid great stress on the need to extend the scope of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to other fields such as transport, energy and the peaceful use of atomic power. The Three also emphasised the need for an Economic Community based on a common market, to be achieved through the gradual abolition of quantitative restrictions and customs duties. -
The Political Economy of European
THE EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY IN THE NETHERLANDS COULD A BETTER EMBEDDING HAVE MADE A DIFFERENCE? B.J.J. Crum WEBPUBLICATIONS 25 The Hague, June 2007 2 The Webpublications series comprises studies carried out as part of the activities of the WRR. Responsibility for the content and views expressed rests with the authors. A list of all Webpublications can be found on the WRR website (www.wrr.nl). 3 CONTENTS 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................4 2 Defining the Challenge: Towards The Laeken Declaration .................................................6 3 Negotiating the Constitution Treaty: Convention and IGC ...............................................10 3.1 Early Convention Debates...........................................................................................10 3.2 From the Convention to the IGC.................................................................................12 3.3 Societal Engagement, the Media and Civil Society .................................................... 15 3.4 Public Opinion............................................................................................................. 17 4 Ratification ..........................................................................................................................18 4.1 The Campaign..............................................................................................................18 4.2 The Voters.................................................................................................................. -
Wilfried Loth Building Europe
Wilfried Loth Building Europe Wilfried Loth Building Europe A History of European Unification Translated by Robert F. Hogg An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. ISBN 978-3-11-042777-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-042481-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-042488-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image rights: ©UE/Christian Lambiotte Typesetting: Michael Peschke, Berlin Printing: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Abbreviations vii Prologue: Churchill’s Congress 1 Four Driving Forces 1 The Struggle for the Congress 8 Negotiations and Decisions 13 A Milestone 18 1 Foundation Years, 1948–1957 20 The Struggle over the Council of Europe 20 The Emergence of the Coal and Steel Community -
European Parliament
ARCHIVE AND DOCUMENTATION CENTRE (CARDOC) DIRECTORATE-GENERAL For THE PRESIDENCY EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION A STUDY OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ACCOMPANIED BY ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS Author and document researcher: Franco Piodi Iconographic research and : Margret Schelling Study coordinator: Donato Antona © Cover: European Parliament © Back cover: Philip Lange, Anthony Brown, Andy Raatz, Teun van den Vries, Amanda Rohde The opinions expressed in this document are those of its author and in no way represent the point of view of the European Parliament or a body or service thereof. All EP documents quoted and not reproduced in the annexes can be consulted at the CARDOC. DIRECTORATE-GENERAL – PRESIDENCY ARCHIVE AND DOCUMENTATION CENTRE (CARDOC) [email protected] © European Communities 1995-2007 Printed in Luxembourg Table of contents PREFACE BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 NOTICE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 PART 1 THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION I FROM THE TREATY OF NICE TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ....................................................................................... -
On Cores and Coalitions in the European Unio. the Position Of
On Cores and Coalitions in the European Union The Position of Some Smaller Member States Alfred Pijpers (ed.) December 2000 Desk top publishing: Kitty l’Ami, Birgit Leiteritz Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague Telephone: xx-31-70-3245384 Telefax: xx-31-70-3746667 P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands © Clingendael Institute 3 Contents 1 Editor’s Introduction 5 Part I Inner and Outer Circles 2 Berlin-Paris-London, Steven Everts 15 3 The case for a ‘Directorate’ in the CESDP, Stephan Keukeleire 33 4 Core and Periphery in European Security, Paul Luif 59 5 Inner and Outer Circles in Economic and Monetary Cooperation, 75 Iain Begg and Dermot Hodson Part II The Position of Some Smaller States 6 New Allies for Spain?, Felipe Basabe Lloréns 99 7 Inside and Outside Nordic Cooperatio, Gunilla Herolf 121 8 The Special Case of Denmark, Niels-Jørgen Nehring 141 9 Relaunch of the Benelux?, Danielle Bossaert and Sophie 157 Vanhoonacker 10 Afterthought and Perspective, Alfred Pijpers 171 Contributors 181 4 © Clingendael Institute © Clingendael Institute 5 1 Editor’s Introduction With the opening of the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) on 14 February 2000 in Brussels, the thinking on the institutional future of the European Union’s reform again gained momentum, not only in the proper framework of the IGC, but also, and perhaps more importantly, in the media and capitals of Europe. -
The Creation of the European Investment Bank
1955 • 1957 • 1955 • 1957 • 1955 • 1957 • 1955 • 1957 • 1955 • 1957 • 1955 • 1957 The creation of the European Investment Bank Messina Conference (June 1955) At the Messina Conference on the revival of European integration, the Foreign Ministers of the six Member States of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) adopted an action plan largely based on the Benelux Memorandum. Left to right: Joseph Bech, Paul-Henri Spaak and Johan Willem Beyen 1955 • 1957 The creation of the European Investment Bank ➞ Introduction 4 ➞ From early attempts to the Messina resolution (1949-1955) 7 ➞ The Spaak report: setting the negotiating basis for a European investment fund (June 1955 – April 1956) 13 ➞ The negotiations for the creation of the fund: the issues on the table (June – October 1956) 23 ➞ The final phase of the negotiations: finding a compromise between two visions (October 1956 – February 1957) 31 ➞ The final settlement: a bank, not a fund 39 ➞ Bibliography 44 1955 • 1957 Introduction Fifty years ago, on 1 January 1958, the EIB took up the task that it had been given by the Treaty of Rome. What better way to start off the European Investment Bank’s 50th anniversary than with a bit of prehistory? In 2006, following the first transfer of the Bank’s historical archives to the University Institute in Florence, the EIB commissioned a junior researcher at the Institute, Dr Lucia Coppolaro, to explore and write a short history of the negotiations that led up to the creation of the EIB. Her essay lies before you now. When the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the European Coal and Steel Community met in Messina in 1955 to discuss setting up the European Economic Community, the idea arose of creating a European investment “fund” as an instrument to deepen European economic integration. -
Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955
Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Cameron A. Dunbar December 2017 ©2017 Cameron A. Dunbar. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955 by CAMERON A. DUNBAR has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Peter John Brobst Associate Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT DUNBAR, CAMERON A., M.A., December 2017, History Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955 Director of Thesis: Peter John Brobst Alongside the decline of its empire, the integration of Western Europe was the greatest foreign policy question facing the United Kingdom in the wake of the Second World War. The preeminent Western European power in 1945, Britain stayed aloof instead of taking the leadership of the emerging European communities in the first 10 years after the war. By thoroughly examining the pivotal post-war decade, this thesis will argue that staying outside of these earliest post-war European communities severely damaged the United Kingdom both politically and economically. In particular, it will argue that Britain’s deep attachment to the Commonwealth of Nations – and specifically the relationship with the ‘old dominions’ of Australia, Canada and New Zealand – played the vital role in binding the hands of British leaders who were straddling the fine line between the old Commonwealth connections and the attempted new closer relations with Western Europe. -
Download Full Text
www.ssoar.info A revival of the Benelux? Vanhoonacker, Sophie Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Vanhoonacker, S. (2003). A revival of the Benelux? Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, 32(1), 7-18. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-60116 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC Lizenz (Namensnennung- This document is made available under a CC BY-NC Licence Nicht-kommerziell) zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu (Attribution-NonCommercial). For more Information see: den CC-Lizenzen finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.de Sophie Vanhoonacker (Maastricht) A Revival of the Benelux? Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre scheint die Benelux neuen Auftrieb erhalten zu haben, nicht als internationale Organisation, aber in Form einer engeren Zusammenarbeit ihrer Mitglieder im Rahmen der EU. Durch eine Reihe von Memoranda betreffend die zukünftige Entwicklung der EU und spezifische Themen, wie Justiz- und Innenpolitik, waren sie bemüht, den Prozess der europäischen Integration in Richtung einer Vertiefung voranzutreiben. Durch ihren Zusammenschluss versuchen sie, größeren Einfluss auszuüben und die Interessen kleinerer Staaten besser zu vertreten. Gute persönliche Beziehungen auf höchster politischer Ebene haben bei der Herstellung der Verbindungen eine große Rolle gespielt. Die engeren Beziehungen bedeuten allerdings nicht den Beginn einer ‘ménage à trois’. Die Kooperation findet in erster Linie auf höchster Ebene (zwischen den MinisterpräsidentInnen) statt und ist in sehr flexibler und pragmatischer Weise organisiert. Die Kooperation ist keineswegs allumfassend, und es bestehen weiterhin wichtige ökonomische, kulturelle und politische Unterschiede zwischen den drei Ländern. -
Fonds Inventory
JMDSJMDS JeanJean MonnetMonnet DuchêneDuchêne SourcesSources EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE HISTORICAL ARCHIVES of the EUROPEAN UNION HISTORICAL ARCHIVES of the HISTORICAL ARCHIVES of the EUROPEAN UNION HISTORICAL ARCHIVES of the HISTORICAL ARCHIVES of the EUROPEAN UNION HISTORICAL ARCHIVES of the DEP Florence July 2009 Jean Monnet Duchêne Sources Table of contents JMDS Jean Monnet Duchêne Sources _________________________________ 5 JMDS.A International Archival Material ____________________________________ 6 JMDS.A-01 Inter-War Years ________________________________________________6 JMDS.A-01.01 China ____________________________________________________8 JMDS.A-02 War Years____________________________________________________10 JMDS.A-02.01 France __________________________________________________10 JMDS.A-02.02 Britain __________________________________________________11 JMDS.A-02.03 United States_____________________________________________13 JMDS.A-03 North Africa __________________________________________________19 JMDS.A-04 Liberation of France ____________________________________________23 JMDS.A-04.01 Lend-Lease for Liberated France ______________________________23 JMDS.A-05 Monnet Plan __________________________________________________27 JMDS.A-05.01 US-French Financial Negotiations _____________________________30 JMDS.A-06 Marshall Plan _________________________________________________31 JMDS.A-06.01 The Monnet Plan within the Framework of the European Recovery programme