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Radioluminescence Response of Ge-Doped Cylindrical and Flat Silica Fibers for Realtime Dosimetry

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Radioluminescence Response of Ge-Doped Cylindrical and Flat Silica Fibers for Realtime Dosimetry ISSSD 2020 ONLINE _________________________________________________________________________________ Radioluminescence response of Ge-doped cylindrical and flat silica fibers for realtime dosimetry Adebiyi Oresegun1, Zubair H. Tarif1,5, Louay Ghassan1, Mohd Hafiz Bin Mohd Zin2, Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid1*, and David A. Bradley3,4 1Fibre Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University Jalan Multimedia 63100, Cyberjaya, Malaysia. 2 Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam 13200, Kepala Batas Penang, Malaysia 3Centre for Radiation Sciences, Sunway University, 46150 PJ, Malaysia. 4Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK. 5Lumisysns Technology Sdn Bhd, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract This paper reports the radioluminescence (RL) response of Ge-doped Silica flat and cylindrical fiber exposed to photon irradiation beams (6MV and 10MV) with varying doses. The fibre under study is custom fabricated with varying germanium (Ge) doping concentrations (6 and 10 mol%) and cut into 20mm length samples. Each sample was exposed under similar parameters to observe their performance as potential dosimeters, particularly the RL linearity, dose-rate dependence, energy dependence and reproducibility. All measurements were made under the same conditions, with the same field size and same source to surface distance (SSD). The RL response for 6 mol% concentration Ge doped samples showed a higher yield compared to the 10 mol% samples. Both samples, flat and cylindrical fibers, responded linearly to the absorbed dose, with the cylindrical fiber showing a 38% higher yield compared to the flat fiber. The cylindrical fiber also exhibits dose repeatability of <1%, compared to the flat fiber at a 6MV photon energy. Keywords: Radioluminescence, Real-time Dosimetry, Optical Fiber Scintillator, Germanium ______________________________________________________________________________ 173 Proccedings of the ISSSD 2020 Volume 1 ISSSD 2020 ONLINE _________________________________________________________________________________ 1. INTRODUCTION Radiation dosimetry plays a significant role in ensuring effective therapy and safety concerns for patients and operators. Radiation detectors are thus required to measure the absorbed doses with an excellent level of precision. The necessity for precise dose measurement detectors is denoted by the past occurrence of significant radiotherapy incidents due to human errors and systematic errors (Boadu & Rehani, 2009; IAEA, 2000; Mayles, Nahum, & Rosenwald, 2007; Williams, 2007). Various dosimetry techniques are adapted to fill this role. To satisfy specific radiotherapy dosimetric demands, dosimeters of different technologies are tested for performance and precision, from pulse resolved measurements using diamond detectors (Hugtenburg, Johnston, Chalmers, & Beddoe, 2001; Velthuis et al., 2017), to quality assurance using a MOSFET (Butson et al., 2007)and to flexible film detectors (Cho et al., 2020). The ionization chamber became the standard benchmark for dosimetry measurement. However, a limitation arises during complex radiotherapy modalities such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery with different dose gradients and smaller fields (Leybovich, Sethi, & Dogan, 2003). Further insight to these limitations is discussed by Laub & Wong, (2003) and Low, Parikh, Dempsey, Wahab, & Huq, (2003). Although using a smaller detector would be an appropriate fix, this would cause a reduction in both sensitivity and yield. The decrease in dosimetry volume causes a decrease in ionization deposition within the detector. Therefore, scintillation dosimeters can be an appealing way to resolve these issues (Beddar, Kinsella, Ikhlef, & Sibata, 2001). Mones et al., (2008) reports on dosimetric properties of Ce3+ doped silica fiber when irradiated under photon beams form a cobalt-60 and 6MV linear accelerator source fitted with a stereotactic collimator. Similarly, Tanyi et al., (2010) reported the same technique and dopant that showed temperature independence within the range from 22 to 51oC during irradiation under a 15MV photon beam. Justus, Falkenstein, & Huston, (2004) used Cu- based doped silica fiber for realtime invivo radiotherapy measurement using the fiber- coupled dosimetry system. Pain et al., (2000) reports on their application of scintillating ______________________________________________________________________________ 174 Proccedings of the ISSSD 2020 Volume 1 ISSSD 2020 ONLINE _________________________________________________________________________________ optical fiber to quantitatively measure the neuropharmacological radiotracer kinetics and the dose distribution in lively and unchained animals. By attaching an intracerebral probe of minute size, achieved by implanting surgically in the animals’ skull. This technique measures the neurophysiological activity in lively and unchained small animals. Currently, there are few studies into the RL response of geometrically varying differences of scintillating silica fibers. Most of these studies are carried out using cylindrical shaped silica fibers with the major varying difference in their size. Although, a previous study carried out into the effect of Ge-doped silica under TL technique (Entezam et al., 2016; Lam et al., 2019a), highlights the effect of luminescence response in cylindrical-, flat- photonic crystal fibers (PCF). In their respective studies, a few parameters such as repeatability, angular-independence and dose-rate independence the flat-fibres offer superior performance compared to that of the cylindrical fibre. Recent studies by Rahman et al., (2018) into RL dosimetry of Ge doped silica fiber compared to Al2O3:C, which is the closest to the structural variant with respect to the shape, the latter showing memory effect and slower temporal response. Although a high luminescence response is recorded with Al2O3:C, the limitation it shows makes it ineffective as a RL potential dosimeter. This paper reports on the RL response of Ge-doped silica cylindrical and flat fiber exposed to photon irradiation beams (6MV and 10MV) with varying doses. The fibers under study are custom fabricated with varying germanium (Ge) doping concentrations (6-10 mol%) and cut into 20mm length samples. Each sample is exposed under similar parameters to observe their performance as potential dosimeters, particularly the RL yield linearity, least detectable dose, energy dependence, and reproducibility. All measurements were made under the same conditions, with the same field size and same source to surface distance (SSD). The RL response for lower concentration Ge doped samples showed a higher yield in comparison to the higher concentration samples. Both samples, flat and cylindrical fibers, respond linearly to the absorbed dose, with the cylindrical fiber showing a 38% higher RL yield compared to the flat fiber. The cylindrical fiber also exhibits dose repeatability of <1%, compared to the flat fiber at a 6MV photon energy. The following ______________________________________________________________________________ 175 Proccedings of the ISSSD 2020 Volume 1 ISSSD 2020 ONLINE _________________________________________________________________________________ sections present the material and methods used in the study, discussion of results, and conclusion. 2. Materials and Method This section discusses the design and fabrication of the probe which houses the scintillator, as part of the realtime dosimetry system. Followed by scintillator design and fabrication. Finally, we present the dosimetry experimental setup, parameters and procedure. 2.1 Probe design and fabrication Each probe housing the scintillator, is designed while considering the dimensions of scintillating optical fiber and the optical fiber waveguide. In selecting the probe material, the major factor considered is the effect of ionizing radiation on the probe. Preferably, the material should have minimal response to ionizing radiation, limiting the noise perturbing the RL from the scintillator. For this, an organic material like Polyoxymethylene (POM) was chosen. Besides this, the material used for the probe must not be luminescent at room temperature, in the presence of ambient light and background radiation. For the probe fabrication, a 1 meter black POM rod with an outer-diameter (OD) of 5mm was obtained, cut and smoothen at both ends into 40mm samples. Both ends of the POM material are drilled according to the scintillators and PMMA fiber diameter, respectively. The schematic below in Figure 1 shows a butt-coupling technique of the scintillating fibre and the PMMA. The probe is designed so that different scintillator optical fiber samples with similar size can be interchanged. Figure 1 probe schematic for housing scitillating fiber which is butt-coupled to the PMMA fiber 2.2 Scintillator design and fabrication ______________________________________________________________________________ 176 Proccedings of the ISSSD 2020 Volume 1 ISSSD 2020 ONLINE _________________________________________________________________________________ The scintillator material is chosen based on a few criterias. One of the criteria is high RL yield that are found in inorganic scintillating materials (Eijk, 2002; Lecoq, Annenkov, Gektin, Korzhik, & Pedrini, 2017). The other criteria is the fast temporal RL response that provides the ability to make realtime dosimetry
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