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Article: Dickinson, T.M. (2005) Symbols of protection : the significance of animal-ornamented shields in early Anglo-Saxon England. Medieval Archaeology. pp. 109-163. ISSN 0076- 6097 https://doi.org/10.1179/007660905x54062

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[email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology ihtems anfietbigtegetsil uidi mound in buried shield great the being magnificent most the with fbra ihwaos hed ihsc tig r aosykonfo later from known famously are fittings custom pictorial such its with with and shields Europe, 6 post-Roman textual weapons, In with fittings. While burial metal of of times. survival the Viking depends on analysis primarily to archaeological detailed knowledge, Roman this to contributes information from sporadically, least Su aebe h ujc fmn,abi re,dsusos hc aedtdte to them dated have which discussions, They brief, fittings. albeit many, metal of zoomorphic subject with iron the their embellished been have have boards which shields wooden Anglo-Saxon and/or Early of bosses group significant a however, is, eetautmls n ec hi uhrt vrkn omnt n vnkingdom even of and role community protective kin, the over amplified, authority their and hence emphasised, and which males, quality, adult apotropaic select specific a with shields soito ihacl fO putative of their and cult bracteates repertoire a Scandinavian ornamental with the with of notably association meaning analogies, The iconographic contexts. through social sought and is cultural establishes burial in use and onswihwr rbbyoiial eindfrsils omtebsso systematic a of basis the form shields, for designed originally review probably typological were which mounts mlm fthe of emblems ast h alo Rome of Fall the to Wars DOI: iconographic and stylistic artefactual, early of in coincidence board the and/or boss the in in the buried sought shields on Twenty ornament is symbolism. animal society with shields Anglo-Saxon of SIGNIFICANCE THE xmls .vnCra-onemadJ Ilkjær, J. and Carnap-Bornheim von C. examples: agbrice cidvnIcla e l,Gm eo (Oberbayern)’, Seeon Gem. Alz, der an Ischl von Schild langobardischer agbrezi u Italien’, aus Langobardenzeit Txbn) esp. (Textband), 2 520 91 kli es u o yata hed:R North, R. shields: actual by not but verse skaldic ), h and th- 1 – 45 ff / 9 For 30 ;A.N olk. h infiac fAnimal-ornamented of Significance The – nhooopi n omrhcdcrto fsilscnb vdne,at evidenced, be can shields of decoration zoomorphic and Anthropomorphic 10 58 xmlsi h oa ry .C ihpadJ .N Coulston, N. C. J. and Bishop C. M. army: Roman the in examples hed nEryAgoSxnEngland Anglo-Saxon Early in Shields bis . ;R.L.S. 1179 1 ørga 900 7 tnigbhn hs,qaiaieyadprl locrnlgcly there chronologically, also partly and qualitatively these, behind Standing hcnuynrhr tl,prso emn n edlpro Sweden, Vendel-period and Germany of parts Italy, northern th-century ˚ / dJørgensen, rd .Chr n. oii Dignitatum Notitia 007660905x54062 285 Bruce-Mitford, – ; (London, .( 298 eoaini ai’ tl sepaie.Aayi fdtn,distribution dating, of Analysis emphasised. is I Style Salin’s in decoration Copenhagen, , 400 ybl fProtection: of Symbols itiugndushnarcha deutschen Mitteilungen Wa By and 1993 ´ ’, V inWdn ti rpsdta h nmlonmn netdthe invested ornament animal the that proposed is It ðinn/Woden. nudGra und en .RmnStud Roman J. h utnHoSi-uil Vol. Ship-Burial. Hoo Sutton The 433 T ,esp. ), 1999 NAM DICKINSON M. ANIA – 6 o otRmneape:S uh,‘Figu Fuchs, S. examples: post-Roman for ; 81 ¨ ,esp. ), ber – 2 : 6 , ylgsh n hoooice tde usadnvshnWa skandinavischen zu Studien chronologischen und Typlogische h Haustlo The ., 149 ht earliest to th 77 73 – and ¨ 109 ( 87 l nt,ro Inst., ol. 1983 leu A Illerup omrhcdcrto fVkn hed satse in attested is shields Viking of decoration zoomorphic ; 172 ¨ go Þjo of ng ), – 132 ˚ 3 ¨ dal iceAbteilung mische ;R 7 – 2 ´ hcnuy oehrwt eete further seventeen with together century, th : ðo 42 .G : ´ i Prachtausru Die rs roradRegalia and Armour Arms, f fHvinir of lfr for ; ig Icnitnyadlsiue h shield the lassitude: and ‘Inconsistency rigg, aeiceVorgeschichtsbla Bayerische 3 d and rd- oa iiayEupetfo h Punic the from Equipment Military Roman , 55 Efil Lock, (Enfield ¨ ( stungen 1940 4 ¨ hcnuyNrhEuropean North th-century lceBronzebeschla rliche ), 100 (Aarhus, 1 (London, tSto Hoo, Sutton at – 1997 13 ¨ tter . ;J , ,ep xi–xxxi. esp. ), .W 18 1996 / re,‘Ein erner, 1978 19 V ,vol. ), engra ¨ ( eder ge 1951 ,esp. ), ¨ bern / 5 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 61 eiw eeudrae yV .Evison, I. V. by undertaken were reviews (Edinburgh, alw a akadSronigAesPr II Part Areas Surrounding and Park Car Marlowe .Ha H. h nl-ao eeeya ilHl,Da,Kent Deal, Hill, Mill at Cemetery Anglo-Saxon The bndn Oxon Abingdon, esp. 110 h mid- the .Speake, G. rmSogHl,NrhEma,Norfolk’, Elmham, North Hill, Spong from efrsieAcao.J Archaeol. Bedfordshire hi oa omnt,tog oewr loaatdfrjwleyi female in jewellery for adapted within high-standing also of were least at some or though status burials. elite community, of local men of their graves in England eastern mretwrireieo otRmnscesrkndm,i aallt their to parallel origin. in Nordic a kingdoms, of successor legends and post-Roman myths of warrior-elite emergent ybls.Isielgclrfrnepit aebe oae nLt Antique totems. Late (Germanic) ‘clan’ in or ancestral (Chris- located and belief paganism), religious been Scandinavian Italian), and have tianity North post-Roman points and (Romano-British reference tradition ideological protective and Its display, social ostentatious symbolism. battle, including in insignia, identification military of encompass means practical purpose its for Suggestions itself. decoration h he anwaor-ye uid(wr,sil n pa) h hedstands shield the Of spear), polities. sole and larger the shield and as (sword, community buried out local weaponry-types main family, three within promoting the of and status expressing role and for fundamental medium identities, the a male as established graves amply Anglo-Saxon Early have in Stoodley armament Nick recently more and opeesv n ytmtcaayi ol o epoutv.Hirc Ha Heinrich productive. be now could analysis systematic and comprehensive tl Iwti cniai n eod n i Kristo Siv and beyond, and Scandinavia within II Style ya tl n ai’ tl nsuhwsenNra,hv xlrdhow explored have Norway, south-western in inequalities. and I identities social Style constructed styles Salin’s these and Style Nydam rt Ser., Brit. tnig hra tl I tlatiiily a sditrrgoal o the for inter-regionally used was initially, certain a least of women at for II, jewellery of Style production local whereas and regional standing, the for used gly pnl n h Spear the and Spindle rmr en ywihautmsuiiycudb symbolised. be could masculinity adult which by means primary (eds.), fthe of Mt n r:apspr opltclatoiyi cniai uigteMgainPeriod’, Migration the during Scandinavia in authority political to passport a art: and ‘Myth SyeI n h nl-ao elite’, Anglo-Saxon the and II ‘Style n .Gri D. and .Tew n .L esn(eds.), Nelson L. J. and Theuws F. styl aro nmlsmoimadwaor fthe of weaponry and symbolism animal — warrior 60 .Ten (eds.), Theune C. Geburtstag . 3 4 2 6 5 and e—a h atsgeto smd yHls p i.i note in cit. op. Hills, by made is suggestion last The otflyi .Ha H. in fully Most h ito nsfis ahrdb .H ent,‘oedcrtv set fteAgoSxnshield’, Anglo-Saxon the of aspects decorative ‘Some Kennett, H. D. by gathered first finds of list The .HiudNesn Aia r n h epnbra rite’, weapon-burial the and art ‘Animal Nielsen, Høilund K. otrcnl,L eegr MgainPro uoe h omto fapltclmentality’, political a of formation the Europe: Period ‘Migration Hedeager, L. recently, Most 92 ¨ uil&Society & Burial k nT .DcisnadH Ha H. and Dickinson M. T. in rke urn ietosi al-eivlacaooysgetta more a that suggest archaeology Early-medieval in directions Current ocrety ot eegrhsage httedsicieaia-r styles animal-art distinctive the that argued has Hedeager Lotte Concurrently, – 77 4 yblo ih n yh ai’ tl Ii uoencontext’, European a in II Style Salin’s myth: and might of symbol 5 ;J. – 288 2 ffi 8 hto th 6 nl-ao nmlArt Animal Anglo-Saxon u ihoisosadinconsistencies. and omissions with but , Far h (eds.), ths 1993 (Rahden, ht early to th lr,‘ ao nf n hedmutfo h hmsforeshore’, Thames the from shield-mount and knife Saxon ‘A Clark, ,O .( B e.Rep., Res. CBA xford, ), Archa esareethseegdo h oeadmaigo h animal the of meaning and role the on emerged has agreement less : rtclEqiyit h osrcinadMaigo edri h al nl-ao uilRite Burial Anglo-Saxon Early the in Gender of Meaning and Construction the into Enquiry Critical A 7 29 ., defensive : hcnuiswr utvtda en fsl-ento ythe by self-definition of means a as cultivated were centuries th ¨ h hoooia n oilAayi fAcaooia uilData Burial Archaeological of Analysis Social and Chronological The 9 – h aigo Kingdoms of Making The lgshsZlwr.Beitra Zellwerk. ologisches 2001 ¨ 1999 31 ( rke, 1974 ;L.W ;S Kristo S. ); ;DcisnadHa and Dickinson ); Angelsa 7 ), hcnuyadetbihdta hywr uidmil in mainly buried were they that established and century th 55 ic feupetad iho nta ftesod the sword, the of instead or with and, equipment of piece btri .Boke tal., et Blockley K. in ebster iul fPwrfo aeAtqiyt h al ideAges Middle Early the to Antiquity Late from Power of Rituals – ¨ (Oxford, 50 hiceWa chsische 70 185 London, , a enscesvl eetdadapie:C .Hls Cabrgrave ‘Chamber Hills, M. C. amplified: and repeated successively been has , ff ai .dickinson m. tania – ersen, ¨ 202 rke, eivlArchaeol Medieval : 1980 being , Dover ¨ h Finds The nDcisnadGri and Dickinson in al nl-ao Shields Anglo-Saxon Early ezrKlugshct nErp n Asien und Europa in Kulturgeschichte zur ge V vr gSpenne og Sverd Sc eivlAcao.Mon., Archaeol. Medieval (Soc. engra ¨ k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 1986 ), : ¨ 82 ukadAgoSxnCemetery Anglo-Saxon Buckland nl-ao td rhel Hist Archaeol. Stud. Anglo-Saxon e des ber 5 6 ,fiche ), – hand th (Canterbury, 3 2 ae øln ile’ oko Salin’s on work Nielsen’s Høilund Karen ;D. , 173 5 ., bis . : 21 yeraetko oilKontekst Sosial og Dyreornamentik rw nD Miles, D. in Brown . h rhelg fCnebr o.V xaain nthe in Excavations V. Vol. Canterbury of Archaeology The 4 7 B: hcenturies’, th ( 7 1977 129 12 Jahrhunderts . ffi 2 – h es) p i.i note in cit. op. (eds.), ths 1995 , – 13 (Archaeologia, ), 67 48 ;C.H 167 – nC .Jne n .HiudNielsen Høilund K. and Jensen K. C. in ), 70 1040 – caArchaeol Acta . 6 76 471 tl a overwhelmin- was I Style (Cologne, icks, rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, ; 14 – ., – (London, 1 (Aarhus, rhelg tBro or Farm, Court Barton at Archaeology 10 ff 81 London, , ;K.P : nml nEryMdea Art Medieval Early in Animals re’ td fthe of study ersen’s 110 etcrf fu Festschrift ni.J Antiq. ( nE ol .Bce and Becker U. Pohl, E. in 1999 ., (Leiden, 4 London, , rt n .Brugmann, B. and arfitt 69 1992 151 1997 ). (Kristiansand, 1987 ( 5 1998 ., 1997 ae,‘h wolf- ‘The eadem, ; ;N Stoodley, N. ); – 60 ¨ ;edm ‘Animal eadem, ); 6 2000 emtRt zum Roth Helmut r ), ), nT Dickinson T. in ( ), 1980 32 1992 1 87 – ;c.eadem, cf. ); – 52 4 – 15 ), ), n by and , 8 eadem, ; Fuller . 2000 348 29 – ¨ (BAR 57 , rke 3 The – 54 ). in 9 1 ; , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology srnwe o t miut.TeSadnva odbatae ftelater the of bracteates which gold I, Style Scandinavian Salin’s The of ambiguity. respect its in than for so renowned more than is nowhere greater and even Europe, necessarily southern are Europe in northern pagan pre-literate, essentially in n earlier and l ao n l os et fthe of to texts turn to Norse obliged Old is Hauck and however, pagan Saxon latter, contemporary the postulates Old constitute identify He to To were prototypes. helped beliefs. these Christian, Scandinavian bracteates integrated, especially a and identify and that to transformed Antique, coins that, observation Late and medallions of undisputed Roman range Late wider the In from images programme. extended Imperial iconographic on their modelled has endeavoured reconstruct has he to research, approach lifetime’s particular, hermeneutic a a in Hauck, use Karl to area. this in understanding rmlate from epnyadhrega faml lt.I nln,tetasto rmSyeIto I Style from transition the later England, the In in elite. II male Style a of horse-gear and weaponry tl nml rvs Kristo graves: male in I Style (Late nl-ao rdefitn rmSuhLcaa,Fra,Ags Scotland’, Angus, Forfar, Leckaway, South from fitting bridle Anglo-Saxon .R .Dvdo n .Wbtr TeAgoSxnbra tCob Wonsoog) Kent’, (Woodnesborough), Coombe at burial Anglo-Saxon ‘The Webster, L. and Davidson Archaeol E. R. H. nEgad(nul ae ie oacneec n‘hpn nesadn:Fr n re nteAnglo-Saxon the in Order and Form Understanding: ‘Shaping on conference a to World, given paper (unpubl. England in fWight, of rwn nlge,i sovosycuilt a ls teto ocnitnyof consistency to one attention from close taken pay style. images to and When form crucial another. that the of closeness in obviously and fact given syncretism contexts is or the it especially reinterpretation and analogies, to alternatives, open drawing icons be in animal always would results many context method so Antique Late of this and universality even world secular but Graeco-Roman Christianity, the in art textually-documented rbe,frti eursacs oteseicioi otn,a xrm ambition extreme the an period. of content, part iconic this specific controversial the and for to access challenging requires most this the for admittedly problem, is shields on symbol chronologically stylistically, — as importance such and socially. bespeak items, shields and which prestigious (primarily spears), of armament rarely range and compared swords, a tiny horse-harness includes is vessels, it men as drinking with women, belt-fittings, not association with Although in was associated Continent. surviving that the styles material on with I two or Style Scandinavia the southern of England in the quantity between in be the to of dichotomy that appears the however, it Analysis as shows, Norway) extreme Stoodley. cemeteries south-western by Anglo-Saxon in in observed (as I hierarchies Style of political incidence and families within folkevandringstiden’, irto eidTxie n otmsi Scandinavia in Costumes and Textiles Period Migration .M ikno,‘al ao rvsadgaegoods’, grave and graves Saxon ‘Early Dickinson, M. T. h nl-aosfo h irto eidt h ihhCentury Eighth the to Period Migration the from Anglo-Saxons The Bildinhalte 7 8 9 .M ikno,Mdu n esg nEryAgoSxnaia r:sm bevtoso ai’ tl I Style Salin’s on observations some art: animal Anglo-Saxon Early in message and Medium Dickinson, M. T. h rbesaewl eere yJ aks Smoi ie:tevsa evidence’, visual the lives: ‘Symbolic Hawkes, J. by rehearsed well are problems The .Mu F. 5 th–Early To ., 400 1921 11 ¨ 5 (Sigmaringen, hrc,‘e de i e Fisch’, dem mit Adler ‘Der therich, h and th- – sals htielge utie h s fti nmlata social a as art animal this of use the sustained ideologies what establish ( 1100 1967 – 8 6 1996 hCenturies) th 7 hcnuishv emdt o to seemed have centuries th ,BiihMsu,March Museum, British ’, ), 6 hcnuy ihyfrihdml btntfml)bras .Nockert, M. burials: female) not (but male furnished richly th-century, 1 (Salisbury, 53 8 – 41 – h etpsiiiiswudse olei eaigiae to images relating in lie to seem would possibilities best The 1986 79 ,atpp. : 6 hi lsicto n Context and Classification Their nP ofe n .A tlgr(eds.), Stylegar F.-A. and Rolfsen P. in hadearly and th ff ). re,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ersen, 2000 22 ybl fpoeto 111 protection of symbols – 32 ), 90 sod.I owy wrs et n esl r h anvhce for vehicles main the are vessels and belts swords, Norway, In (sword). – 3 2002 dikn on;T .Dcisn .Fr n .Hl,‘nearly ‘An Hall, M. and Fern C. Dickinson, M. T. horn); (drinking 7 317 hcnuiscicdswt hnigstructures changing with coincides centuries th (Umea ;freape,seS Marzinzik, S. see examples, for ); – 40 6 tlsdaia r loocr nSadnvao clothing on Scandinavia in occurs also art animal Stylised . 9 nH oh(ed.), Roth H. in ˚ h rbeso eihrn iconography deciphering of problems The BRBi.Ser., Brit. (BAR , 86 : ff 1991 nEhorpi Perspective Ethnographic An 9 rtems ieypopc fadvancing of prospect likely most the er – hto th 96 ), nC .Young, J. C. in 94 nreounn ytLys Nytt i Snartemofunnene – 13 103 hcnuis rmwihhe which from centuries, th ;L. 357 u rbe e etn fru Deutung der Problem Zum ,O edrJresn Kiedatni ‘Krigerdragten Jørgensen, Bender eivlArchaeol Medieval xaain tCrsroeCsl,Isle Castle, Carisbrooke at Excavations xford, (Woodbridge, al nl-ao etBuckles Belt Anglo-Saxon Early 2003 311 h Ho The (Oslo, ), – 42 ., 38 ¨ 50 – o idadOther and Find gom nJ ie (ed.), Hines J. in 3 1997 2003 ;E.M ¨ (forthcoming); hmittelalterliche ). ). ri and orris Medieval 5 th Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology brooches’, 2001 raet(Tab. ornament iiso knowledge’, of limits ar.Ro Jahrb. fteMgainperiod’, Migration the of ytmtcly eeascae ihbs-pxdssi tl ,wihprevious which greatly add I, should Style together in them understanding. our Examining not discs to figural altogether. although boss-apex overlooked of exclusively, have with form almost studies the focused associated have in were studies board-fittings systematically, previous that which provocatively, on shows, images, also but context, aif,mdr eieaafrioorpi nlsst ebsdo controlled on based be to analysis to quite iconographic of not for corpus if contexts. the meet, desiderata to Moreover, modern potential paradigms. the satisfy, theoretical has current shields of Anglo-Saxon animal-ornamented spirit the to however, lentv ruet o h etaiyo nOi yht bracteates. to myth Odin an of centrality the for arguments alternative oso te nqioal igotcelement. diagnostic unequivocally other or mound boss from shield similar a of 2 identification while discussed, exhaustively been has tngahcPerspective Ethnographic r nldd u hi raetwl o etetdi h aedti sterest: the as detail same the in mound treated cemetery from be barrow shield not Hoo will exceptional Sutton ornament the the their from but shields included, Two are varies. information of quality n urm o ihhaigadrdmtv powers. redemptive and healing with god supreme and ai’ tl npriua;frohr,tog,te r methodologically are they though, others, for texts. problematic particular; and later of in of readings meaning selective the by I penetrating compromised post-Roman and general Style modelling in for North Salin’s the possibilities in evolution explanatory social up Germanic opened have hypotheses LV al dn odbatae svsa evidence’, visual as bracteates gold Odin: early 2002 ene rketnasSo aus Brakteaten zehnten dnicto otyfo h ai fteCbatae,ytmitisitrrttoswihcnodwt the with concord which interpretations maintains yet C-bracteates, the of basis of the practice from mostly identification elceStud terliche 112 rpssta h rcetsebd necaooia yl ete nWoden/ on centred cycle eschatological an embody O bracteates the that proposes .Huk Mtoefae e rketnetn:EpougensItrrttosutrfu Interpretationsmuster eines Erprobung Brakteatendeutung: der ‘Methodenfragen Hauck, K. u ie rlnKlu ZrIoooi e odrketnXXVI)’, Goldbrakteaten der Ikonologie (Zur Kultur oralen einer aus ZazgJheBataefrcugi Mu in Brakteatenforschung Jahre ‘Zwanzig Inventory mound ´ 11 12 10 13 et nyo eoae oladprasazoopi rpetnin o na on not grip-extension, zoomorphic a perhaps and foil decorated a on only rests inadhssnBlr hc ik O links which Baldr, son his and ðinn III)’, ..Hdae,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hedeager, E.g. aks p i.i note in cit. op. Hawkes, .Huke al., et Hauck K. Fo ;D eg,‘miut nAgoSxnSyeIart’, I Style Anglo-Saxon in ‘Ambiguity Leigh, D. ); ). rm Iam To 2 ¨ (London, Fru ic-emnshnZnrlu.Mainz Zentralmus. misch-germanischen e .L .Bruce-Mitford, S. L. R. see , ound ¨ ., 279 seiðr mteatrih Stud hmittelalterliche eri rmfrhrrsac eas fsc di such of because research further from refrain 12 22 – eiso motn e nsntol mlfiskoldeo burial of knowledge amplifies only not finds new important of series A urnl wr ftet hed htba o nebr)animal bore) once (or bear that shields twenty of aware currently 1 saaye yN .Price, S. N. by analysed as 96 ( e rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, see , 1988 1975 nB ans(ed.), Magnus B. in 375 ), (Woodbridge, i odrketndrVo der Goldbrakteaten Die ), 1 17 104 Fig. , – 161 ¨ 401 – eb ndrGmid amr,Upad(u knlgedrGoldbrakteaten, der Ikonologie (Zur Uppland Danmark, Gemeinde der in derby 8 52 – , ., 29 317 – .P ame l,‘‘DrBata e arudrs’ U Jahrhunderts’’. des Brakteat ‘‘Der ‘ al., et Lamm J.-P. ; nJ ie (ed.), Hines J. in 72 34 ;M.O.H.C 1 – 5 nDcisnadGri and Dickinson in ( 18 .Albttocm rmrcre rvs huhthe though graves, recorded from come two but All ). 2000 ;B.M 1997 h utnHoSi-uil Vol. Ship-Burial. Hoo Sutton The AAADMETHODS AND DATA n omnsi icsinb ie n cl at Scull and Hines by discussion in comments and ai .dickinson m. tania oa odadteDvlpeto h al emncKingdoms Germanic Early the of Development the and Gold Roman ), ,a pp. at ), ¨ gu,‘osesadbrso ry oerflcin nfr n style and form on reflections some prey: of birds and ‘Monsters agnus, se/etae ZrIoooi e odrketnXL)’, Goldbrakteaten der Ikonologie (Zur nster/Westfalen 1 , h iigWay Viking The – 17 arver, 93 ¨ lkerwanderungszeit ( f .Eles ZrIoorpi odshrGoldbrakteaten’, nordischer Ikonographie ‘Zur Ellmers, D. cf. ; 1970 h nl-aosfo h irto eidt h ihhCnuy An Century. Eighth the to Period Migration the from Anglo-Saxons The cniainStud Scandinavian 1 392 utnHoo Sutton eoae nSyeI,i cniainand Scandinavian is II, Style in decorated , ), 1 – ´ , 201 3 1 ni.J Antiq. insrlsa atro ai,war-god magic, of master as roles ðinn’s ;H – ffi 128 – : h es) p i.i note in cit. op. (eds.), ths 84 we,o.ct nnote in cit. op. awkes, eiinadWri aeIo g Scandinavia Age Iron Late in War and Religion : n øln ile ( Nielsen Høilund and , o umr fteerirsaeo eerhand research of state earlier the of summary a for , uilGon fKings? of Ground Burial ., (Munich, 44 13 ., ( 1 1984 273 71 : xaain,Bcgon,TeSi,Dtn and Dating Ship, The Background, Excavations, ( – 1999 ), 96 1985 34 10 nRt e.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (ed.), Roth in ), – 42 – For 373 ffi 89 ota .Hns Rlgo:the ‘Religion: Hines, J. contra, ; 8 ,vols. ), – ute uscounter, runs culties (London, .K. 92 1999 oeshlr,such scholars, some 5 hlegsteOdinnic the challenges , ae,‘h enigmatic ‘The eadem, ; 340 11 tre,‘mgnn an ‘Imagining Starkey, ¨ ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), e e einzigartigen den ber 1 – , ¨ 1 1 1998 i Bildzeugnisse die r . and ), 182 (Stockholm, 3 Fru , 1 (Uppsala, ¨ , . hmittelal- 9 15 idem, ; 6 – for ; 69 ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology pxdss s ro,fitnso h oscn rflne(aey;ada,o on, divided or be as, can and shields The (rarely); board. flange contexts: the or these of of cone back basis the boss the on (rarely) the groups three or on into front fittings the on, on or fittings as, discs; apex itiuino omrhcsil tig.Bakrmnscript roman Black fittings. shield zoomorphic of Distribution Group boss- on shields: on contexts distinct three in occurs ornament animal The o soitdwt shield. a with associated not 1 hed ihol osae ici ai’ tl fieexamples); (five I Style Salin’s in disc boss-apex a only with Shields : ybl fpoeto 113 protection of symbols optrsddaigb .Guly eie yT .Dickinson M. T. by devised Gourley, B. by drawing Computerised fig . 1 = tig nsils ryiai script italic Grey shields. on fittings . = fittings Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology eerh ti loqiepsil hteape aeecpdm attention. my escaped of have process examples the that during possible space quite consulted but also the was is identification, into which It about material research. brought arguments the are amplify all items or documenting in related justify prohibits and or to comparability rivets, order rejected superficially of in Some with particular, discussion length items decoration. between In and or discriminate shape number to shields. similar used incidence, been the from typological has size, the treatments, are with surface as comparison such which systematic features, on fittings technical based of is it attributes proven, be cannot and atnSarv,b tl kn nk nk nk – I Style b: Seagrave, Barton Anth. & Arch. Mus. Univ. Camb. h ruswl eue ae nteitrrtto,btTable but interpretation, the in later used be will groups The 114 Cambs. otsoe :SyeI––n nk nk – dating other spearhead – I Style boss a: mount board mount board Cottesmore, flange BM Northants. cone disc apex B Barrington Group Find dnie soiial eindfrueo hed(itnuse yiai otin font italic by (distinguished shield a on been use have shield, for Fig. a attributes. designed with shield’s originally association each as in of found identified summary not a although as finds, discussion further typological Seventeen the of course the in miga II, Empingham Oakham Mus., County Rutland Rutland Wasperton Leicester Mus., Wall Jewry Rutland eg Apton Bergh Group Mus. Warwick Warwks. Norfolk ukadDover Buckland Norwich Mus., Castle BM Kent Cleatham .Lns u. i:Bird iia: Scunthorpe Mus., Lincs. N. 1 Group Group ic n/rfitnso oscn rflneado or tig (six fittings board and/or flange or cone boss mound Hoo Sutton on which of fittings examples, and/or discs 1 2 n Tabs. and 25 64 ic.–––i:Fs – Fish ia: – – – Lincs. , 26 NMLONMNE AL NL-AO SHIELDS ANGLO-SAXON EARLY ANIMAL-ORNAMENTED 103 ,b ––– – ,– 112 2 3 BM 93 ,a: hed ihol or ons(ieexamples); (nine mounts board only with Shields : hed ihacmiaino w rtrecnet,vz boss-apex viz. contexts, three or two of combination a with Shields : ––– – ,– ,a: = : 2 tl – – – – I Style tl – – – – I Style tl – – – – I Style – rts uem eateto rhsoyadEurope and Prehistory of Department Museum, British 4 .Atog h ieiodo hs dnictosi variable is identifications these of likelihood the Although ). on on fot bc)tp yeevidence type type (back) (front) mount mount ai .dickinson m. tania v ar– Pair iv: Hippogri qaisKentish Aquatics b ar– Pair ib: al 1 Table ff s 1 sb a h otlavish). most the far by is 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 . . . . 1 1 1 1 ?– 1 a efuduseful found be may – nk nk – H H eiel bead; Reticella L 2 1 square-headed > brooch Phase (c. III/IV Phase ie early Hines 530 2 – 90 great ) Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology hlodFr,Kn kn kib arBrs–n nk nk – Birds Pair iib: nk nk Hill Spong BM nk Kent Farm, Shelford ateMus., Castle Norfolk BM utnHoo Sutton Norwich, rv totals Grave Group Archaeol. Dover She uyS dud discs Geometric II, Mucking Edmunds St Bury Section, Archaeol. se omrhsdfc-ak in face-masks Zoomorphised I BM Essex 41 Su ilHill Mill BM Bidford Group Centre Exhibition Village Stow West etat adn i tl I Style vi: Su – – – – Gardens Westgarth Mus. Ipswich Su utnHoo Sutton Scunthorpe Mus., N.Lincs. Lincs. aws geometric Eriswell Avon Stratford-upon- Mus., Place New Warwks. Su idae iccn ag or on or on osseredohrdating other spearhead boss mount board mount board flange cone disc apex Kempston Find utnHoo Sutton BM 868 ,Su ff ff ff ff ,Su ffi olk l tl IBr rpD grip Bird II Style olk l .C vii: C. C. olk l qai ihsnake with aquatic olk l’ Hill eld’s ff 3 ff olk 182 104 l i:SyeII Style iib: olk 81 52 31 ,K ,b , 2 1 018 600 232 es b qai – Aquatic ib: – – – Beds. , ,n nye tl ISyeI i:SyeI tl ISAA SBA II Style II Style iic: II Style II Style untyped , ,– t– 115 ,b /:Sye––v ar– Pair v: – – Style a/b: , untyped , ,b: 10 : : kn tl b ar– Pair ib: – – I Style tl tl / – I/– Style – I Style tl b qai – Aquatic ib: – – I Style ( 11 ?) 221 –– –– on on fot bc)tp yeevidence type type (back) (front) mount mount 3 kn ybl fpoeto 115 protection of symbols i:Pi id – Birds Pair iib: – k i:SyeI xesosipr rlater or import extensions II Style iii: a arFs – Fish Pair ia: ring-knob) a and edging, rim and strips II Style (also Bosses vii: ‘Dragon’ ymti/triangular symmetric/ ideeet vandykes elements bird i:Brs(x Birds iib: i:SyeI tl In nk nk II Style II Style iii: idwith Bird Aquatics discs Geometric vii: snake Dao’()gi century grip (?) ‘Dragon’ 3 3 3 8 3 )– Cruciform ? ship chamber (?) extension 817 18 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 . . . . 1 1 1 1 D E D H L k‘Gotland’ nk nk E D 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 ,C Burial ? ? ,G 2 2 Ship-burial: , , III/IV Phase Kentish ( rivets shaped Buckle/shoe- .‘mid- c. sequence: century’? TPQ uktwith Bucket 1 cauldron 550 tquarter st – 575 75 6 ); th x + 613 7 th Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 116 iddaee hcns i hp ufc uce eue as re-used punches surface shape rim thickness diameter B Barrington a Type Find Cottesmore Bidford miga II, Empingham She atnSeagrave Barton b Type ukn II, Mucking a/b Type Mus. Ipswich Pet letn Warwks. Alveston, Mus. Wilts. S. and Salisbury utnHomound Hoo Sutton arntnA s Cambs. us, A, Barrington Wasperton osHall Boss W upon-Avon, Stratford- Mus., Place New aso,RwesHill, Rowleys Harston, atnMls uok c. Sufolk. Mills, Barton Anth. & Arch. Mus. Univ. Camb. utnHoo Sutton Eriswell Untyped yeb,Lincs. Aylesby, ab.fltflange flat Anth., & Arch. Mus. Univ. Camb. Cambs. ersfinger ffi dnicto r ie uemnmes BM numbers. museum given are identification id nsoitdwt hed r niais hr osbe nswtotgrave without finds possible, Where italics. in are shields with unassociated Finds lsHill elds rhsoyadErp.Almaueet r aius(nm) nesstated unless mm), (in maximums are measurements All Europe. and Prehistory 63 8 53 55 182 . 104 298 97 49 45 0 56 64 ,Su , 0 50 600 ,Wilts. B, . 018 263 3 03 30 232 0 72 27 103 1 93 49 115 V NMLONMNE HEDBS PXDISCS APEX SHIELD-BOSS ANIMAL-ORNAMENTED 1 22 112 olk , 6 210 42 868 140 4 25 93 39 41 21 42 93 49 02 50 32 43 34 43 45 . . . 55 53 62 1 2 knro Au narrow nk kfltA?nthn – notching Au? flat nk ai .dickinson m. tania ...... 5 8 2 4 3 5 6 8 7 5 6 9 . 5 denro Au narrow edge defltflange flat edge edge etefltAu flat centre otherwise. al 2 Table arwA – – Au narrow arwA – – Au narrow arwAu narrow arwAu narrow arwA/gtinl – triangle Au/Ag narrow arwAu narrow a unthn – notching annulet Au flange flat flat arwA brooch – Au narrow arwA – – Au narrow arwAu narrow arwA – – Au narrow arwA – – Au narrow a gn k– nk Ag/nk flat arwn brooch – nk narrow = finish(es) antinlay garnet garnets niello/ rts uem eatetof Department Museum, British + + + + + + + g brooch – Ag? ls na pendant? – inlay glass ls na – – inlay glass antilynthn – notching inlay garnet ganlt– annulet Ag ls/anlt– annulet glass/ g–– – Ag triangle Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology otlt pe odr ihiscaatrsial oniigaia ed and head, animal downbiting characteristically the its of part with encapsulating — border, brooch upper square-headed great footplate a to on ‘window’ circular disc. 3 n nasneo ies si h aeo Bidford-on-Avon of case the in as rivets, of absence an and emsgicn,rnigfrom ranging significant, seem raeto arntnB, Barrington on ornament oi o netdit h osadhl ya rnpin. iron an by held and boss the into inserted rod solid ekadtreatraigmudd‘et n urcaglrlpesta clasp mound that Hoo lappets Sutton subrectangular and apex, and integral ‘feet’ simple moulded boss’s alternating the three and neck a rSyeI tocss.Wtotseils nlss ti o osbet sethow assert example to for solder, possible of not evidence positive is but it boss, She iron cases) analysis, on the (fifteen specialist to I fastened Without copper Style been in had cases). cast they decorated (two from are II made and gilded, Style are partially or All or seven. fully another been have adds alloy, finds unassociated of analysis icfo miga II, Empingham from disc 22 ewe imtraddcrto,wihpit otopiaytps ihone with a types, Type primary two ‘outliers’. few to a points and overlap which of decoration, case and diameter between osae discs boss-apex 124 14 15 ) ugssta otwr ipyslee nt h ossitga rnapex iron integral boss’s the to on soldered simply were most that suggests d), . rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, ; ikno n Ha and Dickinson .Hines, J. 5 14 H YOOYO NL-AO ANIMAL-ORNAMENTED ANGLO-SAXON OF TYPOLOGY THE he Group Three omrhcae ic r nw rma es e hedbse;comparative bosses; shield ten least at from known are discs apex Zoomorphic mand mm : Two ffi ml-imtrgle ic ihsnl rfiemtf nSlnsSyeI Style Salin’s in motifs profile single with discs gilded Small-diameter l’ Hill eld’s e opso nl-ao ra qaehae Brooches Square-headed Great Anglo-Saxon of Corpus New A xetosaeBrigo B, Barrington are exceptions 27 ¨ k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 115 mi imtr hc are idd eifcs ed The field. relief-cast gilded, a carries which diameter, in mm 1 (Tab. hed aebse ihanro-imdae icbetween disc apex narrow-rimmed a with bosses have shields ic. r hr iil,ruhmtlflwado l marks file and/or flow metal rough visible, where or, Lincs., , ybl fpoeto 117 protection of symbols 2 1 112 , ) 52 103 n fig. and uln (Fig. Rutland , 2 HEDFITTINGS SHIELD , 2 32 . 5 . a enmc eakduo,fri om a forms it for upon, remarked much been has mt c. to mm 19 . 103 5 ab. hc scs nerlywith integrally cast is which Cambs., , 3 mi h aeo h plano-convex the of case the in mm ) hr s oee,acorrelation a however, is, There a). (Woodbridge, or tig Scale fitting. board etat Gardens Westgarth d: II, disc; Mucking apex type-a Cottesmore c disc; ic :EpnhmII, Empingham b: disc; Dickinson fig ed.a arntnB, Barrington a: fields. small-diameter from designs I Style . 2 1 15 hc sspotdb a by supported is which , . ictikesde not does thickness Disc 1997 600 182 ), 206 yeabae ic e: disc; apex type-a/b ,W 1 41 : and 1 . rik.(Fig. arwicks. yev cruciform type-vi 103 112 rw yT M. T. by Drawn 311 yeaapex type-a yeaapex type-a fig. , 134 pl. , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology n Fru und Relie fopae scmrse n h eifqiefltee;wehrti eutdfo rl ehnclcpig as copying, mechanical truly from resulted this whether flattened; question. quite to relief open is the proposed, and Vierck compressed is ‘footplate’ 15 nteaia edsmuh—isrle ogeadtepeaoybr heads predatory-bird the and tongue rolled its — mouth head’s animal the on 118 ato h ne ae rm (Fig. frame panel inner the of part abigsieAtq o.Comm Soc. Antiq. Cambridgeshire 16 .C :EpnhmII, Empingham a: .K otr Acuto h xaaino nAgoSxncmtr tBrigo,Cambridgeshire’, Barrington, at cemetery Anglo-Saxon an of excavation the of ‘Account Foster, K. W. ffi  ¨ mae ihara qaehae roh h uvtr fte‘oniigha’i eaint the to relation in head’ ‘downbiting the of curvature the brooch, square-headed real a with ompared gshct e Universita der hgeschichte e.ZmFigs mfru im Feinguss Zum bel. yebae icadsml ag on,fotadbc.Scale back. and front mount, flange sample and disc apex type-b
112 yeaae ic :McigII, Mucking b: disc; apex type-a , ¨ tMu ¨ ., ¨ he nster 5 nM ( ,( 1883 ai .dickinson m. tania Hildesheim, ittelalter’, ), 6 – 32 2 137 ,at a). 1976 – fig 16 209 pp.   ,a pp. at ), . h ritcfcsses oee,t be to however, seems, focus artistic The 3 13 nKJ ar(ed.), Narr K.J. in 60 – yeabae ic –:Bidford-on-Avon c–d: disc; apex type-a/b 14 154 and – 5 Abb. , 29 1 ;H : 1 . .V u e amugdsSmnr fu Seminars des Sammlung der Aus Photographs 8 , 2 ec,‘iesu ‘Eine ierck, and 17 , : 2 .M Dickinson M. T. ;H ns p i.i note in cit. op. ines, ¨ dskandinavische . 182 ¨ Ur- r Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 155 n pad a nFig. backwards in thrown head (as its upwards has and orientation, on depending which, anthropomorph, te w yeadsssotsnl,fiua ois miga II, Empingham motifs. figural The single, border. sport a as discs panel more inner type-a the serve and elements, two neck animal eye, other its fragmentary whereas internal, — with jaws frame, coiled open, its terminate which ettebc ftehead. the of back the meet aklimbs. back 17 , .R Timby, R. J. 2 . 1 .I :Bro egaetp- pxds;b She b: disc; apex type-b Seagrave Barton a: 
 868 nmy yebae ic :Sto Hoo Sutton d: disc; apex type-b  grsdi figures h nl-ao eeeya miga I Rutland II, Empingham at Cemetery Anglo-Saxon The 868 yei qai or on.Scale mount. board aquatic type-ib ff rn ot r aiul sdt ihih ed ekadbd lmns n rn and front and elements, body and neck head, highlight to used variously are fonts erent 2 ybl fpoeto 119 protection of symbols )o aiglf a nFig. in (as left facing or b) 17 h pxds rmCtemr (Fig. Cottesmore from disc apex The 018 , 868 ffi fig l’ Hill eld’s yeibbr or on;e utnHoo Sutton e: mount; board bird type-iib . 4  1 : 1 115 . Photographs (Oxford, yebae ic :Sto Hoo Sutton c: disc; apex type-b 3 )adislgbn on to round bent leg its and a) 1996 : .M Dickinson M. T. ), 68 fig. , 29 . n ls lal)fig. clearly) (less and 2 ) ieless site a c), 018 112 018 , , san is Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Su eaddt yebo h ai fcoesmlrte nsz,fr n decoration. and form size, in similarities close (Fig. of Warwicks. basis the Alveston, on — b Three type to added be ucmrso h omr rte ih o aehdawiefiihfrom finish white a had the have too in might survives alloy. they copper (gilding high-tin or gilded a former) of completely application the been on punchmarks have could Bidford-on-Avon o,site Hoo, (She na rdsodfil.Aatfo Wasperton from Apart field. discoid or inlay Fig. opdrm.Tegle eifdcrto sfrhreblihdb antand/or garnet by embellished further (She is inlays relief-decoration glass gilded The rims. topped ydaeesof diameters by 120 osblt htamtldtce n rmKn a nae ic huhi the in die. though ‘bracteate’ disc, a apex as the identification an raised its was has for Kent Laing raised plumped from Lloyd with he find rump. end metal-detected quadruped its over a ‘prancing’ backwards that a twisted possibility features head and Empingham, limb from front miles four than ute,ad sIhv o eni tfis-ad ti o osdrdfurther. considered not is b it Type first-hand, at it seen not have I as and, further, n rcso ufc odwudb prpit o yea u t decoration its but a, type for appropriate be would di read gold I surface (which of traces and ess.Tedfiieasneo odro h eradispoeac usd the (Fig. outside provenance discs its boss-apex and rear zoomorphic the on for solder typical of absence area definite The so. less excavations’, Metallurgy ot ftemudcemetery. mound the of north m 18 19 20 22 21 ff .Lig A nl-ao icfo Kent’, from disc Anglo-Saxon ‘An Laing, L. rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, .Hmhese l,‘nAgoSxncmtr tBdodo-vn awcsie eodrpr nthe on report second Warwickshire: Bidford-on-Avon, at cemetery Anglo-Saxon ‘An al., et Humphreys J. f .A dy Gligadtnigi nl-ao England’, Anglo-Saxon in tinning and ‘Gilding Oddy, A. W. Cf. nn,‘utnHobfr Raedwald’, before Hoo ‘Sutton Anon., l (Figs. olk ffi 3 yebae ic r ersne nfiesil oss hyaedistinguished are They bosses. shield five on represented are discs apex Type-b c; : l’ Hill eld’s (London, w-nmlSyeIdsgsfo yebae ic.a utnHoo Sutton a. discs. apex type-b from designs I Style Two-animal ag idddsswt rfie‘hsn’aiasi ai’ tl I Style Salin’s in animals ‘chasing’ profile with discs gilded Large 20 Archaeologia Wasperton 018 grave , 5 1977 )—hdbe eue sboce,adPetersfinger and brooches, as re-used been had — b) 115 42 ffi ff , rnl rmLig ftoicmlt,bc-obc nml is animals back-to-back incomplete, two of Laing) from erently ,a p. at ), l’ Hill eld’s 74 – atnSarv,Nrhns:Fig. Northants.: Seagrave, Barton ; 56 ( 1923 64 868 madb tl raue ragdrudacnrlboss, central a round arranged creatures I Style by and mm 132 .Avso.Scale Alveston. c. ,adb ht-ea ufcs(She surfaces white-metal by and ), – 1 Fig. : rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, ; 4 fig. , ), 115 271 ai .dickinson m. tania 69 – b. Fig. : 4 urn Archaeol Current 88 c ,atp. 21 eivlArchaeol Medieval .Tepanbreso atnSarv and Seagrave Barton on borders plain The ). 1 4 5 : 287 22 1 ;Wasperton b; ) yeb,Lns (Fig. Lincs. Aylesby, c); fig . rw yT .Dickinson M. T. by Drawn l LVII, pl. , iedss nsoitdwt hed,can shields, with unassociated discs, Five . ., 5 180 64 ., ( 2002 43 2 ,W 1 rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, ; , ( 102 1999 ), 129 rik.(Fig. arwicks. 498 64 . – 14 ), 34 – 4 ,b ucigo notching or punching by ), 191 505 018 a; )dmnse confidence diminishes a) nW .Od (ed.), Oddy A. W. in 19 . – 18 ,atpp. , ffi 3 868 . Bidford-on-Avon t imtr( diameter Its l’ Hill eld’s .b. 6 503 ) osHall Boss b); osHall Boss 6 – ) l aeflat- have all e), 4 site : 115 49 1 set fEarly of Aspects 018 97 fig. , ,Wilts. B, Sutton ; 29 . isc. lies 69 mm) 182 a. 97 500 : , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology eevdtolt o nlso nti ae;btsenwH ek,‘otbeAtqiisShm report’, Scheme Antiquities ‘Portable Geake, H. now see but paper; this in inclusion Archaeol. for late too received om;E .LesadH eS Shortt, S. de H. and Leeds T. E. comm.; yeb a ea-eetdfidrpre oNrhLnonhr uem Scunthorpe, Museum, Lincolnshire North to reported find metal-detected a was Aylesby ies(hc ol eaern o ihra pxo or ic;terflt ht-ufcdfae n tl and I Style ( and diameters rear frames their integral white-surfaced but but flat, discs, filed-down their type-b two disc); suit had board would latter or the respectively apex while ornament an fittings, I/II either pin Style for integral aberrant transitional have be to would appeared (which seen, rivets not have I which 32 smaller. (J nl-ao aeilfo Su from Material Anglo-Saxon tikadti’i ecie s tisbs,awd,salwysoigrdecnrsigwt hr te ns giving ones, steep short with contrasting ridge sloping shallowly note in wide, cit. a op. best, Leigh, its overlapping; at of as, impression described an is thin’ and ‘thick D, eddBoce fSxhCnuyKn upb.P..tei,Uiest olg,Cardi College, University thesis, Ph.D. (unpubl. Kent Sixth-Century of Brooches headed ipie,wt h oisi lgtymuddvrino Haselo of version moulded slightly a in bodies the with simplified, h a ahaia’ ekadfrlgi nertdit n‘-uv’ ihthe with ‘s-curve’, grave Petersfinger an common. into most integrated is foreleg claws. and into bifurcating neck ridge animal’s outermost each way the ih eaqarpdsero h edrs fa animal-man. which an ear, of ‘v-shaped’ headdress a the of ambiguity or the ear and quadruped’s hips, snout; a for projecting be mainly a might used as element, here ‘y-shaped’ also multiple-pronged but the casting; thin’ and (Fig. Hall Hist ehiu,adteueo prliomhp;btterfrsaeidvdal more individually are forms their but hips; spiralliform (Fig. of variable use the and technique, r di are ftegasily ntercnrladptlsae,rda el (Fig. cells radial petal-shaped, and central their colours the in and quadrupeds inlays chasing their glass of casting the relief the of of quality the in only il,Cms (Fig. Cambs. Hill), ic oeo hs a ht-ea pe ufc,wietewiemtlcoating Bidford-on-Avon white-metal the the while Hall of Boss surface, of upper rear backs white-metal the the a on to of has evidence these similar bears of back marks, None its disc. file and Seagrave, and Barton metal-flow of rim rough outer the with compared be She iiesietclysae,atog di although shaped, identically dividers uhwt h ic led ecie,freape h obnto fbody- of combination the example, for described, Haselo shares already quadrupeds in chasing discs their blocks of the execution with The solid. much cast which and cells inlaid on a ico ag os letn(Fig. Alveston boss. large or disc flat a round ic,atog fe esitliil:freape h obnto fbody-blocks of combination the other example, on for Haselo found in intelligibly: are less which often significance although iconographic discs, and chronological of features 24 25 26 23 .N – 26 ., 3 Two .Haselo G. Haselo .M ikno,‘al nl-ao acrboce:apeiiayoverview’, preliminary a brooches: saucer Anglo-Saxon ‘Early Dickinson, M. T. ffi wa,pr.cm. n icr-sda rohfo alihRa,Ipswich, Road, Hadleigh from brooch a as re-used disc a and comm.) pers. ewman, 6 and nBs Hall Boss on ein novn he grssprtdwti aesaenmrclythe numerically are panels within separated figures three involving Designs h ein fteetndsscnb rae ntregop.Avso,Boss Alveston, groups. three in treated be can discs ten these of designs The 6 97 ( l’ Hill eld’s ff , 1993 )hdas encnetdt jewellery. to converted been also had c) 48 eoaieyaaaosSu analagous decoratively rn,ad hl t nml i)ad(i)aefradcaig t nml(i) Animal its forward-chasing, are (iii) and (ii) Animals its while and, erent, 52 ff ( n utnHoo Sutton and p i.i note in cit. op. , 2004 ff – ), ff 3 11 sSyePaeB(aalllnsifildwt rnvreples ih‘thick with pellets) transverse with infilled lines (parallel B Phase Style ’s , fig. , i emnsh irraetkdrVo der Tierornamentik germanische Die – ), 44 6 232 –) npriua,tehaso ahaia nShe on animal each of heads the particular, In a–b). 13 115 ,atp. – l I.Ifrainaotafrhreape on eetya tAbn,Hrs,was Herts., Albans, St at recently found example, further a about Information VII. pl. , ff 47 97 sSyePaeB( eltdvrin n n‘hc n thin’ and ‘thick in and version) pelleted (a B Phase Style ’s 6 V (Fig. ,atpp. 26 olk )hsn nw otx,btispoetn aa ag might flange basal projecting its but context, known no has d) 25 n utnHoo Sutton and n figs. and , Es nla Archaeol., Anglian (East 204 4 235 97 ybl fpoeto 121 protection of symbols ff – )adAlsyfr nte erpi,wt hi panel their with near-pair, another form Aylesby and b) l nshv enrjce:amtldtce rohfo ra Blakenham Great from brooch metal-detected a rejected: been have finds olk 018 15 – n Petersfinger and 40 . 6 nAgoSxnCmtr tPtrfigr erSlsuy Wilts Salisbury, near Petersfinger, at Cemetery Anglo-Saxon An . , and 868 45 49 ¨ ,wh lkerwanderungszeit eitwt lrt w udueschasing quadrupeds two clarity with depict n aso r eryietcl di identical, nearly are Harston and B 11 018 r letnwsmsednl ecie sasue brooch; saucer a as described misleadingly was Alveston ere , ff 34 rn ntrso hc opnnswere components which of terms in ering 84 , – 868 42 uyS Edmunds, St Bury , . 49 5 (Fig. ) npriua,ilsrtsstylistic illustrates particular, in c), ih esecondary. be might B 23 (Berlin, icfo aso (Rowley’s Harston from disc A 5 –) h atri nsa in unusual is latter The a–b). 1981 ), 1998 180 ), – 96 55 nl-ao td Archaeol. Stud. Anglo-Saxon 1994 ff 124 ;D. 35 fig. , , 25 1980 ff ffi mand mm :S.W :K eg,TeSquare- The Leigh, sSyePhase Style ’s h einis design The (Salisbury, . l’ Hill eld’s 66 vnLay pers. Leahy, evin 24 ), , 1 117 est, .T 40 – he opsof Corpus A 19 ff 6 m are mm) Medieval former, ,wh ering c– 1953 115 182 d). ere ), Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 122 n l hs nAlsyhv akadtre ed ihcie er projections. ‘ear’ coiled with heads backward-turned Wasperton have Aylesby on those all and nml(i novstolg i h eto h ae)adanthropomorphic and panel) the of left the (in legs two involves hand. two-fingered (ii) and shoulder Animal ‘hunched-up’ a with anthropomorph springing or n t raue r di are creatures its and 64 loue hefl rmwr,bto li n oce atridges, cast notched and plain of but framework, threefold a uses also ff rn (Fig. erent ai .dickinson m. tania 6 ) nml()i notadfcn,crouching outward-facing, an is (i) Animal e). Dickinson fig She a: discs. apex type-b from designs I Style Three-animal yeb;c Petersfinger c: Aylesby; :Hrtn :Wasperton e: Harston; d: Scale . ffi 6 l’ Hill eld’s 1 : 1 . . rw yT M. T. by Drawn 115 ;b: 49 64 B; . Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology oe a;istolg on nopst ietos utlk hs fAvso and Alveston of those like just the directions, from opposite rising open teeth in straight, like point and bars Hall legs skull/eye Boss transverse two two round legs by its flat its crossed jaw; a with is lower is but with which (ii), of direction modelled upper and is clockwise the (i) head jaws, a Animals Its two between in outside. lies and the (i) (iii) beak to Animal Animal predatory-bird feet. Facing crouch, head-surround, clawed ‘helmeted’ to (v). with a seems legs Animal by it to marked which but (ii), leg over Animal it, a legs, ‘u- and to incomplete body-block curved, not single two long, belong a The animals a tongue, foot. by projecting incomplete multi-clawed and distinguished four with jaws is open and and with anticlockwise (i–iii) head shaped’ faces animals (i) coherent Animal three (iv–vii). are there Arguably, ukn II, Mucking ih faaoist emnindblw h oldeeetcnb dnie as identified disarticulated a be as can probably ‘hair’ element head. the bird’s coiled across re-assembled element the or beak-like below, the and mentioned joint be hip the to analogies of light hl oi sapol idsha,btti st ira h etfo sabeak. a as foot bent the misread to is this but head, bird’s profile a as motif whole eklk lmn mntn rmtefoto nml(i’ edi,o analogy on is, head (ii)’s Animal notched, the of (vii): front II, Animal Mucking the the incomplete from with to emanating assigned are element (ii) the beak-like and and elements (i) (iv) remaining Animals three Animal The between designated (vi). are Animal body-blocks element multiple-bar ‘V-shaped’ disembodied, double and head ‘helmet’ rsl tlzd...rsls n rwe’ lal eit he anticlockwise three (Figs. depicts six clearly of frieze crowded’, a make and to restless exactly almost . repeated . . animal-men stylized grossly Bidford-on-Avon h rauehsaha ihtreln tad f‘ar xedn otenape, the to extending (Fig. ‘hair’ ambiguous somewhat of are strands elements two long other three the b. but with type foreleg, of head a typical and a more are has which creature diameter, overall The larger hence and flange silvered 25 yea/b Type tails. and/or hips probably are elements ‘question-mark’ and ibdnc-olr atnSarv scerylne oteohrmmeso type of members other the to transversely- linked bold, clearly a bin is and beak Seagrave bird-like Barton merely a neck-collar. is has ribbed that head (unless latter’s the body-block anklet); transverse over-large its an through pass to appears leg former’s idwt oldba (Fig. beak coiled with bird ihapoetn hm:oeo oho h eta obeace ih represent might arches double central Fig. the possibly of and both hand, or three-fingered ah one with thumb: arm projecting an a clearly with most right), the (to elements nml()i edaoe( alone head a is (i) Animal 28 27 29 .I vsn AgoSxngaegosfo ukn,Essex’, Mucking, from grave-goods ‘Anglo-Saxon Evison, I. V. .D Kendrick, D. T. .AetadV .Eio,‘nl-ao utnbrooches’, button ‘Anglo-Saxon Evison, I. V. and Avent R. a,wihteeoe‘uk’tetub lentvl,te‘hm’i nee(cf. eye an is ‘thumb’ the alternatively, thumb; the ‘sucks’ therefore which ead, m,wihcnan ige rfieSyeIcetr,lk yea u broad, a but a, type like creature, I Style profile single, a contains which mm), 6 ult n eal,btisdsg smc oecmlctd(Figs. complicated more much is design its but details, and quality ntrso h ipetplg o typology simple the of terms In h attommeso yebaemr eeoeeu.Teds from disc The heterogeneous. more are b type of members two last The ,i) nml(i)aprnl ossso oybok n esalone. legs and body-blocks of consists apparently (iii) Animal iv). e, : obnto ftat rmtp n yeb type and a type from traits of Combination 97 nml(i (Fig. (ii) Animal , 600 nl-ao r to Art Anglo-Saxon se,i ml’(Fig. ‘mule’ a is Essex, , 182 600 otayt .D ediksdsislo ta dsovdand ‘dissolved as it of dismissal Kendrick’s D. T. to contrary , ybl fpoeto 123 protection of symbols pxds blw Figs. (below; disc apex 900 29 Protome 7 5 ii) nml i)ad(i)aesnl-ibd the single-limbed: are (iii) and (ii) Animals bi–ib). AD ,iand b,ii (London, ,ete ua ihpue edrs ra or headdress plumed with human a either ), ff 5 rdhr,teae ico h osfrom boss the on disc apex the here, ered 1938 3 ) bv nml(i)teclockwise-facing the (iii) Animal Above c). b): ), 28 80 thsasalcnrlfil (diameter field central small a has it . Archaeologia ni.J Antiq. 2 and d ., 53 , 3 107 ( ) etfo;tecoiled the foot; bent a b), 1973 , 77 ), – 269 124 – ,atp. 70 13 . and c 97 4 2 and a eciethe describe , ) nthe In d). 7 b). 7 a). 27 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 124 aentbe sindt t h osfo h eoae hedi grave in shield site decorated the Eriswell from at boss cemetery The it. new to assigned been not have Untyped orfrhrdsssaesm etrswt yeb u o aiu reasons various for but b, type with features some share discs further Four ai .dickinson m. tania 104 ohriekona A aehah,Su Lakenheath), RAF as known (otherwise .M Dickinson M. T. fig pxds.Scale disc. apex unclassified A Barrington d: mount; board discoid type-vii Faversham c: disc; apex type-b Bidford-on-Avon b: disc; apex type-b Seagrave Barton a: mounts. board type-vii discs and apex from designs I Style . 7 . 1 : 232 1 . rw by Drawn nthe in ff 182 olk, Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology icfo atnMls Su Mills, Barton from disc ra qaehae roh(Fig. brooch square-headed great eimszd atcpe-lo ic tpteSto o mound Hoo Sutton the atop the a is in II piece consistently Style quite with copper-alloy decorated not disc alternate cast apex two, undoubted in medium-sized, only remain snapped the serpents, Finally, if II-like must pattern. probably as Style radial eight and notched, pin, of above tails and decoration attachment from ‘v-shaped’ its boss and viewed but heads an b, central type open-jawed among the for rim, place atypical: of is flat out was be not plain thought would middle relief-decoration, size, gilded, the Leeds its in ‘pit which Certainly the unknown. of back’, nature the the and placed be of photograph, must inadequate reliance of rather so apex Leeds’s the Anthropology, on from and disc, Archaeology shield of a Museum probably University ‘most was boss’. it that, the be could he as’ confident oprsnwt h pxds rmSto Hoo Sutton from evoking rim, disc flat the apex from back the peeled have to with seems foil comparison silver of border circular a addts hr sn esnt eu rmtesgeto htads from disc a further that suggestion are the finds from unassociated demur (Fig. zoomorphic Two to Cambs. bear Hill), reason (Edix cleaned. does A no Barrington corrosion, being is and its There soil candidates. await by must obscured currently decoration is which field, ed ntesronigfiz,wihi e ewe a ivrdbres albeit borders, silvered flat between set is (Fig. which nielloed and frieze, stamped surrounding the in heads a e ob osre.At conserved. be to yet has t ak a nae ic huhisaloe elyo tl oy n leg- and body- I Style of medley all-over its though disc, apex di an elements was back, its aigah tapasa nfrl ht stecpe-lo,ds-eddrivets grip. disc-headed shield copper-alloy, and the flange as boss white the uniformly from as appears it radiographs ofl,wihlce vdnefrpnfitns ol eaohrsil tigo aae roh eotdto reported brooch: damaged a or fitting shield another be could Norwich, pin-fittings, Museum, for Castle evidence lacked which Norfolk, lhuhi ls fison tbassm oprsnwt yeb ant are garnets b: type with comparison some bears cloisonne it in own, albeit its centrally, of set class a in Although York, 31 30 32 33 hsmgtb natfieo h hsnXrdorp xoue oee:Hye ulc,pr.comm. pers. Bullock, Hayley however: Hines, exposure, X-radiograph J. chosen and the Malim of T. artifice an be might This .T Leeds, T. E. rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, 1998 ), 32 221 ff opso ra qaehae Brooches Square-headed Great of Corpus A o.P.g figs. g, Pl. col. , notntl,a rsn tcno elctdi h Cambridge the in located be cannot it present at Unfortunately, r rmtedcrto nohrae discs. apex other on decoration the from ers 1997 h nl-ao eeeya dxHl Brigo ) Cambridgeshire A), (Barrington Hill Edix at Cemetery Anglo-Saxon The :H 1 lnGae es comm. pers. Geake, elen ybl fpoeto 125 protection of symbols 3 , . 29 52 8 30 ff a). fig. , l,pbihdb .T ed sfo h o fa of bow the from as Leeds T. E. by published olk, and mi imtr t pxds scoe otp ,but a, type to closer is disc apex its diameter, in mm 33 ´ 41 n see otefiebcwr-undanimal backward-turned five the to eyes as and , 3 . pls. , 65 8 ) hnJh ie xmndi,h a ‘as was he it, examined Hines John When b). , 15 30 3 .A and (Oxford, 7 eemnn hte h eta recessed central the whether Determining ) iddo h rn n rnsandon iron-stained and front the on gilded d), eysmlr ea-eetdfamn rmCongham, from fragment metal-detected similar, very 5 . 1949 ), 77 pl. , 018 126 31 ;J.H Dickinson fig nnote in 1 mound Hoo Sutton a: discs. apex untyped from designs II Style , : 1 oepolmtci a is problematic More .a, . 868 8 ns es comm. pers. ines, 1 fe rc-ifr,o.cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, after fig. , 1 . ;b: huho X- on though , CARs Rep., Res. (CBA 41 atnMls Scale Mills. Barton ;b, rw yT M. T. by drawn 1 boss. 112 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Eriswell ihntecnorln om h edsron n uzecek The muzzle/cheek. and head-surround the ‘lips’, coiled forms with jaws line wide-open modelling the contour plastic and flange-rivet; the ear disc-headed coiled silver-plated, within adjacent a the defines ‘bite’ line which contour a I: nune yiae uha h ino tMr nteBo fDro,fol. Durrow, of Book the in Mark St of lion the as such images by influenced hr h itknyacie A ascribes mistakenly she where i)t Bidford-on-Avon. to iii) 27 rvdsa xetoa ae t osflne aladdm en almost being dome and tinned-bronze wall and gilt- flange, of boss repetition fivefold its a by case, covered exceptional completely an provides 126 like’. idlnt hcns ubro ie eghsurface length rivet of number thickness length Bidford Find flange or cone boss on fittings hm‘rs tl fthe of style ‘Irish them eoae ihSlnsSyeI nml npruain ftoo he,and three, or two of permutations in heads. animals animal II moulded Style intersecting Salin’s with decorated r iil ntebcso he,nwloe ons(Fig. mounts loose, surface, the now with three, flush of filed-down backs rivets, angles the basal cast-in on its Two at visible centre. scrolls are with its panel in a of knot-loop side and either ‘back-to-back’ set heads animal lmnsi nl-ao r ttetm ftedcyo tes;A others’; his of decay (in the certain and of of II time survival Style the triumphant at ‘the Salin’s art II) of and Anglo-Saxon herald I in a Style elements the them for to chronologies the opinion, proclaimed his idiosyncratic While in disc, contrast, surround. in apex comment- especially previous been head quality, associated challenged evidently their have the by had heads struck they animal through Kendrick, boss, The ators. twice. holes particular even this rivet or surface fit once silvery to of refitted a made set with presumably two, were further and mounts a cheeks, heads’ have animal the finish, through holes rivet have ihfiecs,gle opralymut (Figs. mounts copper-alloy gilded cast, five with xmls ie qiitnl on h oeo h osfo Eriswell from boss the of cone the round equidistantly Fixed examples. a y? n al h ag ftebs rmBidford-on-Avon from boss the of head the flange is in fork, The centrally tuning tail. rivets a and like reveals eye?) shape X-radiograph in (an An silver, body. of the sheet over second superimposed a symmetrical; are fins angular r he onsi h hp fautccetrs rbbymd rmti silver thin from made probably creatures, aquatic of shape (Fig. the in mounts three are NMLONMNE ITNSFO HEDBS OEO FLANGE, OR CONE SHIELD-BOSS FROM FITTINGS ANIMAL-ORNAMENTED 34 35 , 80 rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, .D edik Syei al nl-ao ornament’, Anglo-Saxon early in ‘Style Kendrick, D. T. ;N.A 35 omrhconmn srr lehr nabs.Sto o mound Hoo Sutton boss. a on elsewhere rare is ornament Zoomorphic 10 nm pno,te r nHaselo in are they opinion, my In 182 f) ˚ 104 berg, .Th , o ag x flange (on 232 h nl-aosi nln nteEryCnuisatrteInvasion the after Centuries Early the in England in Anglo-Saxons The l esrmnsaemxmm i m.* mm). (in maximums are measurements All i one gvlhaspittwrstebs pxadtertwo their and apex boss the towards point heads ogival rounded eir o oex cone (on XLDN UTNHOMOUND HOO SUTTON EXCLUDING ˚ 5 egsdsrpin(p. description berg’s 7 ) hand th 1 , 3 48 ) ai .dickinson m. tania – 55 45 41 74 8 and hcnuis,wieHlsprevdte s‘fish- as them perceived Hills while centuries’, th 88 – al 3 Table 34 9 nk 169 oldsgsA designs foil . (Tab. 92 hr r w te,ls spectacular, less other, two are There ff )ofa sSyePaeAvrino ai’ Style Salin’s of version A Phase Style ’s IPEK oro h atnSarv pxds m Animal (my disc apex Seagrave Barton the on boar 3 ) , 9 8 2 iesfinish rivets –A ( *n 3 1934 – and c–d 11 . ), = 66 (Uppsala, ati rivets. cast-in 191 – 76 ;Hls p i.i note in cit. op. Hills, v; ,atp. 3 1 9 ) h onsalso mounts The d). kAg nk ) ahcnit of consists Each a). kA 1926 71 182 dm p i.i note in cit. op. idem, ; ˚ ), eglabelled berg 167 sdecorated is ,w Pressblech 104 sprobably as u , 2 , 232 175 1 , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology and ainlsd hcnse ag from range Thicknesses rationalised. iddado ivrdmut,wihicue xmlswt n without and with examples d). included group which (his mounts, relief-cast, decoration but non-figural silvered zoomorphic from fittings) and/or shield-board all of gilded typology his in c (group a n ihsteeas hrceietoEs nla nsuascae with unassociated finds Anglian site East two Eriswell characterise — also eye shields high-set and jaw ies hc eeuulycs-noeo atcpe-lo ics though pieces, copper-alloy su have cast to seems on rivet one cast-in-one uncommon; not usually are replacements were secondary which rivets, ici ons hr ul xat iesaebetween are rivets extant, fully Where mounts. discoid ntebsso hi al n oalse xetha-adbd-hps Eight body-shapes. and fish Single-surface head- ia: TwoType extent confidence. attributes. lesser of of overlapping degrees a some varying with to with though them suggested, and to are linked sub-types tails be their can finds of unassociated basis the on raglrdra fi’i nprpit,hwvr oete pce uls it (unless species either to however, operculum). pikeperch’s inappropriate, a on spine is rear-facing the ‘fin’ represented dorsal triangular s rfiead lhuhteeape r ndi in are examples the although and, profile fish ihasnl-ea ns.Temro-mg aro atcpe-lo onsfrom mounts copper-alloy cast Hill of pair mirror-image Spong The finish. single-metal a with owr r oecnitn ihpkprh( pikeperch with consistent more ( are pike European the forward represents it set suggest fin tail dorsal well-forked lucius rectilinear and head, fin, on anal high an eye above jaw, lower longer markedly proportions, eetn h tnadtikeso hedbad n nsm ae rbbyan probably i cases Type some in leather. and or boards wood of shield layer of mounting additional thickness standard the reflecting itnso h rn rbc fteboard the of back or front the on fittings aebe h anfcso rvosdsusos Ha discussions. previous of focus main the been have rnvreyrbe ekcla ace hto nml(i)o h soitdapex associated the on (iii) Animal Fig. (cf. of disc that matches neck-collar ribbed transversely o h oeln n y,btntfrtesaeo h as hl h ibdnc-olri ace nteanimals the on matched is neck-collar ribbed the while jaws, the Bifrons of of shape panel the headplate for outer not the but from eye, and modelling the for 2 Inhumations ieec a aiet eta n atr uoeadsra otwrs twsntitoue oEngland to introduced not was it northwards; spread and Europe Eastern and late Central the until to native was pikeperch , 36 37 38 39 40 173 yei sdsigihdb mle ie(length size smaller by distinguished is ia Type h oniighaso h otlt fteboc rmGmesak jlad rvd odparallel good a provide Sjælland, Gummersmark, from brooch the of footplate the on heads downbiting The ikno n Ha and Dickinson ikno n Ha and Dickinson .Hls .Pn n .Rickett, R. and Penn K. Hills, C. .S atadadR .Campbell, N. R. and Maitland S. P. iigAde Jones. Andrew citing , 3 itnsfo i hed r dnie sautccetrs elo imaginary, or real creatures, aquatic as identified are shields six from Fittings omrhcfitnsfo h rn r aey h ak ftesil board shield the of back, the rarely, or, front the from fittings Zoomorphic ,tog h agr(eta)rciierdra nadtepli nstwell set fin pelvic the and fin dorsal rectilinear (central) larger the though ), : m eysmlrteeoet h pxdss otmut a w rthree or two had mounts Most discs. apex the to therefore similar very mm, qai creatures Aquatic Es nla Archaeol., Anglian (East 19 hcentury. th 7 31 b). ¨ ¨ ofl,i uhtems auaitc(Fig. naturalistic most the much is Norfolk, , k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 36 ybl fpoeto 127 protection of symbols 046 21 ,G rswtrFishes Freshwater h nl-ao eeeya pn il ot lhmPr III Part Elmham North Hill, Spong at Cemetery Anglo-Saxon The , 41 2 2 ressenhall, , , 284 47 27 ,K – – n:Haselo ent: 30 54 (Fig. . and 0 . 1984 5 77 37 (London, mt c. to mm – ), 9 ff 8 p i.i note in cit. op. , ) eue sa‘hr’boc,and brooch, ‘third’ a as re-used d), 7 . i yooyi eeapie and amplified here is typology His – 8 38 , ff 80 1992 rn aeil,b ln surface plane a by materials, erent tzseinlucioperca Stizostedion – 2 4 69 fig. , ), m ihms between most with mm, ¨ 167 – k eaae grlmounts figural separated rke 87 75 (Tab. 25 – 9 n l VI;Hls p i.i note in cit. op. Hills, XVIII; pl. and , 6 174 m,asemi-naturalistic a mm), and and – 4 288 80 ) 40 ,T – 13 90 afn. ielk lower pike-like A ,wh 9 mi length, in mm ) t overall its c): 19 ). r ti oe that noted is it ere 39 and h tiny The : ffi 23 aaou of Catalogue e for ced . 2 Esox mm Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology She group core — creatures aquatic ib Type (pair) pn Hill Spong utnHoo Sutton BM ans Middlesex Barnes, 128 idlnt hcns ubro ie eghsraepnhsr-sdas re-used punches surface length rivet of number thickness length Cleatham creatures aquatic ia Type Find Su idnal(arnHill), (Warren Mildenhall Edmunds St Bury Section, Su Eriswell u.o London of Mus. BM ennhl,Norf. Kenninghall, Worlaby atnCutFarm Court Barton Kempston ofr,W ek.min. Berks. W. Boxford, Standlake Service, Mus. County Oxfordshire Oxon. Cleatham bird predatory iia Type Buckland related — creatures aquatic ib Type atruy etmin. Kent Canterbury, evc,Nwuy A Newbury, Service, Heritage Mus. Berks. W. Eriswell birds predatory iib Type utnHoo Sutton ilHill Mill hlodFr pair) ( Farm Shelford tews.Teitra egho iesfo edt ahro amrdedi given, is end hammered or washer a to head from rivets of length internal The otherwise. V V olk l .C Archaeol. C. C. olk ffi 1927 1883 dnicto r ie uemnmes BM numbers. museum given are identification id nsoitdwt hed r niais hr osbe nswtotgrave without finds possible, Where italics. in are shields with unassociated Finds l’ Hill eld’s rhsoyadErp.Almaueet r aius(nm) nesstated unless mm), (in maximums are measurements All Europe. and Prehistory 046 2 NMLONMNE ITNSFO H HEDBOARD SHIELD THE FROM FITTINGS ANIMAL-ORNAMENTED 104 , , 81 ic.min. Lincs. , 12 7 93 25 25 52 – 31 , (trio) , – 018 018 2 284 232 F)min. (Fe) 12 , 78 22 (pair) 1 123 115 , , , ,Su . 32 807 6 0 5 105 868 6 722 2 47 868 1258 107 (pair) V min. , olk / 2 hr esrbe nbakt.* brackets. in measurable, where min. 913 1 69 51 75 127 2 1 120 50 75 4 0 145 64 min. min. 104 61 423 2 64 . – 53 / / 22 62 24 13 61 97 42 54 112 70 70 0 0 104 c. nk 25 22 c. nk ai .dickinson m. tania ...... – 1 72 995 50 3 9 7 5 70 12 2 32 – – – – 2 1 0 . . 0 02 52 85 . . 52 85 53 85 al 4 Table kn uA ocig– notching Au/Ag nk nk iesfinish rivets 31 min. min. 31 min. *( * * * * * *c * * + 1 1 3 tm utinl brooch triangle Au stump * tm u–brooch? – Au stump * 19 4 kA nue brooch annulet Au nk 10 ( ( 8 min. kn nie as– jabs incised nk nk 12 min. ( 9 10 = 8 6 9 10 . . . 1 0 – ( 2 5 . uA – – Au/Ag ) . 10 . . . 8 0 6 9 ( ( = 5 3 5 . – uA nue – annulet Au/Ag ) 8 8 rts uem eatetof Department Museum, British annulet ) 9 – – 7 ( . . – 8 1 6 10 5 5 . 8 3 / . ati rivets. cast-in 7 ––– – )– uA – – Au/Ag ) 9 . 5 2 . )(Fe) – – )q 3 ) uA ocig– notching Au/Ag upnpik– pin-prick Au nue – annulet – uA ocig– notching Au/Ag uA ocig– notching Au/Ag ht-–– – metal white- Ag uA ocig– notching Au/Ag F)–– – (Fe) uA ocig– notching Au/Ag annulet dot S-shape dot quatrefoil annulet u atrefoil + + arc arc Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology utnHomound Hoo Sutton ‘dragons’ iii type eoae,i h aeo idnalwt fihsae atr,adhv ‘fins’ have from and fitting pattern, iron ‘fish-scale’ damaged Cleatham a A in pairs. with shield punch- symmetrical alloy, the Mildenhall copper in of thin non-naturalistically from case made arranged the both are in they back, decorated, its on iron-stained latter ukn II, Mucking symmetrical v Type goercx (geometric goercx (geometric eg Apton Bergh quadrupeds iv Type utnHomound Hoo Sutton bird predatory iic Type 2637 Canterbury, M., Royal utnHomound Hoo Sutton Sleaford idnal(arnHl) Su Hill), (Warren Mildenhall as re-used punches surface length rivet of number thickness length Kent Ash, Guilton, Find utnHomound Hoo Sutton designs geometric including discoid, vii Type etat Gardens Westgarth cruciform vi Type BM non-zoomorphic) pi nbc)(icdia. (disc back) on — (pair icn auei ugse nyb raglrti n mohycre body. curved smoothly and tail triangular a by only suggested is nature piscine utnHoo Sutton Eriswell bs urud x surrounds (boss 2 BM aesa (x Faversham ls sev-ls] nwa a obls nitret,i ie nyi .Pg (ed.), Page W. in only given is interment’, an Su doubtless of was County what in [sleeve-clasp], clasp ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Mitford, ocv uvtr ln h ogai ftemut ehp thdbe atndoe ole akn,for backing, moulded a mound over Hoo fastened Sutton been convex- from had unusual shields the it the given perhaps on especially mount: wood functional, the over be of to foils short axis flat too the long necessarily which the not along but curvature length, in concave norm the below just oojcin ic te ieysil tig oefo eaebras oal Eriswell notably burials, female from come fittings shield likely other since objection, no , 41 32 betost idnalbigabadmutrie yHls p i.i note in cit. op. Hills, by raised mount board a being Mildenhall to Objections 1222 n et p i.i note in cit. op. West, and , 104 136 A- V olk 70 4 , 018 600 8 3 ,I pi — (pair ,Kent ), 3 23 232 26 ) ) (London, , (pair) (pair) 868 4 ) 128 41 270 1 155 220 1 2 1 , 91 1911 41 44 min. 63 76 621 2 46 c. 323 2 63 14 72 37 – 2 20 / ) – . ), 924 2 29 24 24 25 31 43 342 ybl fpoeto 129 protection of symbols , ic.(Fig. Lincs. , 83 n fig. and nk ol( foil kn kA/n o – dot Au/Sn/ nk nk nk c. c. n fig. and . . . 41 ff 92 45 21 21 l (Fig. olk – 2 9 . 52 65 n ssacl xc,tog eei eaegae twudbe would it grave, female a it were though exact, scarcely is and , 116 , 4 min. 13 iesfinish rivets 1 a ecutrd h n-otx,‘ihhl bracelet a half ‘with find-context, The countered. be can , * *c min. * min. * * * * )n 9 9 + e). )i loasge otp a huhits though ia, type to assigned also is b) 27 1 41 min. kA/ntinls– triangles Au/Sn nk 5 11 9 min. 13 hl h omri iddadthe and gilded is former the While . . ) . k 6 5 13 . ( 5 10 9 7 6 mn a kA – nk/Ag flat (min. 2 . . 4 1 7 uA nue – annulet Au/Ag ) n edlIpoieaprle:Bruce- parallel: a provide I Vendel and a uA – Au/Ag flat ant triangles garnets u nue – annulet metal? white Au/ uA?anlt– annulet Au/Ag? a uA – Au/Ag flat uA nue – annulet Au/Ag uA – – Au/Ag u–– – Au / u– Au n/a 2 , 173 – lozenge 5 046 h itraHsoyo the of History Victoria The vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, , , 284 .T he iesare rivets Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology nsoitdfid rmBre oehr,Mdlsx(Fig. Middlesex Foreshore, Barnes from finds unassociated bv.Tecr ebr ftp baecpe-lo:api rmShe from pair a copper-alloy: are from ib viewed if type as of pairs, members hooked core or triangular The two above. or one in symmetrically arranged 115 130 r agr(lengths larger are creatures aquatic multi-surfaced and/or symmetrical mostly Large, ib: Type h te qai onsmsl aewiemtlsrae nwoeo part, or whole in surfaces white-metal have mostly mounts aquatic other The (Fig. 10 )adasnltnfo utnHoo Sutton from singleton a and a) 104 – 145 ai .dickinson m. tania m n a esfihlk.‘is,i rsn,are present, if ‘Fins’, fish-like. less far and mm) 018 , erdcdwt emsino Su of permission with reproduced et p i.i note in cit. op. West, uem rhelg Service Archaeology & Museums Norfolk of permission with reproduced Hill idnal Scale Mildenhall. ons :Cleatham b: board mounts. aquatic type-ia b–e: mount; onyCouncil County fig ta. p i.in cit. op. al., et Dickinson M. T. by drawn :Bidford-upon-Avon a: 868 . 31 9 (Figs. ;d: Eriswell 10 . 39 ) Kenninghall, d), 4 fig. , and e 1 24 046 : 1 fig. , 87 .a–b 25 ffi 182 , , ;c, 4 284 ;c: 116 l’ Hill eld’s – 10 5 fe Hills after n d, and flange Spong , ;e: V ; , )and e) olk 4 e, , after Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology yohratiue,sc sbd-hp n eoain(She decoration and body-shape interlinked as are and such tails, attributes, and other heads silver-plated by with contrasted bodies decorated olb;Bre n ennhl)adsalpdotietis(olb and She (Worlaby of tails head scalloped-outline pike-like and the Kenninghall) While Kenninghall). and Barnes Worlaby; ofl (Fig. Norfolk ennhl on a soitdwt hedbs,gi n ivrpae icha iesi misinterpretation a ‘Worlaby’, is Knowles, rivets C. disc-head silver-plated G. and Register; grip boss, Accession shield the a with of associated was mount Kenninghall ote edo ennhl r npol,teohr are others the profile, in are Kenninghall of head mouthed osbeta hsgae aewt pa,hdasil itre rrmvdpirt rhelgclobservation archaeological to prior removed or disturbed shield a had spear, a with place. male taking a grave, this that possible 42 lr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Clark, Dickinson qai ons –:tp-bbadmut.a She a: mounts. board type-ib a–e: mounts. Aquatic ans :Sto Hoo Sutton e: Barnes; ;b, 10 fe nwe,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Knowles, after )adWorlaby and c) 2 rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, ; 018 vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, , ybl fpoeto 131 protection of symbols 868 ;f: Eriswell 2 42 ic.(Fig. Lincs. , fig. , 2 104 6 ,t fig , 2 x fig. ext ;c, , atMdad rhel Bull Archaeol. Midlands East 232 . 10 fe rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, after ffi 5 oemut Scale mount. cone l’ Hill eld’s ,©EgihHeritage English © c, 1 10 , 94 b). ffi fn. 42 115 l’ Hill eld’s 7 hyhv iddadpunch- and gilded have They fig. , ;b:W 69 1 ray :Knigal d: Kenninghall; c: orlaby; nface en ,weetesaeetta the that statement the where c, . : 2 ., .a,e–f, 8 ffi 115 ( 1965 l’ Hill eld’s utnHoo Sutton . 1 fig. , rw yT M. T. by drawn ), n h open- the and 26 69 – c 8 ;d, fig. , 115 after 6 . 2 018 and :itis , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology h oegfr oysaei iia ota fSto Hoo Sutton of that to similar is body-shape lozengiform the oee,aatfo t aae fis n ee a edo al ti also is It embellishment Dover only Buckland tail. the from or are mounts heads iron head rivet fin-less, type a and the to terminals on had ascribed Silver-plated pieces never simpler. other are and intact, The ib is pseudo-interlace. ‘fins’ rivets), relief-cast secondary damaged the two by its and distinguished shape back to from the the converted on in apart also solder almost of probably however, ‘fins’, traces Boxford, front are can unusual. (there its former still brooch the but a are of brooch, heads, size, a animal small to out-turned the conversion of hence its and tail, by and explained head be a of absence The shapes. uvv ul,aetisadta h poigtriaswr edsae rather head-shaped to Kempston were ones from terminals only mount opposing the The the mirror-image. terminals, that and in forked tails than the are that fully, assuming survive on depends identification vrl nwiemtl rsre nuho t edadti osgeta aquatic an suggest to tail and head its of enough preserves metal, white in overall 132 iddmut rmBro or am Abingdon, Farm, Court Barton upright, from mounts snout, gilded triangular-sectioned elongated, tail. ‘mermaid’ shapely with and spine face silver-plated ‘m-shaped’, topped, 868 ofr,Brs (Fig. Berks. Boxford, 43 44 ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Miles, vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, tnsotbcueo h itoiyo t utpepaemdlig—flat- — modelling multiple-plane its of virtuosity the of because out stands iefrhrfid,aldmgd a elne otp b h unassociated, The ib. type to linked be can damaged, all finds, further Five yT .Dickinson M. T. by 2 ofr;c Buckland c: Boxford; ,t x fig. ext qai or onso yei.a atnCutFr,Abingdon, Farm, Court Barton a: ib. type of mounts board Aquatic 5 ,©EgihHeritage English © a, 2 , 2 18 , erdcdwt emsino atruyAcaooia Trust Archaeological Canterbury of permission with reproduced 32 11 – ;a, , 19 238 )aeasge ntebsso hi ard‘n’adbody and ‘fins’ paired their of basis the on assigned are b) fiche , fe ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Miles, after etfig. text , 93 ai .dickinson m. tania ;d: 4 :B Kempston 5 ;e, 5 n B and n fig. and a fe lclye al. et Blockley after 7 fig . 52 . 43 ;e: 11 2 c–d. fig. , atruy Scale Canterbury. 3 1995 ; .c, 93 fe Evison after p i.i note in cit. op. , et(Fig. Kent , 52 807 es (Fig. Beds. , xn (Fig. Oxon. , 1 : 1987 2 .b . 2 018 fig. , n d, and p i.i note in cit. op. , 807 , 443 11 ;b: 868 drawn c). , 466 11 ,an 44 , 11 ) coated d), Although a) aquatic 43 and Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology egh lhuhSto Hoo Sutton although length, ye aadi qai onsrsetvl n esrn mostly measuring and respectively mounts aquatic ib and ia types (Fig. ( yeii Type lines. jabbed with decorated crudely is and silvering or gilding xat‘n’ rmte‘akerh tCnebr,Kn (Fig. Kent Canterbury, at earth’ ‘dark the from ‘fins’, extant mound thsn y rwn,adtegle,rbe olrsprtn h silver-plated the separating collar ribbed Bidford-on-Avon gilded, the on the those and unlike not style: wing, is that body/tail of or the element from eye diagnostic head/neck really no any has lacks II, it Style Anglo-Saxon of studies in yeia igesraebird Single-surface iia: Type ag ons(f Figs. (cf. mounts flange sindt yei.I o sdmgd u per ohv ekdha n to and head (Fig. beaked leg a or have wing tail, to no appears is but there admittedly damaged, though is bird, too upright an It represent ia. type to assigned aue u itemore. little but nature, oecaatrsi fSyeIaetetrerie ivrpae ad fteneck/ the Even of I. bands silver-plated Style raised of three angular, typical the and Haselo more are in claws I crest body coiled Style head/neck of beak, ‘s-curved’ characteristic short an more wing, with coiled leg) tail, braceleted (‘u-shaped’ II Style ically h tlsi iiebtenSlnsSyeIadI n r oyhtclyinterrelated. polythetically are and II and Hill I Mill Style The Salin’s between divide stylistic the 82 ersne yasnltnfo utnHoo Sutton surfaces from silver-plated singleton raised, are a had, They decoration. by relief or notched, or represented have, punched sometimes all gilded, with contrasted which birds-of-prey, crouching features II or I Style with eye. birds an Bichrome for iib: positioned Type suitably is which of one rivets, iron three are There asn ASxncmtr iea hlodFr,Canterbury’, Farm, Shelford at site cemetery Saxon ‘A Dawson, rmapol-eoddwao rv tSefr am tryCnebr (Fig. Sturry/Canterbury Farm, Shelford at grave 12 weapon poorly-recorded a from Hill acigpi rmEriswell from pair matching lsns nsz n hp fteSefr ammut otoefo rsel h ossec fterrivet their now of boss, consistency shield a the and Eriswell, spearhead a from note with in those cit. grave op. to a identification: in their mounts discovery about Farm doubts reported Evison’s Shelford their assuage and the should fittings, lost, of shield other shape with and lengths size in closeness 40 45 46 47 – Cleatham ont ihtecr yei qai onsi ru fcs,copper-alloy cast, of group a is mounts aquatic type-ib core the with Cognate )adasryfidfo ulo,Ah(Fig. Ash Guilton, from find stray a and d) 3 ent,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Kennett, ese,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Webster, afitadBumn,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Brugmann, and Parfitt m,i utoiial aebe nte ag on,bti er otaeof trace no bears it but mount, large another been have originally must it mm), fig. , 81 lhuhteeaeol ee onsi h omo rfiepeaoybird predatory profile a of form the in mounts seven only are there Although 12 : et(Fig. Kent , 17 rdtr birds Predatory ,te aebe eaae notresbtps h rttoaaaosto analagous two first the sub-types, three into separated been have they ), 1 n ;A Meaney, A. c; and a ssbtnilylre n sasge oisonsub-type. own its to assigned is and larger substantially is 25 81 ff rocmie etrswihBreBumn oka characterist- as took Brugmann Birte which features combines trio sSyePaeD h ulo on,atog eual included regularly although mount, Guilton The D. Phase Style ’s otie eodio on,o di of mount, iron second a contained 12 2 2 ) hc orbrt dnicto ftemro-mg pair mirror-image the of identification corroborate which b), . , 55 45 – aete fAgoSxnBra Sites Burial Anglo-Saxon of Gazetteer A 9 9 ybl fpoeto 133 protection of symbols and a . ial,teei uhtuctdfamn ihtwo with fragment truncated much a is there Finally, 104 2 018 , 12 87 , 232 – f). , 8 , 868 147 oevr ihteotrtpo t ekthe beak its of tip outer the with Moreover, (Fig. rnipeeadfigs. and frontispiece , ssalr h idfo utnHoo Sutton from bird The smaller. is 12 12 )adannmthdti rmMill from trio non-matched a and c) f), 018 rhel Cantiana Archaeol. ohKent. both (London, , 868 2 11 ff , 1964 32 rn rfiet h fish the to profile erent and . (Figs. 11 ), 47 43 , 136 e). pae p i.i note in cit. op. Speake, ; h onsbridge mounts The 107 46 ;B 4 ( .M. ie t width its Given 1989 and d 60 gradD W. D. and Ager ), – 70 107 182 12 – min mm 15 boss- 12 ) a e), .The a). 2 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 134 yeib :Sefr yeib .Sto Hoo Sutton e. iib; type Shelford d: iib; type mound rdtr-idbadmut.a Cleatham a: mounts. board Predatory-bird 1 yeic – n ,Scale g, and a–fi iic. type rgan p i.i note in cit. op. Brugmann, ai .dickinson m. tania 2 1 fig. , : 2 i Scale fii, ; 43 b 018 ;g, 25 fig yeia :Ml Hill Mill b: iia; type , , fe rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, after 1 868 : . 1 12 .a,c–f yeib :Gitn s yeib :Sto Hoo Sutton g: iib; type Ash Guilton, f: iib; type rw yT .Dickinson M. T. by drawn 81 yeib :Eriswell c: iib; type 1 fig. , ;b, 48 a fe afitand Parfitt after . 104 , 232 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology ssnl nadgres ucigadglig l o all gilding, and punching garnets, inlaid single as ipa iiu anvr’ et.Temound The teeth. carnivore’s vicious a display yeic opst id ihSyeI nenldecoration internal II Style with bird, Composite iic: Type dnial osrce ar flms xetta hylc h bgte,leflat three, iv lie Type legs, toe’; toe’, as limbs ‘big ‘big terminal the wings. the as read lack coiled limbs Bruce-Mitford they lateral Rupert the internally body. that crossed-over but the except of of an side pair limbs, the with a of against spring pairs limbs which constructed from (‘feathered’) identically joint coiled multi-digit a and in terminating body long oy r aefrom made are body, rseltesaeo ed y,ti n ig(h atas ace yMl Hill Mill by matched also last (the wing and tail eye, head, 81 of shape the Eriswell t otatn ea ufcsadohratiue ihtp i,issz,composite size, its iib, type are with decoration attributes and other and construction surfaces metal contrasting its nlg,afamn rmmound from fragment a analogy, yeiii Type animals. II Style with decorated ofl,i tl h nyisac faqarpdlfiua on (Fig. mount figural quadrupedal a of instance only the still is Norfolk, fa ngai,oewr oyadpsil igo n ycnrs,teformer the cloisonne contrast, of By panels central fin. with or pieces, wing part two possibly with in head and cast profile body is a openwork as only enigmatic, survives an alloy, of copper gilded thin, from made latter, edetnin n e ihcie lw r atcpe-lo,eblihdby embellished copper-alloy, cast are claws cloisonne coiled and punching with tinning, leg gilding, and extension) head 12 igage on h al satal h nypeei lsi tl Iaatfrom apart II Style classic in piece mound only Hoo the Sutton from actually bird-mount is Scandinavian tail, the the round angled wing fiueo-ih’sae(Fig. snake ‘figure-of-eight’ h idi etrvee scocig uhasac scranfrtebrsfrom birds the for certain is stance a Such crouching. Hoo as viewed Sutton better is bird the tad‘-hpd edadbd-lc,adfu-lwdfo,i yia tl I Style typical is foot, three- four-clawed its and with which, body-block, leg, and and (Fig. body head its between ‘u-shaped’ cradled strand animal little a nuzzles bird idn uvvsol nteegsadi eesssc steer oi sunclear is it so ear, the as such recesses in and edges the on only survives Gilding u a ikdt te bet hr nyb h idslgadfo hreeet LA elements (her foot and leg bird’s the by only there objects other to linked was but qal rrte etrprlee naSyeIcorpus. I Style a in paralleled better rather or equally Gressenhall, 48 49 50 51 hl h rdtr idfo utnHomound Hoo Sutton from bird predatory the While .Sto Hoo Sutton ). ) ie hti hrsispne-ieca ihSto Hoo Sutton with claw pincer-like its shares it that given d), twsicue nHiudNielsen’s Høilund in included was It rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, .GenadA Rogerson, A. and Green B. h erymthdpi ffitnsfo h hedi eg Apton Bergh in shield the from fittings of pair matched nearly The h te grlfitn nteSto o mound Hoo Sutton the on fitting figural other The 12 : : ,i). f,ii Quadrupeds ‘Dragons’ 1978 48 ), 018 22 tas mle ht otayt h a ti rdtoal illustrated, traditionally is it way the to contrary that, implies also It fig. , 018 , 868 80 , – and b–c 868 n Eriswell and Pressblech 1 1 ybl fpoeto 135 protection of symbols h nl-ao eeeya eg po,Norfolk Apton, Bergh at Cemetery Anglo-Saxon The (Fig. , , 55 63 12 l II. pl. – – 63 6 n ) n sas rbbefrSefr am(Fig. Farm Shelford for probable also is and e), and c 1999 fig. , 12 . 49 ) ihis‘-nld edcetadtriple-ridged and crest head ‘z-angled’ its with e), u generis sui tlsi nlsso nl-ao tl I(p i.i note in cit. (op. II Style Anglo-Saxon of analysis stylistic 50 odfis e vrwo nely,adare and underlays, wood over set foils, gold 2 pl. , 104 (Fig. 3 ´ dm p i.i note in cit. op. idem, ; .T , 232 .T 13 he )hv encle dragons. called been have a) eh he eas hyhl n eka a at peck and hold they because , igadti,adprasoc the once perhaps and tail, and wing 1 on sas itnuse yits by distinguished also is mount a wt erdao-o wolf- or dragon- rear (with ead ff ´ tl Iaditrae swell as interlace, and II Style , e ytne rmlns Both framelines. tinned by set 1 (Fig. 1 13 1 . , hed(Fig. shield 118 12 Es nla Archaeol., Anglian (East figs. , 2 g) n FA and 018 slne through linked is 60 and h , 2 868 ,wihcudbe could which ), 13 71 )ad by and, b) n with and a. 6 50 13 fig. , The c). 26 11 51 7 ), , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 136 eg Apton Bergh e, omrhsdsmercl :WsgrhGardens Westgarth f: symmetrical; zoomorphised te or ons :Sto o mound Hoo Sutton a: mounts. board Other rw yT .Dickinson M. T. by drawn nls Heritage English © 26 yei hippogri type-iv .f, fe et p i.i note in cit. op. West, after .a, fe rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, after ff ;d: ai .dickinson m. tania ukn II, Mucking 2 56 yeii‘rgn;b utnHomound Hoo Sutton b: ‘dragon’; type-iii fig. , 600 41 fig yev rcfr.ab Scale a–b, cruciform. type-vi 71 yevzoopie ymtia;e Sleaford e: symmetrical; zoomorphised type-v . 13 ,rpoue ihpriso fSu of permission with reproduced B, 13 fig. , 60 h .d, fe vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, after 1 : 2 .c V 1 l onyCouncil County olk f Scale –f, yeii‘rgn;c: ‘dragon’; type-iii 1 2 : ,t 1 .b,cand x fig. ext 136 . non- 5 b, Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology oiotlai tu Fig. (thus axis horizontal ri,prle ihtesil rp h ulse eotsy htB that says report published The grip. shield the with parallel grain, ieto ftegano B on grain the of direction o grlmut ntefoto ors hti ihtewo ri running grain wood pointing been the have with would centre is the that at Fig. animal boards, the (thus then of downwards axis, front long the their to on parallel mounts figural for fmutB mount of rn fbad,adsalree hncuiommut rmhorse-harness, from mounts cruciform than even smaller and boards, of front hyhdbe tahdt od o oeahrdt h oeetn rmr disc- primary extant sole the to B adhered mount some (on for rivet wood, headed to attached been had they o rl grl e ln icfr.Cmaiosmgtb aewt arof pair a with Sleaford made in be shield might a Comparisons from pisciform. fittings alone bichrome let figural, truly not eta,rle-eoae n iddds a on nenahtesil osin boss shield the underneath found was Gardens disc Westgarth gilded and relief-decorated central, c.Fig. (cf. ueygoercadhv enoitdfo hssuy huhi samo point vi moot Type a given. is or it intended though was study, appearance this (aquatic) from zoomorphic a omitted whether been have and geometric purely akadlaigaia ihoe asdvuigavci’ limb. victim’s a devouring jaws open with animal backward-leaning eonsdb eaEio,wietesle-ltddsodtriasmgtbe might as terminals bird-heads, discoid out-turned silver-plated of each the much pairs to rivets. while are like mirror-image disc-headed look of they Evison, in skeuomorphs they Vera fittings, and fins, by aquatic ogee-curved being recognised are type-ib than lappets some Rather paired to other. their similar and are smaller bodies ovoid their rmteMcigII, Mucking the from yev Type n uce oisaentulk hto h utnHoo Sutton the of that unlike not are bodies punched and uiu obnto fantrlsi o’ oywt tlsdbae ed,adHcs p i.i note in cit. op. Hicks, and head’, beaked stylised a with body dog’s naturalistic a of combination curious n ml cmasae’idct aladwn,tels ofimn htti was internal this with that gri ‘cloven’ confirming beak a are last quadruped, curved the hooves flying The wing, long a and birds. as I-like, a intended tail predatory Style has indicate type-iib right-facing the ‘comma-shapes’ also a the small of it on with and beaks the left-facing; flat modelled to the ear, similar is on triangular ridge, head erect and might The but bar surface finish. cheek animal plane surround, its white-metal whether ‘helmet’ a or peaked had gilded originally have was once body whole the whether l XXIII, pl. uyS Edmunds, St Bury 53 52 54 55 56 57 il,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hills, hra vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, Whereas .Toa,‘xaain na nl-ao eeeya Sleaford’, at cemetery Anglo-Saxon an in ‘Excavations Thomas, G. vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, .West, S. ikno,Fr n al p i.i note in cit. op. Hall, and Fern Dickinson, aro tig ihfu ivrpae rs(o tahet n raised, a and attachment) (for arms silver-plated four with fittings of pair A rvoscmettr aecmae h aro ihoeshield-mounts bichrome of pair the compared have commentators Previous : : ymtial-hpdfitnswt oegfr roodbody ovoid or lozengiform with fittings Symmetrically-shaped 3 Cruciform 4 ;t ) u ohtersle-ltdtriasaetinua.Te r therefore are They triangular. are terminals silver-plated their both but e), etat adn nl-ao eeey uyS dud,Su Edmunds, St Bury Cemetery, Anglo-Saxon Gardens Westgarth hey 1 eeoeloe yDcisnadHa and Dickinson by overlooked were 1988 isscnayio iesaeee oeeiuu nlnt) The length). in exiguous more even are rivets iron secondary (its ), 2 11 , 28 175 – 41 , 13 270 vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, ; 600 13 , 30 (Fig. ;A ybl fpoeto 137 protection of symbols 2 f) 2 – 1 2 ) hntefitnsms aebe one costhe across mounted been have must fittings the then e), etadEio,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Evison, and vent ,dsieisbigonly being its despite ), 1 hedwt s-hpdmut (Fig. mounts fish-shaped with shield ;i , fig. , mle hti h tig eemutda a normal was as mounted were fittings the if that implies 32 13 ft bevdte‘gri the observed , 71 he f). 7 n l V. pl. and . 56 54 nmlwst evee namr ‘natural’ more a in viewed be to was animal ffi hyaefrsalrta onsfo the from mounts than smaller far are They h tig r hrfr omrhsd but zoomorphised, therefore are fittings The nor ¨ 2 k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, , 33 oepoal hippogri probably more ffi ;D 136 -ye ulte,Hls p i.i note in cit. op. Hills, qualities, n-type’ cisnadHa and ickinson (Fig. 29 2 V , Archaeologia olk mi egh n oteback the to and length, in mm 97 : 13 2 . Catalogue . ¨ e). k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 018 55 , 50 Es nla Archaeol., Anglian (East hi igd gilded ridged, Their , ( 868 1887 13 ), ff d). qai mount aquatic 1 383 . 52 osbyalso possibly 53 – 2 406 , 2 Although 53 , 175 ,atp. – 4 2 . a ‘a saw , 57 , 29 397 yet 38 ,a , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology eipeia osswiheblihteln ti-ons hyaedecorated are They strip-mounts. heads. long II Style the with embellish which bosses hemispherical oefo utnHomound Hoo Sutton from come yevii Type eeysandwt rust. with stained merely ed r oelkl,bd-lcs hspouigadsg ftrepseudo- three of design ‘s- a The ear. producing triangular thus a body-blocks, only, animals. likely, disc ‘whole’ simplified, interlaced one more but further, on be or, might ‘hair’, animal head heads each ‘s-shaped’ one squat behind elements three with on ‘c-shaped’ fact, and heads and, shaped’ In anticlockwise-facing bars interlace. three cheek like Faversham separate looks eye, the also peltas of simple technique or decoration with thin’ Eriswell hearts the the and decorated while Superficially ‘thick is flange, in interlace. set boss mounts single-strand the Hoo a on Sutton bears rivets The disc-headed set the disc. matching central bars, a radial round relief gilded it sbadmut nuascae e ffu omrhcdssfrom discs zoomorphic four of set unassociated an mounts (Fig. Kent board Faversham, substan- as help which discs tiate copper-alloy cast geometrically-decorated however, had, h ero ete-oee n ehp eetxiecvrd—wooden (Fig. — leg one textile-covered thin’ and and jaws here ‘thick curved in parallel, perhaps animal long, backward-turned with a and I to is Style disc — attached technique central the been leather-covered in have motif a The to board. of presumed are rear mounts the Gardens Westgarth the oddities, 138 aesa n udeilI,grave II, Puddlehill and Faversham tig r nw hynral aea‘ik rlo nthem. in loop The such or leather’. where ‘kink’ because probably a strap, . have carrying . normally . a they fastening with known for wood are suitable is in seem fittings publication (the embedded not mounts do the ‘was of mounts which) one and on wood, the imprecise under sandwiched textile had uil nPdlhl,na usal,Bedfordshire’, Dunstable, near Puddlehill, on burials acigpeehsnwldAgl vn osgetarl ssdl tig:i .O .Cre n .Hummler, M. and Carver H. O. M. in fittings: saddle as role a suggest to Evans Hoo Angela Sutton led now has piece matching 115 163 ignlysmerclmro-mg ed.Agle,cs opralyds ihacnrlrvtaddcrtdin decorated and rivet central a mound with Hoo disc Sutton copper-alloy cast from gilded, II A Style heads. mirror-image symmetrical diagonally .M ikno,‘rnltn nmlat ai’ tl n nl-ao atsue brooches’, saucer cast Anglo-Saxon and I Style Salin’s art: animal ‘Translating Dickinson, M. T. ugaugHaithabu Ausgrabung 94 58 61 59 60 – – – 109 ikno n Ha and Dickinson uhmlil-igd‘-hps etr nasre flt atsue rohs nldn xmlsfrom examples including brooches, saucer cast late of series a on feature ‘c-shapes’ multiple-ridged Such rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, ikno n Ha and Dickinson 17 86 ial,teol ici omrhcfitnscranyfo hedboard shield a from certainly fittings zoomorphic discoid only the Finally, ,atp. and nB rhnu tal., et Arrhenius B. in : : nEryMdea eeeyadisContext its and Cemetery Medieval Early An Discoid 128 76 ,wh – 9 u .Vec,‘ieangelsa ‘Eine Vierck, H. but ; (Neumu r hi omrhccaatri icse.Aohrraigi oseec ae sapi of pair a as panel each see to is reading Another discussed. is character zoomorphic their ere ¨ ¨ k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 59 ¨ nster, h hed rmSto Hoo Sutton from shields The 7 eiheu Berichte c). 2 1977 1 a rpsda osbesil tigb rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, by fitting shield possible a as proposed was , 10 60 61 66 es:C .Mthw n .C aks ErySxnstlmnsand settlements Saxon ‘Early Hawkes, C. S. and Matthews L. C. Beds.: , ai .dickinson m. tania ,a p. at ), . l he escmieasle-ltdfltbre with border flat silver-plated a combine sets three All ¨ e i ugaugni Haithabu, in Ausgrabungen die ber 2 , 2 1 29 , huhi h omo odfi olr on the round collars gold-foil of form the in though , 77 f locmet nShe on comments also cf. ; 103 ,wh ¨ hih irceb des Zierscheibe chsiche Lno,forthcoming). (London, rudta tcm rmacse,wieteecvto fa of excavation the while casket, a from came it that argued , r hywr roeul ecie sio;terbcsare backs their iron; as described erroneously were they ere nl-ao td rhel Hist Archaeol. Stud. Anglo-Saxon 018 ffi 12 7 l’ Hill eld’s arudrsn h.asHaithabu’, aus Chr. n. Jahrhunderts . : , a archa Das 868 ., 4 n Eriswell and 115 ( ¨ 1985 lgsh udaeilIIder III Fundmaterial ologische eo,note below, ), 2 58 59 e). ept their Despite – Hikuin 115 ,atpp. 87 104 , . 29 ( , 2002 91 232 – 13 7 ), , ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology ilHill Mill on n(mid-) in found ukeadso-hpdrvt,dtbet h hr ure fthe of quarter third the to datable rivets, shoe-shaped and buckle Phase t eiel ed eog otecgaePaeA Phase cognate the to belongs bead, reticella its eeceryas long-lived. also clearly were rgansKnihPaeIII (c. III/IV Phase Kentish Brugmann’s hrceitco the of characteristic ei s ntelater the in use in be arw rnneitn,bs pxs ol aepelddcniudueof use continued a precluded have have not would would it apexes, discs, apex boss ornamental non-existent, or narrow, nKn rmaottescn ure oteedo the of end the to quarter second the about from Kent in hl aeyetne,i tal nothe into all, at if extended, barely whole a fGroup of fteascae pahas wno’ ye D types Swanton’s spearheads, associated the Of rbeai.TeIslrsil-ostplg ie oegiac,bti also is but guidance, some gives typology shield-boss a Insular The problematic. etr eoeGroup before century ye.Bt hi cniainsils oee,cudhv enmd and — made been have earlier. generations could two however, to up shields, — imported Scandinavian their Both types. øgne’ cniainTp B n h pahaso wno’ ye A types Swanton’s of spearheads the and SBA Type Scandinavian Jørgensen’s C Nørga huhisci aclcno aetebra scoeya a oeie been sometimes Nørga of has boss as shield closely the noted as be burial may the assemblage date famous its cannot From parcel presumed. coin its though 33 nw n aentbe icmetdhr nrlto otesil ornaments. shield the to relation in here circumvented Table been not have and known evr(eds.), Vegvar hedbse n pahas h n ftesqec em ob nhrdby anchored be to are seems seriation sequence a the mound of guide Hoo Sutton end might of The deposition the that spearheads. motifs. and artefact-types of bosses copying associated the shield and recurrently position only stratigraphic their The from drawn inferences with (Oxford, hoooyaddistribution and chronology eivlEurope Medieval ff 63 64 62 66 65 2 – ce yrgoa rfrne.DcisnGroup Dickinson preferences. regional by ected 4 H OTXSO RDCINADUEO ANGLO-SAXON OF USE AND PRODUCTION OF CONTEXTS THE ,D .M th n .A dy Tedt fteSto o coins’, Hoo Sutton the of date ‘The Oddy, A. W. and Stahl M. A. .Hns .HiudNesnadF igud(eds.), Siegmund F. and Nielsen Høilund K. Hines, J. øln ile ( Nielsen Høilund wno,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Swanton, ikno n Ha and Dickinson , ˚ 42 dJresn p i.i note in cit. op. Jørgensen, rd h eaiecrnlg ftebrasta rcd hs w smore is two these precede that burials the of chronology relative The h rbeso uligafiecrnlg for chronology fine a building of problems The – 2 1 2 1999 5 b– , noprtsdtn vdnefo h hedgaeasmlgs together assemblages, shield-grave the from evidence dating incorporates n G and 67 81 6 , ;T .Dcisn Rve ril:Wa’ e nerymdea uilarchaeology?’, burial medieval early in new What’s article: ‘Review Dickinson, M. T. ); utnHoo Sutton 3 – 11 n e ae hedbse utidct,hwvr httesqec as sequence the that however, indicate, must bosses shield later yet and 71 aint ugs hti hudntb ae otesato ets hs III/ Phase Kentish of start the to dated be not should it that suggest ( 2002 and 2 6 ¨ 1999 k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, . h to th- 63 101 ), : he 71 ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), it er After Years Fifty utnHomound Hoo Sutton . 5 6 – NMLONMNE SHIELDS ANIMAL-ORNAMENTED 63 ht (mid-) to th hcnuy tlati h pe hmsrgo.Teabsence The region. Thames Upper the in least at century, th 87 e ukadcrnlg,wietemsierectangular massive the while chronology, Buckland new 2 , 7 ,atpp. 64 hcnuycnet,btte rs-u h ostpsand boss-types the cross-cut they but contexts, th-century pplri atAgi)adGroup and Anglia) East in (popular ybl fpoeto 139 protection of symbols 1 – , 71 78 , ;M 79 66 83 2 – , – Ofr OH, (Oxford .J. 6 81 10 Tw 7 , 6 , 194 . – 103 Swanton, hcnuy hlttpsD types whilst century, th 17 oo – – and 8 1 11 . 530 rbbysmtm nteearly the in sometime probably ft and 20 2 1992 h pahaso h nl-ao Settlements Anglo-Saxon the of Spearheads The he – 64 / 135 ste omound to tied is 1 7 40 . h aeo Change of Pace The ff hcnuy lhuhtesitt very to shift the Although century. th ;c.BueMtod p i.i note in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, cf. ); ets rvscnb ae within dated be can graves Kentish ce plcto fbadfittings. board of application ected – – 8 . 580 2 bi / 1 129 90 nh 6 ,H 1 hcnuyEgadaewell are England th-century .Bcln Dover Buckland ). – . rba hoooyadto and chronology bead er 1 6 47 : hcnuy u ol still could but century) th 1 tde nEryMdea Chronology Early-Medieval in Studies tre ntelater the in started nR arl n .Nua de Neuman C. and Farrell R. in ,H 2 3 1 n E and epcal common (especially 2 ysae artefact- shared by 6 n r more are L and hcnuy from century, th 3 r primarily are 7 (London, hcentury, th 13 93 , 578 with , 1973 – Early 5 ˚ 653 rd th 2 65 62 ), , ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology ohn oepeie notntl,ascae reat antfi h starting the fix cannot A artefacts chronology. the associated of Unfortunately, order precise. more nothing B, Bidford-on-Avon csuegopDi h nldcdso h irto eid,apaeedn in ending phase a Period’, Migration the the of in decades terms final the his in D group ‘costume otenSadnva(n orahn nln eoec. before England reaching so (and Scandinavia southern rohwihgv tismtf(Fig. motif its it gave which brooch pcfial otels ure fthe of quarter last the to specifically ae fagmnsfrSyeIeegn eoetecnetoa aeo c. of date is conventional account the if before century, emerging the I in earlier Style yet for begun arguments have of could taken it reasonable, be still may td ntePoeac n hoooyo ls ed rmAgoSxnGae ae nVsa Examination Visual on based Graves Anglo-Saxon from Beads Glass of Chronology and Provenance the on Study lcn fa‘alwhrzn rmaottescn ure fthe of quarter second Leigh’s the about Although from saucer). horizon’ ‘Taplow and a square-headed of placing (great brooches relief-decorated ope ihcsigi Haselo in casting with coupled 6 s nfml uil ofim h itr.Tefltanlrboce nBs Hall Boss in brooches annular flat The picture. the confirms 97 burials female in use sequence. the in early rc f‘nelaig ibwt oyeeetfudo Bidford-on-Avon on the found for body-element parallel a a (Fig. with provide (ii) limb also Animal latter a and The ‘interleaving’ horns. plates of drinking trick belt Taplow the garnet-inlaid of high-rectangular fittings the counties, southern on represented oecaatrsiso al ‘ulni’ tl ,sc sHaselo are as there such above, I, section Style typological (‘Jutlandic’) the early in of noted characteristics As some qualifications. add might but 140 ie’ ru n al rusI n ,adHnsasge h putative the assigned Hines between and linkage V, typological and II the Groups reflect Phase early early his they to and original brooch, I known Group Hines’s any on precisely IV. ae,pr.cm. vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, comm.; pers. eadem, nteBidford-on-Avon the on hn eifcsigadmtftik iesialfr rcie ysae’hp (e.g. hips ‘y-shaped’ coiled and or ‘thick spiralliform as such like features tricks alongside Fig. used motif are and they relief-casting but discs, thin’ apex some on B Phase Group a rbbyfudn nuaina h ie igdthdgrave ring-ditched site, the at inhumation founding probably 65 ahrn il u ntmc eodmdl of middle beyond much ‘not put Hills Catherine 018 on uil.Wehrtermiig anyAginae,brasaeany Hill Spong are ring-ditched The burials point. moot Anglian-area, a is mainly much, remaining, how by the and earlier, Whether burials. mound 68 67 69 70 hcentury. th – 79 103 il,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hills, afitadBumn,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Brugmann, and Parfitt ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hines, .Hns Tesxhcnuytasto nAginEgad naayi ffml rvsfo Cambridgeshire’, from graves female of analysis an England: Anglian in transition sixth-century ‘The Hines, J. 67 n Eriswell and , 5 h iie vdnefo soitoso hedfitnsfudi secondary in found shield-fittings of associations from evidence limited The nHnse l es) p i.i note in cit. op. (eds.), al. et Hines in 868 ,wihcnb edl aalldi aueEgihSyeI seilyas especially I, Style English mature in paralleled readily be can which ), os n paha-ye ol lg Eriswell align could spearhead-types and Boss- pxds a edrvd oee,fo h yeo ra square-headed great of type the from however, derived, be may disc apex 3 ihete hs ets rvso ewe hmadteSto Hoo Sutton the and them between or graves Kentish these either with hedbs swl sa niu ( antique an as well as boss shield 69 ruby hn h te hed ihtp- pxdssaealso are discs apex type-a with shields other the then, Arguably, 7 560 046 182 )ad nvratfr,o otsoe(Fig. Cottesmore on form, variant in and, b) 2 15 , 176 / , , 311 70 n ukn II, Mucking and ;D 282 . 182 s. cisnadHa and ickinson 6 70 2 hcentury. th emnsps quem post terminus ehp h rttidadcranytefis afo the of half first the certainly and third first the perhaps , ol lg hs rvswt ie’ atAnglian East Hines’s with graves these align would ai .dickinson m. tania tlsi osdrtosd o otaittedating, the contradict not do considerations Stylistic ag ons(Figs. mounts flange 2 62 , ff 60 . 2 , sSyePaeD ieyue nAnglo-Saxon on used widely D, Phase Style ’s , 141 72 ¨ k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, and sindBcln grave Buckland assigned , 2 600 ) lhuhteeeet r unmatched are elements the Although a). 104 – hudidct a indicate should 9 o h auatr fteBarrington the of manufacture the for ;B. 5 hcnuy sword. th-century) Brugmann, 6 3 hcnuy,wsscnayt the to secondary was century’, th and c 2 , 12 . 104 9 ls ed rmAgoSxnGraves Anglo-Saxon from Beads Glass 93 )adteueo i Style his of use the and a) ohrPhase her to , 500 232 6 40 hcnuydt,but date, th-century 2 ,adgvnrecent given and ), ) hs risare traits These c). hc contained which , ff n utnHoo Sutton and 68 sSyePaeA Phase Style ’s h esl in vessels The 3 (c. 6 (Oxford, hcentury th 575 31 – which , 625 475 2004 and ) 182 in : ); A Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology h idedcdso the of decades middle a probably the as are made and rivets designed boss-flange been have its to seem of set. fittings some bichrome the although all acutely: replacements, most dilemma the htae napidadepcal ncs acrboce.Tedsrbto of distribution The brooches. in saucer cast occur on frequently especially discs and apex applied type-b re-used on on a area those and that like (Mucking) particularly designs and estuary two- animal since Thames especially three-chasing the notable, is on (Petersfinger), Wiltshire outlier from piece one from apart regions, pxdssms aefloe onatrad,etnigtedistribution the extending the and afterwards, Anglia East soon to Lincolnshire followed from (Fig. Avon region, Warwickshire type-b, have cultural and Anglian type-a/b larger, the must the throughout and discs board the of apex back the from mounts cruciform nueltr ruby hysatdi h rthl,prasi h eodquarter, second the in perhaps half, first the in started the they of Arguably, later. use in nteEs ilns(Fig. Midlands East the in 868 h aaiyt rdc ult,chrn tl a ee lost. never which was during I period Style longer coherent a quality, of produce or to production capacity of period the narrow fairly a of outcome i.i note in cit. .KsakadJ ecsen(eds.), Reichstein J. and Kossack G. riswihmgtb huh al nthe in early thought be might which traits fltri h etr ae tdi it makes century the in later of aisnadWbtr p i.i note in cit. op. Webster, and Davidson ( eid oecmet nJh ie:TeSadnva hrce fAginEgadi h pre-Viking the in England Anglian of character Scandinavian The Hines: Migration John the in on England period’, eastern comments and Scandinavia Some between connections Period. archaeological the on ‘Reflections Welch, / n aytp- pxdssadtpsi,ib ,v n i or mounts. board vii and II, the vi of v, Style half iib, second and the types-ib, to I and style the Style discs of apex between dating Vierck’s type-b transitional type- many charac- characterise often which and relief features is a/b white- — gilded ‘plaitwork’ which or and deeper-set animals silver-plated art intertwining of including flat, animal panels of with by contrasting frames, terised the especially as surfaces, Style metal Bichrome defined Vierck elyo e-adbd-lmnso h nye pxds rmBrigo (Fig. A Barrington from disc apex untyped the on body-elements and leg- of medley n yascaintelneiyo tl ,t oetaiinlbracket. traditional more a to I, Style of longevity the association by and rusI,XIadXI a ecmae ihtegoercbadmounts board geometric the with compared be can Hoo XVII Sutton and from XVI II, Groups ugss oee,ta the that however, suggests, ai,tog ie a rudfra ale trigpitbcueh ae his dates he because point starting earlier c. an for argued Phase has Hines though valid, ie’ al Phase early Hines’s eerho h ihrcaglrbl ltsadpsiiiisrie ytecoin- Wight. the of by Isle raised Castle, possibilities Carisbrooke and at plates grave belt high-rectangular dated the on research 1984 73 72 74 71 525 .Vec,‘u eaie n boue hoooi e nlshnGafnei England’, in Grabfunde anglischen der Chronologie absoluten und relativen ‘Zur Vierck, H. ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hines, rncly n fteol xmlso htmgtb huh yial dgnrtd tl h all-over the — I Style ‘degenerated’ typically thought be might what of examples only the of one Ironically, eg,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Leigh, ihisfieSyeIae icaogieago tl Ibr (Fig. bird II Style good a alongside disc apex I Style fine its with , ), nsm h nmlonmne hed eepoal rdcdmil in mainly produced probably were shields animal-ornamented the sum, In 48 td u Sachsenforschung zur Stud. 6 3 / – hcnuywt ml-imtr yea pxdss hc r concentrated are which discs, apex type-a, small-diameter, with century th 30 7 ra qaehae rohs nwihBcrm tl speaet from prevalent, is Style Bichrome which on brooches, square-headed great 80 , 91 ;D – – 560 cisn p i.i note in cit. op. ickinson, 3 ;M 2 ,G / rizk p i.i note in cit. op. arzinzik, 70 opVIgetsur-eddboce tefopaeinrpanels). inner footplate (the brooches square-headed great VII roup 018 25 nedsm ic rmtebw fboce nHines’s in brooches of bows the from discs some Indeed . 15 , esp. , 117 , , 868 6 – 14 18 130 ybl fpoeto 141 protection of symbols ( 1987 6 14 ; Archa n ) h bec feape rmSxncultural Saxon from examples of absence The b). and a hcnuy u ih aebgneriradgn on gone and earlier begun have might but century, th f .Na U. cf. 7 , n Eriswell and , 133 ) u tig nBcrm tl,sc stetype-vi the as such Style, Bichrome in fittings But a). floruit ), 26 23 ¨ lgsh Beitra ologische 251 – , , 32 138 25 ffi 7 – ¨ . . mn Ze Relie ‘Zwei sman, 9 – utt eemn hte h aeilwsthe was material the whether determine to cult fzoopi heddcrto aelater. came decoration shield zoomorphic of ,at and 6 ;H pp. 231 ns p i.i note in cit. op. ines, ¨ 6 ezrCrnlgedrVo der Chronologie zur ge 257 pls. , hcnuywt hs oecharacteristic more those with century th 104 – 9 13 , h ek ortr aigo ie’ atphase, last Hines’s of dating return to seeks who , a(T 232 ffi envndrIslO Insel der von beln xod ot. and Notts.) uxford, . 71 6 73 hcnuysilsesbroadly seems still century th 15 h s fBcrm Style Bichrome of use The h nemxn fstylistic of intermixing The , 223 ¨ lkerwanderungszeit – 34 ;M 7 ¨ 74 )—cnb ace on matched be can — d) land’, ri n ikno,op. Dickinson, and orris 58 utnHoo Sutton Isih;c.M G. M. cf. (Ipswich); a reit Zeitsch Praehist. (Bonn, 4 c– ) poses d), 1977 42 – 018 52 ;cf. ); ., 59 72 in , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 142 ai .dickinson m. tania Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology .M Dickinson M. T. itiuinmp.a pxdss :Ohrfitnsi tl ;c qai onsfo or n oscn;d: cone; boss and board from mounts Figure Aquatic see c: names, I; site Style For in fittings. fittings board Other figural b: Miscellaneous discs; Apex a: maps. Distribution fig brooches saucer the ornaments. but shield series, the Common both imitated southerly). behind have more lie also (being Warwick- might could it the stimuli complements in stylistic mostly (especially (Kentish?) discs but shield-apex valley), the Avon of shire that overlaps brooches saucer ic,adpoal h udue on sto(f Tab. (cf. apex too type-b is and mount type-a/b quadruped the the with probably contemporary and be discs, must mounts symmetrical n atsue rohs,i .Ege n .Robinson, P. and Eagles B. in Wilts. brooches’, Pewsey, saucer cast and eod ihnti ra h atclrycoelnsbtentefitnsfrom fittings the between links close particularly the area, Dover this Buckland from Within pair beyond. identified region uncertainly cultural somewhat 93 Anglian the the if and, of Mucking) parts easterly more (Fig. in concentrated are examples iiaiisadterdsrbtosaedsrt telte sesnilysouth-easterly). essentially is latter (the discrete are distributions their and similarities 97 itiuinmp.a rdtr-idbadmut;b hedcmiaingop.Frst ae,seFigure see names, site For groups. combination Shield b: mounts; board Predatory-bird a: maps. Distribution 75 htteae ic eea ‘o an were discs apex the that , . f ikno,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Dickinson, Cf. 14 n h rgetr rr-sdpee nscnaycnet r admitted, are contexts secondary in pieces re-used or fragmentary the and 14 ( facing c– : ) ) huhtedsrbto gi xed oteTae Bre and (Barnes Thames the to extends again distribution the though d), xaain yK .Annable R. K. by Excavations optrsddaigb .Guly eie yT .Dickinson M. T. by devised Gourley, B. by drawing Computerised 23 ybl fpoeto 143 protection of symbols ff , ho ftebto rohpouto’ ic hysaen decorative no share they since production’, brooch button the of shoot 25 – frhoig.I sunlikely, is It (forthcoming). 6 s.figs. esp. , fig 37 – . 8 15 and h nl-ao eeeya lcnl il BakPatch), (Black Field Blacknall at cemetery Anglo-Saxon The 1 43 . 75 optrsddaigb .Guly eie by devised Gourley, B. by drawing Computerised – 4 ae,o.ct nnote in cit. op. eadem, ; h qai n zoomorphised and aquatic The contra vn n vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, and Avent 1 . .Tems certain most The ). 61 ae,‘Applied eadem, ; 29 1 . , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology oe( more netetmyb niae yohrfaue.Tkn wlebrasfrwhich Hill for Spong burials (including twelve grave-size Taking for features. data other by are indicated there be may investment 144 iclsie ih ml oaie auatr,btlnsbtenteKen- the between links (Fig. but mounts manufacture, aquatic Barnes localised and ninghall imply might Lincolnshire, She ici or onspsil n h rdtr id etil oklk a like look certainly the birds of predatory half second the the and within development possibly later mounts marginally The extensive. board geographically were distribution discoid or traditions production that show utnHomud) h vrg rv egh( length grave average the mounds), Hoo Sutton Gardens about Hill of child (Mill unsexed an included also grave uil:towr on dls(Cleatham adults young were two burials: scntandb h mlns ftesml n h edt aealwnefor allowance make to need mounds Hoo the Sutton and in sample investment the conspicuous of manifestly smallness the the by masculine. constrained than other is assemblages grave the or male than other were skeletons the n otywt ae paha-ye (Tab. spearhead-types later with mostly and and 45 atr,fcsdo etbtetnigcatieit Su into coastwise extending but Kent on focused eastern, nmlonmn r odi no are ornament animal Stoodley. xldn h utnHomud,wihgvsa vrg ubro artefacts of number average burials, Hill fifteen an Spong of gives made the which be with mounds, can of (as Hoo (ANA) count robbing crude Sutton grave A the of recording. excluding impact poor the or grave) other, chamber the on and hand, h s faia-raetdsilsi burial in shields animal-ornamented of use the (Figs. 1 onsbrl di barely mounts of average uhdi much bv h om( norm the above bv h aewao-uilnr salse ySode ( Stoodley by established norm weapon-burial male the above hed,sbtnilys ntecs ftoewt ihoeo oyhoefittings. polychrome or bichrome with animal-ornamented those most of case of the of value in indices the so as substantially elevate stones shields, automatically precious and would silver/silvering which gilding, wealth, of incidence the used also respectively). 76 77 78 79 ae ic ny crslat( least scores only) discs (apex ya-ls(ukadDover (Buckland -year-olds p i.i note in cit. Op. ikno n Ha and Dickinson toly p i.i note in cit. op. Stoodley, Ibid., ffi 12 esrn h ee fivsmn ngae ihaia-raetdshields animal-ornamented with graves in investment of level the Measuring h oilcreae fwao uil aebe elepoe yHa by explored well been have burials weapon of correlates social The l’ Hill, eld’s 14 .Tp-i n yeibbrsaeascae xlsvl ihGroup with exclusively associated are birds type-iib and Type-iia ). 5 91 7 ff and b . . 41 5 76 rnebtentesil rus(f Tab. (cf. groups shield the between erence 4 N)ta Group than ANA) 81 reat utrflc h apeue hr,frtetnaayal rvsi ysml ihfigural with sample my in graves analysable ten the for there, used sample the reflect must artefacts . arntnB, Barrington ; hed eeaprust flt dlsetadautmls hs with those males; adult and adolescent late of perquisite a were Shields 4 ff n he r dnie nya dl rpsil dl (Westgarth adult possibly or adult as only identified are three and ) ,t rfo h standard. the from er 78 4 15 he . fSogHill Spong If ¨ k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 115 2 a). aea Ha as same . 27 ,A 4 , ) u h it al eo t( it below falls width the but m), 67 lsyadWray(Figs. Worlaby and ylesby – 8 . 103 ff ai .dickinson m. tania ¨ 31 rn.Aedt r vial o ieo h shield the of nine for available are Age-data erent. k oe o hedbrasi general. in burials shield for noted rke 2 93 utnHoo Sutton ; 3 , 30 secue,teaeaelnt ssilfractionally still is length average the excluded, is miga II, Empingham ; 3 cmie fittings: (combined :t . 6 he N) Group ANA), ttmn htfiua hedbadmut eelne oan to linked were mounts shield-board figural that statement 25 10 1 018 ukn II, Mucking ; c– ,adtedsrbtosaeextremely are distributions the and ), 12 ) n ewe hs w subsets, two these between and d), , er) n was one years), 868 2 112 6 . 70 – and a–b 2 1 0 .Teei oidcto that indication no is There ). 31 pn Hill Spong ; . 4 n Fig. and badfitnsol)scores only) (board-fittings )adwdh( width and m) 77 . u gi xldn the excluding again but , 2 ) Ha m). 600 N) Above-average ANA). ff l n Lincolnshire and olk 6 10 hcnuy(Figs. century th ,trewere three ), 1 2 15 –) l nNorth in all a–b), . ¨ 45 and 13 k n Stoodley and rke ) hl Group while b): 31 to and m 77 2 huhthis though , 55 o sthere is Nor ,ontheone 1 . 16 er old years ¨ 3 k and rke 0 )are m) 30 bosses . 84 –to 31 7 m 79 c Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology onsfo os-ans eeas dpe nti way. decorated this comparably in that adapted given also been were and which was horse-harness brooches, discs re-use having apex from saucer this of mounts that case contemporary graves, the thought like probable in be feminine especially so ten might shape, are and It the or size pendant. of suitable or female by three brooch dictated simply a in and as discs use found apex for converted were possible or board-mounts probable figural seven the of Four it animal whom with man shield graves female a dead in over. re-use visible, the guard’ ‘stood clearly to it emblematically, been attention more chamber, have drawn grave whose to have or placed ‘protected’ expected items particularly largest be the would of can one ornament as grave, shield, a predatory a While Bichrome-Style available. in with are those data all which for and birds shields ornamented lavishly most the h rprint h ieo h oy nldn etclyaantacabrwall, chamber — a regions against Saxon expected. vertically head/ in be including the might body, body/legs than the — lower higher of this the is the side within and the occupy position to regions to for proportion Anglian the preferences shields in local horizontal end and body for grave upper tendency a the of reflects axis central this While evidence. is h oiino nmlonmne hed ngraves in shields animal-ornamented of position the scale. wider much very a on exceptional oprdwt h vrg o epnbras( burials weapon for average the with compared ihsilsi Group in shields with pas uhhge aeta htosre o hedbrasi general, in burials shield animal-ornamented uncommon. for the or not of observed spear was many where burial that a from shield-alone contained than Anglia, come, East shields seventeen rate in that exists, higher given record the especially much Of some armament. a of which level spears, for their is graves graves these eighteen distinguishes particularly what But oa omnt.Sm,ms biul utnHomounds Hoo Sutton their within obviously that out believing most stood for have Some, grounds would community. good shields nonetheless animal-ornamented local are with There burials wealth. male associated necessarily grave shields great such were with nor shield, animal-ornamented an contain atclr( particular Su h hed o sasbttto o t f .Tew n .Akrae Akn fmro o e:sword men: for mirror of kind ‘A Alkermade, M. and Theuws F. cf. it: for substitution Gaul’, Northern a Antique Late as in depositions not shields the ideai and axis middle ml,sml;i sas rudthere, argued also is it sample; small, n qai onsbigfudbtenteetra aeo h hme aladtesoepacking. boss stone the the to and led wall collapse chamber its the that of and base wall, external W. the timber between chamber’s found the being of mounts inside aquatic the and against leaning originally was shield 80 81 82 84 83 ff ikno n Ha and Dickinson bd;Ha Ibid.; hs ucinls bevtosaemd,o ore spr ftepoeso sesn h dooia au of value ideological the assessing of process the of part as course, of made, are observations functionalist These ikno,Fr n al p i.i note in cit. op. Hall, and Fern Dickinson, ikno n Ha and Dickinson l (Fig. olk omrhcsil-raet eentcnndt h aeram however. realm, male the to confined not were shield-ornaments Zoomorphic Table ¨ k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 17 5 9 etclyaogtesdscmae ihhl and half with compared sides the along vertically % hw h oiino h hedi h ite uil o hc there which for burials sixteen the in shield the of position the shows 15 . 6 ) huhti a atyrflc oa utm nKn,Esxand Essex Kent, in customs local reflect partly may this though %), ¨ ¨ ) n hoooia factors. chronological and b), k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 4 2 , 100 ybl fpoeto 145 protection of symbols or contra – 13 3 2 lohdasod gi eyhg proportion high very a again sword, a had also , . , il ta. p i.i note in cit. op. al., et Hills 2 67 401 , 7 83 64 . n tab. and – hs oue nteuprcnr ieinclude line centre upper the on focused Those – 76 7 w-hrso h ainlsml fsilswr ln the along were shields of sample national the of two-thirds : nTew n esn(d.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (eds.), Nelson and Theuws in 82 18 . 81 ihbrasddntnecessarily not did burials Rich 10 39 . 18 , 7 7 )adfrsil uil in burials shield for and %) epcieyi hs ditdyvery admittedly this, in respectively % and 80 tlatsvn( seven least At 89 84 fig. , hr sn evidence no is There 40 htteSogHill Spong the that , 1 and 5 . 39 2 ) all %), were , 31 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology rn etat Gardens Westgarth trunk ml tp-)bs-pxdsswr sdo hi w (Group own their on used were discs boss-apex (type-a) Small r oiae ytotps qai raue r yfrtems common most the far by Eriswell are from creatures mounts boss-cone aquatic the and types: board-mounts two type-i (fourteen by dominated are ed totp- n h yeabae ic,adtetp-icuiomboard cruciform type-vi the and discs, apex type-a/b the Fig. and mounts: type-a (two fields hs ilHill Mill chest Figs. legs nte r ihrcmaal iho opstso qaiso id (Fig. birds or aquatics of or way composites one or in and with each, comparable specimens two either or are one only another by represented are types Other enn,atog te euaiisaewrhnoting. iconographic worth for are search regularities the other in although clue meaning, primary the provides menagerie distinctive This al(etcl (vertical) II, Empingham (vertical) head/ wall 146 rfieadms r npoesoa ree tp- osae ic n h type-vii the in and discs are apex motifs boss I (type-b Figs. Style friezes mounts: its the board processional with discoid in all I, are Style typically most Salin’s although for and Further, surprising profile form. more While is atomise creatures. it to whole mounts, tendency and figural coherent for by axiomatic dominated is is that this ornament: animal the in its and repertoire animal-ornament presentation the regularities: internal female. the predatory- to governed sphere the also male factors or the ideological from mounts that transferred aquatic be suggests could which lavish, what re-used, most so largest, were the mounts bird that however, far), (so Hill Spong head-end nte xml fwaor irtn rmteml ofml pee Kristo sphere: female to male the from migrating weaponry of example another arntn set fgne n rf rdcini al nl-ao nln,wt eeec otekingdom the to reference with London, England, College, Anglo-Saxon University thesis, early Ph.D. in (unpubl. production Kent craft of and gender of Aspects Harrington, 85 H CNGAH FAGOSXNANIMAL-ORNAMENTED ANGLO-SAXON OF ICONOGRAPHY THE h eueo wrsa evn atn nNra n cainlyi nln u o nKn is — Kent in not but — England in occasionally and Norway in battens weaving as swords of re-use The Table h yooia nlssaoehsrvae eakbedge fregularity of degree remarkable a revealed has above analysis typological The OIINI H RV FSILSWT NMLORNAMENT ANIMAL WITH SHIELDS OF GRAVE THE IN POSITION 9 – 11 ,btpeaoybrsaeas infiat(ee xmls Fig. examples: (seven significant also are birds predatory but ), 1 niae oeted nhwdi how in trends some indicates 2 b– ih eteleft centre right ) mgsi tl I ycnrs,aerr.Tefiua mounts figural The rare. are contrast, by II, Style in Images e). 31 5 ai .dickinson m. tania – 112 7 ,fu r opeesnl grsi small-diameter in figures single complete are four ), 41 SHIELDS al 5 Table Wasperton Eriswell ukadDover Buckland She utnHoo Sutton utnHoo Sutton ukn II, Mucking 2002 ff ffi rn ye ffitn cu nshields. on occur fitting of types erent l’ Hill eld’s ), 190 104 81 – 2 64 , . 018 1 600 232 115 , 93 868 ff re,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ersen, 85 1 ,atog since although ), (vertical) utnHoo Sutton eg Apton Bergh Bidford 103 B Barrington Cleatham 104 6 , 182 124 25 , ;S.K. 232 2 13 12 26 ). ). : Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology imtial poe oso orwt h w grlmut oehrbisecting together mounts figural two the with four of rows opposed diametrically rowr imtial poe,bttemro-mg idwssae evenly blank other spaced the was leaving and bird board the mirror-image of the (Fig. hemisphere one but bisecting them, opposed, between diametrically Hill Mill were On birds. trio predatory with shields three by n o ietdtebadfc ewe h w poe,mthdbirds matched opposed, the two on mounts the Hoo aquatic Sutton between equidistantly-spaced On face the boss). board to shield the correspondence any bisected (without — row one grsautdtebs ag (Fig. flange boss the abutted figures eod n loigfrsm otdpstoa slippage. post-depositional some excavation available for from deduced allowing be can this and as far records as shield, the thereof. numerical on multiples equivalent arrangement or no eights show and II fives threes, Style twos, in in designs motifs type, contrast, with come same By consistency, or the suspected. of shield necessarily be associated not to though an are partners, lack lost either graves: recorded mounts poorly figural from of instances Single image. imtial nete ieo h osadaotmda ewe h osand boss the between midway about and boss the (Fig. of edge board side either on diametrically or onso ilHill Mill on mounts board 1 di She Eriswell eeto r uhmr omn hte samthn ar(Buckland pair matching a as whether common, more though mounts, much figural multiples are the or for twos threes shown twos, are here in preferences friezes numerical same processional The in thereof. organised are most singly, occur tews nyo Cleatham on only otherwise id nEriswell on birds rdtr idaeascae nSto o mound Hoo Sutton on associated are bird predatory h orcsso h obnto ftodi two of of three and combination images, the figural of and cases mounts I four Style the of combination the demonstrates u o avgd agr(yeabadtp-)ae ic r oetpclyused typically more are discs (Group apex ornament type-b) present shield were and additional fittings (type-a/b with other Larger that salvaged. possible not is it but context recorded any lacks Cottesmore hte te tig rmBro egaewr vrokd Group overlooked. were Seagrave uncertain Barton it makes from record fittings excavation of other lack whether while alone, used sometimes were they xaaos huhnn swtotpolmadalmgtb lee hnps-xaainadconservation and post-excavation grave from when the range by altered studs, containable board be maximum the by might from implied estimated all minimum diameters, and or Board reconsidered. width problem or without completed are is analyses none though excavators, mound nnote in nio uke hc niae htteemut lofie arigo upninsrpo h ako the of back the on strap suspension or carrying a was fixed mount also ‘right-facing’ the mounts below these board the records. that under conservation lying Jones, indicates while J. which side, board: inner buckle, its iron on leather an and kink central with strip 86 87 .Tre cu nytie ace ntebs oeo Eriswell of cone boss the on matched twice: only occur Threes ). ff h eosrcin nFigure in reconstructions The A rn ye faia (Cleatham animal of types erent ffi ffi ial,te‘arn’o or onsldt rdmnnl symmetrical predominantly a to led mounts board of ‘pairing’ the Finally, h nmlmtf r locnitnl raie.Atog tl oiscan motifs I Style Although organised. consistently also are motifs animal The 16 2 1 e otecnrl ogrrvt fte‘etfcn’mut hc scne-ocv rfie,wsa iron an was profiled, convex-concave is which mount, ‘left-facing’ the of rivets longer central, the to xed l’ Hill eld’s , ,wt otblnigt Ha to belonging most with ), 45 ) nEriswell On d). – 104 6 . , 232 115 16 104 ukn II, Mucking ; ) xetfrShe for except a), ;Sh , 232 014 lodFr;SogHill Spong Farm; elford ybl fpoeto 147 protection of symbols 16 ¨ n utnHoo Sutton and , k’ eimsize-group, medium rke’s 81 232 r ae npbihddt rifraingnrul rvddb the by provided generously information or data published on based are 25 018 ,wh nGroup in h he emti ic rbbyoiial in originally probably — discs geometric three the , 600 r w r ace n h hr samirror- a is third the and matched are two ere 868 16 ffi 25 ,amro-mg ar(eg Apton (Bergh pair mirror-image a ), l’ Hill eld’s c). utnHoo Sutton ; h emti ic eedsoe ntwo, in disposed were discs geometric the 3 87 0 2 ,tog apro grave Wasperton though ), . 4 . ioiyarneeti represented is arrangement minority A 018 m( ff 0 Cleatham rn grltps dao’and ‘dragon’ a types: figural erent . , 5 115 – 868 0 . 6 81 31 imtr ikno n Ha and Dickinson diameter: m hr h ele fteaquatic the of bellies the where ,an 1 018 n qaisadpredatory and aquatics and , h w ace id fthe of birds matched two the )o 25 ,m soito hc sfound is which association , ra 868 xmm to aximum) utnHomound Hoo Sutton ; obnto ftwo of combination 86 otwr fitted were Most 104 0 . 64 92 , Sto Hoo (Sutton m 232 3 hw that shows ¨ crucially k,o.cit. op. rke, n as and 93 26 ; ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology otebadbtentemtlfitns h oprblt ewe h predatory- the Hoo between Sutton comparability from The fittings. mounts metal bird the between board the to 148 n eipeeadteautcsha onigotad oad h underside the towards outwards (Fig. pointing bird crouching head the aquatic’s of the and hemisphere one ihypasbe osblt htadtoa raetwspitdo applique or painted was ornament additional that possibility plausible, highly eosrcin fsil ors :SogHill Spong a: boards. shield of Reconstructions 81 Scale . 1 : 10 . optrsddaigb .Guly eie yT .Dickinson M. T. by devised Gourley, B. by drawing Computerised 16 ai .dickinson m. tania ) hs ragmnspop h nnwbe but unknowable, the prompt arrangements These b). 018 , 31 868 ;b: fig n Eriswell and utnHoo Sutton . 16 018 , 868 104 ;c:She , 232 ffi hc odasnake a hold which , l’ Hill eld’s . 115 ;d: ilHill Mill ´ don Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology II .C aks TeAgoSxncmtr fBfos nteprs fPtibun,Es Kent’, East Patrixbourne, of parish the in Bifrons, of cemetery Hist Archaeol. Anglo-Saxon Stud. ‘The Hawkes, C. S. VIII; rgetr,ery‘ulni’eulamdboc:Haselo brooch: equal-armed ‘Jutlandic’ early fragmentary, Hoo arl n emnd evr(d.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (eds.), Vegvar de Neuman and Farrell ih fanwfidfo Finglesham’, from find new a of light lutain nHuke l,o.ct nnote in cit. op. al., et Hauck in illustrations .SogadadL eae hme (eds.), Thomsen Gebauer L. (Copenhagen, and Storgaard B. SeihAgincnat neaigSto o:tetsioyo h cniaingl bracteates’, gold Scandinavian the of testimony the Hoo: Sutton antedating contacts ‘Swedish-Anglian 24 cts (Figs. ecstasy II, Empingham I Style in images animal zoomorphic and the Anthropomorphic of interpretation an motifs towards analogies: external material. perishable from made (Fig. (Fig. claws their in rvd h lss aall nta hycnanol ipie,sgetdprofile segmented simplified, IK a only but contain they figure, that in parallel, closest the provide .JresnadP agPtre,‘ya o e nsadobservations’, and finds new — Bog ‘Nydam Petersen, Vang P. and Jørgensen E. asdam n adwt he rfu nesadlre backward-projecting large, B-bracteates. and of family’) fingers ‘formula four (or or IK series closely-related three a with characterise hand thumb, and arm, raised h oi.Poal eae oteei lgtyltrEs wds ru:IK group: Swedish of East idea clearer later a slightly give a animal, is an these alongside to So legs related two Probably and motif. arm the one with man a show oln,wihso h a nsm-rfiewt w rsrie pi an in up birds. raised predatory arms two two by with surmounted semi-profile in and man gesture the show which Gotland, rcet eetedrc oe o miga,frol n skonfrom known is one only for Empingham, for model IK — direct England the were bracteate ihteurie rsadlg l enfo h front. the from seen all legs and arms upraised the with raettruhmr eeaie nweg sspotdb nml()o the on Taplow, (i) Wasperton from Animal from by horns disc supported drinking is apex knowledge type-b large generalised the more through of ornament rim-vandykes the Bucks. on and Lorraine, Jtadc qaehae rohsfo Donzdorf from brooches square-headed ‘Jutlandic’ e hc r ocmo nSyeI xmlscnotdit xcl h same the exactly di into contorted within examples albeit I: animal- Empingham, Style the in as of common headdress posture so or are ‘ear’ triangular which distinctive men the has figure Empingham 92 91 89 90 88 93 ¨ – eb (Fig. derby 34 Haselo ntefloigdsuso rcetsaectdwt hi Knme,wihrfr otectlgetx and text catalogue the to refers which number, IK their with cited are bracteates discussion following the In .C aksadM olr,‘h odbatae rmsxhcnuyAgoSxngae nKn,i the in Kent, in graves Anglo-Saxon sixth-century from bracteates gold ‘The Pollard, M. and Hawkes C. S. ac ta. p i.i note in cit. op. al., et Hauck hed ihpitdgoercdcrto r ouetdfo h early the from documented are decoration geometric painted with Shields npoesso oi rnmsinadatv eue f ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hines, cf. re-use, active and transmission motif of processes On 018 245 h rhbce,atrpmrhcfiuei h yeabs-pxds from disc boss-apex type-a the in figure anthropomorphic arch-backed, The 12 and , 92 868 , n )mgtipyta h atrtohdhl nk rohrcreature other or snake a held had too latter the that imply might d) and b 1 ff p i.i note in cit. op. , htte‘ubigmn cncudhv ece h aeso shield- of makers the reached have could icon man’ ‘tumbling the That 76 riabrhi,RenadPazadIK and Rheinland-Pfalz Freilaubersheim, shield. 2003 – 80 ., 2 f eg,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Leigh, cf. ; 11 ,fig. ), and b 17 61 23 ( 112 2000 )adIK and b) ase,Jtad(Fig. Jutland Galsted, 10 Bifrons ) ;a 3 12 25 per ob ubig yn ree nasaeo rneor trance of state a in even or flying tumbling, be to appears 1 ) iue neatytesm oe ihtesm distinctive, same the with pose, same the exactly in Figures a). – Abb. , ht otn speevdo h ete oe ne h tig rmteSutton the from fittings the under cover leather the on preserved is coating white 94 n ) n ilHill Mill and e), and c 10 ,atpp. ybl fpoeto 149 protection of symbols vol. , 29 71 Fru , 195 1 et—tog ttobasa‘yn’fiue albeit figure, ‘flying’ a bears too it though — Kent , 1 ¨ 22 – , mteatrih Stud hmittelalterliche 10 1 2 88 , – eg,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Leigh, ; . 95 3 lsna pln,adIK and Uppland, Ulvsunda, n fig. and – h piso itr h ot nteSao fteRmnEmpire Roman the of Shadow the in North The — Victory of Spoils The 64 28 8 n s.HukadPshi ame l,o.ct nnote in cit. op. al., et Lamm in Pesch and Hauck esp. and , , 63 (Fig. 385 ;P 13 17 – shi ame l,o.ct nnote in cit. op. al., et Lamm in esch . ff 93 ff p i.i note in cit. op. , 6 )adIK and a) rnl-hpdfae,ocro the on occur frames, erently-shaped ., ;IK e). 15 93 ( 81 1981 61 11 90 i otr di posture His pae p i.i note in cit. op. Speake, ; 78 ase a on ihtewell-known, the with found was Galsted n seilySefr Farm Shelford especially and ), twudb upiigi B- a if surprising be would It 245 ,Wu 316 394 25 – Abb. , , ¨ 70 2 tebr,adPompey, and rttemberg, ,at lphv,Fn which Fyn, Slipshavn, etrNbl Jutland, Nebel, Vester 9 pp. . 4 15 hcnuyi Denmark: in century th 246 91 ff , 343 104 140 r lgtyfrom slightly ers – oevr the Moreover, 85 10 – ;N.L.H.W 2 7 , pl. , , Lau-Backar, nL Jørgensen, L. in 80 352 . 1 . – Anglo-Saxon 3 149 n Taf. and – orans icker, 176 71 10 89 in , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 150 Scale Finglesham oi oprnao rcets :IK a: bracteates. on comparanda Motif 3 : 2 .a–b 203 n c–f, and –D;d:IK fe ac ta. p i.i note in cit. op. al., et Hauck after 74 ai .dickinson m. tania ed-;e IK e: Heide-B; alHauck Karl 61 fig ase-;b IK b: Galsted-B; . 20 17 Zago . 10 ´ erdcdwt emsino rfso Dr Professor of permission with reproduced , znB :IK f: rzyn-B; 176 So ¨ 33 eb-;c IK c: derby-B; rts Museum-C. British 426 , 2 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology aei al tl :i nln hyocrpiaiyo h ne edltsof headplates inner the on primarily Phase occur Hines’s of they and England brooches in square-headed I: Kentish some Style early in rare qaehae rohs nteTpo rnighrs n nafwapid but applied, few brooches. a saucer on cast, and not drinking-horns, Taplow the on brooches, square-headed nml r omni aeRmnadps-oa art, post-Roman and Roman Late in common are animals imtr igemtft miga II, Empingham to motif single diameter, efitrwndadwt iatcltdhmnbd-at (Fig. body-parts I Style human early disarticulated and Style with Nydam and of period self-intertwined research the in New lies mid- D-bracteates. origin in the their of that only hallmark not the argues however, is, beak predatory-bird ftebr-edwihcntriaetehi ntebatae ro h bird(s) the of or bracteates the on hair head. the the above remnant terminate appear misplaced can can a which be which A- thus on bird-head might re-presented the ‘hair’ was its fillet of across and ‘bird-beak’ diadem the with C-bracteates: bust to Imperial the way the recalls disc otsoe(Fig. Cottesmore orh ml-imtr igemtf h ogbae raueo h Westgarth the the to on it creature links long-beaked which the however, motif, Gardens backward-turned, single is small-diameter, creature fourth, The ‘headdress’. or oei common. in more hnsmlrvrin,wt hc otsoeadWsgrhGardens Westgarth and Cottesmore which with versions, simpler than og lgtyaat idba,wihocri ar,vrosybcwr-and backward- variously pairs, in occur or which jaws bird-beak, open with apart, quadrupeds slightly and animals long, D-bracteate the between equivalence aesa (Fig. Faversham icfo ukn II, Mucking from disc yeb;Bro egaeAias(i n v;adepcal Bidford-on-Avon especially and (v); and (ii) Animals 182 Seagrave Barton Aylesby; utnHoo Sutton ayohrsil tig ie yebae ic rmAvso;Bs Hall Boss Alveston; from discs apex type-b (i.e. fittings shield other many eg,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Leigh, ihatrpmrh n nmlmno ru fSyeIojcswith objects I Style of buckle group the particularly Plante. Countries, a compared La Low be Namur, the on from can and plate but Kent animal-men foot), from second parallels and Scandinavian a represent anthropomorphs might hip with coiled the beside shape II, Empingham bracteates’, ta.(d.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (eds.), al. et Provenance. cngah fteEryAgoSxnCoinage Anglo-Saxon Early the of Iconography etihnFrankenreich westlichen tl I pae p i.i note in cit. op. Speake, II: Style ig,sa-hahbtosand buttons seax-sheath rings, 94 98 95 96 97 Haselo f .AbeadA rmn ‘ Kromann A. and Axboe M. Cf. ..in E.g. .B ale,‘aedriuvkig naayea D-brakteaterne’, af analyse en udvikling: i ‘Fabeldyr Carlsen, B. E. Haselo Figs. : nhooopimmgtee edtce nterltdae icfrom disc apex related the on detected be even might Anthropomorphism nmlmn—adbr-e cu ihvrigdgeso miut on ambiguity of degrees varying with occur — bird-men and — Animal-men 5 ff ff 5 caHyperborea Acta hcnuysuhwsenSadnva u lota h lsi formats, classic the that also but Scandinavia, south-western th-century p i.i note in cit. op. , p i.i note in cit. op. , hcnuyEgad .Suzuki, S. England: th-century 41 5 yev rcfr or-ons(Fig. board-mounts cruciform type-vi , 018 6 11 – and a–d (Mainz, 112 7 , , 2 ) natrpmrhctnec sas vdn nteteapex the the in evident also is tendency anthropomorphic An c). 34 )i h iuu,tikndha urudadtinua ‘ear’ triangular and surround head thickened sinuous, the in d) , 868 98 4 seilyi h ipsto ftelgo es(h ml leaf- small (the legs or leg the of disposition the in especially , 62 – 25 ( 9 25 1992 eysmlrdsriuae id’hasas pero -rcet,IK D-bracteate, a on appear also heads birds’ disarticulated similar very ; ;H Pressblech , 600 hsne o le ac’ aefra iconographic an for case Hauck’s alter not need This 1997 ;P , 265 2 106 ns p i.i note in cit. op. ines, fig. , ), ybl fpoeto 151 protection of symbols etersfinger – 7 97 ), 271 , (Fig. 80 NODIN DN –) swl so h ici or tig from fittings board discoid the on as well as a–b), 119 17 1 akadtre nmlwt pnjw rcurved or jaws open with animal backward-turned A s.Abb. esp. , rohs:M Aufleger, M. brooches): –;i later in m–p; – (Oxford, 94 – 305 – 60 20 2 h ui rohSyeadAgoSxnSettlement Anglo-Saxon and Style Brooch Quoit The ;M. ,T ) hc stplgclyale hog t small- its through allied typologically is which c), , 95 NPF 166 afn. 2003 xo,Tecrnlg ftegl bracteates’, gold the of chronology Axboe,‘The 183 , 49 213 AUC? 15 54 6 ), . h to th- ;Hrtn She Harston; B; , 148 – – 135 15 61 112 emnc‘ipra otat’ nSadnva gold Scandinavian on portraits’’ ‘‘imperial Germanic – ;on n Abb. and 7 51 and hcnuyAutnaadNuti bcls finger (buckles, Neustria and Aquitania th-century .T . iraselne ndrKenus e eoigretin Merowingerzeit der Kleinkunst der in Tierdarstellungen 138 early he – 2 Hikuin 40 120 ) lhuhbackward-turned Although e). oig‘ar nteMucking the on ‘hair’ flowing 8 ;K hcnuy‘cats:A Gannon, A. ‘sceattas’: th-century – 1 nrc,o.ct nnote in cit. op. endrick, , eg,o.cti note in cit op. Leigh, ; 29 ffi ( 2002 l’ ilAia (ii); Animal Hill eld’s 96 3 hyse relatively seem they ru VIgreat XVII Group , ), 119 (Woodbridge, 17 – 42 ) eelater were c), . 126 35 – 25 47 41 fig. , , 2000 nHines in 385 549 have 7 b. – 97 ;in ); The No 92 ; ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology lutae o igeiae ol tn nmnclyfralre yl of it cycle but larger contested, a be for may mnemonically — stand dead could the images of single consumers how Midgard-serpent the illustrates and and Fenrir wolf tormentors the as and/or such gods the of opponents underworld h e g nteSo the on Age New the bemntr r loprrydo h hedonmns ac’ detailed Hauck’s ornaments. shield the on O the is portrayed god compar- the also sea-beast- that that — suggest with are exegesis him, parallels by monsters the backward-turned) fettered (i.e. or Likewise, able god defeated a god. or attacking intertwined) this apparently whether (i.e. portray bracteates, the also on monsters two derived latter the that ewe h olbhn h e nMcigII, Mucking on leg the behind coil the between miga II, Empingham om—peupieyalaiggd ie h ls aallbtenhis between parallel close the imperial and Given human god. of Galsted/So leading figure the single a on a presumptively appearance by particularly — dominated be as and to form seem raised figures, C-bracteates is and B- iconography mythical A-, shared the by least, a the of At hypothesis. possibility initial the an meanings, identical had motifs Hukdbe h atrhs‘e os’tp,aanasmn eiainfo a shoulder. from a as derivation element assuming the of again identification type, support Horse’ does it ‘Sea but his sea-serpent); latter the dubbed (Hauck hpdo colfr hudr n i-onso -rcet,IK D-bracteate, a on hip-joints and shoulder- scrolliform shaped’or nlsswihh ss ota hr sn urne hti di in that guarantee no is compositional there of that type so the is uses, support iconology he cannot bracteate which repertoire of analyses shield interpretation the specific and very problematic, Hauck’s Although striking. eebac oacooiems efrutu (Fig. fortuitous be must crocodile a to resemblance enb,Bohusla Tegneby, eteho rdtr s stetsso or sA as boar, a of tusks well the as as could fish (iii) Animal predatory Seagrave a Barton of of teeth jaw the be on bars tooth-like the Further ihbcwr-undAia i n owr-aigAia ii,bt ih‘u- with She both the (iii), on ‘lip’, Animal lower forward-facing curled and and head (i) shaped’ Animal backward-turned with atnSarv nml()(Fig. (i) Animal Seagrave Barton 152 owr-und eieacnrlhmnfiueo he -rcets—IK — B-bracteates three on IK figure Saxony, human Lower central ‘Hamburg’, a beside forward-turned, nafihboc rmWsbr,Kn,wihcnb eonsda iefo t vrl hp n npositions fin and shape overall its from occur pike grooves a transverse as Similar recognised tongue. be drooping can a which as Kent, bars Westbere, these from and (t brooch up way fish other a the on think, I mistakenly head, ( ihabr-ieba oprsntol ihWsgrhGardens Westgarth with only not compares beak bird-like a with pp. iw hs eetasomtoso lsia n aeAtqesamntr:the monsters: sea Antique Late and classical of Mediterranean transformations were these view, 21 ase n h epnieaia nIK on animal serpentine the and Galsted -rketn i odeso e oamtv n hegshctih Bedeutung’, geschichtliche ihre und Jonasmotivs des Nordversion Die D-Brakteaten: 353 1977 100 101 he 99 – 15 35 .Huk ZrIoooi e odrketnXI.Schu XIII. Goldbrakteaten der Ikonologie ‘Zur Hauck, K. A f ac ta. p i.i note in cit. op. al., et Hauck Cf. nlfi sboe wy:R esp TeAgoSxncmtr tWestbere’, at cemetery Anglo-Saxon ‘The Jessup, R. away): broken is fin anal ˚ ), eg p i.i note in cit. op. berg, amTne,Jtad—adterlnaet h etla es nIK on beast reptilian the to linkage their and — Jutland Tønder, Raum . – h iiaiisbtenmtf nbatae n hed ihSyeIare I Style with shields and bracteates on motifs between similarities The 161 16 l II, pl. , – 96 ;H 6 o or,c.HiudNesn( Nielsen Høilund cf. boars, for ; uke l,o.ct nnote in cit. op. al., et auck ketos 112 ¨ ,idctsa qai sett h omri oedebatable more is former the to aspect aquatic an indicates n, 36 n h eae gr fWasperton of figure related the and , rOdTsaetJnhsWaeo Leviathan. or Whale Jonah’s Testament Old or , 169 fig. , ¨ 10 eb -rcet eis n httemntr are monsters the that and series, B-bracteate derby vol. , ai .dickinson m. tania 305 ´ , ¨ 2 3 ino os yh nhseihn ttedw of dawn the at epiphany his in myth, Norse of ðinn ;Knrc,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Kendrick, b; 74 , eb eiso -rcetsadtefiueon figure the and B-bracteates of series derby 1 10 , 28 vol. , 7 ed,ShewgHlti (Fig. Schleswig-Holstein Heide, ) hl h pnjwdtp scomparable is type open-jawed the while a), 2001 – 9 and 1 ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), , 1 , 36 91 176 – – 7 8 ¨ . and , sselstu ffi So l’ Hill eld’s ¨ 3 ¨ eb (Fig. derby k u Entzi zur cke , 1 6 , 600 , 7 35 15 474 ˚ , egsgetd huhthe though suggested, berg – a)! 71 69 – 5 (Fig. 100 ame l,o.ct nnote in cit. op. al., et Lamm ; n fig. and . 64 115 ni.J Antiq. ff hte h parallel the Whether rn e kngaheder Ikonographie der erung nml() suggest I (i), Animal 17 td u Sachsenforschung zur Stud. 2 pxds (Fig. disc apex 4 )ad‘trumpet- and d) –) nHauck’s In a–b). xi,hwvr edthe read however, ,xvii, ., 41 ff 26 rn contexts erent 17 u lowith also but ( 1946 99 ) n IK and d), 535 h type The ), 101 11 Raum – 21 6 a). 61 71 ,at 10 , 1 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology hc ohfc wyfo hv endfae y)hm h opee‘human’ complete The him. by?) defeated Wasperton been on (have (i) from figure away face both which i)adAia ii (Fig. (iii) Animal and (ii) (Figs. ie—teporsietasomto n iitgaino n niiul All individual. shape- one supernatural, with of engagements or disintegration beings. of changing actions and the represent transformation could discs progressive three the — like takfo ihrsd idhae nmlmn nml(i,a elas well as (ii), Animal animal-man, bird-headed She bracteates, (iv)–(vii). of a Animals sea-monsters parts, the side animal-man and to animal which either analogous disembodied in motif, (iii), from man-between-beasts and disarticulated of (i) attack sort and a Animals monster-head feature creatures, a does two it by — ‘swallowed’ parts human body human a — elements graphic ovy es fcnrnainasn rmtepoesoa ree (Figs. friezes processional the from absent confrontation of particular in sense Seagrave a Barton conveys scenes. narrative represent even might images animal hc h pnjwdsret fteBro il pxds ih ecompared be might with disc and apex II Mills Style Barton in the frequent more of (Fig. motif serpents a open-jawed serpent, the encircling which an of end each form arpue‘tak ua ed nIK on head; human a ‘attack’ hair-plume rmEey pln,wihMgu nepesa ersnaino the of representation a as interprets Magnus Ragnaro which of myth Uppland, destruction Ekeby, from 7 w -rcetsfo Ska from C-bracteates two (Fig. monsters underworld consuming, of 9 representations as them of interpretation 9 note nelgbe o xml,Hlsspreto fteoe-ae nmlhaso the on heads Bidford-on-Avon animal from open-jawed the mounts of boss-flange perception Hills’s example, For intelligible. entertained. n oetcsreyaedsusdi ealb rc,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Price, by detail in discussed are sorcery domestic and h arntnB, Barrington the hmn n nNremtooy seilyb O by by practised especially as mythology, — Norse shape-changers they in that malfeasant their possibility and or while the repertoire: shamans purposes, beneficient profane shield-ornament either had the represent have in might animal-men impact of psychological ubiquity the with era aeoetyo eeoetyi eaal,btmgtb ot consideration. worth be might but debatable, is benevolently or malevolently read be am pnokmut rmBidford-on-Avon from mounts openwork eidaia art’, animal Period eetdo eetbeeeisadteaec fterdefeat. their of agency the and enemies defeatable or defeated 106 103 105 104 102 ,at ) n er oecmaio iha atSadnva qa-re brooch equal-armed Scandinavian East an with comparison some bears and a), ) oprbeoe-ote,mntoshasapa ntewd odr of borders wide the in appear heads monstrous open-mouthed, Comparable a). r cpia iwo itnusigfihigsee rmsmoi friezes. symbolic from scenes fighting distinguishing of view sceptical ore .Haselo G. .C idtø n .Kristo S. and Lindstrøm C. T. ans( Magnus f pae p i.i note in cit. op. Speake, Cf. ac,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hauck, pp. 11 rmti esetv,ohrfaue fteSyeIo hed eoemore become shields on I Style the of features other perspective, this From 8 , 4 40 b). 20 and b ;H.R – 104 4 2001 ;t ff Bl n oi mNdmSi n tlI’, Stil und Nydam-Stil im Motif und ‘Bild , he h he pxdsswt o-dnia,rte hnsnl rrepeated, or single than rather non-identical, with discs apex three The 103 t,‘Einfu oth, 103 ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), ag fsaesitn n nmlsii-epr nteVkn eidadterrlsi military in roles their and Period Viking the in spirit-helpers animal and shape-shifting of range 6 owga rhel Rev Archaeol. Norwegian )dpcsapsil nmlmnbtentooe-ae beasts, open-jawed two between animal-man possible a depicts a) pxds (Fig. disc apex 106 ¨ 99 rn ndePolmtk Ru Problematik, die in hrung ;H 2 64 uk( auck fig. , 5 ff ybl fpoeto 153 protection of symbols 11 ) lentvl,tetretgte ersn cartoon- — represent together three the alternatively, e); re,‘‘Fgr tot’ scooia esetvso ecpino Migration of perception on perspectives Psychological out!’’ it ‘‘Figure ‘ ersen, ih evee stevco fteprilAnimal-man partial the of victor the as viewed be might ˚ , 2 e nIK on ne: 1988 283 )i lopr fti neeti osmn raue n hte tshould it whether and creatures consuming in interest this of part also is a) 11 ¨ k. ., – n –,adepcal,a tlsi nlg oBro il,two Mills, Barton to analogy stylistic a as especially, and k–q, and a–b 81 – 34 p i.i note in cit. op. ) 105 92 fig. , ( . 2001 lhuhBro egaelcsEeysmost Ekeby’s lacks Seagrave Barton Although 12 ), – n pl. and a–b 11 65 ¨ – klc n Ausblick’, und ckblick 84 A ˚ 10 67 182 203 eg,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Leigh, ; u,topiswt ssae’eror ear ‘s-shaped’ with pairs two sum, n s.Lm ta. p i.i note in cit. op. al., et Lamm esp. and , – 10 16 s‘s-ie ol codwt an with accord would ‘fish-like’ as Va –.Wehrtefcso ogeadjw on jaws and tongue on focus the Whether a–b. nRt e.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (ed.), Roth in 11 ˚ ,t . eh he ´ in—hsotnbeen often has — ðinn as ihtohdjaws, toothed with eads, 9 – 24 25 nRt e.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (ed.), Roth in , 310 102 – ffi 430 tas chimes also It l’ Hill eld’s 9 dm p i.in cit. op. idem, ; ,atp. 10 . 102 4 and a takes , 115 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology tl I o xml,teaia-edtriast h rp fshield of grips the to terminals animal-head the example, for II, Style Valsga .Arwidsson, G. odrketnXIX)’, Goldbrakteaten idmut ntesil rmSto Hoo predatory Sutton and from aquatic shield the the by assumed on that mounts as bird relationship same the exactly almost usdayhreaoetemi ua edadhremtf hlto IK on whilst motif, head-and-horse human (Fig. main Museum the British above horse subsidiary Hoo-Edition’, omrpeetdb utnHoo Sutton by represented form nu setne ieasod hl h one msae’fc reflects face ‘m-shaped’ rounded the II. while Style extent sword, lesser a to a and I Style like Salin’s of extended conventions is snout gr’ el oprbeautccetrswt pnjwdhasi profile in heads IK open-jawed on with C-bracteates: creatures two on aquatic appear Comparable heel. figure’s IK variant, (Fig. rmlks lwmvn iesadee h atc te qai onsfrom mounts aquatic Other Eriswell Baltic. the the from even and and boards Europe rivers shield northern throughout slow-moving known lakes, widely been from have would which pike, probably 154 ihteregeprnr,wr ouetlsdvrin ftemti struggle Christian mythic a the bracteates. of assumed on versions had monumentalised detected they were he partners, together that which ‘dragons’, eagle the proposed their that however, Evison with arguing, was fish, Hauck Concurrently, as meaning. mounts Insular onst h dao’mutfo utnHomound Hoo Sutton from mount ‘dragon’ the to mounts iua mounts Figural cngahcaayi n ftecmiaino qai onswt tl (Tab. I Style with mounts aquatic of combination 1 the of and analysis iconographic ik,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hicks, rcets h ocle TreGd’tp.Blwtecnrlhmnfiue on figures human central the Below type. IK ‘Three-Gods’ so-called the bracteates, n h nnmu fih mg rmCleatham from image ‘fish’ anonymous the and ose’ ed iial,o IK on Similarly, head. monster’s edadln oy hc ih ml htpk a loteitne species intended the also was pike (Figs. that model underlying imply the least might at which or here, body, long and head She qai onsaedpce ymtial:terfiso ipr,i present, if With above. flippers, from viewed or vertebrate land-based fins a to their but Hoo fish symmetrically: Sutton a to depicted not are appropriate mounts aquatic ain ftels,IK last, the of variant nIK on n eslvs onsfo edlIadValsga and I Vendel from mounts lavish less and u ntebsso edsaepsil loEriswell also possibly head-shape of basis the on but 108 107 ,teeosrain ei ute consideration. further merit observations these ), one msae’fcsotnocro ra qaehae n acrboce,btcnb bevdin observed be can but brooches, saucer and square-headed great on occur often faces ‘m-shaped’ Rounded lr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Clark, ¨ 51 ffi rde tiigycoeprlest hs ymtia qais n seilythe especially and aquatics, symmetrical these to parallels close Strikingly nthe In hr s pce sietfibefo on pcfial pn Hill Spong specifically — mount a from identifiable is species fish a Where 17 l’ Hill eld’s , 7 1 40 ) nautc‘ie’tefoto h nl ftecnrlfiue hl nthe on while figure, central the of ankle the of front the ‘bites’ aquatic an e), (Uppsala, as,Sæln,teeaetoopsdautc,wieoeaoeoccurs alone one while aquatics, opposed two are there Sjælland, Fakse, Fru i Gra Die emr n,i teutdfr,o IK on form, attenuated in and, Denmark 1980 ¨ 165 mteatrih Stud hmittelalterliche : 018 s,fnatcmntr n rdtr birds predatory and monsters fantastic fish, ¨ 1977 115 efnevnValsga von berfunde 2 , kvbr,Jtad nk ufistesm oeb iiga the at biting by role same the fulfils snake a Jutland, Skovsborg, onCakadVr vsnlkndteIslrautcshield aquatic Insular the likened Evison Vera and Clark John s Fru , 868 29 ¨ ), 2 mteatrih Stud hmittelalterliche (Figs. vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, ; 36 – 30 – 17 (Figs. 8 ;K Abb. , 39 f) 9 .H ., c–e, ¨ emr X,tepaeo h qai stknb a by taken is aquatic the of place the (X), Denmark 16 n sudrtemi oi,fcn ido-ryin bird-of-prey a facing motif, main the under is one uk GmishfsitneKledrSeemnn(u knlgeder Ikonologie (Zur Seegermanen der Kulte ‘Gemeinschaftstiftende auck, d II rde ai .dickinson m. tania 43 4 ( 1982 and e and 10 : ., Valsga 14 ), 20 )—i salre rswtrpeaoyfih most fish, predatory freshwater large, a is it — a) 018 49 107 319 . ( ¨ 1980 rde 104 10 Zago , 37 2 – nlgto h yooia n developing and typological the of light In , 868 62 8 )tesyiaini ae oetee:the extremes: to taken is stylisation the e) 34 ), (Uppsala, , ,atp. Bu ´ 463 f lobifdsusosb il,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hills, by discussions brief also cf. ; 232 zn(omryBrsn-am,Poland Beresina-Raum), (formerly rzyn cu namil aihsre fB- of series Danish mainly a on occur , ¨ tr,ShewgHlti,oefcsa faces one Schleswig-Holstein, storf, 10 – 018 617 324 b–f oscn aealnihtriangular longish a have cone boss ,atp. 1954 ;G. , 868 and 1 ¨ ,Tafn. ), Arwidsson, 25 486 rde n seilyshield especially and (Fig. 11 dm ZmzetnBn e Sutton der Band zweiten ‘Zum idem, ; (Fig. 51 046 7 16 1 ) xetfrSogHill Spong for Except d). , 3 108 sil I) eigthe Seeing III). (shield , n otesihl later slightly the to and 408 , 16 i Gra Die um I y.I a In Fyn. II, Gudme 9 284 ) oee,althe all however, b), ) nepeainof Interpretation b). and ¨ idnaland Mildenhall , efnevnValsga von berfunde 17 , 289 2 rmValsga from – 290 . ¨ ¨ d III rde 2 rde and , 31 33 8 , : : Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology igepeaoybr)o iaeal si utdadslydot(seilywhere (especially a out with splayed associated and where gutted (especially if back as paired their bilaterally symmetrically or on of with bird) profile, indication predatory shown in an single viewed sometimes with are often if they bodies, Even ovoid fins, fish-skeleton. or rounded or have fish-scales bird, predatory a with eonsbeiae of images recognisable uiin vnWoden. even musician, nepeaini orc httecnrlfiuei ad akdb oi(alias Loki by flanked Baldr alternative is Hauck’s the figure O not supportive central and and or weapon-bearing the a Whether that transformations and Victory) — confrontation. iconographic correct mythic is crucial more interpretation a imply of surely depiction beasts foot-biting ectdtecthpae ntogetsur-eddboce n florid a and brooches later square-headed the In great Westbere. from brooch two ‘pike-like’ silver 6 on cast the catch-plates and brooch, the cruciform cited be 41 lyi al nl-ao otxsohrta hed.Fo the From shields. than other contexts Anglo-Saxon Early in ally opponents as monsters reptilian or snakes gods. for of substitute creatures aquatic that than petu?,wohsmr eetybe xlie sa other as two explained with been associated object animal-headed recently was an more It and lyre has water. a of who carrying figure stream (plectrum?), ‘dancing’ a a depicting represent alternatively patches motif’; might tree ‘sacred cord a was it the that suggested History County Victoria the n w qaiswt w ymtia ar ffis n iuu ihaln linear long a with sinuous one fins, sti of which of other blitz pairs the towards symmetrical wartime tail, two ‘cord’, with the quadrupeds looped aquatics three in two direction: partially upward-facing and lost an central, in sadly move a animals was open-mouthed showed bead- five, a which It on Kent, Museum. patch repair Guilton, Liverpool metal from unnoticed, hitherto bowl and rimmed remarkable, a also is There hs ope cnsi otoesa.GnlaA Gunilla controversial. is scenes complex these bracteates’, eeoy e h pa eertn h eta gr fIK of Imperial figure central Roman the the penetrating on spear modelled the are yet bracteates ceremony, ‘Three-Gods’ the that 493 ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hines, udna,Su Tuddenham, ac nLm ta. p i.i note in cit. op. al., et Lamm in Hauck Kent’, artefacts. of backs the on are fish of instances century ets-aebr rohs ohmgtb ets:B rgan Terl fCnietlatfc-ye in artefact-types Continental of role ‘The Brugmann, B. Kentish: be chronology’, might Kentish both sixth-century brooches, bird Kentish-made et .BlwnBrown, Baldwin G. Kent: .Backhouse, J. rnaeadEce,Kn,adFxo,Cms:A .Dtia n .C aks Fnsfo h Anglo-Saxon the from ‘Finds Hawkes, C. S. and Detsicas P. Kent’, A. Eccles, Cambs.: Foxton, at and cemetery Kent, Eccles, and Crundale arl n emnd evr(d.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (eds.), Vegvar de Neuman and Farrell fig. 44 109 110 111 hand th – ( 9 – 1970 2 .A G. ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hines, .RahSih A con fsm niute on ntenihorodo adih ntecut of county the in Sandwich, of neighbourhood the in found antiquities some of account ‘An Smith, Roach C. ;R.L.S. fig. , 510 ycnrs,i aeRmnadps-oa uoems acceptably most Europe post-Roman and Roman Late in contrast, By ogbde qaiso s ihpeao/ielk ed peroccasion- appear heads predator/pike-like with fish or aquatics Long-bodied Archaeologia ˚ ), ;t kerstro 151 109 7 eW he – ntttmRmnmNorvegiae Romanum Institutum 7 13 hcnuis onsfrsrp n o uke rvd examples. provide buckles for and straps for mounts centuries, th EpnhmII, (Empingham h aigo England of Making The n .BueMtod TeSto o lyre, Hoo Sutton ‘The Bruce-Mitford, M. and ¨ ,atp. sbr rohi lsl aalldb rohfo eps hrne n,gvneiec for evidence given and, Charente, Herpes, from brooch a by paralleled closely is brooch estbere -ogn Avnu rvl ot.Ant nteioorpyo oeSadnva gold Scandinavian some of iconography the on note A North. travels ‘Adventus m-Hougen, ff l,i o pce-pcfi:Ws,o.ct nnote in cit. op. West, species-specific: not is olk, , 30 ( 31 12 1843 ff , ietesil onsadwt raglrti.Teato of author The tail. triangular a with and mounts shield the like n fig. and 15 323 h rsi al England Early in Arts The ni.J Antiq. ), , 132 97 – 4 fish 100 111 pl. , fig. , – 3 6 ., ybl fpoeto 155 protection of symbols ;D us,‘eoigretih Fischfibeln’, ‘Merowingerzeitliche Quast, D. ); ;K hc cu ieybt nteronadi association in and own their on both widely occur which , ;W 37 : 38 53 9 10 nl-ao r n utr AD Culture and Art Anglo-Saxon .W – , fig. , .P 2 64 ( , : ;H 1973 41 g (ed.), age caa rhelga tAtu itra Pertinentia Historiam Artium et Archaeologiam ad Acta chmColy Tebrso h utnHoinstrument’, Hoo Sutton the on birds ‘The ickham-Crowley, nHnse l es) p i.i note in cit. op. (eds.), al. et Hines in 49 we,o.ct nnote in cit. op. awkes, – 9 ) . (Alveston 281 – h itraHsoyo h onyo etI Kent of County the of History Victoria The (London, 6 63 pae p i.i note in cit. op. Speake, ; . 5 n alyPr,Wrik) ib,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Timby, Warwicks); Park, Ragley and Beowulf 1915 ˚ ´ 24 8 ,p.XXIV, pl. ), kerstro , in—prasmtesls here less matters perhaps — ðinn n h rgn ftefaeharp’, frame the of origins the and , , 600 323 99 fig. , – – 900 4 :s ¨ -ognage forcibly argues m-Hougen 129 he (London, 2 2 smsae nsyn htall that saying in mistaken is pls. , , – 62 9 3 i Kunde Die o h onsfo atyI, Eastry from mounts the for ; ,atp. o onso uke from buckles on mounts for ; scop 7 51 and d 1991 (London, , 6 45 1 rsupernatural or ,N hcnuymay century th , ;a ), as n the and Fakse 9 15 .F. ;L ese and Webster L. e; 24 s-rohfrom fish-brooch ( – 2001 41 5 1908 ;M / 2 ), adventus ( 43 ), lmand alim Antiquity 1990 229 354 – 61 – 6 / 110 – 17 th- 40 1 in 5 ), , , , ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology na emn n,a es ae,cnevdo s‘oflk’—o yimagining by or — ‘wolf-like’ as of conceived later, least at aggressive and, Contin- and they Germans and sinister Scandinavians most ental southern transformed motifs: the Anglo-Saxons, probably by — fittings I encountered pike habitually of objectifying shield Style fish form by the local the the in and directly familiar of either in something them into beasts makers detected sea mythical The ideas of conceptions monsters. reinforce underwater and represent reflect shields, Saxon ditdyacnutdwt nie rs r o mrcs ob ae ssgsof signs as taken be to imprecise too Cross. are arcs) the incised with accentuated admittedly eaieyulkl ohv a uvvn rerycnat ihCrsint (Fig. Christianity with contacts early or surviving had 14 have to unlikely relatively uce uteolmtf nKnigaladBre (Fig. Barnes and Kenninghall on motifs quatrefoil punched Gleu’ nH ek .See n .Tme(eds.), Timpe D. and Steuer H. Beck, H. in ‘Gallehus’, otnn,telc fayohricnrvril hita ybls nthe on reading. symbolism Christian Christian syncretic incontrovertibly even or other direct any a undermines of shields lack the Continent, 156 10 hrfr,go udst h icn dniyo h qai onso Anglo- aquatics. on nature shield fantastic often mounts and so aggressive the aquatic connotations, the sacrificial to the of appropriate its images, with of fish exegesis these identity Christian with associated a piscine is the Nor shields. to Cleatham Saxon guides from good piece therefore, fragmentary and iron ewe w rdtr birds). predatory two between (ed.), ‘emeclg’asDmgao—U — Domagnano aus ‘‘Helmbeschlag’’ ci eb zum Leube Achim BmrugnzrIogahedsRuvgl mBipe e eoigretihnVogelfibeln’, Merowingerzeitlichen der Beispiel am Raubvogels des Austriaca Ikongraphie note zur in ‘Bemerkungen cit. op. odshnHledrVendelzeit’, der Helme nordischen nBoke ta. p i.i note in cit. op. al., et Blockley in 7 Abb. Fvrhm;E atne l,‘rhelg nSu in ‘Archaeology al., et Martin E. (Faversham); p. udnShleshise u e Ko dem aus Schulterschliessen den zu ruet,aCrsineeei o h rdtr s one nteCudl,Ece n otnbclsshould buckles Foxton and Eccles Crundale, the on mounted fish reconsidered. predatory be the perhaps for exegesis Christian a arguments, p i.i note in cit. op. .G Welch, G. M. h g fMgaigIdeas Migrating of Age The Agra pae p i.i note in cit. op. Speake, acrboce:M .Welch, G. M. brooches: saucer ra qaehae rohs ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hines, brooches: square-headed great Fru etr its yblsoe:C hms Teitrrtto ftePcihsymbols’, Pictish the of interpretation ‘The Thomas, C. stones: symbol Pictish century 31 112 114 113 hcnuyEgad ons ukepae rpnat ihafihbtentoSyeI rdtr id:Webster birds: predatory II Style two between fish a with pendants or buckle-plates mounts, England, th-century ¨ Lieferung , – 500 mteatrih Stud hmittelalterliche c). 97 V ..fo the from E.g. vsn p i.i note in cit. op. Evison, us,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Quast, en 1 ...TasAbmFuim.Frcugnzrvorro zur Forschungen Fluvium’. Albim Trans . . ‘. fig. , esp. , , ahr rps,autcmut,tems oua nmlfiue nAnglo- on figures animal popular most the mounts, aquatic propose, I Rather, (Stockholm, 7 , , 82 13 154 / 70 , 3 29 3 114 fig. , c( 9 hcetrExcavations Chichester / ( 1998 ;t 4 odna,Su Coddenham, and 65 110 he (Berlin, 11 ial,autcmut r rmrl on naeswihare which areas in found primarily are mounts aquatic Finally, Geburtstag . 1993 3 / iaea fih nteHrigtn icaepolmtc ic hyse ohv nmllegs: animal have to seem they since problematic, are disc Hardingstone the on ‘fish’ bilateral ., s hc emt ihbt h oiso eoiga idboce:U Haimerl, U. brooches: bird Merovingian of bodies the ‘inhabit’ to seem which fish ; 30 dcnuyowrs ot fteIpra ie:C o anpBrhi,‘Der Carnap-Bornheim, von C. Limes: Imperial the of north onwards, century rd ;C 9 1 ), ; 2 (Edinburgh/Stroud, ( 7 ), .H fig. , 1967 343 hcnuyAutna uke:Aflgr p i.i note in cit. op. Aufleger, buckles: Aquitanian th-century 1996 21 111 2 cs TePcihCasIanimals’, I Class Pictish ‘The icks, , – n rnipee(ls B (Class Frontispiece and 33 ), 10 6 , al nl-ao Sussex Anglo-Saxon Early ), (Rahden, five ; 3 493 113 ,pl. e, – ff 330 – 4 2 l) n vno h utnHosole lss .Ciglenec S. clasps: shoulder Hoo Sutton the on even and olk); 93 tme uteol eeue iey seilyi h ihoeSye e.g. Style: Bichrome the in especially widely, used were quatrefoils Stamped . , .Ro J. ;K.H 7 1039 ¨ – ,atpp. : ¨ Spangenhelme ute,ulk h ntne rmtepost-Roman the from instances the unlike Further, isrbvnSto Hoo’, Sutton von nigsgrab 16 44 ai .dickinson m. tania elgne u ekntds‘VglFsh’Motivs’, ‘‘Vogel-Fisch’’ des Herkunft zur berlegungen pl onadteMardens the and Down Apple ¨ ic-emnshnZnrlu.Mainz Zentralmus. misch-germanischen ;frtentrlsi otaa ffih rbbyslo,on salmon, probably fish, of portrayal naturalistic the for d; rmteMrvninworld: Merovingian the from ; 112 – 2001 uk Vnenrspa einer ‘Von auck, 40 16 1993 figs. , mn h nua hedmut,ol h plain, the only mounts, shield Insular the Among ,ep Abb. esp. ), – 19 ff ¨ :K.Bo ). olk ice,kiezilce n itllelce Archa mittelalterlichen und kaiserzeitlichen mischen, . 443 A,Bi.Ser., Brit. BAR, , 1999 op eleio e emnshnAltertumskunde Germanischen der Reallexikon Hoops 1 15 ¨ and iv), nr Defru ‘Die hner, pls. , ’, 6 47 rc Su Proc. 463 – ¨ – 8 196 atknRnklu u aooice Europa’, karologischen zum Randkultur tantiken ;M. 9 57 25 Cnebr) pae p i.i note in cit. op. Speake, (Canterbury); Germania (B – – (Chichester, V 12 9 202 l nt rhel Hist Archaeol. Inst. olk leecap:J Hines, J. clasps: sleeve ; scmaal.Teeaenot, are These comparable. is xo,H .NesnadW Heizmann, W. and Nielsen F. H. Axboe, ¨ laodWs twType), Stow Sleaford-West 112 mteatrihnSagnem n die und Spangenhelme hmittelalterlichen 6 nR .Sera n .Hgit(eds.), Higgitt J. and Spearman M. R. in hcnuyfihsae rohs Quast, brooches: fish-shaped th-century , , 72 (Oxford, 41 ( 1994 (for 1990 96 1994 ), 1983 ,T ,pl. ), 314 af. ), 10 ., – ,fig. ), rhel J Archaeol. 471 29 23 82 43 Pace c–d 223 f loMu also cf. ; .I iwo these of view In A. ( n Karte and – ¨ 2000 ´ 39 lssHektespenner Clasps ologie 549 i ‘Bemerkungen ki, – ;A onand Down A. d; ,t vsn the Evison, 38 59 esp. , ), ., , : nM Meyer M. in he 2 495 (B etcrf fu Festschrift 6 120 de. Bd. ed., nd h to th- 18 2 ¨ 39 518 – Archaeol. fig. , therich, latter ) cast b); ( 531 1963 from ; – 8 ,at 20 th- 6 ¨ n ), , r Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology efi gave Aelfric Latin utnHoo Sutton n rdtr ido he nl-ao hed,adbtenteelongated the the between between and aquatic parallelism shields, of Anglo-Saxon the and mound three shields Given Hoo Scandinavian on pair. the Sutton bird on single predatory ‘eagle’ a and and ‘dragon’ only of have combination normally would hmo h ai fpk-iecharacteristics. pike-like of basis the on them utritrs esknfrNrikMdeadrfa iigtdtlReformationstid til Vikingetid fran Middelalder Nordisk for Leksikon Kulturhistorisk ig ntemound the on wings n .Osn(eds.), Olsen P. and h utnHo‘rgn’adteto(id)eso h mound the of (hind-)legs of two teeth the wolf-like and The strengthened. ‘dragons’ thus Hoo is Sutton mounts’ the ‘dragon the and mounts these (Fig. yhclbeasts. mythical ofhae,rpiebde n s-aldsamonster. sea fish-tailed and reptile-bodied wolf-headed, a 13 ig u n,ipyn t udrae’ntr.B otat h eg Apton Bergh the contrast, By nature. ‘underwater’ its implying hippogri fins, but wings ygnrlyaqie nweg ftenwaia tl rdrcl ytealready- the mound by in directly later or buried style shield, animal Scandinavian new the imported of knowledge acquired generally by .N Toller, N. T. or ons(Figs. mounts board atclr r tl Imut rmVne-eidsils(ec h type-iic the (hence shields Vendel-period from mound Hoo mounts Sutton II in mount Style are particular, tl,msl o akt,blsadcaeans n a eepandb h selective the by explained there. be II can Style accomplished, and of chatelaines, uptake less and the belts North usually caskets, on and for Bavaria especially though mostly Alamannia, Italy, some, Rhineland, objects, the and in Comparable contemporaneously beak, almost snake. and occur claw a between jewellery, and/or peg bifid later a mostly have are many tails feathered; Their necklace-spacers. and brooches Vendel-period nnote in ir XII Livre n r napc fteaia-e nteBidford-on-Avon the on animal-men the of aspect an are and 6 rdtr-idmut,adtems p o h utnHoo Sutton the for apt most the and mounts, predatory-bird 45 Valsga rgn o utnHomound Hoo Sutton for dragon’ egaeae ic (Fig. discs apex Seagrave uke n sMrvninaia rohs uee,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Aufleger, brooches: animal Merovingian as and buckles 63 ek ihcnorln n nenlrde(ersnigatnu? r iia otebaso h predatory-bird the of beaks the to similar are tongue?) a (representing ridge internal Hippogri and mounts. line contour with beaks tl Ifo cniai,weesKn eevdisSyeI nietyvateContinent. the via indirectly II Style its received Kent whereas Scandinavia, from II Style 115 116 118 119 117 n es om;Nørga comm.; pers. and , 14 –)sgetta ohmgtb eae ooecasclcneto fadao — dragon a of conception classical one to related be might both that suggest a–b) and h cetfi aefrpike, for name scientific The ac ta. p i.i note in cit. op. al., et Hauck .Atran ‘Fa Attermann, I. øln ile ( Nielsen Høilund antsetebssfrHcssitrrtto fte sdvuigbat,o.ct nnote in cit. op. beasts, devouring as them of interpretation Hicks’s for basis the see cannot I ¨ – lupus rde h eodms rqettp ffiua hedmuti rdtr bird predatory a is mount shield figural of type frequent most second The 15 12 96 49 : , e Animaux Des , 7 17 ,T .Br ed rbasas etr nteMcigII, Mucking the on feature also beaks or heads Bird ). 38 ff a sd hc a loapidt oaiu eierna s:J Bernstro J. fish: Mediterranean voracious to applied also was which used, was sil I)‘rgn’aemr or hnwl-edd oee:Awdsn p i.i note in cit. op. Arwidsson, however: wolf-headed, than boar- more are ‘dragons’ III) (shield lucius – Abb. , (Fig. s af. nAgoSxnDictionary Anglo-Saxon An 18 5 018 n Taf. and ff ;H fo Greek (from ,admr aeygri rarely more and s, tde tilla Studier 46 ˚ efraespa gelformade (Paris, 1999 117 uk p i.i note in cit. op. auck, 13 , , 49 868 ˚ )aeide yn raue ihnti eetieo composite, of repertoire this within creatures flying indeed are c) dJresn p i.i note in cit. op. Jørgensen, rd 94 ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), and 1 2 1986 . 1 ¨ and d c.Figs. (cf. nd unrEkholm Gunnar gnade dao’aeetariay oee:a‘gri a however: extraordinary, are ‘dragon’ 92 1 dao’adteeogtdautc,epcal htfrom that especially aquatics, elongated the and ‘dragon’ 118 10 lukoz . sxlucius Esox ), rc-ifr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, ; vol. , ybl fpoeto 157 protection of symbols 180 ¨ h utnHoo Sutton The nnohbsa fra beslag och nnen o l English Old for ) (Oxford, 13 7 – 3 97 –) h otfeunl ie aall o the for parallels cited frequently most The a–b). ffi , 1 1 )ado h arntnB, Barrington the on and d) eet al eivluaeo lsia od o wl’ o example, for ‘wolf’: for words classical of usage medieval early reflects , spoe,mk cainlapaacso atFaks Burgundian Frankish East on appearances occasional make proper, ns . 10 , 6 )or 16 rusfrEs nlaa h nta on frcpini nln for England in reception of point initial the as Anglia East for argues , 107 and e – 1954 18 neetnl aldte dao-s’ hl eann ‘flying retaining while ‘dragon-fish’, them called interestingly , ade n h oenmru,sihl later slightly numerous, more the and saddles (Go f øln ile ( Nielsen Høilund cf. ; ¨ er) .Andre J. repr.); teborg, 1 13 ˚ , folkvandringstid’, n hacod 78 ) h mound the b), 018 and 1934 cgaewt oenGerman Modern with (cognate 141 115 , 1 868 ;Wre p i.i note in cit. op. Werner ); , 91 – ´ 8 nioorpi ikbetween link iconographic An e.adtrans.), and (ed. – . 9 idcudhv eninspired been have could bird 2001 ;H 1 (Copenhagen, . 169 iudNesn( Nielsen øilund 119 96 ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), , 1 – 73 86 103 dao’mynthave not may ‘dragon’ 116 – nH asn .Odencrants R. Larsen, H. in 5 , h he ar of pairs three The sdr eSeville de Isidore 018 pxds (Fig. disc apex 161 600 ffi 1981 182 – 1 ’ o example, for n’, 1997 1 , ¨ 2 ,‘Ga m, riso,o.cit. op. Arwidsson, ; 52 pxds and disc apex 868 dao’(Fig. ‘dragon’ 6 ;J owrhand Bosworth J. ); and ;t Hecht :th ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), n Barton and eV he i prominent eir ¨ 169 on in mount ;sometimes ); dda’, . ne and I endel E ´ 107 – tymologies 72 666 ,A ,T 2 a), bb. af. in Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 153 112 edlPro Studies Period Vendel n o aeld‘hle’i h Muse the in ‘Chelles’ labelled now and (Cambridge, dnie:K ree Gti aeilculture’, material ‘Gothic Greene, K. identifier: 4 mle bird). smaller etr:B ans Dcs oe n id fpe:brsa ybl ntelt rnAeo cniai’ paper Scandinavia’, of Age Iron late the in symbols as birds prey: of the birds to and doves given ‘Ducks, Magnus, B. century: e ewe ekadcas and claws) and beak between peg nteWrdTe,adtesoiso ins ocrr n os nldn O including gods, and order sorcerers cosmic giants, sustain of help stories which the hawk and and Tree, eagle World the the out), in singled is fish’ of ‘hunter (t nune otRmnioorpy ihnadwtotteEpr,a a as Empire, the power. without earthly and and qualities within celestially-derived for iconography, metaphor post-Roman influenced Ringwould’, r-mnnei aueadrl as role and nature in pre-eminence uha h al sa mno h e g in Age New mythology, the Norse of later omen in an birds as eagle predatory the of as examples such well-known to attention wide. is meanings iconographic possible of range a etnua lc ewe ekadca:BcigasieCut Museum, County Buckinghamshire claw: and beak between block rectangular a has tl Ipeefo utnHoo Sutton from piece II Style 123 rudta hyaehwso falcons, or hawks are they that argued not (Bonn, 158 te yeibpeaoybrsaels aifcoiyprlee nti a,however way, this in paralleled satisfactorily less (Fig. are birds predatory type-iib other rohsrrl aeayhn ntecas hr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Thiry, claws: the in anything have rarely brooches hoooyfo al hs H Phase early from chronology rpzia rtinua al,o oedznA,B n atclryC-bracteates particularly IK and B- A-, example, dozen some (for on tails, triangular or trapezoidal osbywt cniainisiain u tetne oSu to extended it but inspiration, Scandinavian with possibly 104 de nurgt‘eoiga’br rohfo Marche from brooch bird ‘Merovingian’ upright an added elsae ali emnl ace nyo later on only matched seemingly is tail bell-shaped ti soitdwt rsls ed n oeie oldwn rojc nthe in object or wing coiled a sometimes and where heads I, crestless Eastry claws. with from those associated as is such it England, from strap-mounts bichrome shaped, 123 122 120 121 th-/early he , – n h arAS pair the and temn,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Attermann, .Aboin,‘eai n ybl nteboat-graves’, the in symbols and ‘Regalia Ambrosiani, B. adi rw,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Brown, Baldwin xo,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Axboe, -rcets n – Esr) .Prt,‘ idmutadohreryAgoSxnfid rmRipple/ from finds Anglo-Saxon early other and mount bird ‘A Parfitt, K. (Eastry); j–k and C-bracteates) cvneslk aes(hc aeatiknd a-opdba) oehave Some beak). flat-topped thickened, a have (which ravens like scavengers 230 , 65 h ossetyadceryhoe ek dniyalteebrsa raptors as birds these all identify beaks hooked clearly and consistently The h rsls ed ag on y,cie igadbl-hpdtiso the of tails bell-shaped and wing coiled eye, round large head, crestless The h tlsi nlge ftebr onswt cniainmtra direct material Scandinavian with mounts bird the of analogies stylistic The 232 1939 aordflor ntecneto idpeigo nte id o anpBrhi,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Carnap-Bornheim, von bird; another on preying bird a of context the in falconry favoured , 12 121 ,n. 5 b–d hcnuyEs uoenbrainmltr eradtec ofml rohsa Gti’ethnic ‘Gothic’ a as brooches female to thence and gear military barbarian European East th-century ), 41 54 ihasaebteniscaspoie on fcoeoelpwt the with overlap close of point a provides claws its between snake a with rhel Cantiana Archaeol. h ocnrto fti omi etsget oa development, local a suggests Kent in form this of concentration The 1987 51 oe hthnigfihwt rdtr id sunlikely. is birds predatory with fish hunting that notes , hScsnypsu,S emi-nLy,September Germain-en-Laye, St Sachsensymposium, th – 2 ). n .Rte,te n lsraaoisi id,abi with albeit birds, in analogies closer find they Rather, ). f and , (Stockholm, 142 109 – n Taf. and 3 wihhlssmtigbtenca n ek;c.Sek,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Speake, cf. beak); and claw between something holds (which 96 33 , ;M. 119 118 1983 rts uem Fig. Museum, British 18 xo,pr.cm. .Thiry, G. comm.; pers. Axboe, 58 ;C.H ( 1999 , 110 428 ,a pp. at ), ,T ´ ai .dickinson m. tania e Antiquite des e , ,wh af. ), cs Tebrso h utnHopurse’, Hoo Sutton the on birds ‘The icks, l XXIV, pl. 394 2 018 21 r h rohi umsdt eAnglo-Saxon. be to surmised is brooch the ere oPaeH Phase to 26 , – 498 8 the – , nte eetfid rmna yho os,Knsy Bucks, Kingsey, House, Tythrop near from find, recent another ; 7 868 rdtr id rtapae nSadnva r nthe in art Scandinavian in appeared first birds predatory ; oyl-ot,btgvno p. on given but Jouy-le-Comte, ( yblo oa oe,wihundoubtedly which power, Roman of symbol 117 2 122 grsMisoeMsu AS Museum Maidstone figures , ´ ainls tGrane-ae hc ehp od a holds perhaps which Germain-en-Laye, St Nationales, s (Fig. – 31 u negei oepasbe ie its given plausible, more is eagle an but 4 nI odr(ed.), Hodder I. in 23 15 (c. – a). i oefiendrgraice Vo germanischen der Vogelfibeln Die 30 120 17 450 Vo nJ-.Lm n H.-A and Lamm J.-P. in f), , 6 ¨ 49 / luspa 2003 h rearly or th- 75 ,T ae nMre Axboe’s Morten in dated af. – o h rnfro h al olate to eagle the of transfer the for ; ´ st. , 530 17 ´ , rhelg sLn-emHistory Long-term as Archaeology 409 nl-ao England Anglo-Saxon 1977 eo,France. lepot, / 115 59 ff 123 40 144 l,weeEriswell where olk, Evre,Fac iha with France (Envermeu, . 216 sFo as 7 weeisrl as role its (where .T hs a be can these To ). oehls,the Nonetheless, wt oldwn) AS wing), coiled (with hcnuybird- th-century . ˚ ˆ 1 .N e eCompie de ret .M ¨ lkerwanderungszeit ordstro rvninbird erovingian 2 , 120 fig. , 15 ¨ ´ (eds.), m ðinn, ( 1986 The 17 ` gne, 5 e–f th ), Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 275 h cniain rmteVne eidt h et Century Tenth the to Period Vendel the from Scandinavians The note eodrl dpstefr fa al oseltema fper;c.Eles p i.i note in cit. op. Ellmers, cf. poetry; of mead the steal to eagle an of form the adopts secondarily iki en aebtenterl fteaia()adteft/asg fdead of fate/passage the and animal(s) the of role the between made being is link uentrlcutnneadsu-err u r o gedo hte neagle an O whether or on shaman agreed another not are (alias but soul-bearer, and countenance supernatural 293 nteedrftak—o h rv tn rmEga ona,Nra?As Norway? Sogndal, Eggja, from it as stone interpretations many grave as Su about the runes. attracted on has has stone — Eggja the futhark observes, Magnus elder the in gis aa,bti a loue npeCrsinSadninart. Scandinvian battle pre-Christian Christ’s in symbolise used to also came was evil) it of but embodiment age-old Satan, (an against snake a with ed.), h hnesaeit negeo hawk. or eagle an into shape change who ohpcsa nk n cuswt qai grs enn svictory-bearer as meaning (Fig. a compounded figures, aquatic and with intensified occurs perhaps and was snake a at pecks both hl nOdEgihper hywr oeotnapreto defeat. of victory, portent a heroic often signalled more were battle generally the they corpse-eaters of poetry animal English these archetypal Old poetry an in also while Norse was Old ), wolf In the with field. (and raven the with ably o-hita nepeaini rbbypeeal.I h aeo h mount the of case the In (Fig. shields, preferable. two Ash these probably Guilton, of is from context the interpretation in non-Christian Christian distinctively a else anything of absence ersne sfih nkso ml aml) n eidwihmgtlethe lie soul. might emperor’s which deified behind a and bearing mammals), eagle (variously small an believers or deceased of of Christ snakes notion souls of fish, the manuscripts, carrying as later with eagle represented common and an in Carolingian as more heaven in have to portrayed ascending to clearly seem idea, might patristic This a animal. small a cradles seemingly etoe bv,note above, mentioned h on ahrso aa erro ol,anto ugse ysome by suggested notion a souls, is of them express bearer to pagan the I of a Style Could interpretations unhelpful. show and of parallels translations use rather contemporary the good mount of Kent, lack the in the and accessible surprising, been perhaps have might ideas ie newtradcnuigmntr ntesilsmgtspotan support might shields the on on depending monsters death. ambiguous, of consuming harbingers wolf- somewhat supernatural of as depiction and been interpretation concurrent the have underwater but defender, could or like, attacker image was reader the the whether shield, a on o rohfo kdogu,Jtad ame l,o.ct nnote in cit. op. al., et Lamm Jutland: Skodborghus, from brooch bow 126 125 124 127 – – .Jsh Ege,rvn n ovs esso ate ybl fvcoyaddeath’, and victory of symbols battle, of beasts wolves: and ravens ‘Eagles, Jesch, J. .Wtkwr Egeadsret td ntemgaino symbols’, of migration the in study a serpent: and ‘Eagle Wittkower, R. .Larrington, C. Mu 10 7 325 nriSulsn Edda Sturluson, Snorri seilyfrtemtfo rdtr idadfiha napc fteOii yh ac ta. p i.in cit. op. al., et Hauck myth; Odinic the of aspect an as fish and bird predatory a of motif the for especially , ¨ ntecs fEriswell of case the In vol. , hrc,o.ct nnote in cit. op. therich, ,atp. 1 , 1 317 , 101 ;Mu ffi h otcEdda Poetic The ;H et a htalraig eons fihsimn’ hc sa is which swimming’, ‘fish a recognise readings all that say to ce ¨ uk( auck hrc,o.ct nnote in cit. op. therich, 118 ,th (London, 1988 9 r sacloisonne a is ere ;W rn.wt nitouto n oe (Oxford, notes and introduction an with trans. , ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), 12 ybl fpoeto 159 protection of symbols tkwr p i.i note in cit. op. ittkower, ´ in sas pcfidi h ue.Alas ge hta that agree also All runes. the in specified also is ðinn) 1995 f), 104 oee,teegede o rs rpc tbut at peck or grasp not does eagle the however, ), , 18 232 9 ´ , – ideggn lge nkso h otlt fthe of footplate the on snakes filigree engaging bird 325 19 10 n utnHoo Sutton and eie h xmlso tl Iegeboce n mounts and brooches eagle II Style of examples the besides ; 7 Glainn)and (Gylfaginning) , : 34 hcnuyrncisrpin—telongest the — inscription runic th-century nEhorpi Perspective Ethnographic An – 124 6 ;W 126 h al,aogieo interchange- or alongside eagle, The chmColy p i.i note in cit. op. ickham-Crowley, , 311 12 . 10 n ) h oi fteeagle the of motif The e). and c fig. , 127 62 9 – 018 . 4 .WrugCutudInst Courtauld Warburg J. lhuhsc Christian such Although (Woodbridge, Sadkpra) hr O where (Skaldskaparmal), 1996 , 868 ), 12 251 ,wh ;A – .F 2003 71 125 r h eagle the ere 111 uks(rn.and (trans. aulkes nJ ec (ed.), Jesch J. in 10 ). . Displayed 126 , 264 6 ., th-century 2 nthe In – 71 ( 1938 ´ ðinn and ), Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology enbktlBønMhepa Myhre Bjørn til Vennebok (eds.), .Sa (eds.), Skar E. kieinrø mytologi’, norrøn i skeive Egatie tdkmn msaaim jernaldren?’, i sjamanisme om dokument et — ‘Eggjasteinen nHdnkGainkitfaSutnav Slutten fra Gravinnskrift Hedensk En us,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Quast, i.i note in cit. 160 qai;sywtr bv eo;rsreto et,wt h hedisl ehp stehr n o,earthly now, and here the as perhaps itself shield the with grave. the death, in resurrection and life below; in above existence water; sky aquatic; e/h eesd u o ntenraiecneto this. of context narrative the on not but deceased, men/the fapeaoybr obndwt s ob asdi Cleatham is raised be to fish case a last with The interest. combined of bird focus mounts’ predatory shield a the to of parallel provocative a be could h idsurgtadlgessac otcoeyrsmlssm later some resembles closely most stance legless and upright bird’s The swtesdb h pa-on aaeiflce nteae icfo She from disc apex the on inflicted damage spear-point the by witnessed as hita rsnrtctrso,wre imse stoosuefor obscure too as dismissed worse, in explained or, be terms they could and syncretic characteristics, pagan interpretation. specific between or happily their generic passing very Christian ignoring were in shields icons, terms and the Hawkes’s on animal manifestations Jane terms, their in treating of the by and only Although malleable art, usages, web. Christian Christian most iconographic in the occur the also of thus snake centre and the fish at bird, lies which personifications, oervaigagmn.Rpael h hed emt nov eeecsto who references sorcerers or o involve gods or to to a and defeat death of seem or can possibility evil shields of the the embodiments opens underworld Repeatedly monstrous, bracteates, argument. Scandinavian between revealing the and more mounts, especially figural and the and these I Style both in motifs the between interrelationship cetd hni stepoetv aaiyo O of capacity protective the is it then accepted, ncnet hc ol aeebae hita eif,adepcal in especially and beliefs, Christian the embraced on as have such Continent, occur motifs, two the the Christian could where explicitly on above, with indicated which encountered association As fish. frequently contexts a more with bird form in the the of a insignia; vignette the in Imperial in also often evoke is possibly fish which associated brooches, bird Merovingian century osbyCnietlisiainfrtefrso h lahmmut ssu is mounts Cleatham the to of forms appropriate kingdoms. the understanding for successor syncretic inspiration post-Roman Continental a possibly least of at warrior-aristocracies or the proposed, be might exegesis ossansc nitrrtto in interpretation an such sustain to fAgoSxnsilspiiee rdtr n tessagesv oe.These su power. aggressive deemed stresses be and might predators alone privileges shields Anglo-Saxon of possibilities. other the of light in especially doubtful, 129 130 128 OCUIN:TESGIIAC FAGOSXNANIMAL- ANGLO-SAXON OF SIGNIFICANCE THE CONCLUSIONS: hr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Thiry, aks p i.i note in cit. op. Hawkes, .Krause, W. etkittlAdr Hagen Anders til Festskrift nl-ao nmldcrtdsilswr paetyue o elfighting, real for used apparently were shields animal-decorated Anglo-Saxon nsm ssvrlpeiu omnaoshv oe,teaia ornament animal the noted, have commentators previous several as sum, In 113 . eerntoGtiaIII Gothica Peregrinatio i ueishitni a im Runeninschriften Die 130 ff 110 rslainfo hm fHukseeei ftebatae is bracteates the of exegesis Hauck’s If them. from salvation er ˚ 60 ;Bo 393 120 –A ˚ ¨ 8 nr p i.i note in cit. op. hner, rsdagen (Bergen, – s.Tafn. esp. , , 427 328 : .T RAETDSHIELDS ORNAMENTED nI ulsvd,T asmadA pdl(eds.), Opedal A. and Gansum T. Fuglestvedt, I. in (Stavanger, rdisa,Norway, Fredrikstad, ¨ ffi 600 trnFuthark lteren ai .dickinson m. tania 1988 he in ssmosfr(ree f)wrir,btthe but warriors, ) of even (or for symbols as cient –T hedioorpymgtas noprt iaycnet,eg bird e.g. concepts, binary incorporate also might iconography shield 6 ;edm Amte fltrc rmagic?’, or literacy of matter ‘A eadem, ); allet and 1999 15 (Oslo, 113 (Go ;G ). ¨ 6 ;H ttingen, en,o.ct nnote in cit. op. reene, hcnuyNrhLnonhr smore is Lincolnshire North th-century 1991 1985 iel p i.i note in cit. op. aimerl, ), (Oslo, 342 1966 7 ´ – – 10 in rrte fhspre-Viking his of rather or ðinn, 56 ), 1992 227 and nS nrld .Kln n .Solberg B. and Kaland S. Indrelid, S. in – ;B ol,‘dn—the — ‘Odin Solli, B. ); 35 76 ;O.G 124 – 91 Spangenhelme 113 ;Mu s.pp. esp. , rønvik, o anpBrhi,op. Carnap-Bornheim, von ; 128 ¨ 133 hrc,o.ct nnote in cit. op. therich, 129 oehls,this Nonetheless, tHsmdMneRom Mange med Hus Et – 42 ueepa Runene u hte a whether But 87 25 nE tam and Straume E. in – ,a 89 5 (Fig. queer ;B.M h to th- Christian ˚ Eggjasteinen ?Om ffi ffi 12 cient agnus, eld’s 6 th- a). det 9 ; : : Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology rtcigteda a rsadn ur vrhmadhstm,wudhave would tomb, his and heirs. the him of household, over benefit future kindred, guard tableau, the burial for standing over the message or in the power shield articulated man a both of dead such have of the exercise visibility would protecting The the shield kingdom. adult even a his this and Such of community through responsibilities bearer. and its and capability protective to protective masculinity, supernatural hence the a and advertised added and itself, It enhanced Anglo- shield death. the on and to specifically ornament defeat layer (perhaps against capacity animal protect divine of a to invoked, Woden’s) majority perhaps and the evoked, shields correct, Saxon is argument iconographic vnehiie,iette,wsepesdi death. in expressed arguably was masculinity, elevated, adult socially identities, of of notion construction the ethnicised, a in which and by even behaviour means martial principal in the rooted also was It weapon’. h tl Idcrtdsil yie h uuywaor n os-erwith horse-gear and kingdoms. weaponry alliances built forged luxury retinues, and their the constituted elite typifies supra-regional contemporary shield which by side II-decorated either standard. iron on Style the flanked and line The sceptre/whetstone — in the headstone power, centrally armorial of symbols an probably ‘institutional’ like wall, the — chamber body the presumed against the upright with stood shield great the in anfid ptoacly h rtcieqaiyo h hed n thereby ‘ and was shield, shield the The of meaning. ornament quality social The few. protective its select relatively the compounded least a at for apotropaically, or reserved ownership, seemingly the magnified, was shield, a which of of value burial, symbolic the increase that. to for fundamentally evidence no present at is there but widespread, been have ane n/rcre hed,wihcudhv ene been have could which shields, carved and/or painted ye rsnainadgorpia itiuinmgtb expected. be in might uniformity greater distribution units geographical fighting and designate presentation to intended type, been they had and range, lhuhi o twscvrdb e idn.Ms ftemtlfitnsse too seem fittings metal the of Most gilding. new e have by to covered however, was small, it so, if although pn Hill Spong Hill eonsdRmnuisb hi hedbaos .C of e.adtrans.), and (ed. Rolfe C. J. blazons: shield their by units Roman recognised XVI. øln ile es) p i.i note in cit. op. (eds.), Nielsen Høilund secvtdtesil tig a lgtyo slightly lay fittings shield the excavated as nnote in enetniecmeto h oeo itn uuyeupet seilysod n os-er nthe in Ringschwert. horse-gear, und ‘Helm and Steuer, swords H. especially e.g. equipment, warrior-class: luxury aristocratic gifting European of post-Roman role Prunkbewa a the of on construction comment extensive been otniyadcag nteCrlninperiod’, Carolingian the in change and continuity .Areis Rglai vaadi al eivltimes’, medieval early in Svealand in ‘Regalia Arrhenius, B. 189 onem p i.i note in cit. op. Bornheim, etr srgti aro arng ycntutn necuie‘utrlmmr’fNri ancestry. Nordic memory’of ‘cultural exclusive an constructing by patronage warrior Ostrogothic century 131 132 133 134 Beowulf – f rg,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Grigg, Cf. e note See hstebra hme a ensunnl eosrce ttenwSto o iio ete although Centre, Visitor Hoo Sutton new the at reconstructed stunningly been has chamber burial the Thus f øln ile ( Nielsen Høilund Cf. 236 12 115 h esg ece eko xrsieesi utnHomound Hoo Sutton in expressiveness of peak a reached message The ahr ti rpsd h ups faia-raetdmtlfitnswas fittings metal animal-ornamented of purpose the proposed, is it Rather, 13 . 6 ;Th . , 127 ff (Fig. ugudRnazihngraice ree:en U eine Krieger: germanischer Rangabzeichen und nung usadAkmd,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Alkemade, and euws : 4 figs. , ;H.Ha rond 31 4 78 )adgse cosoeo t qai ons aho n fthe of one on gash A mounts. aquatic its of one across gashes and b) or s onsmgtas aebe euto gtn (Fig. fighting of result a been have also might mounts fish ¨ – k,‘aeilcluea yh epn nAgoSxngraves’, Anglo-Saxon in weapons myth: as culture ‘Material rke, 9 rand 1997 essfig. versus 112 134 , enn eg’ u infig‘hed,i n ftowords two of one is ‘shield’, signifying but ‘edge’, meaning , ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. ), 176 ti losrksacodwt lieaieword-associations alliterative with chord a strikes also is It 1 :t ybl fpoeto 161 protection of symbols icse o h idfihmtfepiil otiue olate to contributed explicitly motif bird-fish the how discusses , ff he 81 cieysgaldiett nbtl,ecp tvr close very at except battle, in identity signalled ectively 6 . . lmnibfr h ateo retrtmin Argentoratum of Battle the before Alamanni ff cnr:c.BueMtod p i.i note in cit. op. Bruce-Mitford, cf. -centre: 6 n Nørga and , 82 281 ;R .Le – 309 ¨ Tor a,‘rnihgvn fam n iul fpower: of rituals and arms of giving ‘Frankish Jan, dJresn p i.i note in cit. op. rd-Jørgensen, nTew n esn(d.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (eds.), Nelson and Theuws in , 27 ¨ ( 1995 bersicht’, ), the 313 minsMarcellinus Ammianus ff 132 ciefrti oe might role, this for ective td u Sachsenforschung zur Stud. – nl-ao defensive Anglo-Saxon 35 ftetrs fthe of thrust the If ,atpp. 13 fig. , 357 119 313 1 , 111 156 131 – eesi ohave to said were – 27 16 avr p cit. op. Carver, ; (London, – 5 fcourse, Of o Carnap- von ; nJne and Jensen in 75 th-/early 1 .Th , ,wh 6 r has ere ( 1987 1971 9 ere 6 133 c), th- 5 ), ), ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Þjo ess h omr o xml,faue aðradSo and Hamðir featured the inspired example, turn for in which former, on scenes the decorative the verses: shields, given had who patrons rtcin n ec natoiyt xriepwr hsIslrtradition Insular This power. some over exercise integrity to iconographic and authority artistic an its retained hence and protection; i o eint rcs ak,hwvr rsrea agso pcfi a bands war specific of probably badges as and serve totems. or tribal within shields however, as The formations ranks, or Saxon. Either in precise retinues. social really designate never of not but regional members did areas, for cultural or and Kentish made allies and local Anglian were to between supported donatives shields as such they and that way leaders suggest by association use and personal distribution of patterns swl sa h ompromneisl hi foaiywihconstituted which orality of chain a mythic. — gifted, and social itself were ideas, they poem-performance of when the transmission again the at perhaps as made, well were narrative as shields latent the their construction presumably when skaldic images; The rehearsed visual Iðunn. was the goddess to the voice of gave eagle) ‘word-pictures’ an of of shape the (in abduction Jo udeo once da:amrilautmsuiiy usrpint pagan a to a Woden/O subscription encapsulated masculinity; images of adult figural martial of probably a set select ideas: cult, distinctively connected a of and bundle II) Style rarely (but orwfo eiiejwley htti a netbihdtaiini suggested is tradition established an was this That jewellery. feminine from borrow oslce eae,js socsoal hedonmn Brigo B, (Barrington ornament transferred shield status partly occasionally social as be just and could females, males nuances selected on protective to conferred the shields that animal-ornamented suggests which figures, animal prestigious nhooopi rzoopi mgswspr ftecntuto fsocial two of are mythology construction Scandinavian the shared, a late of of with cultivation apparently part decorated oral the shields was of prestige poem. and images of obligation the gifting zoomorphic the in how or Structures’ into anthropomorphic insight ‘Ideal best archaic the are perhaps But arguably, and, symbolically linked ‘uhrt’,ae nwihatoiyi xrie,‘kndm’o,a nadjective, an as or, ‘‘kingdom’’ exercised, ( is Shield authority ’. ‘‘powerful’’ which in area ‘‘authority’’, are nmldecoration. animal carried 162 otfeunl ikdwt,t ut oetCed ‘ Creed, Robert quote to with, linked frequently most te World Other NwYork, (New s yotco nmnciae,ntsqeta artv cns osntma htte akdtecpct to capacity the lacked they that they mean because not bracteates: does to scenes, well narrative equally sequential apply myth, not could images, convey mechanism mnemonic proposed or The synoptic painted. use were images the assumed 300 artv art’, narrative od n Objects and Words rls undi less or f o anpBrhi n lkæ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Illkjær, and Carnap-Bornheim von cf. setal ocommanding to essentially 200 136 135 137 ¨ mnek teGti igEraai) h atricue h in Þjazi’s giant the included latter the Eormanaric), King Gothic (the rmunrekkr ´ – Fo .P re,‘utnHoadtercrigof recording the and Hoo ‘Sutton Creed, P. R. ikno n Ha and Dickinson do tIlrpo h ai fteueo ivr opralyo rnfrteeupet ihtefis confined first the with equipment, the for iron or alloy copper silver, of use the of basis the on Illerup at 1300 ´ rt ncnlso,in conclusion, In f fHvin’s of lfr he (Woodbridge, : ff om,Nrh p i.i note in cit. op. North, poems, 1993 h eayo utnHoo Sutton of Legacy The rnitdscn irblwta fSto o mound Hoo Sutton of that below tier second erentiated contra 531 : ), oad ilgebtenAcaooyadHsoyo Religion of History and Archaeology between Dialogue a Towards – 55 50 .L ikr TeSadnva nmlsye nrsos oMdtraenadChristian and Mediterranean to response in styles animal Scandinavian ‘The Wicker, L. N. ¨ – k,o.ct nnote in cit. op. rke, 6 9 nM .H avr(ed.), Carver H. O. M. in hcnuysadcpes rg Boddason’s Bragi poems. skaldic th-century and 2003 137 principes Haustlo 665 rond ;c.P elnrctSrne,‘hrsfihn trip’, fishing ‘Thor’s Sørensen, Meulengracht P. cf. ); h eueb oe fsm tig,tog o h most the not though fittings, some of women by re-use The 6 – hcnuyEgadsilsdcrtdwt ai’ tl I Style Salin’s with decorated shields England th-century 6 . n uhrt ( authority and ) ic omrhcsil tig r o nw rmteVkn eid tis it Period, Viking the from known not are fittings shield zoomorphic Since . ¨ (Minneapolis, ng ai .dickinson m. tania ´ eealgdycmoe srcpoa etrsto gestures reciprocal as composed allegedly were 2 in epniiiyadcpct oexercise to capacity and responsibility a ðinn; , 1 61 ixxi,adP usao(ed.), Pulsiano P. and xi–xxxiii, , ugs htteIslraia-eoae hed ersn more a represent shields animal-decorated Insular the that suggest , h rs osNorth Goes Cross The 1992 Beowulf 1 , ,esp. ), 483 rice ’, – 136 65 6 )— 68 o hefl iiayheacyaon h year the around hierarchy military threefold a for , – – 75 70 eec n igo r thus are — kingdom and defence 1 ;th nC .KnaladP .Wells, S. P. and Kendall B. C. in u bv w oe ir fshield-bearers; of tiers lower two above but , : rcse fCneso nNrhr uoe AD Europe, Northern in Conversion of Processes r sn ugsinta hed in shields that suggestion no is ere (Oslo, eivlScandinavia Medieval ric- 1986 50 ¨ 257 from , l’ gtwt King with fight rli’s ,a pp. at ), er rmr.The more. or years – 78 Ragnarsdra nG tisad(ed.), Steinsland G. in 260 rice : – nEncyclopaedia An 1 103 meaning , . oaet the to Voyage ´ pa could ) Beowulf and 135 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology raetdwt aro qai grlmounts! figural aquatic of pair a with ornamented uruddb aro eeeae‘sea-gri degenerate of pair a by surrounded ugsin o t mrvmn,frwihIa epyidbe;ayrmiigfut are faults remaining any indebted; deeply am doing. important many I own made my which and Behr, entirely for Magnus paper Charlotte improvement, this Bente with of its drafts together for and earlier two, suggestions read last Nielsen Bornheim-Carnap, Hines The John Høilund resources. and von Brugmann bibliographic Karen Birte Claus my Wicker, in drawings. gaps Nancy Ben filled my Peter Quast, thesis. have respectively. doctoral Dieter on completed Berkshire Gaut, wizardry recently and Bjarne his computer Anglia from perfomed have East cite to Cannon in Gourley permission Paul finds gave and metal-detector generously Geake of Inker abreast Helen (Wasperton). me Scheschkewitz kept Jonathan and Carver iepedcneprr auatr:vnCra-onemadIkæ,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Ilkjær, and Carnap-Bornheim von manufacture: contemporary widespread hpdaie fsm hedbse ( bosses shield some of apices shaped ls omladtcnclsmlrt ewe h aletttlsboce n oia,gle silver gilded conical, and brooches tutulus earliest the between similarity on technical mounts and formal close emnadAgl aeEas(utnHosite John Hoo (Eriswell), (Sutton Caruth She Jo Evans and and to Care permission (Cleatham Anderson for Angela Sue following publications: and the their thank Newman I of particular, ahead In material data. utilise primary the to access facilitated n vol. and eateto rhelg,Uiest fYr,gv oa,patcladfinancial and practical moral, gave York, of University Sta support. Archaeology, of Department acknowledgements D- the on cognate women: for the England, shields IK copying Anglian amuletic in bracteate, miniature, animals and indeed chasing Scandinavia were in pendants I Likewise, thescutiform Style discs. by apex with represented shield brooches Anglo-Saxon as saucer least cast at popular shields, army brooches. Roman saucer Late Dignitatum of designs Notitia way the by wshnutrrEb n Loire und Elbe unterer zwischen 138 .Ikr TeSxnRle tl’(nul hD hss Cardi thesis, Ph.D. (unpubl. Style’ Relief Saxon ‘The Inker, P. hsrsac ol o aebe opee ihu osdrbehl.The help. considerable without completed been have not could research This 7 Tflad,Tafn. (Tafelband), 3 dcnuypetg hed,adbtentemr eeoe uuu rohsadtehour-glass- the and brooches tutulus developed more the between and shields, prestige rd-century ff ftefil nt n uem,wihIvstdduring visited I which museums, and units field the of 428 emt aeisie h atrso ao ple icand disc applied Saxon of patterns the inspired have to seem , 138 ffi inkma Va Finnekumla, l’ il,CrsSul(osHl) u is Mcig n Martin and (Mucking) Hirst Sue Hall), (Boss Scull Chris Hill), eld’s (Munich, htcso ih aecniudi nln ihthe with England in continued have might custom That 57 – 62 ybl fpoeto 163 protection of symbols and 1974 Stangenschildbuckeln 130 ), 19 – – 4 ¨ 21 f .W Bo W. H. cf. ; stergo . ¨ ,tog ntefre aeti ih ipyreflect simply might this case former the in though ), ln,acnrlsuiommtfi even is motif scutiform central a tland, ¨ hme, ffi 018 ff emnsh rbud des Grabfunde Germanische s,tu opiigashield a comprising thus ns’, University, ,KvnLayadJleJones Julie and Leahy Kevin ), 2003 ), 117 1 esp. , – 4 2002 19 bis . 430 .Th 5 ,w – Jahrhunderts . r sas a also is ere 2 Abb. , Pressblech illingly 276