CEU eTD Collection ExternalAdvisor: Professor Markian Prokopovych Advisor: Professor MichaelLaurence Miller A Comparative AnalysisA and Comparative ofUkrainian Jewish In partialfulfillment oftherequirements for the degree of Narratives ofGlory and Suffering: Studies Program CentralEuropean University Historiography LyudmylaSukhareva , Hungary Master ofArts Submitted to 2011 By CEU eTD Collection ilorpy...... 61 Bibliography ...... 55 Conclusions Chapter 3: The Civil War in the and the Role of in Anti-Jewish Chapter 2: The Khmelnytsky ...... 24 Uprising Chapter 1: Theoretical Part...... 7 ...... 1 Introduction ii Acknowledgements...... i Table ...... of Contents ...... 40 d) Revisionism and Reconciliation of the Two Narratives...... 50 c) Petliura's and the Scwartzbard ...... 47 Trial b) After the Pogroms 1919-1926...... 43 a) Historical Background...... 40 d) Revisionism in Jewish Historiography...... 38 c) Jewish ...... 32 Perspectives b) Revisionism in Ukrainian Historiography...... 30 a) Ukrainian ...... 24 Perspectives f) Defining the Main ...... 21 Contradictions e) Jewish Historiography...... 15 b) Russian and Polish historiography...... 13 a) Ukrainian historiography...... 7 Table of Contents i CEU eTD Collection process. moralfor support and motivation they that megave in finalthe stage of my thesis writing least,but Stanislavnot PawelGoralsky,Kurnosov, Ogorodnikov and,last NarminIbrahimova Dmitry Varfolomeeva, Trofimov, Anna friends Victor my CEU thank Iwantto course, sharing mehis with views information andimportant Ukrainian Jewishhistory.about And, of for Kiev from Zisels Yosef to grateful very also am I thesis. this of writing and preparation Prokopovych CarstenWilkeand also for Professor theirhelpin guidance allstages and of Markian Professor reader second Miller, Laurence Michael Professor my supervisor history, for theirvital the support, school whomteachers to my ininterestI owe Jewish and Ukrainian First andforemost, I want to thankmy family friends Marinaand Grabelskaya andMaria Susha Acknowledgements ii CEU eTD Collection become Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Kazakh, and so on. had to peopleand Soviet the past, the now belongedit:state to aSovietfor wasademand there as perspective, from nationalist writinghistory a start Particularly, could they established states. hand achance write acquired freely historians the to history newly-established/re- the theirof other the on opened; now were available, not previously archives, the hand one the on historians: collapsed in latethe 1980s,not only formerthe Sovietrepublics gainedindependence,so did but Union for existing mainly asaAndserved the tool regime. when propaganda this regime officially identified as a threat to the unity of USSR.the Afterwards, historiography in the Soviet of period ceasedexist in1919,andafter ashort theBolshevik takeover after This short-lived to state them was MykhailoHrushevsky, firstpresident the of Ukrainianthe People's Republic in 1918. national the produce serve whichnarrative later history. nationalist Among Ukrainian would to undertake firstefforts the managedto historians several century, twentieth beginningthe of the until nineteenth late the from circumstances, these of spite In others. beside conditions, themselves, theirnarratives could hardly without influence remain from politicalsurrounding passive role by inhistories written neighbors,in andtheir instances when thenarrators they were history forindependence hada aturningwriting. andUkrainiansoften wasalso point Ukraine of proclamation Ukraine's time.of The period years twenty isaconsiderable historiography for But tiny justtwo decades aredrops. history two ocean wide of In independence. the Introduction This year, on 24 Augustmark 2011,Ukraineits will twentieth anniversary of korenizatsiya (indigenization), in 1923 any nationalism in all its deviations was deviations its all in nationalism any in 1923 (indigenization), 1 CEU eTD Collection home ethnic numerous to acquired groups, aunified ethnically homogenous history, groups other of beingmultiethnic of acountry with landa composition population,the bea whichused and to 1 meaning.too. important its gained Social part determination an played as peasantry, language, language of the oppressed the Ukrainian the . Secondly, imageof forof thecreation an served folklore the and people, of Ukrainian actual core the were who peasants, simple of life the Then impact. considerable a had romanticists German Firstly, factors. several nationalism duringdeveloped ofromanticism, Ukrainian when the period The popularity in of ethnic concepts Ukrainian pre-Soviet historiography can beexplainedby meaningcommon in had important ethnic ground an history explainand triedto Ukrainian why. arguedthat Hrytsak historian Ukrainian Yaroslav earlier. mentioned colleagues twentieth century nation-building acknowledgingoften of attempts late nineteenth the previous early theirand building process. for nation- the “mythhistory”, moremeaning precisely history, or stressed of the numerously constructivists' perspective, suchasBenedictAnderson, Ernest Gellner and Elie Kedourie combination invented of traditions history. andinvented major The other scholars sharing a Eric Hobsbawm, market.” for the material raw essential the wesupply heroin-addicts: areto in Pakistan growers the historian and scholar of nationalism theory sees nationalism as a 2 Classic works of these authors are: Eric Hobsbawm: Introduction to Yaroslan Hrytsak: Ukrainian NationinXIX-XX Centuries). natsii XIX-XXstolittia(Surveys oftheHistory ofUkraine: theFormationof Modern Nationalism. Gellner: Ernest Communities : reflections onthe origin and spreadnationalismof Cambridge[Cambridgeshire] : Press, University 1992; Benedict Anderson: The famous quote of Eric Hobsbawm says “Historians are to nationalism what poppy- So the Ukrainian “poppy-growers” started producing started Ukrainian “poppy-growers” Ukrainian the for So the “rawmaterial” the Oxford,UK : Blackwell, 1993 1 Nations and Nationalism. Narys istorii modernoiukrainskoi Ukrainy:formuvannia : Vyd-vo "Heneza", 1996 2 Oxford : Blackwell, 1983; Elie Kedourie: (1960). The InventionofTraditions . . : Verso, 1983; 2 Paradoxically, asa result . Imagined . Cambridge CEU eTD Collection 3 years, thousand two nearly for in diaspora living been have the that fact the by explained chosenthe historical cases in Ukrainian historiography. and Jewish studies.reflect is Oneof goals of patterns principal in the to general the thesis on this depicting andhistoriographic between by two similarities the of thought, upon schools focusing case three historiography, toexplore their interrelation. The purpose is determineto the differences, clashes Andcenturies. theJews didindeed develop their ownhistories. Austria, Bohemiaand .Therefore, Ukrainians and Jews have been coexisting for numbergreat of Ashkenazi through Jewsmigrated the territoryPoland to from Ukraine of peninsula inday thefirst Crimean Ukrainian territory, documentwitnessing onpresentJewish presence develop analternative historical narrative parallel to Ukrainianthe national one? communities being present in Ukrainian lands for centuries. their of history long a have minorities ethnic represented the of majority the more, is what unlikewhere theethnic minorities Ukraine,compose approximately And population.the 1/4 of Nowadays however, hassomething ofahomogeneous ethnic composition in population Rzseczpospolita). multiethnic multicultural to and its roots traces historiography nationalist to that of Polish historiography which also often appears tobeethnocentric Polish (though remained historical excluded almost from narrative. national a This common issituation similar Part of Ukraine since 1954 How didHow ethnic respond minorities tonationalistUkrainian historiography? Did they In Jewish Studies, works on Jewish-Gentiles relations are quite common, it can be can it common, quite are relations Jewish-Gentiles on works Studies, Jewish In The aim of this thesis is to undertake a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and Jewish Among ethnic other populating groups Ukraine aspecialplace Jews. belongs tothe The 3 dates back to the first century. Throughout the thirteenth until the fifteenth century a century fifteenth the until thirteenth the Throughout century. first the to back dates 3 CEU eTD Collection and Philip Ther.This is a collection articlesof on Ukrainian history written recently by scholars historiographyTransitional History: Ukrainian UkraineandRecent Himka, I.Bartal, I. Kleiner, Z. Gitelman and others. inboth prominent history, scholars, andin F. suchasO.Pritsak, Ukrainian Jewish J.P. Sysyn, Jews,Soviet andUkrainian-Jewish Thecontributors inCanada. relations to volumethis were Jewish wasfound, intheCrimea presence of with ending perceptions the Ukrainians by the from the first centurynations.As elaborates a book result, the on entirethe history Jewsthe of inUkraine, beginning of the Common Era, theconsensus period from which thewithout onfirst controversial document tensions.provingbackgrounds,Jewish fromUkrainian not coming andcountries, was carrieddifferent out viewsNeverthelessJewish in tookplace Canadain1983.This which relations both scholars of conference united of a complicated consistsin Studiesbook of materials 1990.This gathered from onUkrainian- conference the the the idea Aster Howard andPeterPoticnyi, inby published Edmonton Canadian the Institute of Ukrainian historyof the conference scholars ofJewish and Ukrainian relations wasattempts to elaborate betweenon it.an The most notable probably iseffort the book which is the joint work of these to try two to reachUkraine. a historical perspectives much and pays attention to differentethnic and groups minorities of the A HistoryofUkraine:theLandanditsPeople book Magocsi's is Paul Robert the respect inthis work An outstanding is lesscommon. latter the Ukrainians For neighbors. their with interactions of history long a had have they naturally and In 2008 Central In 2008 Central University European jointPress publishedanotherwork, The topic of Ukrainian-Jewish relations remains understudied. Yet there were some Ukrainian-Jewish RelationsinHistorical Perspective 4 (1996), which(1996), beyondgoes the nationalist edited by Georgiy Kasianov A Laboratoryof edited by CEU eTD Collection outcomes. historiography chosenthe casescontrasting can of draw newinteresting and unexpected villains and heroes as portrayed are personalities same these how and Petliura, in Symon and Khmelnytsky different going to pay sources.particular attention to the role of historic personalities, namely Bohdan I thesebelieve are two of thatthe stages of formationthe of Ukrainianthe nation darkestand its struggleindependence; for meanwhile, in thischapters research appearas crucial often events these narrative national Ukrainian Inthe sources. in different in the history theof as they appear two, of those interpretations thepolarized mean precisely Ukrainian By I this events. historic comparative Jewry. In my researchanalysis I am Uprising) of 1648-1649 and the Civil inWar Ukraine andAnti-Jewish Pogroms, 1917-1921. of the Cossack Uprising (the theKhmelnytsky are cases historiography. The inJewish particularly two time in periods often appear differently history nationsof ethnic groups, other and the these time, same the At narrative. national theUkrainian of construction role inthe important consider theinterpretations of crucial two in periods time national history, which play an case focused studies Ukrainian on two cities – Lvivand – whereas my will work own historical two on based is research Her narratives. history Ukrainian and Jewish of interrelation National Histories Post-Sovietin Ukraine thesis inherMA Grachova Sofiya CEU student former history. Ukrainian on a for is irreplaceable critical research and from elsewhere Ukraine of an “orthodox” national is provide book Thegeneralpurpose of countries. to from the areconsideration coming different history. This fresh work carried out by the most prominent scholars The choice of the above-mentioned cases is determined by the ambiguous nature of of these nature by ambiguous the isdetermined cases of above-mentioned The choice the compareAn to effort Ukrainian Jewish historicaland narratives wasby carrieda out . She had a similar goal in her research of in her. Shehadasimilarexploring of research goal 5 The Past of Ukrainian Jews in Local and Ukrainian Jews inLocal Past of The CEU eTD Collection 5 4 names (Hrushevsky Khmelnytsky),and and keepthe original transliteration within quotations Commission. Terminology Legal Ukrainian transliterated according to the official Ukrainian-English transliteration system adopted by the Ukrainian to English are my own, unless otherwise indicated; and Ukrainian names and titles are histories, regardless of their affiliation religious ethnicor background. Jewish or Ukrainian in either specialize who scholars by Jews and Ukrainians of history common them? How did these narratives emerge and change over time, if they did? between contradictions the for reasons account What narratives? historical Jewish and Ukrainian For example: Chmielnicki, not For Khmelnytsky. example: Chmielnicki, The source: Ukrainian-English Transliteration Table - www.rada.gov.ua/translit As a point of note on spelling conventions and translations: translations from Russian and which meanhistoriography tothe By Ukrainian thetexts andJewish I arerelated between are thedifferences What asfollows: research questions the I willindicate 4 6 However, Iwill make an exception for two family 5 . CEU eTD Collection nationalist history, where the roots of the Ukraine are traced back to the Slavs populating the works as the such to turned history, Grachova Ukrainian within for Jewishcomprehensive the past In search Ukraine after the proclamation of itsindependence which are relevantfor this research as well. in works history books Ukrainian andon several history in the Ukrainian Jewry publishedof major a comprehensiveof carry survey to out Grachova managed work, her research In studies. narratives? history ones, or otherwise; andincluding the past minorities? Are histories of ethnic non-national more thannational inclusive what role to comes it when donarrative national ethnic Ukrainian is the flexible How it? subvert they do ways minorities, such in and/or latter, what as tothe adjusted narratives Jewish waysarethe which narrative? In national the Jews, play in non-national Ukrainian is Jewswithinplaceto the following: the allotted research questions were what the after Her independence. Ukrainian produced sources upon the primarily Shefocused thesis. inherMA historiography Jewish and of a comparativeUkrainian analysis Grachova carried out Ukrainian and Jewish, so that it could be helpful in dealing with the case-studies. Part 1:Theoretical Chapter Grachova chose to focus on two Ukrainian cities, Odessa and , as two local local case astwo Lviv, Odessaand cities, Ukrainian on two tofocus chose Grachova As Ihave mentioned previously, formerthe Central University European student Sofiya a) Ukrainianhistoriography In chapter Ihavethis made saya review so to of historiography, history the both of History ofUkraine by Mykhailo Hrushevskyi. This book is a classic example of the 7 CEU eTD Collection rid of the “lachrymosity” in Ukrainian history. in Ukrainian “lachrymosity” the of rid (1996) Hrytsak triedproduce a“history to without bromine”,meaning precisely toget effort the Centuries UkrainianNationinXIX-XX the Modern the HistoryFormationof Ukraine: the of of his In history. of Ukrainian representation produce analternative to time,for tries some historian resideswho and in teaches Lviv, andalso who in taught Central University European Ukrainian Yaroslav an eminentneverbutHrytsak, of Jews,the asperpetrators. protectors mostly asthe Ukrainians meanwhile are portrayed tothem later. return will of Jews. I discourse Ukrainian in War.The mentionedCivil stereotypesarequiteabove frequent Ukrainian the Bolshevism” factorin pogromsthe in which armythe of Directory the part duringtook the Jewish likearguments, that of “Jewishthe in factor” Khmelnytskythe uprising, “Judeo- the 7 6 Subtelny Orest historian Diaspora theUkrainian of bestseller the to proceeded centuries. Grachova for Jews thousands of hundreds to home the were lands Ukrainian the that fact the consideration in thepicture. element alien asan are represented mentioned they are Jews the instances where In of work Hrushevskyi. inthe presence inUkraine Jewish regarding information is barely any noticed, there Asrightly Grachova nation-state. People's Republic is seen as a logical result of all the hardships and struggles for Ukrainian the foruprising andtheproclamation Ukrainianindependence, isdepictedasastruggleof Ukrainian The isfor Cossack asovereign andhopinghistory seen state. astriving country's entire as present-day Ukrainian lands, and the glory of Kievan Rus. After the decline of the latter, the , SofiyaGrachova, centuries] (Kyiv:Heneza, 1996). stolittia Ukraine, Ukraine: aHistoryUkraine: [A Survey Ukrainian of History: Shaping the of Modern Ukrainian inNation XIX-XX Master thesis (Central University,European 2007). The Past ofUkrainian Jews inLocalandNational Histories inPost-Soviet Narys istorii Ukra , pointing out that the Jews are mentioned quite often through anti- through often quite mentioned are Jews the that out pointing , ʀ ny: formuvannia modernoyi ukrains'koyi natsiyi XIX-XX 8 7 According to Grachova, Hrytsak still does not 6 It is quite remarkable taking into taking is remarkable quite It Surveys CEU eTD Collection related tonationalismrelated history and nationalistinindeed particular; he alternative provides an inarticles, someof he and touchedissueswhich upon topicthe of relations, Ukrainian-Jewish 9 8 persecutors. the with sided who those about less much and mentioned) be to fact important a very morewrites about Ukrainians the rescuing the Jews during theHolocaust(which is undoubtedly historiography; and when touching upon subjectthe of Jewish-Ukrainian Hrytsak relations, succeed in getting rid of some of the stereotypes typical for portraying Jews in Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian becauseitculture, was simply impossible. into be not assimilated could he writes, Jews, The reasons. political and social economic, different for cultures Russian/Polish/German into assimilated often themselves writes, Abramson Ukrainians, develop. The could andculture business Jewish placeswhere traditionally the countryside, whilstin lived the Ukrainians becauseof majority the the one, Ukrainian the Polishto cultures, than the cities the Jewswith were most likely assimilateto to Russian culture, or in case of GaliciatheGerman to and/or majority times,1917-1920 andJewsRevolutionary the Government: in Ukrainians of Polish,book in his argument same the developed Russianexample, for Abramson, Henry culture. or Jewish population Ukrainian into the intoRussian than rather assimilate likely more that to Jewswere the writes were forbut some not reason providedoes thejustification for those arguments. Asforinstance he history. In relation to Jews, he mentions the same arguments as often the Jewish historians do, Henry Abramson, Henry SofiyaGrachova, 1917-1920 Since Hrytsak’s 8 Inmy managed Hrytsak opinion, introduce anew to perspective onUkrainian (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Center for Jewish Studies, 1999), p. 40. The Past ofUkrainian Jews inLocalandNational Histories, A Prayer theGovernment: inRevolutionary UkrainiansandJews for Times, Surveys of the HistoryofUkraine ofthe Surveys 9 9 he has published numerous books and books numerous published has he . There he stated that hestated . There p. 26. p. A Prayer for CEU eTD Collection 10 Ukrainian the Rus'; Kyivan including history, Ukrainian of aspects major reexamine to an effort is His work historiography. Ukrainian historians'to approach nationalistcriticize the America to for the reason that immigrantthe historian Lysiak-Rudnytski, Ivan is whose personality interesting for this heresearch was probably theconsider tobe ofimportance in researchthe of Ukrainian historiography.Among them is there first among the Ukrainian émigré historianshistorical narratives exist, though they are stillless popular amongst wider the public. in Northunderrepresented in history popularthis Yet,aswe discourse. will see, alternative Ukrainian education institutions, and that the Jews together with other ethnic and religious minorities are Ukrainian historiography, and whatisimportant in used in textbooks the schools and higher in life of way Jewish the describing Ukraine, in the communities Jewish of history the depicting Jews, the to paid is attention Special centuries. for lands Ukrainian ethnicnumerous (including and which Ukrainians) have groups, religious the populated it historical instead Ukrainian the depicts resemble atall,narrative history “Orthodox” the of Ukraine several history, thereRusynamong books is on whoUkrainian wrote origin, which historian partial of American Magocsi, an Robert mentions Paul Grachova also state. the not history of society, morethe the focused on beby replaceda narrative hasto which anachronism history, textbooksonUkrainian nationalist is celebratethe thethat state paradigm an which Grachova mentions Nataliya Yakovenko, who is a professor of Ukrainian history who argues version history of writing inUkraine. See Yaroslav tobe has Religious in interview for Memory “Historical Accountable” Hrytsak, Information Information Service in 25NovemberUkraine, 2010. I would like to add some personalities and scholarly works to Grachova's survey which I popular the of most in ukrainocentrizm the about Grachova of opinion general the share I . This book might. Thisbook be considered ina revolution Ukrainian historiography,as it not does 10 10 Among other “alternative” Ukrainian historians “alternative”Ukrainian other Among Shtetlakh, and so on. so and A Historyof CEU eTD Collection necessary element of the “nationalized” history narrative is the historical myth, which is which myth, historical is the A narrative history “nationalized” continuity. the of element necessary historical of absolutization and linearity, exclusivity), ethnic and egocentricity aconsequence as (and history: ethnocentricity “nationalized” Ukrainian tothe features duringKasianov until certain started and presentday.the ascribes continues typical the 1980s Soviet period, but at the same time becoming a “true credo” intheDiaspora. credo” “true becoming a same the time but at period, Soviet middle of nineteenth the by century inproduced interrupted Hrushevsky, Ukraineby the the the of works the First of all, narrative. national stages Ukrainian the increating weretwo there mainstream the in historiography. Hearguesthat history”, to “nationalized referring Ukrainian Future...Continuous, Present Perfect, the his volumeUkrainian historiography. to contribution In “transnational”Roman andtheabovementionedSzporluk Yaroslav aimed TheHrytsak. work atcreating anew history of the OleksiyKappeler, Ukraine. Alexey Yakovenko, Tolochko, Natalia PhilipMiller, Ther, John-Paul Himka, This freshestablished andoutstanding historians; namely Kasianov,Georgiy Markvon Hagen, Andreas work is an assetHistoriography to the critical analysis of 11 Ukraine Marples'by CEU press: David World War. origins and the role in of city the history;Ukrainian and, urbanization and since Second the the language; literary Ukrainian the of evolution the cities; Ukrainian between competition developmentand Turco-Islamic CossackUkraine World; andthe growth, the and elites; A Laboratory of TransnationalHistory, pp. 7-10. In 2007 and 2008 respectively, two importantworks history on werepublished In Ukrainian 2007 and2008respectively, two and edited by Georgiy Kasianov and Philip Ther. The latter book edited isPhilip byGeorgiy Kasianov Thelatter and of ajoint Ther. work A LaboratoryofTransnational History: Ukraine andRecentUkrainian Heroes andHeroes Villains: Creating NationalHistory inContemporary , Kasianov deals with a phenomenon which he calls he which phenomenon a with deals Kasianov , Ed. Georgiy Kasianov (Budapect: CEU Press, 2008), 11 “Nationalized” History:Past“Nationalized” 11 The second stage Thesecond CEU eTD Collection liquidation of the Hetmanate in the late eighteenth century, the collectivization and deportations and collectivization the century, late eighteenth in the theHetmanate of liquidation inof books Ukrainian, with followed continues destruction the Zaporozhian of the by Sich relations,beginsin Iprohibiting published in1720with 1993.It Peter Decreeof the the printing Union,Soviet by Vol'vach suggested Petro inhis article Ukrainian-Russianto dedicated the later and Empire Russian the by enslavement” “Ukrainian of chronology the copies Marples being perpetrators beingremains perpetrators untold. Ukrainians as of whereas mainvictims the aredepicted author, WWII, thethe factof Ukrainians Ukraine inWorld WarII–theUntoldStory Ukrainian national Ukrainian history national narrative. based on studies of cultural “transfers”. is history”, which “transfer and history namely comparative the nationalism”, methodological thispurposePhilippFor approaches thatseektoovercome“the recently suggests discussed Ther composition of its population, cannot have such an ethnocentric character and has to be revised. borderland,history the of a had forUkrainian which multiethnic territory with been centuries, a for the joint volume on the “transnational history”. The , he argues, as a 14 13 12 narrative in hisprovocative West). the in myth OUN-UPA the and East the in myth Cossack of that the historical (like see as themselves which nations neededfor ahistorical especially Ibid,19-20 and pp. 211-220. Ibid,38-41. pp. Ibid,30-38. pp. In Georgiy Kasianov and John-Paul Himka speak about the concept of victimhood in the victimhood of concept the about speak Himka John-Paul and Kasianov Georgiy Mark von Hagen, whoin mid-1990sthe made an attemptdenationalize to theUkrainian Heroes andVillains:Creating NationalHistoryinContemporary Ukraine, Does Ukraine have a history Does Ukrainehavea 14 Himka reflects on the movie the on reflects Himka 13 12 producedin inDiaspora, which, tothe according , reinterpreted hisin anew article work , reinterpreted Between Hitler and Stalin: David 12 CEU eTD Collection Polish Accounts of Ukrainian History,1914-1991 Polish Accountsof Earliest Timesto1914 the InterpretationsUkraine's of Writingfrom pastinPolish,RussianandUkrainianHistorical and Stephen Russians. books Velychenko's Ukrainian history taking withoutbe presented history of account Ukrainian of Jews , the 15 withoutconsideringunderstood Ukrainian, JewishandRussiancultures; Polish, Russian and accounts. Polish AsAndreasKapeller fairly noticed, cannotbe Ukraine. in the nation-building and relations Polish-Ukrainian about parts the are my research of in framework the interesting which themost among case-studies, several time? on He focuses questions in modern historiography: howdoterms such as nations change theirmeaning over Ukraine, , Lithuania, 1569-1999 b) RussianandPolishhistoriography for theUkrainiannation. of and“villains” and on “heroes” perspectives of changing the and school textbooks from different regions of the country, the book examines the sensitive issue nation-building in process Using Ukraine. a wide selection newspapers, journals,of monographs, the for heroes national the of meaning the and nation-building nationalism, of theories challenges inin Marples atChornobyl. disaster ends 1928-1932,and 1986with book nuclear the In his Ibid,60. pp. Dealing with Ukrainian history is in fact barely possible without taking into consideration into taking without possible barely fact isin history Ukrainian with Dealing by is A book work the Snyder curious Timothy and Shaping IdentityinEastern EuropeandRussia:Soviet-Russian . In his book, Snyder attempts to address . In Snyder to his of one big book, the attempts 13 National History ascultural process: aSurveyofthe , present an overview of the representation of The ReconstructionNations: Poland, of 15 neither can CEU eTD Collection 18 17 16 differently. beseen would Petlyura and Khmelnytsky however ones; negative Russian Soviet to the personalities of Symon Petlyura and . The Polish accounts on Bandera are similar history. provides of an inPolish of overview present-day andRussianaccounts the Ukrainian trends Ukraine's history in Polish and Russian historiography up until 1991. Kappellerin his turn and especially the Soviet Russians are crucial, they will appear in the case studies. theinfluenceshistoriography.mainly Nevertheless, Ukrainian of Poles the andJewish as upon this work,though takingconsiderationinto limitedthe of scope Masterthis thesis I will focus inherited. parts, southern legacies of and the Soviet Russians, secondthe most ethnic whoconstitute in numerous group letalone Ukraine; the the Union which the Ukraine, especially millions of with Ukraineincomparison livinginthe numberethnic could of Poles bealow the eastern and they assuchthat inRussian historiography. were represented Soviet for reason the majority by the population the of heroes asnational wereaccepted Khmelnytsky Bohdan and Ukrainka Lesia Shevchenko, Taras of personalities the that argues Kasianov competition historiography. whenRussia wasthe it winner,particularly to comes Georgiy In this territories. Ukrainian for the competing were powers two these historically as reasons, See Stephen Velychenko, Stephen See Ibid,20. p. Ibid,52-55. pp. 1991 Eastern Eorope andRussia:Soviet-RussianPolish Ukrainian history,Accounts of 1914- to 1914 Ukraine's pastof inPolish, Russian andUkrainian Historical Writing from theEarliest Times It is hardresistquite introduce to the temptation the Polishto andRussian in discourses 16 (New York: SaintMartin's Press,1992). Polish differfor Russianinterpretations Soviet and dramatically understandable (Alberta: Canadian Institute and Studiesof 1992) CanadianUkrainian Press, (Alberta: Institute 18 Among for the reasons minor the Polish influence historiographyon Ukrainian National History process: as cultural aSurvey oftheInterpretations 14 17 The opposite casesarethe Theopposite Shaping Identityin CEU eTD Collection current Ukrainian-Jewish case, when one side, namely the Jewish, tries to find its place in tofindits place side, Jewish, the tries one namely when case, Ukrainian-Jewish current in unlike exclusive, mutually were narratives Jewish and Polish that actually was difference The similar ones. present-day weretosome tothe Ukrainian-Jewish extent historiography encounters Study Ukraine.independent in finally and Union, Soviet the and Empire Russian the in Poland, writing history Jewish the to pioneering in work history Jewish and abeginning of Jewish historiography. mysticism inmysticism hishistory writing, Graetz's of forms andother the it avoiding on some especially criticism, Despite predecessor. itpublicationssuccessful. of were not is Isaak MarkusJost(1793-1860) be believed to Graetz's wasunique nineteenth work This itscentury. it of kindwhen appeared, though first the Heinrich Graetz (1817-1891). HisHeinrich (1817-1891). Graetz Nahman Krochmal and Solomon inRapoport Judah . Abraham Zunz, in inGeiger andZachariah Frankel Germany; Luzzatto SamuelDavid and, Italy; civilizations. The most prominent names traditionally connected with the school are Leopold influenced by different Jews the of philosophy and religion, culture researchthe and to aimed historical-critical school which developed in Germany thefirst halfof nineteenth the century younger, ityounger,is a modernity. of product e) Jewish Historiography describes a picture which might seem familiar: the trends in interwar Polish-Jewish in interwar trends the familiar: seem might which a picture describes M. J. Rosman in his article entitled article his in Rosman J. M. When dealing with Jewishthe historiography to Ukrainianrelated Jewry onehas toturn Among the firsthistorians towrite acomprehensive history Jewish of people was Jewish history is over four thousand years but old, Jewish historiography is much History of the JewsHistoryof Wissenschaft des Judenthums Wissenschaft 15 Reflections on theStateofPolish-JewishReflections Historical History of the Jews of History covers the ancient times until the is recognized as a classic as isrecognized (Science of ) was a CEU eTD Collection Jewish SocialStudies 20 Jewish History 19 underwas a period consideration inmarginal Polish relation to history. Thesehistorians may have thatPolandadmitted in the as Jews the saw nationalists, also historians, Polish context, Polish its in history Polish-Jewish place failed If livehappened often historians to that group to territory. same the Jewish the on national be aseparate to Poles by the considered Jews were The history: ethnocentric Ukrainian continued working in fieldthe Jewry) Polish of history the exclusively not covered latter the (though Baron Witmayer Salo and like Arthur Eisenbach some of contemporaries their Yet (). in Vilna and activity historical Jewish of centers major two the and Jewry Polish of faith the sharing thus Holocaust, and Shorr mastersSimon These of Dubnow. four history Polish-Jewish duringperished the beginning of the twentieth century, and was pioneered by , Yitzhak Shipper, Moses of works their own”. into research of Jewish results the integrate Jewish history, then, was isthere notmuch add; to is what worthy of publication a will besurely publishedby them. Polish- Jewish concern; Poles anddid economic not have history social the toon “Studies researchhistory: economic of Polish of study Polishthe on statement programmatic his in theJewry subject are carried or even out so faithfullycudzoziemcy by them that it seems to meminority groups in the commonwealth, national other of like thehistory of Jews, the history them, the For ofJewishlife. wasnature actual tangential to Polish history. The Jews were Philip Friedman: “Polish Jewish Historiography between between PhilipFriedman:“Polish Twothe JewishHistoriography Warsin (1918-1939)” M. J. Rosman, “Reflections on the State of Polish-Jewish Historical StudyAuthor(s)” in Polish Jewish historiography developed at the end of the nineteenth century Polish Jewishhistoriography end atthe developed nineteenth the of century and the (resident aliens); (residentin thus, historian distinguished1918, the Franciszek Bujakwrote , Vol. 3, No. 2 (Fall, 1988), pp. 115-130. , vol. 11, No.4 1949),(Oct., pp. 373-408. 20 . Paradisum 16 Iudaeorum , but they paid little attention to the 19 krajowi CEU eTD Collection historiography. asaJewish Pentateuch of text religious treating the basically nation, of Jewish the formation writesjudgment. Dubnow Abraham Jewish as afirst about Exodusas national and aboutthe a Jews could notbutinfluence the way in hewhich history. presented When reading his autonomism Jewish of ideas the with obsession and activities political His nationalism. Diaspora autonomism and the founder of the classics of Jewish historiography. Dubnow was also a politician; he was the father of From theEarliestTimestoPresent Day historian. Jewish history. inEuropean East become most personalities outstanding of was to one the history,is Galician since that Jewry became it.eventually Finally,annexed to Dubnow Simon Galician Jewry. These of history the a titanicon research out carried also buthistorians, young Jewish generation of works are an assetMeir Balaban not only produced a series of standard worksto of Jewish history and trainedthe a whole present-day researchers of Ukrainian Jewish 21 Assyriology. 22 24 23 See Roman SeeRoman Zakharii: Alfred A.Greenbaum: “Jewish Historiography inSovietRussia”, Elie Kedourie SeeSimon Dubnow: in his work “Nationalism”, when writing on Jews argued that Jewish Historians, nationalists in the nineteenth century misinterpreted Judaism as secular history. secular as Judaism misinterpreted century nineteenth in the nationalists volumes, translated from Russian by M. Spiegel of the ten-volume, 4th edition. one might have the assumption that this is a nationalist history, which would be a fair be a would which history, a nationalist is this that assumption the have might one was at the same time aPolish, Russian and partially even a Soviet Jewish , after having worked in the field of after having in History, to Moses Schorr, field of Jewish turned worked the 22 Some of his major works, such as the 21 Yitzhak Schipper contributed to Jewish social, economic and cultural Yitzhak toJewishhistory. social, Schippercontributed andcultural economic Master Thesis (Central European Thesis University,Master (Central European 1988). 2324 History of the Jews, the of History MosesShorrandMeirForgottenBalaban: Eastern-European Jewish Volkspartei 17 (South Brunswick, NJ:T. Yoseloffin 5 1967-1973) , and the party party the which ideas represented the Jewish of Worldthe Jewish Historyof People Historythe of Jews inRussia andPoland: pp. 57-76 pp. 57-76 [6]. History ofthe , belong to belong CEU eTD Collection the the newly-established Belorussian and Ukrainian academies scienceof inMinskKyiv. and The As1929-30. government institutions,sponsored for the research were two openeddepartments at until functioned in societies 1912.These which successfully organized pale settlement was of known inbetter Ansky, initiated as Simon who Jewishthe in1909 ethnographic expedition the members in Rappoport, and wereSimon Zanvl of 1908,among theShloyme Dubnow which former Jews . the among for Spreadof was founded Society the the The of Enlightenment Society and JewishHistorical-Ethnographic namely scholarly the bytwo societies, represented Leningrad), andwas (later in Petrograd scholarship based was society-sponsored The sponsored. dividepossible to SovietJewishhistoriography intosociety-sponsored, and government scholarship after breakthe caused by WWI and the Civil War. policy of History” 25 of Dubnow and hisfollowers on who wrote Jewish history in Russianmade thefoundingpossible even more” asAvraham suggested. Greenbaum Avraham Greenbaum: “ Greenbaum: Avraham Voskhod As AlfredA. Greenbaum in suggested his on article historiography,Soviet Russian itis After the revolution and establishment of the USSR the Soviet government followed the followed government Soviet the USSR the of establishment and revolution the After Writing Jewish history in the languageRussian madeDubnow the “Russian andGraetz, , Vol. 7,No. 1(Spring, pp.99-105 1993), korenizatsiya were not literate in Hebrew. in literate not were attend religious schools butgraduated rather from gymnasiumthe oruniversity, for growing thesteadily numberof ofreaders Russian who, theydidnot since Russian-Jewish newspaperson the"" was asource of information essays; provided historical analyses,historical to fuel never-endingthe journalisticpopular discussions in for need the filled Russian in history Jewish hand, other course, to write general history books for Russian-speaking Jewish readers. On the centers were the half-assimilated Odessa and Petersburg. There was noneed,of Jewish historiography in Russian languagethe isdifferent a world altogether.Its (Sunrise), a monthly periodical on history Jewish inpublished Russianthe language. (indigenization), thus in 1918 historians made efforts to (indigenization), in1918historians made revive thus efforts Jewish The Beginnings of JewishThe Beginningsof Historiography inRussiaJewish 25 18 CEU eTD Collection Grachova managed to point out the major differences and similarities between these three. The three. these between similarities and differences major the out point to managed Grachova History and Culture of Ukrainian Jews] edited byLeonidFinberg and VolodymyrLyubchenko. edited by F. Gorovskiy (two volumes) authored by Y. Khonigsman and A. Nayman, co-authored by S. Yelisavetskiy and textbook]” textbook]” by KabanchikIlya and (prilozheniya kkursam Ukrainy” “Istoriya I“Vsemirnaya Istoria”) decades: majorthree onUkrainianin JewishHistory works publishedlast the Ukraine two the during a comprehensive survey out placeof Grachovacarried Ukraine.Sofiya in scholarship took the by andwas government. the controlled strongly character complementary in MinskandKyiv were closed indown 1936,Jewish rarely, historiography was produced had a an through Jewish scholarly academicinstitutions the After control Jewish scholarship platform. 26 ( sections Jewish party's Communist the let to reasons political for probably most and foundedLiterature, inMoscow, was Society History for theJewishLanguage, Studying All-Russian society namedemphasis the a Jewish scholarly philology.1928 In on more in fruitful historiographical producing whilein materials, Kyiv its counterpart putageneral was Culture for Belorussian Institute the of Division Jewish the eventually notes, Greenbaum As by which became the language of departments. consequently scholarship the produced these Jews. Jewsand Belorussians, Ukrainians, wereamong regime the to loyalty strengthen anto wanted government official minority, integration of institutions theSoviet apartof purpose a Soviet creating such policy, as was and the official language of Soviet Jewry was Yiddish, Alfred Russia”57-76. “JewishA. inSoviet pp. Greenbaum: Historiography After the fall of the Communist regime, a revival (though quite a slow one) in Jewish Yevrei Ukrainy: Kratkiy Ocherk Istorii Ocherk Kratkiy Ukrainy: Yevrei (second volume) (second Narysy z Istorii taKultury Evreiv Ukra ; Yevrei v Ukraine. Uchebno-Metodicheskie materialy v Ukraine. Uchebno-Metodicheskie ; Yevrei 19 [The Jews of Ukraine: Brief Outline of History] of Outline Brief Ukraine: of Jews [The 26 [Jews in a Ukraine: ʀ ny [Survey of the of [Survey Evsektsiia ) CEU eTD Collection 28 writing. Iwill return to these sources further when dealing with the chosen case-studies. Probably be could this a goodexplanation for the latesttrends in Ukrainian history-Jewish 27 interview Ukraine,is who alsoto connected in Jewishthe Studies Kyiv, Institute me during told an The chair ofZisels, Yosif Vaad narrative. history national of Ukrainian main-stream Ukraine the of acceptance general their is and the works executive above-mentioned the of feature common significant One events. vice-president certain of interpretation of the relations. Jewish Ukrainian-Jewish of version apologetic Confederation of views, and andZionist anti-assimilationist shares contrary, the on Kabanchik, Ilya mediation)”; Soviet-Marxist through reinterpretinghistorical is events considerably influenced by “Enlightenmentthe Paradigm (often haveapproaches Jewishmannerauthors different to Alexander history: of Nayman's Interview wasorganized on April 2011.18, Sofiya Grachova, Lyubchenko(Kyiv, 2005). [Survey History the of and Culture of Ukrainian Jews], Leonid Ed. Finberg and Volodymyr 5 textbookl] 2004) (lviv/Dniproretrovsk, Istoria”) Ukrainy”I“Vsemirnaya kursam “Istoriya (prilozheniya k 2) (Kyiv Kabanchik, 1995); Ilya Yevrei Istorii KratkiyOcherk Ukrainy: 1) (Kyiv,History] (Part 1993); F. Gorovskiy, Y.Khonigsman,F. A. Nayman, Yelisavetskiy, A. Nayman, Ukraine, 28 following: the Ukrainian if becounterparts understood want to they themselves. Jews arelive going to in they Ukraine, have totry understandto their Butaslong asthe byJews[...] heroes neverbe considered Bandera can Stepan and Petliura Symon Khmelnytsky, Bohdan as personalities Such Master thesis (Central thesis University,European (Central Master 30-45; See pp. Y. 2007). Khonigsman, Yevrei Ukrainy: Kratkiy Ocherk Istorii Yevrei Ocherk Kratkiy Ukrainy: The PastUkrainian Jews of inLocalandNationalHistories inPost-Soviet Narysy , the joint work of joint historians, of various oreven suggestsamoderate , the work Yevrei materialy Uchebno-Metodicheskie v Ukraine. [The Jews of Ukraine: Brief Outline of History] (Part th 20 edition; 27 These differences could not but influence the influence but not could differences These Narysy zIstorii ta KulturyEvreiv Ukra [The Jews of Ukraine: Brief Outline of [Jews in a Ukraine: ʀ ny CEU eTD Collection 31 30 Studies Press, 1990). Shukhevych. Roman and Bandera Stepand of personalities the and OUN-UPA to proceeding Jewish relations; continuing with the ceases of UNR, Symon Petliura and the pogroms, and then Perspective “arch-enemy”. 29 his“Moses” wholiberated people from servitude, which to are of Khmelnycky Khmelnytskythe related intwo which Uprising, isportrayed as Andreas Kappeler as it is relevant to this research. The author starts the article with three quotes article the relations. Jewish and Ukrainian on perspectives mostthe problematic periods in Ukrainian-Jewish both contains and Ukraine, the in Jews of history entire the on elaborates book The others. and and in Jewish history, such as O. Pritsak, F. Sysyn, J.P. Himka, I.Bartal, I.Kleiner, Z. Gitelman Ukrainian in both scholars prominent the were volume the to contributors the successful, quite without tensions.not Nevertheless outcome the was carriedPotichnyi. out conference was The Ukrainian-Jewish RelationsinHistoricalPerspective conference in organized in in Canada resulted 1983 which nameda publication book the of by andJewish was undertaken narratives Ukrainian scholars the historical contradictory f) Defining the Main Contradictions Nathan Nathan Hanover, ALaboratory ofTransnational History p.5. Howard Asterand Potichnyi,Howard Peter eds.,: Turningback tothe As I have mentioned previously, probably the most significant effort to reconcile the reconcile to effort significant most the probably previously, mentioned have I As 29 From anEthnonationaltoaMultiethnic toaTransnational Ukrainian History , Ed. Howard Aster and Peter Potichnyi (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of CanadianInstitute AsterUkrainian and Potichnyi (Edmonton: Howard Peter Ed. 31 In this way Kappeler introduces the reader to a complex nature of Ukrainian- Abyss ofDespair, LaboratoryTransitional of Justice pp. 25, 34, 42-43. ed. Georgiy Kasianov (Budapect: CEUPress, 2008), (Budapect: Kasianov ed.Georgiy 21 30 andin lastonethe Chmel'is as depicted the Ukrainian-Jewish RelationsinHistorical edited by Howard Aster and Peter J. I would like to draw attention to by CEU eTD Collection during Polish rule. Later,produce money not anything,agents whodid landowners butearned tavern-keepers and as the Jews startedJewish violence. Jews, as Lysiak-Rudnytski argues, wereseen by Ukrainians as oppressors' to assimilate into either lead andconsequently emergence stereotypes among to anti-Jewish Ukrainians of negative Russian, Polishpopulation, Lysiak-Rudnytski suggests reconsidering the probable which factors could causethe or German Jewish the for consequences their and Nazis with collaboration Army Insurgent Ukrainian caused primarily by such historic as events the , the Ukrainian War,Civil mind the assumptionhistory. nationalist Ukrainian with dissatisfaction Jewish to response of Ukrainian ievreiskipytannya vidpovidi na , tothearticle Ukrainian historiography turn likeI wouldLysiak-Rudnytski'sIvan of to popular among Unification. European some Jewish era tothe sees of historiography,whichKappeler appropriate globalization and and transnational scholarsoverestimate and the significance to multiethnic tend approaches as and multiethnicethnonational writing. Yet history for of one's ethnicity, the next step should be the turn to transethnic 32 Magocsi's Robert Russians andthesplit As within an ethnicKappeler Ukrainians). alternative, Paul suggests (hementions Poles, also groups ethnic other of representatives the for inappropriate absolutely aresometimes by historians suggested national the for heroes therole national of personalities how Kappeler history the wrote, multiethnicof becamethe lands ethnonational, the thus A Laboratory of TransnationalHistory, pp. 7-10. He notes He notes thebiggestthat in problem Ukrainian-Jewish is relations history. Keeping in the Kappeler's suggestion sounds attractive,quite coming butback realities tothe of History ofUkraine 32 [Ukrainian Answers to Jewish Questions] where he tries to orhis own work Ed. Georgiy Kasianov (Budapect: CEU Press, 2008), 22 Russia as a Multiethnic Empire as a model Ukra ʀ nski CEU eTD Collection future”. on whether Ukrainian Jewry will be able to give less Balabans and more Goldelmans more and Balabans less give to be able will Jewry Ukrainian whether on though aresothere many of them engaged in of studies the Russian history and culture. inshow interestnot fact studies, that Ukrainian Jewsdo aboutthe the his expresses regrets induring local theGalicia tothe elections administration the interwarduring He period. cooperation between Ukrainians meaningand Jews, joint the creation of UNR, ormutual support openingnotthe of tostressthehistory archives. Lysiak-Rudnytski suggests of butconflicts, of the historian was not aware of them, as he did not live until the collapse of the memberswrite not Jews:probably about byOUN-UPA the atrocities committed does the against and 34 33 follow itnot the did that andregrets nature to be respected. As for OUN, Lysiak-Rudnytski condemns this for organization its totalitarian has his he as achievements arguesthatthe infamouswith butcher, ahistorical personality the always will Khmelnytsky Bohdan Jews, for that he understands Though side. Jewish exist both on sides. negative the assumptions agency in general. Jews the Russian/Soviet Therefore to the as well quite “Judeo-Bolshevism” asafactor, though anumbermention it ascribe of Ukrainian scholars Hedoesnot for that). never Ukrainian the cultures, butone (although,heexplains thereasons to Solomon Izrailevich Goldelman was a Ukrainian Jewish politician, historian and social Ivan Lysiak-Rudnytskyi, supported andcooperated with supported of government the the Republic. Ukrainian People's activist. Hewrote in the languages of Yiddish, English, German, Russian and Ukrainian. He Ukrainian-Jewish dependsalso Lysiak-Rudnytsky relations of concludes: “normalization Lysiak-Rudnytski sees the solution in the reconsideration of the common history from the from history common the of reconsideration in the solution the sees Lysiak-Rudnytski 34 Istorichni ese Istorichni [Historical Essays] (Kyiv: Osnovy,pp. 115-131. 1994) 23 Vyzvolnyy Rukh [The Movement for Release], but he but Release], for Movement [The 33 inthe CEU eTD Collection 35 articles. contributed History the personality of Bohdan Khmenytsky is portrayed in different sources. andway the Uprising of Cossack representation the the and specifically historiography, Jewish Chapter 2: The Khmelnytsky Uprising numerous national narratives diversely, and as such it poses a sort of a challenge. What can What a be andassuchitsortof poses a challenge. diversely, narratives national numerous in became represented subsequently it sides, for conflicting outcomes different completely Moshe Rosman introduced his case study of the city of Dubno during the time of the Uprising. Finally, Commonwealth. Polish-Lithuanian in the Jews the and Church Orthodox the between Jewish victims of the revolt. Shaul thelatestcentury demographicsuggested numberStampferevents. analysis of of the Judith seventeenth of Kalik verification of problems the on vastly presentedelaborated Yakovenko Natalia chapter. the results of her researchUkrainian and Jewishhistoriography respectively, workonthiswere an asset tothe which on the relations comprehensiveKohutanddifferentGershon E. backgrounds. Zenon wrote Bacon surveys of neutral demonstrate how way, events to and those weredescribed bysubsequenthistorians of Kenneth R. Stow and Adam Teller, Ed.: Academic Publishers, 2003. Jews, , PolesandPeasents in1648Ukraine) , dedicated to the events of eventsof to which several tothe , dedicated Jewish scholars 1648-1649, Ukrainian and A very important and helpful source for this chapter is the special volume of volume special is the chapter this for source helpful and important A very In this I willchapter the the representationanalyze events ofinof 1648-1649 Ukrainian a) Ukrainian Perspectives had which historical mostconflicts as with Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Describing 35 Frank E. Sysyn tried to characterize the Ukrainian revolt in the most in the revolt Ukrainian the characterize to tried Sysyn E. Frank Jewish History, VolumeNumber 17,2(Gezeirot Ta''h: 24 . Dodrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Jewish CEU eTD Collection 37 36 , racist that towards “onecouldPolish help”. study its nationalism with entitled Khmelnytsky, Bohdan the biography of published Franciszekscholar– a Rawita-Gawronki Polish date – Lviv besiege250 years years, important since of After wasalso several in1905which an Galicia. inEastern born Ukraine) was great ideaof (the Idea” National “Ukrainian when the oppressed by scholarship. through elites, Polish Sysyn argues this that wasthe very moment publishing such a volumestrengthento wasaneffort Ukrainianthe national movement, in Ukrainian history; aswas represented national the The hero. purpose for page remarkable a as represented were events The Hrushevsky. Mykhailo and Franko Ivan were 250 the to volume dedicated naturalizedmodels inhistoriography. Scientific Shevchenko 1989, the a In published Society histories”.” “national paradigm of “The fartwooften has beenthe case and reunification. martyrdom independence,for defense, biased. Precisely all fourthose of nations builttheir narratives usingmodels,like that of struggle Ukrainian, writingof Polish,orRussian background, Jewish on 1648-1649 were events the Yakovenko Natalia As interpretation. an noticed,already be will probably most information Additional Agreement. all of the contemporarythe incorporation and theof these majority landsCommonwealth knownasUkra into theof Tsardomthe Polish-Lithuanian the of part subsequentsouthern the ofin lords Muscovy Polish the against Tatars Crimean with by the signinghistorians of the Pereyaslav of said for sure, is that Bohdan Khmelnytsky was the leader of the Cossack Uprising in alliance Frank E. Sysyn: “The Khmelnytski Uprising; a Characterization of the Ukrainian Revolt” in Revolt” Ukrainian the of aCharacterization Uprising; Khmelnytski “The Sysyn: E. Frank Natalia Yakovenko: “The Events of 1648-1649: Contemporary and probem the reports of Verification” in Jewish Verification” The BloodyGuestinLviv History, Volume 17, th anniversary of anniversary Khmelnytsky of of Uprising, amongauthors the which ʀ na (Ukraine), which existed from existedfrom na (Ukraine), which resulted1648 till 1657 and in 36 in his turn managed to illustrate how these how illustrate to managed turn his in Sysyn Frank 25 p. 165. , which according to the same author was so 37 Thepurpose CEU eTD Collection 39 38 Safonovych, appearedapproximately sameat the time andmentioned theKhmelnytsky Uprising dynasty. The other clerical source, clerical other The dynasty. Riurykid the and Rus' Kyivan on mainly focused and century seventeenth the of events the and Innokentii firstGizel, appearedin which Kyiv 1670s, gave around littleCossacks attention to influentialmost written history clerical source, after uprising,the clergy maintained a virtual clergy maintained virtual monopoly historical a on writing upuntil Uprising. the withhis Orthodox the asin opinion sources, clerical starts the Uprising depicting Cossack the in history writing. reflections andof the its of each other course significance, consequences Khmelnytsky uprising, the on perspectives different had beginning very the from them of both why wonder representation inof Kmelnytsky the sources. Uprising relevantthe narratives. As thesis this deals with Ukrainian and historiography Jewish I willfocus on the historical in of whichdifferent representation event's the character the determined factors Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky. became Pereyaslav and Khmelnytsky with Russia”. 300 inJanuary 12 1954, Sovietnewspaperthe of this publication was to demonstrate the Polish domination over Ukrainians. Finally, on the Zenon Ibid.,p. 116. E. Kohut: “The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the image of Jews, and the Shaping of Ukrainian Historical Memory” in Jewish Memory” Historical Ukrainian Jewish th anniversary of “reunion the which Pereyaslavof the Ukraine celebrated anniversary Agreement, the of historianUkrainian in Zenon Kohut hisDiaspora E. historiography analysis of Ukrainian As theUkrainians andJews weretwo sidesopposing during this thereis conflict, no main the undoubtedly were Uprising Cossack century seventeenth the of outcomes The History, Volume 17, 38 Afterwards two Ukrainian Afterwardsnew cities received two turnedto names:Proskuriv p. 116. A Chronicle based onAncientChronicles History, Volume 17, 26 Prawda , there appeared an article dedicated tothe dedicated an article appeared , there p. 143. Synopsis 39 , However the However attributed to attributed by Feodosiy CEU eTD Collection 42 41 40 Eyewitness) the of (Chronocles one was the focus on Ukrainian distinctiveness rather than on a common origin with Muscovy. Polish Kings and Russian ”. The main difference of the Cossack approach from the Liberator Bohdan Khmelnytsky,clerical and and Ukrainian Cossack andrights under liberties both Great “Cossack the underPoland, on Ukraine primarily which focus historiography would new events. the of any orevaluations without Kohut, Jewish prejudices according to massacres; andanti-Jewish perished number”. inNemyriv –anuncountable andTul'chyn Jews of number greatest “the while in Ukraine,” remained Jews “No finally, and fate”; same , in Tatars the killedallies, their and Cossacks that fact the converted, who “notJews in Tul'chyn, Poles by only Jews and nobles,Jews”. by their but the common people in theywere“blinded aware oppression Ukraine, as not of peasants' the were landlords possibly of that land suffered the greatPolish landlordsleaseholders. Hepresumes that inblamingboth it andJewish peasants the on alcohol (according to monopoly of Jews,whomhe turns the to the accuses theauthor in his narrative him Later extensively. Cossacks could not keep describesIn the testimony misdeeds Polish author the 1702). 1672 and (appeared between any drinks at home), the oppression of I will upon issuethe touch numbers of of victims further. Ibid.,p. 146. Zenon Ibid.,pp. 145-146. E. Kohut: “The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the image of Jews, and the Shaping of Ukrainian Historical Memory One of the most well-known Cossack Eyewitness Chronicles is Chronicles Eyewitness Cossack well-known most the One of demanded they elite, new political becamethe andadministration officers Cossack As the 41 Rakushka-Romanovsky also mentions such nuances as the betrayal of the Jews the of betrayal the as nuances such mentions also Rakushka-Romanovsky which belongs mostwhich likely to , p. 145. 27 42 the Roman Rakushka-Romanovky Roman the This is a very important note, as Letopisi Samovidtsa Letopisi 40 CEU eTD Collection eighteenth/beginning of nineteenth the century argument: “Church-leasing” the develops 45 44 43 arguments these suggests that of Kohutbecomes feature such chronicles. argument anordinary “Keysfrom finally is the into discourse; Church” the the and religious factor introduced the then Orthodox; the of oppression economic and Poles on concentrated is attention most when Uprising the minor causeof appearas only Jews firstly inthe Cossackchronicles: of Jews the Jews. the against as accusations mentioned are church” the to “keys the and oppression economic Both upheaval). the for cause a as even (sometimes frequently more much mentioned are they historiography; in Ukrainian and thePoles... Bohdan Khmelnytsky,theZaporizhianHetman, work: documents sources and and or hearsay.TheHrabianka's on contemporary Ukrainian diaries in of Uprising Cossack the onPolish Hrabianka. theirthem heavily of description relied Both after the uprising. after years firsttime, sixty the for churches leasing Orthodox accusedof being here Jewishare the Zenon Ibid. E. Kohut: Ibid.,p. 149. “The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the image of Jews, and the Shaping of Ukrainian Historical Memory The Eventsofthe MostBitter and MostBloody War since the OriginofPoles between Istoria Rusov As we may see, Zenon Kohut tries to point out three, so to say, phases of representation of phases say, to so three, out point to tries Kohut Zenon see, may we As Hryhorii and Velychko Samiilo chroniclers: Cossack other two mentions Kohut their hair and beards [...] charged a special tax, and would also curse, insult beat and the tearingpriests, out need to celebrate the of the Christian Orthodox,grief great the to Jews, the to rite, churches divine baptism,leased Poles] [the soFinally, wedding that or anythingthe else,Jews [the Jews]kept the keys to the churches, and should there be a 43 In (The History of the Rus' People), Historical Collection 45 , 44 p. 149. 28 , (1770) by further(1770) Lukomsky,Stefan author the signifies a change in representation of the Jews the of in representation change a signifies which belongs already to the end of the of end the to already belongs which (1710) is because interesting CEU eTD Collection coming from the Cossack sources and reality. folklore sources from Cossack resemble the coming stereotypes anti-Jewish the of any whether is unknown it that notes historian the conclusion, clear.as a is Hrushevsky'sposition not aresultconfusingwhich However, appears quite as as picture combines stereotypesmentioned all chronicles, Cossack inthe anti-Jewish existing the as well as some folk poems and songs, which tell stories about a Jew-oppressor. In fact the whole in fact Rusov chronicle Istoria all above-mentioned and Hrabianka's hecites sources, particular In Uprising. in Khmelnytsky factor the Jewish the part to aconsiderable dedicates Hrushevsky noted that “Volhynian Jew” managed to depict Hanover's contemporary situation plausibly. Hanover's Nathan incorporated instead Kostomarov was from edition, second source removed the 49 48 47 46 authored by Mykola Kostomarov, who also relied on Velychko and theformer. for uncomfortable quite became Orthodox the Christians over power with the theJews hadprovided Poles the fact that the more conservative, more and becoming meanwhile its positions, was affirming Church AstheCatholic catastrophe. findthis causeof the to tried Poles Uprising, After the sources. Polish the from couldcome Markevych, considerably influenced by Markevych, influenced considerably folklore. of help the with sometimes chronicles, Cossack the from sentiments examples there is there examples Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.,pp. 154-156. Ibid., pp. 151-154. Mykhailo Hanover's also inreferedHrushevsky to work his Kohut suggests that nineteenth century anti-Jewish “inherited” historiography Ukrainian century nineteenth suggests that Kohut Abyss ofDispair Istoriia Malorossii Istoriia . 48 (History of (History ,1842-1843) Istoriia Rusov, Istoriia 29 46 and BohdanKhmelnytsky History of Ukraine-RusyHistory of Istoria Rusov, 47 but the latter Among the by Mykola (1857) and 49 CEU eTD Collection 51 for the Jews in the whole story. celebrated during the Soviet regime as a courtesy to Ukrainians, while there was hardly any place inPereyaslavAgreement CossackKhmelnytsky and was 1654.Thecult Uprising of the Bohdan the of aresult as Rus' people of the “reunification” of the because seen positively, leader were Ukrainian Historical Memory” Historical Ukrainian 50 which resulted in a publication of the book Ukrainian and Jewish as historians the onUkrainian-Jewishconference heldrelations, in 1983, of works joint such Also historians. those among was chapter, first in the mentioned I whom 1980s in sources the written primarily by Ukrainian émigré historians. Ivan Lysiak-Rudnytski, Khmelnytsky Uprising for the nation-building process. the of significance the with more concerned were Lypynski, Vyacheslav conservative liberallike suchas the a leftist opponents, Hispolitical Hrushevsky. Mykola concern, populist of Jewishthe factor in Khmelnytskythe in Uprising Ukrainian historiography much later.started representation traditional the revise to efforts real the However chronicles. eyewitness Cossack from insteadUkrainian anti-Jewish the of into historiography borrowed stereotypes keeping aJewishintroduce discourse mayto attempt be asaslight late nineteenth the considered century Alfred A.“Jewish Greenbaum: HistoriographyRussia” inSoviet Zenon E. Kohut: “The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the image of Jews, and the Shaping of American Academy for Jewish ResearchAmerican Academyfor During the Soviet regime, asitwas mentioned above, Khmelnytskythe Uprising itsand We may find the efforts to reconcile Jewish and Ukrainian historical narratives in the narratives historical Ukrainian and Jewish reconcile to efforts the find may We The presence explicitof anti-Jewish in Cossackattitudes historiographythe more was of of References historians chronicle of intheclassicUkrainian Hanover's works Nathan of b) Revisionism in Ukrainian Historiography , 51 pp. 154-156. , Vol.(1959), pp.57-76 28 30 Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective 50 in Proceedingsthe of CEU eTD Collection the massacres outside of the context of Sysyn massacresthe of uprising” concluded. context outside the the understand not can one as just massacres, Jewish the examining without Uprising Khmelnytsky the understand not can “One historiography. their subsequently and reaction their events, Khmelnytsky. ofJews, Theconservatism heargued,couldinfluence theirperception of the king, Sysyn concluded that typical elements of Jewish historiography are positive images of the Polish aspects: religion andloyalty to power (king and perceived as they were order, therefore asacorporate in Jewsfunctioned Ukraine, being the established the supporters way in the and they by newthe wereperceived neighbors: perceived of their society estates of the (Polish) regime. historiography to Russian-Ukrainiandedicated friendship. Jews were a conservative group in two view”. world- Christian contemporary tothe justify according hardto was aChristian over people It wasan whichissue about side Polish the wasextremely sincesensitive the raising upofJews struggle. Polish-Ukrainian the of midst in the non-Jews by commentary without largely on went historiography and for centuries remained primarily a Jewish concern: “The Jewish suffering Khmelnytsky in Uprising historical writing. peasants of 1648 in Ukrainethe anew maysymbolize in stage interpretationthe of the 53 52 and(1990) the special Ibid.,p. 135. Frank E.Sysyn: “The Khmelnytski Uprising; a Characterization of the Ukrainian Revolt” p.132. 52 Sysyn pointed out very important features of Polish Jewry of the seventeenth century and century seventeenth the of Jewry Polish of features important very out pointed Sysyn Frank E. Sysyn stated that the Jewish factor received too little attention innon-Jewish littleattention receivedtoo factor Jewish the that stated Sysyn E. Frank One might add that the Jewish suffering was also not given enough attention in the in attention enough given not also was suffering Jewish the that add might One and Wisniowecky, and negative depictions of and of Cossacks, peasants and Wisniowecky,andnegative depictions Jewish History volume dedicated to the Jews, Cossacks, Poles and Poles Jews,Cossacks, the to dedicated volume 31 szlachta ). Having analyzed Jewish sources, analyzedJewish ). Having 53 , CEU eTD Collection in which in findpossible to any Jewish (andnotonly) historical describingsource theKhmelnytsky Uprising Press, 1990.p.36. Jewish relations perspective in historical that of Ukrainian,the writing chronicle one enjoyed such popularity.great in unlike subject, the on writing historical in cases is Jewish factthat the two the the between Uprising in Jewish sources also started as chronicles of eyewitnesses. The crucial difference concluded: 54 historians who relied (often heavily) on eventsthe of in 1648-1649 Jewish historiography religion” alien an as perceived been has what toward hostility Christian, Orthodox case particular this in Christian, traditional the of because and system of that representatives loweris, strata that the part, integral 55 Jaroslaw Pelenski: “The Cossack Insurrections in Jewish-Ukrainian Relations” in Relations” inJewish-Ukrainian Insurrections “TheCossack Pelenski: Jaroslaw Ibid. In an article, named In an article, Khmelnytsky the of events the of representation the that expect to logical be would It c) Jewish Perspectives Jaroslaw inhis thatPelenski “The turn suggested suffered hadbeen Jews becausethey an Abyss of Despair Abyss of insurrections and revolutions [...] Jewish excesses andmassacres that took place in the course of Ukrainian learned and popularauthors regarding the placementof the blame for the anti- it as cannotjust tolerate simplistic monocausal explanationsexist, offered not by variousUkrainiandid simply concerns such when particular in history, of earlier periods into genocide, and antisemitism of those including concerns, contemporary behaviorof early modern society.It cannot acceptaprojection of modern or or modern nationalistic justifications of complexthe causesof explanations motivationsthe and traditional simplistic with satisfied be cannot scholarship Modern 54 As for Ukrainian and Jewish mutual in perceptions historiography he is not incorporated.is AsIhave mentioned in sub-chapter, previous the The House of Hanover... The Houseof 55 . Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Yeven Metzulah Yeven 32 in such way as to refer to a “school” of Jewish , Gershon Bacon analyzes the depiction of depiction the analyzes Bacon Gershon , in their works. In fact it is barely Ukrainian- CEU eTD Collection Abraham J. Mesch. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1983, p. 36. massacresRussia andPolandduring theChmielnicki 1648-1649 of 57 nowadays counting human losses is a very problematic issue. Modern the isvery Modern criticize scholars losses issue. problematic nowadays a human counting even upheaval; the duringlosses concerning Jewish the exactdata with provide hisreader to in knowledge order a demographer or of data statistical hesome specific possessed that isit unlikely education) person, Jewish of contemporary understanding (in was a well-educated Hanover that fact the Despite “thousands”. and “hundreds” just are numbers otherwise hundred; victims. thenumbers fivein Hanover Sometimes regardto of numbersliketwoor exact provides asifsource itdemandwhich was a not did document is any especially criticism quite surprising; this times treated recent upuntil historians subsequent fact that the Nevertheless, source. century terms. in socio-economic but in religious not them explains suggest(which isfor atestimony), quite to typical the for tries possible Uprising,and the causes and even an effort of critical analysis.Indeed, author,thoughsharing the his subjective attitudes 56 Hanover’s. than of that andlesscomprehensive less complete they are however contemporaries, Hanover's writing. of history Jewish cornerstone a became it why reasons the clarify to try will I had, it consequences what and writing history general and Jewish influenced chronicle Hanover's famous the how analyze to starting before from beginning nineteenth toconsultthe historians Ukrainian start century, alsothis But source. Nathan Nathan Hanover: Gershon Bacon: “”The House of Hanover”: Gezeiroth Writing”Tahin Historical in Gezeiroth Modern of Hanover”: House “”The Bacon: Gershon Jewish In general, Nathan Hanover's chronicle shares quite progressive views for a seventeenth a for views progressive quite shares chronicle Hanover's Nathan general, In Why History, Volume 17, 56 this Yeven Metzulah Yeven source? It is known that there are at list five available chronicles composed by composed listfive availablechronicles areat isthere knownthat It source? Abyss of despairAbyss :thefamous17thcenturyof chronicle depicting lifein Jewish , despite its shortcomings, is well-structured, hasa language, clear itsis shortcomings, well-structured, , despite p. 132. 33 57 . Translated from Hebrew by from . Translated Hebrew CEU eTD Collection 60 59 58 in applied were not case. this as“antisemitism” concepts modern such the Crusades; as such Jews of persecutions as medieval historiography WWII Before on Khmelnytskythe Uprising. of1648-1649wereseen events the they existed. itmeansIf being that JewishHolocaust. the in persecuted continued communities Ukraine ( Uprising the Haidamaka very same places: inthe Jewishpersecutions aboutthe write samehistorians is the factthat the recover, never Polish could Jewry what after Jews perished “Orthodox” Jewish historiography a as catastrophe inwhich tens orhundreds of thousands of analysis”. tautological-contextual modern none in in and practically in havescholarship attention antiquarian little question received accedeandwould less. not beeven probably would times that for common wars the during losses human of numbers with compared victims Jewish life a humanbeingof is precious. However, asJaroslaw Pelenski figure argued, the of 10,000 any critical the numberestimate of Jewish losses 10,000-20,000 around people. reckless applications of largestHanover's figures (not the among the suggested without though) Koliivshina Ibid.,p. 34. Jaroslaw Pelenski:“The Cossack Insurrections in Jewsih-Ukrainian p.32. Relations”, Shaul Stampfer: “What actually happened to the Jews in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Commonwealth in Polish- the happened to actually “What Shaul Stampfer: 1648” in Jewish Jaroslaw Pelenski argued that the Second World War was a watershed inJewish Warwasawatershed World Second the arguedthat Pelenski Jaroslaw in 1648-1649 the eventsof representation traditional the the of of Oneparadoxes of and 10,000- 100,000-150,000 matter? The between Why donumbersdifference Contemporary Jewish historians andsocial scientists not onlyfreely applythe to the Khmelnytsky entered revolution, Jewish scholarly terminology. concept of“holocaust,” asapplied to the Cossack insurrections inparticular, and, After the Second World […] War However,an ominous and ideologically loaded ) in 1768, the pogroms in 1880s and in the twentieth century, and finally, the finally, and century, twentieth in the and in 1880s pogroms the in 1768, ) History, Volume207-222. 17,pp. 60 34 59 “The Jewish chronicles, -writes Pelenski, - 58 20,000 is CEU eTD Collection 63 62 61 compared pogroms the in1905. them to place instance for War,when SecondWorld beforemassacres the took century Simon Dubnow would likewould cite Lucy to Dawidowicz: I Holocaust, in the after period the interpreted wereoften howtheanalyzedevents demonstrate Lucy S. Dawidowicz: Simon Dubnow Ibid. P. 36; 105 America, 1958.P. 200 I would argue here with Pelenski, as in my opinion the reinterpretation of the seventeenth the of reinterpretation the opinion my in as Pelenski, with here argue would I period. responsible holocaustUkrainian) Polish for ofthe (or in the Jewry that term holocaust to the Khmelnytsky era, but also make the hetman personally children – and to hand them over to the . the to over them hand to and – children the abandoned houses. Others were quick to betray Jewswho were hiding – even homes fortheir the assembly on place Septemberleft some 29, Ukrainianshad began plunder of Kiev Jews the as soon as Thus, unloosed. were prejudices ancient opponents by labeling them antisemitic. But after the German occupation in 1941, out oflove for the Jews. The government sought discredit to counterrevolutionary The Soviet torestraintried Ukrainian Governmentfirst antisemitism, notthough houses. communities were completely obliterated,leaving no living survivors or standing 60000 Jews were murdered,many more were injured and crippled. Some Jewish 530 Jewish communities in Ukrainethe endured more than 1200 pogroms, about premierhistorian of Russian Jewry, between calculated that, 1918 and 1921, some Ukrainian terrain. The the Bolshevik seizureof Jews power,the Whites and Redsthe fought mostly on were the def casualties.by the and February October revolutions of 1917.In thatfollowedthe Civil War The late Simon Dubnow,The thememory of standing. left Beilis was people Jewish trial was eclipseduproar, Kiev jury acquitted Beilisof murder,but the accusation blood against the on 1914 by the reactionary regimeGreat tried to divert the superstitious people. AfterWar an international and and bloodthen his use to child Christian a killing of accused was who clerk Jewish obscure an forIn 1913, the Western world was riveted by inKievofone trial the Beilis, Mendel a those Passoverof 1905. laterof fury antisemitism the recurred inthePogromsof in 1881and again than the bloodbath of pogroms that decimated the inJews 1648-1649. Two centuries ceremony.in 1648, is a national hero, butin historyJewish he is remembered for inspiring In Ukrainian history, Bogdan Chmielnicki, wholed an uprising against the Poles Thus, in the twilight of Tsarist rule, the 61 : Nationalismand History. What is the use of Jewish history? 62 However, in order to illustrate what he means and to and means he what illustrate to in order However, 35 Philadelphia: the Jewish Publication Society of Society Publication Jewish the Philadelphia: 63 New York : Schocken Books, 1992, p. CEU eTD Collection 64 perpetrators. as seen wereoften Gentiles the approach, followingsurprisingly, this Not Cossacks) (anvil). and peasants Orthodox (read Ukrainians exploited which (hammer) system Polish the into incorporated an estate as they were circumstances which of victims Jews werethe according to seen oppressors. were neighbors their while victims, as theJewswererepresented dominated: victimhood theconcept of that Before Emancipation”. in Jewish history was criticized onlyin 1920 by W. inSalo Baron “Ghettohis book and ( suffering” beginnings.very Heinrich Graetz'sinterpretation of Jewish history as history the “study of and so often suggested by Jewish historians? worth quoting:worth of the 1983edition The introduction to Nathan Nathan Hanover: “Between hammer and anvil”, the famous concept proposed by proposed Simon “Between hammerandanvil”,Dubnow, concept famous the The concept of Jewish suffering inJewish developed historiography probably since its mayWhat be the reasons for this everlasting continuity of Jewish sufferings in Ukraine regarded as a national hero. a national as regarded its presence been more noticeable than in the Ukraine,where Chmielnicki is still Antisemitism has always been a part of Russianbecome more understandable when viewed from ahistorical lifeperspective. and culture, and nowhere hasThe most recentoppressor ofthe Jews istheSovietUnion, andits policies precedent had already been set […] clearthat Hitler's torture chamberswere only technological refinement – the description of the atrocities committed by Chmielnicki and his hordes,it becomes synonymous with desire the to forget andcover[…] Asto up weread Hanover's the Nazismajor concentration camps.Ukrainians The tended in particular withto cooperate much easier. Itis no accident that Eastern Europe was the locationin mostfor of the theirbut notin kind, and the brutality of Chmielnicki made the work of theNazis that recognize that this last tragedy dwarfs all previous holocausts only in magnitude effortsIn the era when so much is written on the Nazi holocaust, it is important to to exterminate the Jews. Thus became Lernen undLeinen Abyss ofdespair, ) influenced greatly the work of his followers. The “lachrymosity” The followers. his of work the greatly influenced ) 64 introduction. Abyss of Despair Abyss of 36 by William B. Helmreich is also Helmreich B. William by CEU eTD Collection which the Eastern European Jewry stated to decline. to Jewry stated European Eastern which the historiography from Eastern to Central and Western Europe. could develop; on the other hand, according to Salo Baron, the center of Jewish migration shifted in region andand Messianism Kabalah rabbinical that centers declined, subsequently Hasidism, Uprising wasa watershed inthehistory of Eastern Jewry,European on where onehandthe the but their (Jewish) economic competitors in towns. peasants, the not Jewish were enemies andthegreatest factors, by socio-economic determined 67 66 65 times. recent historiography until quite in Jewish themainstream remained recovered never from Jewry Polish which as a catastrophe Poles. the with alliance proof of empathyforJewish peasants,whenin infact his chronicle showedcomplete Hanover managedreinterpretheSolomonexamples to he Grayzel,where quotes of his aswell author, the ideologicalas either apologetic orientation Amongor bent. the Ibid.,p. 194-195 Ibid.,p. 197-198 “”Theof House Hanover”. Gershon Bacon: Raphael Mahler's socio-economic approach represents a new stage in a newstage represents approach the Mahler'ssocio-economic Raphael Gershon Bacon also noticed that the interpretations often allow us to see the background seethe usto often allow interpretations the noticed that also Bacon Gershon 68 ; he suggests, those events were not an immediate catastrophe but a stage, after a stage, but catastrophe an immediate werenot events those ; he suggests, 65 Raphael Mahler suggested that the Jewish persecutions were Jewishpersecutions the that Mahler suggested Raphael 37 67 66 Graetz and Jost argued that the Khmelnytsky the argued that andJost Graetz 69 But the image of the events of image events the Butthe 1648-1649 of Yeven Metzulah as a CEU eTD Collection recovered dramatically and continued to play an important role play asacommunity. important to an dramatically and continued recovered belief in the decline of the Polish Jewry after the seventeenth century tragedy, arguing that it journal. This articleWar the Ukrainianof Nationand the Jewish Population had a strong politicalUprising of was Sovietthe period articlethe bySaul Borovoi entitled agenda, which was a repraisal of the Khmelnytskyfocused his attention on the reasons of the Uprising and the way it was perceived. Fram tried to continue what Weinryb had started. meansforthat. Jewry, nor hadunlike Nazis, absolutely agenda,had and aimfordifferent neither the annihilating world Cossacks, century seventeenth as Holocaust, the to violence anti-Jewish century seventeenth More over, Weinryb strongly criticized the efforts of his contemporary historians to compare the 72 71 70 was the first toapply criticism to Weinryb.Weinryb Bernard historian D. by Jewish carried out Polish Jewish historiography was d) Revisionism in Jewish Historiography See Edward Fram: SeeEdward See Bernard D.Weinryb: See Cincinnati Cincinnati : Hebrew Union College Press, c1997. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1998. America, c1972. Community inPoland from 1100 to1800, Jonathan I. : I. Jonathan Probably the most renowned revisionist work on inKhmelnytsky Probably on factor renowned Jewsihthe most the revisionist the work Among other subsequent scholars dealing with Polish Jewry, Jonathan Israel and Edward The first effort to revise the traditional representation of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in effortThe first torevise of Uprising Khmelnytsky the traditional the representation Ideals FaceJewish Reality: Law in Poland,1550-1655 and Life European Jewry inthe Age ofMercantilism, 1550-1750, The Jews of Poland The Jews of : a Social andEconomicHistory oftheJewish Yeven Metzulah 38 Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society of , primarily to the numbers of victims suggested. victims of numbers the to , primarily 70 Israel was the first to reject the common , published in Sovietthe historical The NationalLiberation 71 72 London : London Edward Fram Edward , CEU eTD Collection 75 there is room isthere room for and debates in dialogue academia. narrative, not receive regarding attention, the Khmelnytskydo Uprising,the Jewsstill proper Ukrainian historiography. in and Jewish Ukrainian historical Though national popular the with reference to the ) which could serve as a basis for such legends. mostly some for (though church aresometoJewsleasingservices payments there references “keys the church” protests from to provoked hitherto legend, KalikJewish historians, writes that 74 73 oppressors. often the but victims, only not were Jews where the character, unlikeOrthodox, Catholics with privileged(the and Uniates hadviolent confessions), a was on the sides Kalik antagonism inargues, latter the century represent the Poland, In seventeenth Ukraine. the of different Orthodox before as thelandlords Khmelnytsky Uprising, empoweredby they to were Polish the than position social and economic better a in were Jews fact in religious that argued Commonwealth, group, in Polish-Lithuanian the and Orthodox Jews the the between relations the researching after Kalik, but the relationsandinto anvilbut the exploiters and themselves divided exploited.” between between historiography. The Jewswerenot hammer historiography the and apologeticJewish the Jews Ukrainian anti-Jewish between a“middle ground Borovoi took hammer andanvail” concept. and the However, it is a significantUprising and Ukrainian-Russian friendship;(Soviet) unsurprisingly ithad a Marxist approach. work in Jewish historiography, as it critisizes Dubnow's “between Ibid.,233. Judith Kalik: “The Orthodox church and the Jewsin Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth” in Commonwealth” Polish-Lithuanian Jewsin the and church Orthodox “The Kalik: Judith Russia Alfred in Soviet Historiography Greenbaum, Jewish A. Jewish Jewish ResearchAcademy for As seen,theinterpretationswe have of of events the in 1648-1649 changed inboth time Following the trend of deconstructing the image of image Judith Followingeternal Jewish victimhood, of the trend the of deconstructing History, Volume 17, p. 231. , Vol.pp.28 (1959), 57-76. 39 in 73 Proceedings of the American Proceedings of 74 Mentioning the 75 CEU eTD Collection similar to the one it used to have long before, like when the lands in question belonged in question lands the when like before, long have to used it one the to similar autonomy autonomy. Universal, by itwhich provided all nationalthe minorities in Ukrainewith national-personal JewsinOn the November1917theCentral the its Third 20, particular. Rada proclaimed country, in the minorities national the towards attitudes different had president its as Hrushevsky Mykhailo and body, legislative main its as Rada Central the with Republic People's Ukrainian proclaimed newly the of government The years. hundred a than more after emancipated finally were Jewry Russian the and abolished was Settlement of Pale the Russia Tsarist fall of establishment of Sovietthe Union in 1922. which was followed by CivilWarthe lasted which from 1917 till 1923 andcocluded with the historical As framework. a resultof Revolution Russian the in Tsarist 1917,the regime fell; opinion one can startanalyzingnot the anti-Jewish placingpogroms without themin abroader which deals with anti-Jewishthe thattookplacepogroms in Ukrainethe during the CivilWar. Petliura in Anti-Jewish Pogroms Chapter 3: The Civil War in the Ukraine and the Role of Symon It seemed asif under new the Ukrainian Ukrainiangovernment the Jewry would have an Meanwhile, dramatic place political andsocial took changes withinWith the Ukraine. the in my as matter, the of clarification the for facts some mention to like Iwould all of First a) Historical Background historiography provide Ukrainian andJewish asurvey of to Iwill In try chapter this 40 CEU eTD Collection and the by Army Denikin's armythe werecommitted crimes mainly agree,that the mostly scholars volunteers, of plus spectrum, of political Directory, colors of the were all of perpetrators loss The ofproperty. enormous the commander-in-chief of which was Symon Petliura. The tragedy lives tragedy which took of orevenhundredstens of thousands victims seriesbloody of placeanti-Jewish pogroms mostly intook theRight-bankwas Ukraine. It a huge devastating wave of 1919. the against decisively acting from community political Jewish the preventing effectively in and resulted wascomplete, Zionists and the Socialists the splitbetween the writes, Abramson as Thus, Secretariat. Nationality Zionist-clerical the and Affairs Jewish of Ministry socialist the opposingformed: Council, in were two in inaschism resulted organs the Jewish politics Jewish the leftist and partially the autonomists, changed their views. By December 1918 the controversy Center forJewish Studies, 1999,p79. and Ukrainians inRevolutionaryTimes,1917-1920 Gergel,“Pogroms,” Abramson: p.240.Cited from Henry 77 1917-1920”, p.546. 76 relations. is moment by a characterized Abramson inUkrainian-Jewish eastern this boarder; as watershed in tensions inthefrom Jewishthelatter, council. Besides wereapproaching the naturally hadtheir number which which own represented allof byaagenda, resulted of parties, new were politics reality challenges: Jewish brought Butthe Dubnow. andSimon Volkspartey Autonomism the of founder the by praised much so Commonwealth; Polish-Lithuanian the to Elias Therikower, Antisemitism inand Pogroms Ukraine in Yearsthe 1917-1918,pp.197-98, of Governments Ukrainian Independent the in Representation “Jewish Abramson: Henry The year of 1919 was a year of chaos, destruction and violence in the Ukraine, when The year inthe when a of 1919 wasayearofchaos,destruction Ukraine, and violence 76 As the Bolsheviks invaded the Ukraine, some of the Jewish political parties, mainly parties, political Jewish the of some Ukraine, the invaded Bolsheviks Asthe 41 , Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University A Prayer for theGovernment :Jews A Prayerfor 77 andlet an alone caused CEU eTD Collection 78 competing. Meanwhile, two historical the narratives, though existing parallel another,to one werealways withstarted forperspectives cooperation and endedwith violentconflict andmutual offenses. relations in Ukrainian-Jewish page this that fact is the decision this made have I why reason The of theirdividing asopposed publications, to groups,namely them into two Ukrainian and Jewish. Jewish relations, after which the real debate between Ukrainian and Jewish historians began. history Ukrainian- inthe of episodes controversial most became the among one Schwartzbard his reappraisal personality.depictions complete to the of interpretation of Petliura's personality and his in role pogromsthe vary from mostthe negative Bohdan Khmelnytsky”. the fall Butafter Sovietthe of regime thingschanged considerably: the only in one a long line of Ukrainian national leaders and rabid antisemites stretching beck do mind, popular in the become had “Petliura Jews the For nationalist. ultra-rightist slaughterer, be acriminal, to hewasconsidered propaganda yearsSoviet long of the relations. Throughout a smaller scale. War to and Bolsheviks andtheAnarchists causedviolence, also although only at thebeginning of Civil the Center forJewish Studies, 1999,p114. and Ukrainians inRevolutionaryTimes,1917-1920 Gergel, “Pogroms,” from p.240. Cited Henry Abramson: Unlike in the previous chapter, here I will analyze the sources in the chronological order in chronological sources the the will here I analyze chapter, in theprevious Unlike Petliura's in assassination May byJewishanarchist Sholom on 25, 1926 (Samuel) Ukrainian-Jewish of history in the figures controversial most the of is one Petliura Symon 78 42 , Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University A Prayer fortheGovernment : Jews CEU eTD Collection against the Bolshevists and protect the Jewish andmasses. the Bolshevists the against protect Commander-in-Chief issued Ukrainianan fight appeal tothe to with army encouragement Faraynigte and Poale-Zion split from the Jewish Council and followed the Communist path, as path, Communist the followed and Council Jewish the from split Poale-Zion and Faraynigte disobedience. in of event the ofseverepunishment soldiers Jewishthe citizens showed theirloyalty to ideathe of Ukrainian independence, and ensured his violence, that stating he issued Symon where anti-Jewish condemned the an army Petliura order 81 80 79 Polishthe others. and army bands, 17.2%by Whitethe Army; andthe remainder by RedArmy,the Hryhoryev's bands, the cases, roughly pogromsthe 40%, were by perpetrated Directory,the by miscellaneous 28.4% provincesKiev, of whereapproximately Jewishthe 80% of population resided. Inmost of the source). The violence tookplacein themajority casesof in , Vohlynia and the right-bank roughly in60 1917 and80in in 1918, 1919 there were934instances (897according tothe other numbered Jewishon the inof population while 1918theattacks number statistics indicatethat limited data, available the to According Jews. for the especially country, of the population “Appeal of “Appeal of Commander-in-Chief,the theUkrainianto Army”, 1919.Cited August27, from F. “ Army by theSupreneOrder Democratic Command Ukrainian the of Republic”, August26, Gergel, p.240.Cited “Pogroms,” from Henry Abramson: (1917-1921) Pigido, ed.: during theyearsofrevolution (1917-1921) 1919. No.131. Cited from F. ed.: Pigido, Center forJewish Studies, 1999,p114. and UkrainiansinRevolutionary Times, 1917-1920 On August 26, 1919, afterOn August 26, majorthe right-bank wavehadsweptthe of pogroms Ukraine, As a reaction to the outbreak of violence, some of the Jewish parties, such asBund, such Jewish parties, violence,of the some of outbreak the As areaction to The year 1919 in the Ukraine was a year of misery and massacres for the whole forthe andmassacres misery of year wasa in Ukraine the The year1919 b) After thePogroms1919-1926 Material concerning Ukranian-Jewish relations during theyears oftherevolution , pp.70-72. 79 43 Material concerning Ukranian-Jewishrelations , pp. 68-69. 81 , Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University A Prayer for the Government :Jews 80 On the very next day, the day, next very the On CEU eTD Collection Russian, and a Ukrainian Jewish identity did notdevelop. wereculturally Jews majority of assimilated fact the In contemporaries. Jewish his Ukrainian among phenomenon a common not was culture Russian to Ukrainian of preference Goldelman’s abandon theirfor Russian sympathies culture: Ukrainian support Jewry their brethren into independence Ukrainian their forstruggle andto 83 82 anti-Semitism. Bolsheviks issuedthe condemning some decrees schism between the Jewish parties, as we may judge from their writings. governmentresided in emigration; Jewsthe then were mainlyconcerned with political the in the Ukrainepoliticians duringthefirst several years after in they occurred Ukraine.Thethe political situation was unstable, the Ukrainianremained supporters of . People's Soviet politicians Margolin regime. MeanwhileJewish andArnold asSalomon such Goldelman Republic,mainly until preoccupied with Palestine beginnings the anti-Zionistthe of persecutions by the with Petliura as its head of Salomon Goldelman: “Jews and Ukrainians”, (An extract from “Letters of Jewish Social- Henry Abramson: in “JewishRepresentation Ukrainian Independentthe Governments of 1917- concerning relations Ukranian-Jewish duringtheyearsthe revolution of (1917-1921) Democrat”) in Democrat”) 1920,” Solomon Goldelman in his in Goldelman Solomon The pogroms were not a main concern of either Ukrainian or Jewish historians and in toward the national rebirth of the Ukrainian people. Ukrainian of the rebirth national the toward in the Ukraine maintain, ifnot hostile, then nationalities nevertheless at least other indifferent all attitudes hand, other the on that and numerous, too not are which forces own their on only rely can they that effect the to Ukraine the in revolution impression which has an been already gain produced in the eventsof the future first yearof the in also will democrats Ukrainian the then country, this Russian tradition from and the disastrous ill-breading in language and culture of Jewish do people notdeliver themselves psychologicalfrom their ofburden Russian residues within the Jewish intellectuals, doesnot come about, and if the If, however,that revolutionary act which may finally break with the traditional SlavicReview Vorwarts, , Vol. 50, No. 3 (Autumn, 1991), p. 548. Printing and Publishing, . Cited from F. Pigido, ed.: Letters of Jewish Social-Democrat of Letters 44 83 82 Zionists were since then (1921) encouraged Material . p. 22. CEU eTD Collection 85 84 Some of Jabotinsky’s friends who even did not mind the idea of creating a Jewish legion within equipped andlocated notfarfrom Russian the border. Thismeant thedanger new of pogroms. Petliura’s regime in the fight against the Bolsheviks, and the army of the Directory was still well- werestillBy defense. expectedtosupport was signedthe Western Powers time the pact the nationalism; Jabotinsky secondly,to theidea wastruly devoted ofanorganized Jewish self- Jabotinsky's following:firstdecision were the of he beenall hadalways asupporterof Ukrainian Schechtman, a close friend and biographer of Vladimir Jabotinsky, the reasons which determined which in the opinion of Jewish majority was responsible for pogroms? According to Joseph with the Devil”. What reasonsmade the Zionist activist sign the agreement with the government, later becameof in Ukraine.This renowned Jewishas“Thethe population Pact the document maintainsecurity be the to of mainwould which aim and the Ukrainian the army to be attached would which gendarmerie Jewish the creating of plan the fulfilling in best their do to undertaking Maxim representativeof the Slavinsky, Ukrainian People's Republic, signed anagreement, signed. During Jabotinsky, September and 1921Vladimir Revisionist thefounder of of Directorate. incase by unlike commander, their encouraged they were and that pogroms, the for responsible pogroms. accused of committing and triesprovide to the evidence of punishments for the Directorate army soldiers, who had been by aJew and acitizen) Ibid.,pp. 50-51. ArnoldMargolin: the revolution (1917-1921) Cited from F. ed.: Pigido, In yearthe 1921animportantdocument concerning Ukrainian-Jewish relations was ArnoldMargolinbook inhis 85 The Ukraine andthePolicy of Entente, (1921), publishedin(1921), emigration, touches upon topicthe of pogroms, the Material concerning Ukranian-Jewish relations during theyears of , pp.30-42. 84 MargolinDenikin’sprove also tothat tried was army The Ukraine andthe 45 publisherEfron, C. , 1921. Policy of the Entente (Memorandum the Entente Policy of CEU eTD Collection Books, 1986.),p. 415. 86 Petliura.’”, it – when I die“Even forheof nothing whatnever though haddone: expressed out ultimately any came regrets you can write as my epitaph didthat nothappen. ‘This wasnationalists. Hewas nearly made toresignfrom hisin post Zionistthe organization, although the man who was being by constantly hisattacked for political opponents his madeunion with Ukrainian the pact financing simply it,Western wasdisbanded. then Jabotinsky the and gave army Powers Since up with overcome the theSlavinsky’s Bolsheviks, army Petliura's was to when plan according to him. and could doharm Apparently only to wereright. By thispact spring of 1922, they the Ukrainianthe Army,convince tried to him,have Directory did that not enough power, political of worksimportantof related tothepogroms.the informationimportant on pogromsthe carried outby militaryvarious andgroups, is cited in all and Pogroms inUkraine intheyears1917-1918 His pogroms. to the related documents other and reports eyewitness collected and matters, establishedTcherikower Archive” preoccupied the“Eastern with other Jewish Historical by were authored WhileElias Tcherikower. hisJewish Ukrainian contemporaries were Joseph B. Schechtman:. B. Joseph Despite all the misfortunes “The Pact with the Devil” brought to Vladimir Jabotinsky, he toVladimir Jabotinsky, “The Devil”brought Pactwith the Despite all misfortunes the The most importantThe most publications on pogroms inpublished theearly twentieth century 86 The Lfe andTimes TheLfe of Vladimir Jabotinsky: TheEarly Years, ( 46 (1923), published in Yiddish, contains very Antisemitism Eshel CEU eTD Collection Beersheba were named after him: after werenamed Beersheba Ukrainian Jewry. His cult went so far that two streets in Israel, one in and one in 87 the became Scwartzbard Shalom community. world Jewish the by for thepogroms asrevenge it it)was recognized rejoiced:for aminor partof community (except meanwhile Jewish world the being acquitted; leader his assassin factof death andthe of their role of the Commander-in-Chief of the Directorate in them. provide evidence and for court, the the main of focus their researchwas nowpogroms and the Salomon Goldelman nor Arnold Margolin were witnesses in the court. Neither Tcherikower. Elias and Krasniy Pinkhas them among scholars, and activists Jewish established of andalsoseveral pogroms invited survivors the Scwartzbard attorney of talented a real : the trial of Petliura’s assassin turned to the trial of Petliura himself. Henry Torres, a exceptional; he lost all his family the during pogroms in Ukraine.What followed in was court the was of Scwartzbard thecase However, court. French bythe be acquitted to imagined behardly could of Parisin during center day-time (even anon-existingof the a state one) in andby Abramson, general,had “colorful asnoted past”. a a Ukrainian inhisScwartzbard, Jew, an who, with younganarchist flirted age,had Communism, c) Petliura's Trial andthe Scwartzbard Assassination Henry Henry Abramson As a result Scwartzbard was acquitted. The Ukrainian community was shocked by the shocked was community The Ukrainian acquitted. was Scwartzbard As aresult It wasa time whenboth Ukrainian and scholarsmobilize Jewish had to in to order On May 25, 1926 Symon Petliura was shot in Paris. His assassin was Shalom A Prayer theGovernment, for haNokem. 47 p.169. 87 A person who assassinated ahead assassinated who Aperson nokem , the avenger of CEU eTD Collection the YearsRevolution(1917-1921) of have consulted might (he communities and issued activists by Jewish documents army, other andsome Denikin’s the of accusations the from he writings, borrowed which onArnoldMargolin’s article,considerably Hunczakrelied in work andnot did and pogroms deepregret expressed regardtothe Inhis out Jewish victims. joint reference efforts the the andJewstobuild to of Ukrainians which new country a together associated with Communism,basically sharing theideas of Salomon Goldelman. He started with Russianreasons for to culture sufferings andthembeingexposure betheir Jewish could and Ukrainian-Jewish Relations,1917-1921 when assumptions. 88 Khmelnytsky.” in along national lineof leadersUkrainian andrabidantisemites Bohdan stretching beck to thiswouldforbecomein had validate the contention);Jews“Petliura thepopular mind, only one that found been has it for evidence no although truth, been have might (which agents be Soviet to believed unequivocally were Torres Henry protector his with together Schwartzbard Sholom Petliura became amartyr,whosymbolized hopesfor unfulfilled the Ukrainian independence, regime ideology Symon Petliura was negativean extremely figure. ForUkrainian émigré writing. As the Ukraine by then was already incorporated into the Soviet Union, according tothe Henry Henry Abramson Ukrainian historian TarasHunczak publishedhisarticle There wasbasically nodialogue between Ukrainian and scholars Jewish up until 1969, The Scwartzbard trial was a watershed both in Ukrainian-Jewish relations and in history in and relations inUkrainian-Jewish both watershed a was trial Scwartzbard The 88 Historiography produced on both sides was based on the above-mentioned the on based was sides both on produced Historiography A Prayer theGovernment , for Material ConcerningUkrainian-Jewish Relationsduring edited byF.andin Pigido 1956).Hunczak published 48 in Jewish Social Studies. Hunczak assumed that the assumed Hunczak Studies. in Jewish Social p.117. A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura of A Reappraisal CEU eTD Collection 90 Petliura. for adialogue between Ukrainians and Jewsregarding the pogroms and the image of Symon muchmoderate,Hunczak served weremoretheHunczak-Szajkowski debate asastarting point longer same the noperiodical seemedtobein of arguments academicthe manner, though Scwartzbard regardless andcondemnofmeans. to acquitefforts Petliura fulfillmentof expensesthe their goalsof political at Jewish population, sounded like desperate in primarily interested personalities to as activists political Jewish other and Margolin Arnold it. Russian The such rest of to exposure his arguments, to to instancereferring as for culture byascribing and andoversimplification Elias Communism Jewish Tcherikower the of polity point out some considerable drawbacks of Hunczak’s article, such as mistreatment of the work of Jewish year. in Social Thoughinan offensive managed manner, sameStudies the Szajkowski to 89 Schwartzbard Sholom of that to similar measures for undertake preventingthe from Jewish the suffering population pogroms. several perpetrators Hunczak list even when the times. of provided dates PetliuraSymon to tried Petliurastop havenot healso argued that the pogroms,punished the though did enoughpowerto Chief’s his positive attitudes towards Jewish colleagues and the in Jewish population he general; tried to be apologetic to Petliura as he referred to the documents proving the Commander-in- ZosaSzajkowski: ““A Reappraisal of andPetliura Symon Ukrainian-Jewish 1917- Relations, Taras Hunczak: “A Reappraisal Symon of andPetliura Ukrainian-Jewish Relations, 1917- 1921” A in Rebuttal” 1921” in The between discussion authors which two the followed afterward and waspublishedin As a response to Taras Hunczak, , a Jewish historian, with historian, Hunczak,a biography Szajkowski,aJewishTaras with Zosa As a to response Jewish SocialStudies Jewish Social Studies , Vol. 3(Jul., 31,No. 1969), pp. 163-183. 90 , wrote 49 Vol.31, No.3(Jul.,1969), pp.184-213. A Rebuttal which subsequently in was published 89 CEU eTD Collection and theiraftermath by was out carried Henry Abramson firstly in his inpublication the focus on pogroms and Symon Petliura’s role in them. inpersonal autonomy the Ukraine,asubject understudied, even neglectedbecause or of main the national Jewish the about wrote he where relations, Ukrainian-Jewish on volume joint mentioned JewishDilemmas of National autonomism:thecase of Ukraine 1917-1920 time. same atthe Petliura and Simon the Ukrainian Question Hrynevych. Lyudmyla and Vladyslav grazhdanskoi voiny Petliura Jewry) byVolodymyr Serhiichuk, 91 to Jews and pogroms are, toleast (atPetliura’s dedicated relation Among in partially) works rehabilitated to the Ukraine. the name but a few, were itsPetliura leaderSymon and Directory Republic, People’s images of Ukrainian the There wereno belonger and“villains”; not heroism “heroes” andvillainy couldquestioned. The of d)theand Reconciliation Revisionism Two Narratives Jonathan Frankel: “The Dilemmas of Jewish National Autonomism: the case of Ukraine 1917- of of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1990 1920” in Probably mostthe revolutionary study of Ukrainian-Jewishthe in relations 1917-1920 Professor Jonathan Frankel, historian of modern Jewry, contributed his work his contributed Jewry, modern of historian Frankel, Jonathan Professor A is curious work The fall of the Communist regime signified a new stage in Ukrainian history writing. history Ukrainian in stage new a signified regime Communist the of fall The (This (not)needed Petliura) (not)needed (This Ukrainian-Jewish relations inhistorical perspective (The Jews of Ukraine in the Years of the Revolution and the Civil War) Civil the and Revolution the of Years in the Ukraine of Jews (The (2000) From NationalismtoUniversalism: Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinskyand by Israel Kleiner, which is a reappraisal of Vladimir Jabotinsky Vladimir of reappraisal is a which Kleiner, Israel by Symon Petliura by Yurii and Shapoval 50 Symon Petliura Ievreistvo 91 by Viktor Savchenko, Viktor by Ievrei Ukra . Edmonton: Canadian Institute ʀ ny v godyrevoluciiI ny (Symon Petliura and Petliura (Symon Etot (ne)nuzhnii to the above- the to Slavic The by CEU eTD Collection national cultural autonomy of the Jews in the country they live in. The Jewish socialist party socialist Jewish The in. live they country in the Jews the of autonomy cultural national mostthe enthusiastic this about plan as it itscorresponded with mainmaintain inclination, to the were Faraynigte) socialist moderately the and Folkspartey (the nationalists Diaspora the follows: 1917-1920”, p.545. 92 Settlements. minority) and a of the establishment the reasons: two for mainly preservationautonomy of a political initiativein the toprovide national-personal Ukraine supported ofCentral theJewswith Rada order thattwentieth century in the Ukraine.united According tohim,all of the Jewish political parties represented the Jews of the former Pale ofDubnow’s dream autonomy.of of form inthe level municipal the on community Jewish of the representatives the assembly and constituent the of organ asexecutive council national nationality union, which bewould incharge oftheirinstitutions. With self-governing the a constitute to eligible be would community Jewish the of members the Autonomy Personal unique, but quite an exceptional case in the modern history of Jewry. Under the Law of National- a maybe received not autonomy; national-personal and former latter the independence gained for and Ukrainians minorities national in Ukraine the Poles(such asRussians, and Jews),as the politicalin government sheddingthus lightthe 1917-1920, on a historical both important period and for JewishInstitute Studies Center University. atHarvard times,1917-1920 in theRevolutionary Review Henry Abramson: “Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of Governments Ukrainian Independent the in Representation “Jewish Abramson: Henry in 1991 andin later his monograph What is more, Abramson illustrated the pluralism of Jewish political thought in the early in the thought political Jewish of pluralism the illustrated Abramson more, is What in Ukrainian representation Jewish the on vastly elaborated Abramson Henry all of First 92 Abramson described the attitudes of the representatives of the Jewish parties as publishedin 1999 jointly by Ukrainianthe Research 51 A Prayer A the Government:UkrainiansandJews for kehilot Rechtsstaat could be a fulfillment of of Simon fulfillment bea could (a desideratum for the (adesideratum CEU eTD Collection 93 “ noticed, As parties. Abramson those of particularity of because the probably to, attention paid not are autonomists) and (Zionists nationalists Jewish Somehow Ukraine. in the were parties Jewish of vectors political the colorful how illustrates Council but composition the Jewish Though among Jews, some of the Communism popularity enjoyed Ukrainian one still had be to defined. Therefore, the Ukrainian Jewish identity didnot develop. more while the developed, reside; Russianculture was besides not Jewsdid countryside, where Russian culture,was predominantly which urban,Ukrainian culture when wasthatof a into were assimilated Jews, who assimilated in of case was true first the that wrote Abramson one. have not did they end Jewish parties on whether Ukrainian Jewry needed a Jewish legion (supported by Petliura), in the preventtbeing pogrom the able to Thisbecausewave of 1919. was polarizedthe of views of not (community’s) its for reason the was Abramson, Henry of opinion in the level, political Third Fourth the Universals. and a veryfrom time:25 January short 20 November 1917to 1918, between proclamationsthe of the for Abramson lasted to in according history, before ever unknown probably Jewish cooperation, former, andJudaism its practice incase religious and The of latter.. periodthe of Ukrainian- autonomism, although they had another concern, which was of course Palestine in the case of the towards TheZionists favorably religiouspartieswerealsooriented. andthe disposed Central Rada, largely for the reason that the Ukrainian parties were mainly socialistic, or left- Bund, theZionist and left-wing party Jewish the Poale-Zion also supported program the of Henry Henry Abramson As for the assumptions of Jewish affiliation with a at Russian representation its in precisely or Community, Jewish Ukrainian inthe schism The culture and Communism, A Prayer theGovernment, for 52 p.40. Evsektsiia”(Jewish Section 93 CEU eTD Collection 96 95 94 such as national autonomy, theBolshevik therefore regimefind could asuitablein ground the ideasunderstand majority not an sophisticated of could which agrarian country, was Ukraine, Bolsheviks the why reasons The could Empire. Russian the of dissolution the after winindependence Ukrainian might be thefor hopes the with fact together failed Ukraine in minorities of that autonomy national-personal the the strata of intelegentsia was too thin, for accountable army’sthe underhis leadership. deeds while the he was of Directorate Commander-in-Chief as a but for pogroms, the personally responsible Abramson suggests philosemitic thein question of for responsibility views,and regardto Petliura’s pogroms. a version Petliura’s is Heprovidesof theevidence very his andclear coherent. however,argument which is worth payingduring the pogroms, werepolitically indifferent. attentionof Ukrainian Jewsto: who lived Symon inmajority part; which showedthat take not Jewsdid Ukrainian the of majority the Jewish council the former PalePetliura of Settlement, Communists. Jews were and who laterwas suffered not the most by supported a number of Jewish scholars isthatmany Communists wereJewishbutnot many thesis the mentioned, Abramson as But, “Judeo-Bolshevism”. of perception the influence popular amongmostly Ukrainians, who in resided Probably villages. couldsuch contrasts not itwas reasons these for lived, and Jews Russians mostly where in cities, proletariat the in theCommunist Party) Ibid.,pp. 131-132. Ibid. Henry Henry Abramson The conclusions of Henry Abramson were the following: the great experiment which was The Abramson of partly work Henry maybeconsidered apologetic of Symon Petliura, A Prayer theGovernment, for 94 was not popularwas not among the Jewsinitially. by Bolshevism was supported A very important observation was that during the elections to the to elections the during that was observation important very A 53 95 p.87. 96 CEU eTD Collection during the revolutionary times and the Civil War in the Ukraine. works as that such of Hopefully field. Abramson inthis in research dynamics positive notice may one regime Communist will pave the the of fall the wayafter that out point can I to Nevertheless new War. Civil the of researchescontext broader of Ukrainian-Jewishbefore Bolshevikin the takeover Ukraine,the anti-Jewishthe where pogroms couldbein put the relations this topic I was severely inin personality andhis Ukraine, the While Symon the of Petliura role pogroms. researching the searching for a complex Subsequently isashortage concerningof literature there ideasof the autonomy personal-national study on the years after the Revolution and and the creation of the Jewish Council. In a nutshell,it was a bad time for agood idea. consistentJewish policy and failure of greatprojectthe which “national-personalwas autonomy” their problem was in pluralism rolemost the Ukraine. in Jews Regarding of probably the activity revolutionary Russia, the of their political thoughts, which resulted into the absence of a I would conclude thethat CivilWarin Ukraineisthe notresearched thoroughly enough. 54 CEU eTD Collection Ukraine: aHistory which there were which there Ukrainian having sources. After examinedon history the classicworks Ukraine,the among of determine historiography and to Thefirst theirsub-chapter specific features. wasdedicated tothe How did these narratives emerge and change over time, if they did? them? between for contradictions the account Which reasons narratives? historical and Jewish andSymon inPetliura, areportrayed personalities these how Ukrainian and Jewishsources. and Khmelnycky Bohdan namely personalities, historical of role the to attention particular are undoubtedly pagesinthehistory pay saddest the Ukrainian thesis Jewry.of Itried Inthis to meanwhile,its these of of independence; strugglefor nation formation the and the Ukrainian the stages ascrucial often appear events these narrative national Ukrainian In the sources. different By historical events. mean this precisely I polarizedthe interpretations, as in appearthey thecasestudies. focus on the with them between similarities and clashes differences, the out point result a as and narratives, 1917-1921. Cossack Uprising) of 1648-1649 and the CivilWarin andAnti-JewishUkraine PogromsThe of aim of theJewish historiography focusing on casestudies, namely two Khmelnytsky the (the Uprising research was to explore theConclusions interrelation of different historical In thefirst I chapter providetried to acomprehensive survey Ukrainian of and Jewish Ukrainian between differences are the What following: the were questions The research of these nature by ambiguous the isdetermined cases of above-mentioned The choice the The aim of this Master thesis was to undertake a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and Istoriia Ukra Istoriia by and others, I came to a conclusion, which had been shared been had which a conclusion, to came I others, and Subtelny Orest by ʀ ny-Rusy (History of (History Ukraine-Rus) of 55 by , Mykhailo by CEU eTD Collection sub-chapter is sub-chapter dedicatedtoJewish historiography.It covers beginningsthe of Jewish historical Thethird common. arequite relations on Jewish-Gentiles works the Studies inJewish whereas understudied, remains Ukrainian-Jewish relations of The topicdiscourse. historical popular is wasmentioned latter The inpast secondsub-chapter. represented. the common Ukrainian the way in the significant very still is discourses Russian Soviet especially and Polish of influences the as accounts, Polish and Russian consideration into taking without andgroups minorities of Dealingwith Ukrainian history in Ukraine. the is factbarely possible ethnic different to attention much pays and perspectives historical nationalist the beyond goes be found in is based on studies of cultural “transfers”. An example of Ukrainian transnational history could methodological nationalism”, comparative namely history history”,and “transfer which through “the overcome seek to that approaches discussed recently suggested Ther Ukraine. Philipp the of anewhistory create “transnational” to aimed contributed, scholars numberestablished of Recent Ukrainian Historiography ukrainocentric. society, state. However notthe themainstream in historiography Ukrainian remains history the of more on by the focused bea narrative replaced has to an anachronism which is paradigm nationalist celebrating the that argued Yakovenko Natalia Magocsi’s. Paul Robert and history Yakovenko of are suggestedbyYaroslav Natalia interpretations Hrytsak, Ukrainian Alternative character. it hasethnocentric an asa result paradigm, nationalist by the influenced is history deeply of narrative mainstream Ukrainian thatthe subject, the of researchers by other The Jews as well as the other ethnic minorities, remain underrepresented inUkrainian remain underrepresented minorities, ethnic other well asthe The Jewsas Published entitled in2008,the book A History ofUkraine:theLandanditsPeople A History edited by Georgiy Kasianov and Philip Ther, to which a 56 A Laboratory of Transnational History:A Laboratoryof Ukraine and (1996) by Paul Robert Magocsi (1996) byPaulRobertwhich CEU eTD Collection in the history of the Khmelnytsky Uprising was a minor concern for them,if at all. Istoriia Ukra Jews in Ukrainian historiography; he incorporatedeven chroniclesthe of Hanover in Nathan his slight disturbing.quite toreconstruct Hrushevskyefforts took traditional the negative image of Mykhailoparticularly found the anti-Jewish in Hrushevsky, prejudices historical the sources historians of nineteenth The historians. nineteenth late century, Ukrainian the century and eighteenth by written works the to migrated motives anti-Jewish chronicles Cossack the From sources. Polish from borrowed been have could Kohut Zenon to according which argument”, church the “ato key was Amongthere them character. and religious socio-economic Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the Cossack chronicles appeared the anti-Jewish accusations, both of a the on elaborated which chronicles eyewitness Cossack appeared century seventeenth late In the CossackUprising. the to seldom only references contained chronicles, and Ukrainian and Jewishhistoriography. casestudies. chosen the by represented are instances such of example versa; vice sometimes and Jews, the for sorrow of times often were Ukrainians for glory of times The history. is the relations Ukrainian-Jewish Ukrainian narratives.and Jewish As noted, IvanLysiak-Rudnytski biggestthe problem in Ukraine: Y.Khonigsman, A.KabanchikNayman,Ilya LeonidFinberg. and Jewry.butmention Icannot historiansJewish whopublished inindependenttheir works Russian and historiography Jewish Soviet legaciesthe of which by were inherited Ukrainian the beginning andwritingJost. Thenwith Heinrich Graetz IsaakMarkus Polish, tothe I refer In the second chapter I analyze the representation of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Uprising Khmelnytsky of the representation the I analyze chapter In the second the between contradictions main the definine to I tried sub-chapter fourth the In ʀ ny-Rusy . But his followers had a different agenda, thus the representation of agenda, the representation Jews his thus had. But adifferent followers The events of 1648-1649 were first depicted in of werefirstdepicted clerical The 1648-1649 events 57 CEU eTD Collection representatives of almost all collective sides, but the majority of crimes were committed by the committed were crimes of the majority but sides, collective all of almost representatives by Jews perished.hundredstens ifnot of thousands Thepogroms were carriedthe out of alas, these plans never came into being. The Ukraine was sweptby a wave of pogroms in which Jewry with hopes for national-personal autonomy and cooperation with the titular nation. But sources. personality Petliura inUkrainianSymon andJewish pogroms inanti-Jewish and hisrole of and debates indialogue academia. for is aplace there subsequently and attention, receive sufficient not still do Jews the Uprising, Nevertheless,in the popular Ukrainian historical narrative, concerningtheKhmelnytsky Polish-Lithuanian and Commonwealth providedinformation important in an understudied area. the in Christians and Jews the between relations the researched Kalik Judith Fram. Edward argument. in particular the authority of authority the in particular memory. Khmelnytsky the scholarship criticized the traditional to Uprising,approaches Recent “between hammer and by anvil” suggested prevailedSymon Dubnow in Jewish historical concept the many years For events. the about truth theultimate if itcontained as Honover Jews. Almost all the Jewish sources relied heavily on heavily relied sources Jewish all the Almost Jews. of almost massacres on the exclusively wereconcentrated for centuries events of the 1648-1649 Ukrainian mostscholars, probably beginningfrom 1980s.the Inrespect of Jewish perspectives, The governmentof short-livedthe People's Republic Ukrainian provided Ukrainian In the third chapter I researched the representations of the Civil War in the Ukraine, the firstAmong the historians critics of Jewish Weinryb,were Bernard Jonathan Israel and Attempts examineto in Jewishfactor the Khmelnytskythe by wereundertaken Uprising Yeven Metzulah 58 and plausibility the “between hammerof andanvil” Yeven Metzulah the chronicle of Nathan CEU eTD Collection reconciliation of the currently contradicting narratives, and subsequently Ukrainian-Jewish subsequently and narratives, contradicting currently the of reconciliation publications organizedby Ukrainian historiansand Jewish hopefor furtherprovide scholarship, both Ukrainian and Jewish,has made enormous progress. Jointconferences and Khmelnytskythe Uprising andin Ukraine the CivilWar remain recent the understudied, as I consider his work the best synthesis of all information produced on the matter at present. this topic. America alsoresearch North and Europe Western in Israel, scholars Some pogroms. the Symon and Petliura debate about the to contributed scholars Ukrainians Several Ukraine. the in partially) least (at rehabilitated its Directory Petliura leaderSymone and were The images Republic, of People's Ukrainian the narratives. contradictory Jewish SocialStudies Ukrainian and Jewish historiography upuntil was polarized, publication the of Taras Hunczak in Ukrainians lost their hero, and the Jews Jews. acquired and Ukrainians of one. Sincememories then collective in the theand image relations of Symon inUkrainian-Jewish Petliuraboth in research of pogroms andorganized ithimself. the encouraged who one wasthe Tcherikower Elia Only opinion. in Jewish with a splitpublic more who concerned were activists, social historians and Jewish evenof mainconcern the not army of Directorate, the leader of which was Symon Petliura. Right after the pogroms, they were The results of the research show that though Ukrainian-Jewish relations in the context of context in the relations Ukrainian-Jewish though that show research the of results The Abramson, Henry of arguments the to place significant a dedicated I chapter third the In writing. history Ukrainian in stage new a signified regime Communist the of fall The The assassination of Symon Petliura by Sholom Schwartbard in 1926 was a watershed in 1969which for servedavirtual first reconciliation step of the 59 CEU eTD Collection produce a all narrativefor “transnational”produce historical acceptable sides. a very phenomenon,complicated and the historians still have of alotdowork in to order to Russian andPolish perspectives could also beincorporated into study.this into this War. it fit my Worldresearch. would In theSecond opinion Nazi during Germany (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists –Ukrainian Army)itsInsurgent andcollaboration with new inapproaches history writing. relations. Revision of nationalisthistories may also signify the possibility for the development of In any case, the history of the Ukraine, as with the history of Eastern Europe in general,is As a suggestion for further research, I would draw attention to the case of OUN-UPA 60 CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Hrushevsky, Mykhailo:. Hrushevsky, stolittia Yaroslav:Hrytsak, "Znannia" Ukraïny, 1991c. Mykhailo: Hrushevsky, Mesch..New Brunswick: Transaction 1983c Books, in RussiaandPolandduringlife theChmielnicki Massacres1648-1649 of Nathan:. Hanover, Jewish ResearchAmerican Academyfor Greenbaum, Alfred Russia inSoviet Jewish A:Historiography Ukraine, Sofiya: Grachova, Indiana University 1997. Press, Fram, Edward: America, 1958.P. 200 Jeffrey: Blustein, Perspective Aster, Howard, Poticnyi Peter J., ed,:. : Times, 1917-1920 Henry: Abramson, Gitelman,Zvi, ed.,: Jewish SocialStudies the Twobetween Jewish Historiography Friedman, Philip:“Polish Wars in (1918-1939)” Hebrew Press,c1997. 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