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Norman J. Schmaltz, Forest Researcher Raphael Zon: Part 2

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Norman J. Schmaltz, Forest Researcher Raphael Zon: Part 2 Eja ~~FOREST RESE.ARCHER r t PART 2 6t 5 | ^ Ws, ~~~~~~~byNorman J. Schmaltz r ll~~~~~~I g D E l ~~~~~~Allof the older men in the Forest Service, and most of them z ^ j/22Sf/> ~~~intrhe profession at large, recall Zon's brilliant addresses at g/ S \ 3 ^~~~~~baKed apple'' meetings in Mr. Pinchot's home, his deft 6M1p * ~~~~~prickingof bubbles blown from superficial notions, his fre- S a u S^^ ~~~uentcnallenge of entrencned theories, his fresh attacKs on 1tXfm t S~~~~~l dproblems, his dreams and visions startling in their clarity 2 ^ tshzr ~~~~~ndforesight, and above all the magnetic stimulus of nis g B | s, ; i ~~~enthiusiasm. l6 W"!^ 3 x } 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Wil liam B. Greeley 51 - ] ^ 1 ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Journalof Forestnry 24 (December 1926): 847 w 5 R APHAELZON (1874-1956), the architect of making use of the knowledge of trained experts. research in the U. S. Forest Service, built, Two such forestry experts, both of whom left like all men, on the beliefs and ideas of their mark on Zon, were Bernhard E. Fernow and those who went before him.* His concept of the Gifford Pinchot. Fernow, born and trained in Ger- man-land relationship and its relevance to for- many, arrived in America in 1876 and a decade estry emerged from a nexus of views reacting to later became head of the Department of Agricul- the fact that industrial capitalism in America ture's Division of Forestry. He was responsible was devising ever more sophisticated methods for many scientific studies in forest botany and of circumventing the limits of nature for the sake timber physics. Fernow contended that only by of expansion and profit. Some perceptive Ameri- means of national forest reserves could Ameri- cans of the late nineteenth and early twentieth cans guard against woodland devastation by "a centuries began to wonder whether men, in a practical application of rational forestry methods mechanistic system of values, were becoming the and a more economic use of supplies."62 In 1898 tools of their tools- whether the qualitative was Fernow began a distinguished career as an edu- being subordinated to the quantitative.59 Such cator at the New York State College of Forestry troubled observers of the changes in American at Cornell University, where Zon was one of his life often saw the problem as blind men ''seep" first students. the elephant-in parts. Their views frequently Gifford Pinchot studied at L'1tcole Nationale clashed, but out of this clash the forest conserva- Forestiere in Nancy and served a practical ap- tion movement was born.60 prenticeship in forest management at the Bilt- Among the precursors was George Perkins more Forest on the Vanderbilt estate in North Marsh who, from the perspec- Carolina. He succeeded Fernow tive of a cultural geographer in in 1898 as chief of the Division his magnificent Man and Na- of Forestry; seven years later ture (1864), pointed to the he converted it to the U. S. delicate interrelationships be- Forest Service and took con- tween plant and animal life in trol of a vast system of forest the environment. Concerned reserves, previously under In- with deforestation, Marsh cited terior Department jurisdiction. lessons from world history to Pinchot saw in these early show how the Earth had been years of the forestry movement modified by human action. not only an unresolved debate Aware that primitive ways over the ultimate responsibility would inevitably succumb to for decisions about forestland human art and technology, he use but also a struggle over the counseled caution and sug- question of whether forestry gested means for man to pre- was "a business proposition to serve the harmony or balance in be practiced with a due regard nature.61 University of Minnesota, or was a Lester Frank Ward, courtesy of the author for financial profit" one of the foremost participants "public cause to be striven for in the "revolt against formalism" in the social with something akin to religious zeal."63As Don- sciences, rejected the applications of Darwinism ald Worster has pointed out, "For Pinchot, as for so widely held in his lifetime. A strong advocate of planning, he emphasized man's capacity to di- rect and even restructure both nature and society, 62Bernhard E. Fernow, White Pine Timber Sup- plies, Senate Doc. 40, 55th Cong., 1st Sess. (1897), p. 8. Fernow is praised by his biographer as "the *Part 1 of this article appeared in the January first advocate of large-scale scientific forest manage- issue; it emphasized Zon's career in the Forest mnent in North America." See Andrew D. Rodgers Service. III, Bernhard Eduard Fernow: A Story of North 59Leo Marx, "American Institutions and Ecological American Forestry (Princeton, New Jersey: Prince- Ideals," Science 170 (November 27, 1970): 948. ton University Press, 1951), p. 34. For a compilation 6OThe following paragraphs owe much to Donald of research done largely under Fernow's supervision Worster, ed., American Environmentalism: The For- within the Division of Forestry, see Fernow, Report mative Period, 1860-1915 (New York: John Wiley & Upon Forestry Investigations of the United States Sons, 1973). Department of Agriculture, 1877-1898 (Washington: 61A definitive study is David Lowenthal, George GPO, 1899). Perkins Marsh, Versatile Vermonter (New York: 63Franklin W. Reed, "Is Forestry a Religion?" Columbia University Press, 1958). On Marsh's link- Journal of Forestry 28 (April 1930): 463. In addition ing of nineteenth-century transcendentalism with to biographical works on Pinchot noted in the first conservationism of the early twentieth century, see part of this article, see M. Nelson McGeary, "Pin- Arthur A. Ekirch, Man and Nature in America (New chot's Contributions to American Forestry," Forest York: Columbia University Press, 1963), pp. 70-80. History 5 (Summer 1961): 2-5. APRIL 1980 87 Theodore Roosevelt, conservation was part of a stability of the ecosystem could check the ravages national revival crusade for rectitude, patriotism, of an unthinking drive to dominance by man.6' efficiency and strenuous living," with the Forest Thus the zeitgeist for a period of accelerating Service in the role of expert manager of the na- use and abuse of natural resources in America tional forests for the general welfare.64 was broad enough to include a reform Darwinist On the other hand, naturalist John Muir was mastery over nature, a more efficient management less concerned over an imminent "timber famine" of nature by experts applying their skills on be- than a famine of "unspoiled land." Representing half of the general welfare, and a solemn call for a less scientific viewpoint in the "biocentric rev- reverence toward the ecological system of which olution" of the early twentieth century, Muir man was but a part. Traces of all these themes rejected the commodity view of nature in envi- may be seen in the land-use tenets that emerge ronmental management and became an ardent from Zon's unpublished and published writings. champion for the cause of wilderness preserva- tion.15 Renowned Cornell University horticul- Zon's Land-Use Credo turist Liberty Hyde Bailey, whose remarkably long life (1858-1954) included an apprenticeship To Zon, natural vegetation was perceived as under Asa Gray at Harvard, espoused a land an integration of climate, soil, and animal life ethic that shifted man's "dominion" over Earth and was therefore a reliable indicator of land-use from the realm of trade to the realm of morals. potential. The forest was essentially a tree so- "To live in sincere relations with the company of ciety, with silviculture being "nothing but ecol- created things and with conscious regard for the ogy confined to the highest form of plant associ- support of all men now and yet to come, must be ations." He contended that "only in forestry does of the essence of righteousness."66 ecology attain its greatest practical justification An ecologist of broad vision with whom Zon and development." Although there was a struggle occasionally corresponded was Aldo Leopold.67 in the plant society forest, the tree community With a background in both forest and wildlife was also a place where the components help each management, Leopold saw the need for man to other by keeping soil, moisture, and climatic view the land as a community and to use it with conditions favorable to all.61 love and respect. Unlike some modern ecologists But Zon was concerned about the effect of ur- who closely follow their academic and scientific fields of specialization, Leopold emphasized the broad connotations of human ecology. "Our engi- neering," he observed, "has attained the pearly gates of a near-millenium, but our applied biology conservation can best be seen in his Sand County still lives in nomad's tents of the stone age." Almanac, and Sketches Here and There (New York: Critical of tenets of "salvation by machinery," he Oxford University Press, 1949). Also helpful are warned, "We are remodelling the Alhambra with two of his articles in the Journal of Forestry-"A Biotic View of Land" 37 (September 1939): 727-30, a steam shovel." Capitalism, socialism, commu- and "The Conservation Ethic" 31 (October 1933): nism, fascism, or technocracy could not provide 634-43-and his text, Game Management (New York: an ethic of love for the land. Only respect for the Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933). For appraisals of Leopold's significance, see Susan L. Flader, Think- ing Like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolu- tion of an Ecological Attitude Toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests (Columbia, Missouri: University of Mis- souri Press, 1974). Two general articles giving credit 64Worster, American Environmentalism, p. 84. to Leopold's contributions to ecological thought are 65Biographical studies include Linnie Marsh Wolfe, Joseph Wood Krutch, "Conservation Is Not Enough," Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir (New American Scholar 23 (Summer 1954): 295-305, and York: Alfred A.
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