sign in sign up
<<
Home , A56 road, Altrincham, Ashton upon Mersey, Bowdon (ward), Bucklow (ward), Bunter (geology)

Sale, Greater

Coordinates: 53°25′26″N 2°19′19″W / 53.424°N the town.[2] After the Roman departure from Britain in 2.322°W the early-5th century, Britain was invaded by the Anglo- Saxons. Sale is a town in Trafford, , .[1] Historically in , it is on the south Some local field and road names,[5] and the name of Sale bank of the , 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south of itself, are Anglo-Saxon in origin, which indicates the , 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast of , town was founded in the 7th or 8th centuries. The Old and 5.2 miles (8.4 km) southwest of Manchester. In English salh, from which “Sale” is derived, means “at the 2001, it had a population of 55,000. sallow tree”,[6] and upon Mersey means “ [7] Evidence of Stone Age, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon activ- or farm near the ash trees". Although the townships of ity has been discovered locally. In the , Sale Sale and were not mentioned in the of 1086, that may be because only a par- was a rural , linked ecclesiastically with neigh- [8] bouring Ashton upon Mersey, whose fields and meadows tial survey was taken. The first recorded occurrences of Sale and Ashton upon Mersey are in 1199–1216 and 1260 were used for crop and cattle farming. By the 17th cen- [9] tury, Sale had a cottage industry manufacturing garthweb, respectively. The settlements were referred to as town- the woven material from which horses’ saddle girths were ships rather than manors, which suggests further evidence made. of Anglo-Saxon origins as townships were developed by the Saxons.[10] The Bridgewater reached the town in 1765, stim- ulating Sale’s urbanisation. The arrival of the railway in 1849 triggered Sale’s growth as a for Manchester, leading to an influx of middle class resi- dents; by the end of the 19th century the town’s popu- lation had more than tripled. Agriculture gradually de- clined as service industries boomed. Sale’s urban growth resulted in a with neigh- bouring Ashton upon Mersey, following the Local Gov- ernment Act 1929. The increase in population led to the granting of a charter in 1935, giving Sale honorific status. Since then, Sale has continued to thrive The dovecote is all that survives of Sale Old Hall. as a commuter town, supported by its proximity to the M60 motorway and the network. The manor of Sale was one of 30 held by William Sale Water contains an artificial lake used for water FitzNigel, a powerful 12th-century baron in north sports. and Sale Harriers ath- Cheshire. He divided it between Thomas de Sale and letics club were founded in Sale, although both have now Adam de Carrington, who acted as Lords of the Manor on relocated elsewhere. FitzNigel’s behalf.[11] On de Sale’s death, his land passed to his son-in-law, John Holt; de Carrington’s land passed into the ownership of Richard de Massey, a member of 1 History the Masseys who were Barons of Dunham. Sale de- scended through the Holt and Massey families until the [11] A flint arrowhead discovered in Sale suggests a prehis- 17th century, when their respective lands were sold. toric human presence,[2] but there is no further evidence Sale Old Hall was built in about 1603 for James Massey, of activity in the area until the Roman period. A 4th- probably to replace a medieval , and was one of the first buildings in northwest England to be made century hoard of 46 Roman coins was discovered in Ash- [12][13] ton upon Mersey, one of four known hoards dating from of brick. It was rebuilt in 1840 and demolished in that period discovered within the Mersey basin.[3][4] Sale 1920, but two buildings in its grounds have survived: its dovecote, now in Gardens, and its lodge, the lat- lies along the line of the Roman road which runs be- [12] tween the fortresses at () and ter now occupied by Sale Golf Club. (), via the fort at Manchester (Mamucium);[3] In 1745, Crossford Bridge – which dated back to at least the present-day A56 follows the route of the road through 1367 – was torn down.[14] It was one of a series of bridges

1 2 1 HISTORY

lands after the land owner.

1777 map of area around Sale showing the townships of Sale and Ashton upon Mersey and the separate village of Cross Street View of the , looking north towards Stretford. ( and Hall are in the southeast) The railway is parallel with the canal.

The Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway crossing the River Mersey destroyed by order of the gov- opened in 1849,[25] and led to the middle classes using ernment, to slow the advance of Jacobite forces during the Sale as a commuter town, a residence away from their Jacobite rising. The Jacobites repaired the bridge upon place of work.[26] This resulted in Sale’s population more reaching Manchester, and used it to send a small force than tripling by the end of the 19th century.[27] The land into Sale and Altrincham. Their intention was to deceive in was the cheapest in the town because the the authorities into believing that the Jacobites were head- soil was poor and difficult to cultivate, which was part of ing for Chester. The feint was successful and the main the reason the area was until the early 19th Jacobite army later marched south through Cheadle and century. However, when the railway opened, Sale Moor instead.[15] was close to the station and became the most expensive area in Sale. Villas were built in Sale Moor, and a few in The extension of the Bridgewater Canal to was [28] completed as far as Sale by 1765, and transformed the Ashton upon Mersey as the demand for land increased. town’s economy by providing a quick and cheap route They were often decorated with stained glass or different [16] coloured bricks in an attempt to make them “mansions in into Manchester for fresh produce. Farmers who took [29] their wares to market in Manchester brought back night miniature” for the aspiring middle-class. soil to fertilise the fields.[17] Not everyone benefited from Pressure from an increasing population led to the town the canal however; several yeomen claimed that their being supplied with amenities such as sewers, which were crops were damaged by flooding from the Barfoot Bridge built in 1875–1880;[30] and Sale was connected to the aqueduct.[18] A 1777 map shows the village of Cross telephone network in 1888.[31] As in the late-19th cen- Street, on the site of the road now of the same name, tury, the early-20th century saw a great deal of construc- divided between the townships of Sale and Ashton upon tion work in Sale. The town’s first swimming baths were Mersey.[19] The village was first referred to in 1586 and is built in 1914,[32] and its first cinema, The Palace, was believed to have originated around this time.[20] The map opened during the First World War.[33] The end of the also shows that Sale was spread out, mainly consisting of war in 1918 resulted in a rush of marriages, which high- farmhouses around Dane Road, Fairy Lane, and Old Hall lighted a shortage of housing.[34] The local councils of Road.[19] Sale absorbed Cross Street as it expanded. Sale and Ashton upon Mersey took the initiative of build- About 300 acres (120 ha) of “wasteland” known as Sale ing council housing, and rented it to the local population at below market rates. By the outbreak of the Second Moor was enclosed in 1807, to be divided between the [34] landowners in Sale. This was part of a nationwide ini- World War in 1939, Sale had 594 council houses. The building programme was interrupted by the start of the tiative to begin cultivation of common land to lessen [32] the food shortage caused by the Napoleonic Wars.[21] war. additional private housing development brought Records of poor relief in the town start in 1808, a time the total of inter-war houses built in Sale to around 900, when the region was in the grip of an economic depres- including large housing estates like Woodheys Hall estate sion.[22] Poorhouses, where paupers could stay rent-free, in Ashton. were built in the early-19th century, reflecting the poor Sale was never officially evacuated during the war, and state of the local economy.[23] In 1829, Samuel Brooks even received families from evacuated areas, although it acquired 515 acres (208 ha) of land in Sale – about a was not considered far enough from likely targets to be an quarter of the township – from George Grey, 6th Earl official destination for evacuees.[35] The town’s proxim- of Stamford.[24] The area later became known as Brook- ity to Manchester, an industrial centre directed towards 3

the war effort, did result in a number of bombing raids. tablished to provide social security.[1] The unit changed Incendiaries dropped on Sale in September 1940 caused its name to Poor Law Union in 1895.[1] Sale no casualties, but did damage a house. In a bombing in- adopted the Local Government Act 1858 in Novem- cident the following November, four people were injured ber 1866, and Sale Local Board was formed to gov- and a school was damaged; on 22 December 1940, twelve ern the township at the beginning of 1867.[38] Members people were injured by bombs.[35] On the night of 23 De- were elected to the local board by the town’s ratepayers. cember, much of Manchester suffered heavy bombing in A household had one vote for every £10 (£800 as of what became known as the Manchester Blitz. Six hun- 2015)[39] of rateable value.[40] Under the Local Gov- dred incendiary bombs were dropped on Sale in three ernment Act 1888 Sale became an urban district of the hours. There were no injuries, but was administrative county of Cheshire. The local board was severely damaged.[35] On 3 August 1943, at 11:50 pm, a replaced by Sale Urban District Council in 1894. The Wellington Bomber on a training exercise crashed in Wal- of Ashton upon Mersey became an urban district ton Park in the south-west of the town. Of the six-man in 1895.[41] In 1930, the Ashton upon Mersey UD was crew, consisting of five members of the Royal Australian merged into Sale UD under a county review order.[40][41] Air Force and one member of the Royal Air Force, the [36] In December 1933, Sale Urban District submitted a pe- pilot and the bomb-aimer were killed. tition to the Privy Council in an attempt to gain a charter Sale’s shopping centre was redeveloped during the 1960s, of incorporation. At the time, Sale UD had the largest as part of the town’s post-war regeneration. In 1973, the population and highest rateable value of any urban dis- shopping precinct in the town centre, which had grown up trict in the country.[42] The petition was successful and on in the mid-19th century, was also redeveloped and pedes- 21 September 1935 Sale UD was granted borough status, trianised in an attempt to increase trade.[32] The construc- and became the of Sale.[41] Follow- tion of the M63 motorway (subsequently renamed the ing the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 M60) in 1972 led to the creation of . the Municipal Borough of Sale was abolished. Sale be- To minimise the risk of flooding, the new road was built came an of the of on an embankment, for which the necessary was Trafford, a local government district of the metropolitan extracted from what is today an artificial lake and water- county of Greater Manchester.[32][41] The town’s edu- sports centre.[37] Opportunities for leisure were increased cation, town planning, waste collection, health, social when the old swimming baths, demolished in 1971, were care and other services are administered by Trafford replaced in 1973 by a new complex built on the same Council.[43] site.[32] For national elections, Sale was in the parliamentary constituency of Altrincham and Sale from 1945 until 1997, when it was split between Altrincham and Sale 2 Governance West and Wythenshawe and Sale East. The Altrincham and Sale West constituency is one of the Conservative Further information: Municipal Borough of Sale Party’s two seats in Greater Manchester. The Sale area Historically, Sale was a township in the ancient parish consists of five electoral wards, which between them have 15 of the 63 seats on the council. The wards are Ashton upon Mersey, Brooklands, , Sale Moor, and St. Mary’s.[44] As of the 2012 local elections, the Conservative Party held nine of the seats and the Labour Party held six.[45]

3 Geography

Further information: Geography of Greater Manchester At 53°25′29″N 2°19′19″W / 53.42472°N 2.32194°W (53.4246, −2.322), Sale lies respectively to the north and south of the neighbouring towns of Altrincham and Stret- The coat of arms on Sale Town Hall are of the former Sale Mu- ford, and 5 miles (8 km) south-west of Manchester city nicipal Borough Council, which was dissolved in 1974. centre. The district of Wythenshawe is to the southeast. Sale is in the Mersey Valley, about 100 feet (30 m) above of Ashton upon Mersey in the hundred of Bucklow and sea level on generally flat ground. The River Mersey, county of Cheshire.[1] Throughout the Middle Ages it which runs just north of the town,[2] is prone to flood- was governed by the Lord of the Manor. Following the ing during heavy rains, so the Sale Water Park, close Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, Sale was joined with to the town’s northern boundary, acts as an emergency the Altrincham Poor Law Union, an inter-parish unit es- flood basin.[46] The man-made, and thus more control- 4 4 DEMOGRAPHY

4 Demography

Further information: Demography of Greater Manch- ester

As of the 2001 UK census, Sale had a population of 55,234. The 2001 was 12,727 in- habitants per square mile (4,914/km2), with a 100 to 94.2 female-to-male ratio.[60] Of those over 16 years old, 30.0% were single (never married), 51.3% married and 7.8% divorced.[61] Although the proportion of divorced people was similar to that of Trafford and England, the rates of those who were single and married were sig- Shops along Road in Sale nificantly different from the national and Trafford aver- ages (Trafford: 44.3% single, 35.6% married; England: 44.3% single, 34.7% married).[62] Sale’s 24,027 house- holds included 32.2% one-person, 37.8% married cou- ples living together, 8.3% were co-habiting couples, and 8.5% single parents with their children, these figures were similar to those of Trafford and England.[63] Of those aged 16–74, 22.3% had no academic qualifications, sim- ilar to that of 24.7% in all of Trafford but significantly lable, Bridgewater Canal runs through the centre of the lower than 28.9% in all of England.[59][64] Sale had a town. much higher percentage of adults with a diploma or de- Sale’s local drift geology consists of sand and gravel de- gree than Greater Manchester as a whole. Of Sale res- posited about 10,000 years ago, during the last ice age.[47] idents aged 16–74, 26.7% had an educational qualifica- The bedrock is Bunter in the west and tion such as first degree, higher degree, qualified teacher waterstone in the east.[48] obtains the status, qualified medical doctor, qualified dentist, quali- town’s drinking water from the Lake District.[49] Sale’s fied nurse, midwife, or health visitor, compared to 20% climate is generally temperate, like the rest of Greater nationwide.[59][64] Manchester. The mean highest and lowest temperatures Originally a working class town, there was an influx of (13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and 6.4 °C (43.5 °F)) are slightly above middle-class people in the mid-19th century when busi- the national average, while the annual rainfall (806.6 nessmen began using Sale as a commuter town.[26] Since millimetres (31.76 in)) and average hours of sunshine then, Sale has had a greater proportion of middle class (1394.5 hours) are respectively above and below the na- residents than the national average. In 1931, 22.7% of tional averages.[50][51] Sale’s population was middle class compared with 14% The town’s main districts are Ashton upon Mersey in the in England and , and by 1971, this had increased northwest, Sale Moor in the southeast, and Brooklands to 36.3% compared with 24% nationally. Parallel to this in the southwest. The main commercial area is Sale increase in the middle classes of Sale was the decline of town centre, in the central northern area of the town, but the working class population. In 1931, 20.3% were work- smaller commercial centres are also found in Ashton upon ing class compared with 36% in England and Wales; by Mersey and Sale Moor. Brooklands is the most densely 1971, this had decreased to 15.4% in Sale and 26% na- populated area. Most of the parks, including - tionwide. The rest of the population was made up of cler- ton and Walton, are in the central and southern areas, ical workers and skilled manual workers. The change in leaving Ashton upon Mersey and Sale Moor with a short- social structure in the town was at a similar rate to that of age of accessible green space.[52][53][54] the rest of the nation but was biased towards the middle Sale’s built environment is varied, with a mixture of mod- classes, transforming Sale into the middle class town it is [65] ern and old buildings. Some terraces, semi-detached today. houses, and villas, survive from the Victorian period,[55] although many of the larger houses have been converted into flats.[56] Many semi-detached houses survive from 4.1 Population change the 1930s, when there was a need for new housing in the town as a result of a growing population and an increas- According to the hearth tax returns of 1664, the township ingly wealthy middle class.[57] Interspersed with these of Sale had a population of about 365.[66] Parish registers older structures are newer housing developments, such as show that the area experienced steady the estates built in Ashton upon Mersey and the east of during the 17th and 18th centuries, more so during the Sale during the 1970s.[32] latter half of the 19th century (due to the Industrial Rev- 5

olution). This later growth was less rapid than that seen The main shopping centre in Sale, the Square Shopping in neighbouring areas such as Altrincham, , or Centre, was constructed in the 1960s. Following the Stretford.[67] The increase in growth in the latter half of Trafford Centre’s opening in 1998, it was expected that the 19th century also coincides with the arrival of the rail- the centre would suffer, but it has since prospered.[79] In way, indicative of Sale’s growth as a commuter town.[68] 2003 the Square Shopping Centre underwent a £7 mil- A huge increase in population in 1921–1931 is accounted lion refurbishment, a major part of the redevelopment for by the administrative merger of Sale with Ashton upon of Sale’s town centre. It was sold for £40M in 2005, Mersey in 1930.[69] Steady growth thereon is evident un- by which time the Square had experienced an increase til 1981, when the decline of industry in Trafford and the in trade and demand for tenancy that had led to an in- Greater Manchester area accounts for a reduction in the crease of 70% in rental income.[80] The town’s economy town’s population. This follows the general population expanded to the extent that in 2007, at a time when the trend for Greater Manchester, with residents relocating to rest of south Manchester was oversupplied with office new jobs.[70] The table below details population changes space, Sale’s available office and commercial space was since 1801, including the percentage change since the last at an all time low because of high demand.[81] census. According to the 2001 UK census, the industry of em- ployment of residents aged 16–74 was 18.4% property and business services, 15.9% retail and wholesale, 11.1% 5 Economy manufacturing, 10.9% health and social work, 9.1% education, 7.8% transport and communications, 6.1% During the medieval period, most of the land was used for construction, 6.3% finance, 4.5% public administration, growing crops and raising livestock such as cattle.[74] The 3.8% hotels and restaurants, 0.7% energy and water sup- produce from arable farming would have been sufficient ply, 0.5% agriculture, 0.2% mining, and 4.7% other. to support the local population, but the cattle would have Compared with national figures, the town had a rela- been sold to the ruling classes.[75] Agriculture provided tively high percentage of residents working in property, the main source of employment for Sale’s residents until business services and finance. The town had a relatively the mid-19th century. Industry was slow to develop in the low percentage working in agriculture, public adminis- area, as in most of what would become Trafford. This was tration, and manufacturing.[82] The census recorded the partly because of the reluctance to of the two main land economic activity of residents aged 16–74, 2.6% students owners in the area, the Stamfords and the de Traffords, to were with jobs, 3.3% students without jobs, 4.9% looking invest.[76] Although was common in Sale during after or family, 5.2% permanently sick or disabled, the late 17th and early 18th century, by 1851 only 4% of and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons.[72] The the population was employed in that industry.[77] 2.4% unemployment rate of Sale was low compared with the national rate of 3.3%.[73] Along with the rest of the region, Sale’s economy dur- ing the early-19th century was weak, a state of affairs which persisted until the arrival of the railway in the mid- dle of the century.[23] Despite the dominance of agri- 6 Culture culture, there was a growing service industry; Sale and Ashton upon Mersey experienced a growth in numbers 6.1 Landmarks and attractions employed in retail and domestic services in the first half of the 19th century.[68] By 1901, less than 20% of Sale residents were employed in agriculture.[68] Employment was available in work houses for those who could not find work elsewhere. Sale was part of the Altrincham Union, which ran the nearest work house in Altrincham.[78]

The artificial lake at Sale Water Park has been used for water sports since 1980.

Sale has three Grade II* listed buildings – two churches (St. Martin and St. John the Divine) and Ashton New Hall – and eighteen Grade II listed buildings.[83] The cenotaph outside the town hall was designed by Ashton The main thoroughfare of Sale shopping centre upon Mersey sculptor Arthur Sherwood Edwards and is 6 6 CULTURE

a Grade II listed building.[83] It commemorates the 400 cluded comedian Lucy Porter, Midge Ure, Fairport Con- men from Sale who died in the First World War and the vention, The Zombies and Sue Perkins.[92] In 2004, the 300 who died in the Second World War. The memorial centre received the British Urban Regeneration Associa- consists of a statue of a mourning Saint George on top tion Award for its innovative use of space and for reinvig- of a granite pedestal. Costing £600 (£30 thousand as of orating Sale town centre.[93] 2015),[39] it was funded by public subscription and un- [84][85] Sale has a Gilbert and Sullivan society, formed in 1972, veiled in May 1925 in front of a crowd of 10,000. which performs at the Altrincham Garrick Playhouse. The oldest surviving building in Sale is Eyebrow The group is directed by Alistair Donkin, a former prin- Cottage.[86] Built around 1670, it was originally a yeoman cipal comic for the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. Mem- farmhouse and is one of the earliest brick buildings in bers of the group have won several awards at The Interna- the area. Its name is derived from the decorative brick- tional Gilbert and Sullivan Festival.[94] Sale Brass is a tra- work above the windows. It was built in Cross Street, ditional brass band based in Sale, formed in about 1849 which at the time was a separate village from Sale.[19] Of as the Stretford Temperance Band. Its first recorded per- the twenty-one conservation areas in Trafford, two are in formance was at the 1849 opening of the railway between Sale: Ashton upon Mersey and Brogden Grove.[87] Manchester and Altrincham.[95] A bronze bust of James Joule, the physicist who gave his name to the SI unit of energy, is in Worthington Park. Originally a tower was to have been erected in his honour, but lack of donations led to the production of the bust as a substitute; it was unveiled in 1905.[88] Joule moved to Sale in the 1870s for his health; he died at his home at 6.3 Sports 12 Wardle Road in 1889, and is buried in Brooklands [89] Cemetery. The rugby union side Sale F.C. has been based in Sale The area has several parks and green spaces. Worthing- since 1861 and at its present ground since ton Park, originally called Sale Park, was opened in 1900. 1905. One of the oldest rugby clubs in the world, its 1865 It features a bandstand, gardens, play areas, and a skate Minute Book is the oldest existing book containing the ramp and is maintained by Trafford Council and The rules of the game.[96] The professional Sale Sharks team Friends of Worthington Park.[90] Opened in 1939, Wal- was originally part of Sale F.C. but split from it in 2003. ton Park is in the southwest of the town and features a Sale Sharks now play their matches at City Sta- miniature railway.[36] Sale Water Park is an artificial lake, dium, although they retain the use of the Heywood Road created from a 35-metre (115 ft) deep gravel pit left dur- ground for training and for the staging of home games in- ing the construction of the M60. It opened in 1980 and volving their reserve team, Sale Jets.[97] The town is also is a venue for water sports, fishing and bird watching. home to the Ashton upon Mersey and Trafford Metrovick The water park is the site of the Broad Ees Dole wildlife rugby union clubs.[98][99] refuge, a Local Nature Reserve that provides a home for Sale Harriers Manchester Athletics Club was formed in [91] migratory birds. 1911, but is now based in nearby Wythenshawe. The club has produced successful athletes such as Olympic gold medallist Darren Campbell[100][101] and Commonwealth 6.2 Events and venues Games gold medallist Diane Modahl,[102] both former residents of the town. Sale Sports Club encompasses Sale Cricket Club, Sale Hockey Club, and Sale Lawn Tennis Club.[103] The Brooklands Sports Club is home to Brook- lands Cricket Club, Brooklands Manchester University Hockey Club, and Brooklands Hulmeians Lacrosse Club. It also provides facilities for squash, tennis, and bowl- ing. Sale United FC plays at Crossford Bridge and was recognised as Trafford’s Sports Club of the Year in 2004. Sale Golf Club and Ashton on Mersey Golf Club have Sale Waterside with the entrance to the Waterside Arts Centre on courses on the outskirts of the town,[104][105] and a munic- the left, the Robert Bolt Theatre in the middle, and offices used ipal pitch and putt is based at Woodheys Park.[106] Traf- by Trafford council on the right. ford Rowing Club has a boathouse beside the canal.[107] The Sale leisure centre has badminton and squash courts, Situated next to the town hall, the Waterside Arts Cen- a gymnasium, and three swimming pools.[108] The Wal- tre houses a plaza, a library, the Robert Bolt Theatre, the ton Park Sports Centre has a sports hall for activities such Lauriston Gallery, and the Corridor Gallery. The centre, as 5-a-side football.[109] Tennis, crown-green , golf which was opened in 2004, regularly hosts concerts, exhi- putting, and football facilities are available at the town’s bitions and other community events. Performers have in- parks. Sale Water Ski Club is based at Sale Water Park. 7

7 Education

Further information: List of schools in Trafford

Sale’s first school was built in 1667 and was used until the first half of the 18th century.[110] The second school in Sale was built some time in the 18th century, one of about 30 non-grammar schools founded in Cheshire around this time.[110] By 1831, there were two private schools – with the children’s parents paying fees for their education – in Sale and one in Ashton upon Mersey.[111] At the same time, there were also four Sunday schools in Sale and one in Ashton upon Mersey, operated by various religious de- St Martin’s Church in Ashton upon Mersey is the oldest church in nominations, including Congregationalists, Methodists, the town. and Unitarians. The first school-chapel built in Sale as part of a school was constructed by Primitive Methodists of the three Grade II* listed buildings in the town are in 1839, and still survives. The second school-chapel in churches. The Church of St Martin, which was proba- the town was St Joseph’s Roman , built in bly originally an early 14th-century timber framed struc- [112] 1866, and was replaced by the current school in 1899. ture, was rebuilt in 1714 after the church had been de- Trafford maintains a selective education system assessed stroyed in a storm.[123][124] The Church of St John the by the Eleven Plus exam. Sale has one , Divine was built in 1868, to the design of Alfred Wa- two secondary modern schools and nineteen primary terhouse.[125] There are three Grade II listed churches in schools. is a specialist school in Sale: the Church of St Anne; the Church of St Mary Mag- science and the visual arts.[113] It consists of two parts, dalene; and the Church of St Paul.[83] one for 11–16 year olds and 900 pupils, and the other a As of the 2001 UK census, 78.0% of Sale residents sixth form college with 300 students. The school was de- reported themselves as Christian, 1.4% Muslim, 0.7% scribed in its 2006 Ofsted report as “outstanding with an Hindu, 0.6% Jewish, 0.2% Buddhist and 0.2% Sikh. A [114] outstanding sixth form”. Ashton on Mersey School further 12.9% had no religion, 0.2% had an alternative is a foundation secondary modern school and specialist religion, and 5.9% did not state their religion.[126] Sale is [115] sports college. It has 1,300 pupils aged 11–16 and 80 part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of ,[127] students in its sixth form. In its 2008 Ofsted report it and the Church of England .[128] Sale [116] was rated “outstanding”. , formerly and District Synagogue is part of United Synagogue un- Jeff Joseph Sale Moor Technology College, is a founda- der the aegis of the Chief Rabbi of Britain, Jonathan tion secondary modern school for 11–16 year olds and Sacks.[129] The only in Trafford is the Masjid- [117] specialist technology college. It has 1,000 pupils and E-Noor in Old Trafford, three miles (5 km) away.[130] in its 2006 Ofsted report was rated as “satisfactory”.[118] Manor High School provides secondary education to pupils with special needs.[119] It has 140 students aged 11–16 and 20 members of its sixth form and was rated as 9 Transport “good” in its 2007 Ofsted report.[120]

8 Religion

See also: List of churches in Greater Manchester Sale is a diverse community with a synagogue and Chris- tian churches of various denominations. The church buildings were mostly constructed in the late 19th or early 20th century in the wake of the population boom cre- ated by the arrival of the railway in 1849,[121] although records show that the Church of St Martin in Ashton upon Mersey dates back to at least 1304.[122] Before the English Reformation, the inhabitants of Sale were predominantly Catholic, but afterwards were members of the Church of England. Roman Catholics returned to the area in the Originally built in wood, Sale station was rebuilt in brick in the 19th century in the form of Irish immigrants.[121] Two late 1870s. 8 11 REFERENCES

The first turnpike road in the area was the latter-day A56 port in the UK outside the area,[139] is 4 miles (6 Chester Road between Manchester and Crossford Bridge km) to the south. (on the border between Sale and Stretford). Turnpike trusts collected tolls from road users and used the pro- ceeds to maintain the highway. There was a toll booth 10 See also on the Sale side of Crossford Bridge. Another sec- tion of road between Altrincham and Crossford Bridge • List of people from Trafford was turnpiked in 1765.[131] The commencement of “swift packet" services on the newly opened Bridgewater Canal • Manchester Mummy in 1776 made from Sale into Manchester both practical and convenient, with boats travelling at a rela- tively swift 10 mph (16 km/h).[132] However the arrival 11 References in 1849 of the Manchester, South Junction and Altrin- cham Railway[25] sounded a death-knell for both the canal packet services and turnpike trusts. Many trusts went into 11.1 Notes terminal decline, mirroring a national trend. By 1888 al- most all roads and highways were the responsibility of [1] “Greater Manchester Gazetteer”. Greater Manchester County Record Office. Places names – S. Archived from the local authority.[131] Sale’s railway station, originally [25] [133] the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 December named Sale Moor, was renamed to Sale in 1856. 2008. Three years later Brooklands railway station was opened, followed in 1931 by the opening of Dane Road railway [2] Swain (1987), p. 9. station along with the electrification of the entire line.[134] The line was renovated in the early 1990s and is now part [3] Nevell (1997), p. 20. [134] of the Metrolink. [4] Nevell (1992), pp. 59, 75.

Following the completion of a tramway between Manch- [5] Swain (1987), p. 12. ester and Stretford in 1901, the British Electric Trac- tion Company applied to Parliament for an extension to [6] Dodgson (1970b), p. 4. Sale. The proposal was amended to continue the line fur- [7] Swain (1987), pp. 12–13. ther south, into Altrincham. The line through Sale was owned by Sale Urban District Council and leased to the [8] Redhead, Norman, in: Hartwell, Hyde and Pevsner Manchester Corporation. Services to Sale commenced in (2004), p. 18. 1907. A branch along Northenden Road from the line to Sale Moor was created in 1912. Sale Moor’s line had only [9] Nevell (1997), pp. 32, 38–39. a single track which in 1925 resulted in a head-on colli- [10] Swain (1987), p. 11. sion between two tramcars, injuring eight passengers.[135] Bus services were first introduced to the area in the 1920s, [11] Swain (1987), p. 20. but became more widespread in the 1930s.[136] The buses [12] Swain (1987), p. 22. did not suffer the drawback of being limited to tracks and were therefore more practical than the tram services, [13] Nevell (2008), p. 61. which from the 1930s went into decline. The tramlines along Northenden Road were removed between 1932 and [14] Swain (1987), p. 27. [135] 1934, and throughout Sale in the 1940s. [15] Swain (1987), pp. 42, 44.

The Metrolink system connects Sale with other locations [16] Swain (1987), p. 44. in Greater Manchester. Trams depart the town’s three sta- tions at least every 12 minutes between 07:00 and 22:30 [17] Swain (1987), p. 47. every day.[137] The nearest main line railway station is [18] Swain (1987), pp. 44–45. Navigation Road in Altrincham, from where trains run to Manchester , Stockport and Chester. Bus [19] Swain (1987), p. 40. routes operated by various companies provide services to Manchester and to Altrincham.[138] The runs [20] Nevell (1997), p. 56. between Chester and North via Sale, Manch- [21] Swain (1987), pp. 51–52. ester, and ,[2] and the M60 motorway – which en- circles Manchester – can be accessed via junction 7, just [22] Swain (1987), pp. 61–62. to the north of Sale. The M56 and M62 motorways are [23] Swain (1987), p. 68. about 4 miles (6 km) away, and the , which runs between and Gretna, is about 7 miles [24] Swain (1987), p. 59. (11 km) to the west. , the busiest air- [25] Nevell (1997), p. 97. 11.1 Notes 9

[26] Swain (1987), p. 85. [51] Met Office (2007). “Annual England weather averages”. Met Office. Retrieved 23 April 2007. [27] Nevell (1997), p. 87. [52] “Brooklands Ward Profile”. Trafford Council. 2007. Re- [28] Swain (1987), p. 91. trieved on 30 June 2007.

[29] Swain (1987), p. 98. [53] “Ashton-on-Mersey Ward Profile” (PDF). Trafford Coun- cil. 2007. Retrieved on 30 June 2007. [30] Swain (1987), p. 116. [54] “Sale Moor Ward Profile” (PDF). Trafford Council. 2007. [31] Swain (1987), p. 84. Retrieved on 30 June 2007.

[32] Swain (1987), p. 134. [55] Swain (1987), pp. 91–93.

[33] Swain (1987) p. 112. [56] Swain (1987), p. 122.

[34] Swain (1987), pp. 119, 123. [57] Swain (1987), pp. 124–126.

[35] Swain (1987), p. 133. [58] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – results by popu- lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for National [36] “Walton Park”. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2 March 2014. Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS06 Ethnic group . Re- trieved 5 August 2008. [37] Swain (1987), pp. 135–136. [59] “Trafford Metropolitan Borough key statistics”. Statis- [38] The London Gazette: no. 23204. p. 24. 1 January 1867. tics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 5 August 2008. Retrieved on 12 August 2008. [60] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu- [39] UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for National Gregory Clark (2014), "What Were the British Earnings Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS01 Usual resident population and Prices Then? (New Series)" MeasuringWorth. . Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[40] Swain (1987), p. 119. [61] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu- lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for National [41] Youngs (1991), pp. 6, 33, 644–646 Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS04 Marital status . Re- [42] “Charters for Two New : Celebrations at Sale trieved 5 August 2008. and Radcliffe”. . 23 September 1935. p. 15. [62] “Trafford Metropolitan Borough marital status”. Statis- [43] “Our constitution”. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2 tics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 5 April 2009. March 2014. [63] “KS20 Household composition: Census 2001, Key Statis- [44] “Wards in Trafford”. Trafford Metropolitan Borough tics for urban areas”. Statistics.gov.uk. 2 February 2005. Council. 2007. Retrieved on 17 April 2007. Retrieved on 2 March 2014. •“Trafford Metropolitan Borough household data”. Statis- [45] “Ashton upon Mersey: Councillors in this Ward”. Traf- tics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 5 August 2008. ford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 8 May 2012. •“Brooklands: Councillors in this Ward”. Traf- [64] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu- ford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 8 May 2012. lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for National •“Priory: Councillors in this Ward”. Trafford.gov.uk. Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS13 Qualifications and students Retrieved on 8 May 2012. . Retrieved 5 August 2008. •“Sale Moor: Councillors in this Ward”. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 8 May 2012. [65] “Sale social class”. Vision of Britain. Retrieved on 1 Au- •“St Mary’s: Councillors in this Ward”. Trafford.gov.uk. gust 2008. Retrieved on 8 May 2012. •“Percentage of Working-Age Males in Class 1 and 2”. Vision of Britain. Retrieved on 1 August 2008. [46] “Exploring Greater Manchester” (PDF). Manchester Ge- •“Percentage of Working-Age Males in Class 4 and 5”. ographical Society. 1998. Retrieved on 6 May 2007. Vision of Britain. Retrieved on 1 August 2008.

[47] Nevell (1997), p. 1. [66] Nevell (1997), p. 59.

[48] Nevell (1997), p. 3. [67] Nevell (1997), p. 85.

[49] “Drinking water quality report”. United Utilities. [68] Nevell (1997), p. 86. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved on 26 December 2008. [69] Swain (1987), p. 139.

[50] “Manchester Airport 1971–2000 weather averages”. Met [70] “Trafford Metropolitan Borough key statistics” (PDF). Office. 2001. Retrieved 12 August 2008. audit-commission.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2 March 2014. 10 11 REFERENCES

[71] “Greater Manchester Urban Area”. [95] “Sale Brass”. salebrass.co.uk. Retrieved on 28 March Census 1991. Retrieved on 30 October 2008. 2008.

[72] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu- [96] “Sale F.C.”. Sale F.C. Retrieved on 7 May 2007. lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS09a Economic activity – all [97] John Gardiner. “Sale FC history”. Salefc.com. Retrieved on 2 arch 2014. people . Retrieved 5 August 2008. [98] “Ashton-on-Mersey RUFC contact details”. Ashton-on- [73] “Trafford Local Authority economic activity”. Statis- MerseyRUFC.co.uk. Retrieved on 28 August 2008. tics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 3 November 2007. [99] “A brief history of Trafford MV”. TraffordMV.co.uk. [74] Swain (1987), p. 15. Retrieved on 7 May 2007. [75] Swain (1987), pp. 14, 16. [100] Rowbottom, Mike (7 August 2006). “An email conver- [76] Nevell (1997), pp. 85–86, 88–91. satiom with Darren Campbell: 'Athletics mattered to me almost more than life itself'". (London). [77] Nevell (1997), pp. 89–90. Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[78] Swain (1987), p. 61. [101] “About Darren Campbell”. Nuff Respect Sport Manage- ments Agency Online. 2007. Retrieved on 2 March 2014. [79] "'Bright future' for town centre”. (M.E.N. Media). 25 September 2002. Retrieved [102] “Modahl gives BAF ultimatum”. BBC News. 24 August 28 August 2008. 1998. Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[80] Thame, David (22 November 2005). “Sale shops fetch [103] “Sale Sports Club”. Sale Sports Club. Retrieved on 7 May £40m”. Manchester Evening News (M.E.N. Media). Re- 2007. trieved 20 August 2008. [104] Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council. “Sale Golf [81] “Sale’s sales boom”. Manchester Evening News (M.E.N. Club”. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 28 December Media). 20 November 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008. 2008.

[82] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu- [105] Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council. “Ashton-on- lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for National Mersey Golf Club”. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 28 Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS11a Industry of employment December 2008. – all people . Retrieved 5 August 2008. [106] “Woodheys park pitch and putt”. Friends of Woodheys [83] “Planning and building control: listed buildings” (PDF). Park. Retrieved on 26 April 2008. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 31 July 2008. [107] “Welcome to Trafford Rowing Club”. Trafford Rowing [84] Wyke (2004), pp. 393–394. Club. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.

[85] , Charles. “James Prescott Joule: Worthington [108] “Sale Leisure Centre”. Trafford Community Leisure Park, Sale”. Retrieved 15 February 2010. Trust. Retrieved on 28 February 2014.

[86] Nevell (1997), pp. 2, 77–8. [109] “Walton Park Sports Centre”. Trafford Community Leisure Trust. Retrieved on 28 February 2014. [87] “Conservation Areas in Trafford”. Trafford.gov.uk. Re- trieved on 23 March 2012. [110] Swain (1987), pp. 69–71.

[88] Wyke (2004), p. 394. [111] Swain (1987), p. 71.

[89] Swain (1987), p. 96. [112] Swain (1987), p. 74.

[90] “Worthington Park”. GreenFlagAward.org.uk. Archived [113] “Sale Grammar School”. Trafford Family Service Direc- from the original on 7 February 2008. Retrieved on 24 tory. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2 March 2014. December 2008. [114] “Sale Grammar School 2006 Ofsted Report” (PDF). Sale [91] “Broad Ees Dole”. Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Grammar School. 22 November 2006. Retrieved on 2 Service. Retrieved on 27 April 2007. March 2014.

[92] “Take a trip to Sale Waterside”. Trafford.gov.uk. Re- [115] “Ashton upon Mersey School”. Ashton upon Mersey trieved on 2 March 2014. School. Retrieved on 2 May 2007.

[93] “Economic regeneration: Trafford Metropolitan Bor- [116] “Ashton on Mersey School 2008 Ofsted Report”. of- ough” (PDF). Audit Commission. Retrieved on 2 March sted.gov.uk. 3 December 2008. Retrieved on 26 Decem- 2014. ber 2008.

[94] “Sale Gilbert and Sullivan Society”. SaleGASS.org.uk. [117] “Sale High School”. Sale High School. Retrieved on 2 Retrieved on 11 June 2007. May 2007. 11.2 Bibliography 11

[118] “Sale High School 2006 Ofsted Report”. ofsted.gov.uk. 11.2 Bibliography 23 December 2006. Retrieved on 26 December 2008. • Dodgson, J. McN. (1970b). The place-names of [119] “Manor High School”. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2 Cheshire. Part two: The place-names of Buck- May 2007. low Hundred and Hundred. : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07914-4. [120] “Manor High School 2007 Ofsted Report”. ofsted.gov.uk. 30 May 2008. Retrieved on 26 December 2008. • Hartwell, Clare; Matthew Hyde and Nikolaus Pevs- ner (2004). : Manchester and the South- [121] Swain (1987), p. 76. East. The buildings of England. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0- [122] Nevell (1997), p. 28. 300-10583-5.

[123] “Church of Martin, Sale”. Images of England. Retrieved • Kenyon, D (1989). “Notes on Lancashire Place- on 23 February 2008. Names 2, The Later Names”. The English Place- Name Society Journal 21: 23–53. [124] Richards (1947), pp. 22–24. • Nevell, Mike (1992). Before 1066. Tame- [125] “Church of John the Divine, Sale”. Images of England. side Metropolitan Borough Council. ISBN 1- Retrieved on 23 March 2008. 871324-07-6.

[126] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu- • Nevell, Mike (1997). The Archaeology of Trafford. lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for National Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council. ISBN 1- Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS07 Religion . Retrieved 5 870695-25-9. August 2008. • Nevell, Mike (2008). Manchester: the Hidden His- tory. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4704-9. [127] “Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury”. DioceseofShrews- bury.org. Retrieved on 7 May 2007. • Richards, Raymond (1947). Old Cheshire Churches. London: Batsford. [128] “The Church of England Diocese of Chester”. Chester.Anglican.org. Archived from the original • Swain, Norman (1987). A History of Sale from on 5 February 2008. Retrieved on 11 April 2009. earliest times to the present day. : Sigma Press. ISBN 1-85058-086-3. [129] “List of United Synagogues across the UK”. something- jewish.co.uk. 7 September 2003. Retrieved on 14 August • Wyke, Terry; Harry Cocks (2004). Public Sculpture 2008. of Greater Manchester. : Liverpool Uni- versity Press. ISBN 0-85323-567-8. [130] “Trafford community groups search”. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 12 August 2008. • Youngs, Frederic A., Jr. (1991). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol. II: Northern [131] Nevell (1997), pp. 96–97. England. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0-86193-127-0. [132] Swain (1987), p. 46.

[133] Swain (1987), p. 89. 12 External links [134] Nevell (1997), p. 100.

[135] Swain (1987), pp. 119–120.

[136] Swain (1987), pp. 129–130.

[137] “Tram Times”. Metrolink. Retrieved on 28 February 2014.

[138] “Rail map for Liverpool and Manchester” (PDF). National Rail. Retrieved on 2 March 2014.

[139] Wilson, James (26 April 2007). “A busy hub of connec- tivity”. Financial Times – FT report – doing business in Manchester and the NorthWest (The Financial Times Lim- ited). 12 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text • Sale, Greater Manchester Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale%2C%20Greater%20Manchester?oldid=654674893 Contributors: Gareth Owen, G-Man, Jimmer, Steinsky, Morwen, Warofdreams, Dale Arnett, Pigsonthewing, Ddstretch, Wereon, Marnanel, Lupin, Michael Devore, D3, Rdsmith4, MRSC, John Bracegirdle, Maclean25, Zscout370, Adambro, Circeus, Bitrot, Nk, Redf0x, Voyager, An- thony Appleyard, Saga City, Gene Nygaard, Mindmatrix, Honeybucket, Kafuffle, Jaxhere, Rjwilmsi, Jehochman, Nihiltres, Phoenix2, YurikBot, Wavelength, RussBot, Cpc464, Chensiyuan, Tgsh2005, Anetode, Nick C, Tony1, MSJapan, Tachyon01, Orioane, Nikkimaria, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, Josh3580, SmackBot, Davewild, Hmains, Colonies Chris, OrphanBot, Lozleader, Olly- hol, Parrot of Doom, Harryboyles, BrownHairedGirl, Microchip08, Euchiasmus, Aquilina, Regan123, RomanSpa, Mr Stephen, Jhamez84, SandyGeorgia, Iridescent, Kirrane, Tawkerbot2, Czachur, TomTomkins, Nick334, Pit-yacker, Richardguk, Amandajm, Twittenham, Ssil- vers, Casliber, Malleus Fatuorum, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Christrafford, Majorly, Yomangani, Kbthompson, Roundhouse0, DShamen, Af- firmationChick, JenLouise, Tomseddon, MegX, Squire4, Slob89, Reece Llwyd, RRJ, Miriam joy, Anaxial, Keith D, Nev1, DrKiernan, Sale-w, RoboMaxCyberSem, Fleebo, Juliancolton, Ozmusicwriter, Spark010, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, ALexL33, GimmeBot, Bobfos, Someguy1221, Freakypunk rd, Bleaney, Vgranucci, Altyelecy, Pinknoise, Strangerer, Scrawlspacer, SieBot, Tehjustice, Kernel Saunters, Erythromycin, Darrenm540, Editus Reloaded, Oxymoron83, Lightmouse, Msrasnw, Soulrefrain, David m tolan, Jza84, Church, Plastik- spork, Richard1911, Richerman, Kitchen Knife, Thedogsbollox, Paulwatson1, Sofcookies, Dank, Mhockey, Dallan72, Patrick-Ashling, MystBot, Notuncurious, Darkwingduck2008, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, DOI bot, LaaknorBot, Epicadam, Lightbot, Legobot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Jeni, Piano non troppo, Warrior God of WP, Citation bot, Xqbot, Bgmcheshire, Crookesmoor, Fmph, GrouchoBot, Hal- draper, Citation bot 1, J3Mrs, ClickBot, Plasticspork, Crusoe8181, Bobchilts01, RjwilmsiBot, WildBot, DASHBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, K6ka, H3llBot, Coasterlover1994, Petet66, DT Sale, RafikiSykes, Squidrings, Mark Arsten, BattyBot, Khazar2, Jenniferlever, TFA Protector Bot, Eric Corbett, Monkbot, Thecoolllllldudee, Jesmond and Anonymous: 134

13.2 Images • File:1777_Burdett_map_of_Sale.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/1777_Burdett_map_of_Sale.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Swain, Norman (1987) A History of Sale from earliest times to the present day, Wilmslow: Sigma Press, p. 34 ISBN: 1-85058-086-3. Original artist: Burdett • File:Bridgewater_Canal_in_centre_of_Sale_2006.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Bridgewater_ Canal_in_centre_of_Sale_2006.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk Original artist: alan halfpenny • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Compass_rose_pale.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg License: CC-BY- SA-3.0 Contributors: svg version of Image:Compass-rose-pale.png, made to look similar to Image:Reinel compass rose.svg. Original artist: Fibonacci • File:East.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil • File:Greater_Manchester_UK_location_map_2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Greater_ Manchester_UK_location_map_2.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: OpenData. Original artist: Nilfanion, created using Ordnance Survey data • File:Historic_Dovecote_at_Walkden_Gardens,_Sale,_Cheshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_526310.jpg Source: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Historic_Dovecote_at_Walkden_Gardens%2C_Sale%2C_Cheshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_ 526310.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk Original artist: Manchester Warrior • File:North.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/North.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil • File:Page_white_excel.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Page_white_excel.png License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Red_pog.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Sale_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1749841.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Sale_Station_-_ geograph.org.uk_-_1749841.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk Original artist: David Dixon • File:Sale_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1749852.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Sale_Town_ Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1749852.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk Original artist: David Dixon • File:Sale_Waterside_2009.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Sale_Waterside_2009.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nev1 • File:Sale_coat_of_arms.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Sale_coat_of_arms.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: User created Original artist: Nev1 • File:Sale_shopping_centre_2007_(cropped).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Sale_shopping_ centre_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: • Sale_shopping_centre_2007.jpg Original artist: Sale_shopping_centre_2007.jpg: Gene Hunt • File:Sale_water_park.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Sale_water_park.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Con- tributors: Sale water park Original artist: Elin • File:Shops_on_Northenden_Road,_Sale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2030293.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/b/ba/Shops_on_Northenden_Road%2C_Sale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2030293.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk; transferred by User:Ultra7 using geograph_org2commons. Original artist: Derek Harper 13.3 Content license 13

• File:South.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/South.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil • File:St_martins_ashton_upon_mersey.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/St_martins_ashton_upon_ mersey.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Parrot of Doom • File:West.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/West.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil

13.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0