DOCSLIB.ORG

UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Cold War love : producing American liberalism in interracial marriages between American soldiers and Japanese women Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1z7699pn Author Tsuchiya, Tomoko Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cold War Love: Producing American Liberalism in Interracial Marriages between American Soldiers and Japanese Women A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies by Tomoko Tsuchiya Committee in charge: Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair Professor Ross Frank Professor Takashi Fujitani Professor Denise Ferreira da Silva Professor Lisa Yoneyama 2011 Copyright Tomoko Tsuchiya, 2011 All Rights Reserved The dissertation of Tomoko Tsuchiya is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………...iv List of Figures……………………………………………………………..v Acknowledgements……………………………………………..……..…vi Vita………………………………………………….………………….....ix Abstract of the Dissertation ……...……………………………………….x Introduction………………………………................................................ 1 Part I Love and Violence: Production of the Postwar U.S.-Japan Alliance…….36 Chapter One Dangerous Intimacy: Sexualized Japanese Women during the U.S. Occupation of Japan……...37 Chapter Two Intimacy of Love: Loveable American Soldiers in Cold War Politics.…...68 Part II The U.S. Cold War Empire: Producing Cultural Pluralism and Multiracial Family………………....….89 Chapter Three Alien Intimacies: Impossible Marriages between American Soldiers and Japanese Women……………………………………………….……...…..90 Chapter Four Producing Culturally Pluralist Nation: Teaching Japanese Brides American Domesticity……………………..…128 Chapter Five Producing Multiracial Family: Mothering “Mixed Blood” Children and Pursuing the American Dream...162 Epilogue…………………………………………………..……………….188 Bibliography……………………………………………………................193 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Baby-san………………………………………………………….…....61 Figure 4.1 U.S. Military’s Bride School Project………….………………...….…133 Figure 4.2 Graduation Ceremony…………………………………………………136 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many people who made my academic journey at the University of California, San Diego possible and helped me complete this dissertation. First, I would like to thank the people who encouraged me to pursue a US doctorate in Ethnic Studies. Professor Noriko Shimada was my mentor and she taught me not only knowledge about American Studies but also the scholar’s attitude to engaging in academic works. I sincerely admire her not only as a scholar but also as a person. I am glad to be able to devote this dissertation to her. I also appreciate Professor Kazuto Oshio who supported my research and gave me profound insight into academic study. My gratitude also goes to Professor Yujin Yaguchi who supported my research in the United States and gave me a lot of useful advice. I appreciate the Fulbright program which supported my study in the U.S. graduate school. Not only did they provide financial support but they also attenuated my anxiety about overall life in the United States and graduate study through their helpful orientations before commencing my studies. I also thank Professor John Dower who took the time to write me a recommendation letter as a prospective Fulbrighter. I thank my professors who supported me to write this dissertation at the University of California, San Diego. I cannot make this dissertation possible without Professor Yen Le Espiritu’s heartful support. I cannot express enough gratitude to her. I learned from her what the grounded and reliable academic works should be, specifically as an Ethnic Studies scholar. She also understood my isolated life abroad and supported me by taking time to listen to me, and inviting me her house. I also thank my dissertation committee members, Professor Ross Frank, Takashi Fujitani, Denise vi Ferreira da Silva, Lisa Yoneyama and all of whom also gave me deep insights into engaging in critical studies on the field of American history, immigration, and cultural studies. Needless to say, I acknowledge my fellows, Angie Morril, Cathleen Kozen, Long Bui and Ma Vang. Their uncountable supports just make me cry. I owe my gratitude to them sharing our valuable and memorable time--writing together, sharing our academic anxiety together and drinking together to get away from the academic stress. Ma Vang was also my roommate for four years during which we shared both our academic and private lives. I could not have lived with anybody else except her for all these years. I also appreciate her boyfriend, Kit Myers who has also provided support and company. Outside of my cohort members, I appreciate Ayako Sahara who always stood by me as a writing partner and discussed our academic future. As a non-native English writer, it was very helpful that Julietta Y. Hua, Thuy Vo Dang, Traci Brynne Voyles, and Maria. T. Cesena spent time to read my papers and suggest sentence organization. I would like to appreciate my interviewees who spent not only their time and energy, but told me their valuable personal stories. Kazuko Stout Umezu, the president of the Nikkei International Marriage Society, invited me to her organization’s conventions. Through the organization, I established more friendships with its members and know their stories. Tsuchino Forrester who took over the work of the Society’s organization renamed the International Marriage Friendship Association also had me stay at her house and told me valuable stories. Without their brave and sincere decision to share the stories, this work would not have been possible. vii I engaged in the research project sponsored by Japanese Overseas Migration Museum owned by Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). I thank Professor Noriko Shimada who gave me the opportunity to join it which made my research much more comprehensive and thorough. As a project member, it was valuable to work with Professor Shigeyoshi Yasutomi and Ikumi Yanagisawa. Professor Yasutomi initially introduced me the Nikkei International Marriage Society and kindly shared information about the Society and its members. Finally, I would like to thank my family who supported me to study in the United States in various ways. I know that they had mixed feeling about my going away abroad and were worried about me all the time. They sent me boxes filled with stuff from my home country and letters that always made my heart very warm. Without their support, I would never have been able to complete my Ph.D. viii VITA 2011 Doctor of Philosophy Department of Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego 2007 Master of Arts Department of Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego 2005 Master of Arts Department of Literature, American Studies Japan Women’s University 2003 Bachelor of Arts Department of Literature, American Studies Japan Women’s University PUBLICATIONS "Hawai he Watatta Gunjin Hanayome [War Brides in Hawaii]: Jyosei Jishin ga Kataru Kekkon Seikatsu [Marriage Lives Narrated by Women]." In Nihon no Jyosei Iminshi no Hakkutsu: Syashin Hanayome to Senso Hanayome no Tadotta Michi [Excavaton of Japanese Women's Immigration History: Historical Path of Picture Brides and War Brides,] edited by Noriko Shimada. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 2009. “Kaihou Sareta Tekikoku no Jyoseitachi: Chinmoku ga Kataru Keiken [‘Liberated Enemy Women’: Experiences Told by Silence],” JICA Research Annuals 2 (2008): 37- 51. “Japanese Women’s Marriages to American GIs under the U.S. Occupation of Japan: Their Silenced Voices and Experiences,” Veritas 51 (2007): 57-70. “Hawai he Watatta Senso Hanayome: Nichibei no Sengo Seiji no Hazama de Keisei Sareta Imeji to Keiken [Japanese War Brides in Hawaii: Images and Actual Experiences in the Context of Postwar American and Japanese Politics],” Imin Kenkyu Nenpo 12 (2006): 24-32. GRANTS AND AWARDS April, 2009 Invited by TJF Dissertation Workshop hosted by UC Santa Cruz Oct. 2008 Matsushita Kokusai Foundation fellowship May, 2008 Joseph Naiman Graduate Fellowship, Japanese Studies, UCSD May, 2008 Mary Dashen Scholarship of the International Center, UCSD April, 2008 Institute for International, Comparative, and Area Studies (IICAS) Travel Grant, UCSD Sep. 2005 Fellowship of Japanese Ministry of Education for Graduate Study in the United States Nov. 2004 Fulbright Fellowship for Graduate Study in the United States ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Cold War Love: Producing American Liberalism in Interracial Marriages between American Soldiers and Japanese Women by Tomoko Tsuchiya Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego, 2011 Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair This project analyzes how “Japanese war brides” who married American GIs as a result of the U.S. occupation of Japan became visible in the political context whereby the United States and Japan established an allied relationship. The marriages between American soldiers and Japanese
Load more

Recommended publications
  • War Brides” in Postwar Japan : Their Representations in Asahi Shimbun and Popular Media from the Late 1940S to the 1970S
    関西学院大学 先端社会研究所紀要 第 13 号 Annual Review of the Institute for Advanced Social Research vol.13 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " 投稿論文 " The Othering of Japanese “War Brides” in Postwar Japan : Their Representations in Asahi Shimbun and Popular Media from the Late 1940s to the 1970s IWASA, Masashi* Abstract This article examines how Japanese “war brides” have been imagined and represented in various media in Japan in the postwar era. These women married servicemen, mostly American GIs, working for the Allied Forces during the occupation period of Japan and the succeeding years in the 1950s, as well as in the early 1960s. The empirical data used here include their coverages in Asahi Shimbun, a major newspaper in Japan, from the late 1940s to the 1970s. In addition, other primary and secondary sources that have taken account of them in one way or other are picked up and analysed. While the data examined here may be limited to a certain degree, it is suggested that the “war brides” had consistently been imagined as Japan’s “others,” or the outsiders of Japanese society, by various media throughout the time under study, as their deviance and extraordinariness tended to constitute the major theme of their media representations since the 1950s and thereafter. It is also contended that, from the mid­1960s to the 1970s, Japanese media even imagined them as strangers who had lost their Japanese­ness due to their long­term absence from Japan. Key words : representation ; othering ; occupation period ; war bride ; fraternity 1. Introduction To date, a dominant tendency in the discussion concerning war and “race” has been to look at the fierce confrontation between different “races”1) as enemy groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Luxembourg Resistance to the German Occupation of the Second World War, 1940-1945
    LUXEMBOURG RESISTANCE TO THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1940-1945 by Maureen Hubbart A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Major Subject: History West Texas A&M University Canyon, TX December 2015 ABSTRACT The history of Luxembourg’s resistance against the German occupation of World War II has rarely been addressed in English-language scholarship. Perhaps because of the country’s small size, it is often overlooked in accounts of Western European History. However, Luxembourgers experienced the German occupation in a unique manner, in large part because the Germans considered Luxembourgers to be ethnically and culturally German. The Germans sought to completely Germanize and Nazify the Luxembourg population, giving Luxembourgers many opportunities to resist their oppressors. A study of French, German, and Luxembourgian sources about this topic reveals a people that resisted in active and passive, private and public ways. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Clark for her guidance in helping me write my thesis and for sharing my passion about the topic of underground resistance. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Brasington for all of his encouragement and his suggestions to improve my writing process. My thanks to the entire faculty in the History Department for their support and encouragement. This thesis is dedicated to my family: Pete and Linda Hubbart who played with and took care of my children for countless hours so that I could finish my degree; my husband who encouraged me and always had a joke ready to help me relax; and my parents and those members of my family living in Europe, whose history kindled my interest in the Luxembourgian resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • ASIAN-AMERICAN TIMELINE (Prepared by Dr
    1 ASIAN-AMERICAN TIMELINE (prepared by Dr. Bonnie Khaw-Posthuma) 1521 Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan claims the Phillipines in the name of the Spanish crown; colonial rule begins in 1565; first Filipinos reportedly arrive in California in 1587. 1790 Congress passes the Naturalization Act – granting U.S. citizenship to all “free white” persons. 1834 Afong Moy, the first Chinese woman known to have visited the U.S. is exhibited in a theater in New York. 1839-1842 China signs the Treaty of Nanjing –opening Chinese ports to trade by Western and later Japanese powers. 1843 Japanese citizen Nakahama Manjiro becomes the 1st Japanese individual to land in the U.S. 1848 First Chinese (two men, one woman) immigrate to the U.S. and land in San Francisco; discovery of gold leads to Chinese immigration to America (also known as “Gold Mountain”). 1852 Lured by the gold rush, more than 20,000 Chinese arrive in California (it was a myth that all Chinese wished to get rich quickly and return—only 50% did). 1853 Several hundred years of isolation end as Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. forces Japan to open its door to foreign commerce. 1854 People vs. Hall, a California case, rules that Chinese cannot testify for or against white persons in court. 1860 A Californian law bars Chinese-Americans, Indians, and African- Americans from public schools. 1865 Plans for the first transcontinental railroad in the U.S. are developed, and the Central Pacific Railroad begins hiring Chinese laborers. 1870 Congress grants naturalization rights to free whites and people of African descent, omitting mention of Asian (or as they call it “Oriental”) races.
    [Show full text]
  • The Representation of Asian War Brides Through a Cold War Lens Laura Chun Occidental College
    Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History Volume 7 | Issue 2 Article 6 11-2017 The Representation of Asian War Brides through a Cold War Lens Laura Chun Occidental College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/aujh Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Chun, Laura (2017) "The Representation of Asian War Brides through a Cold War Lens," Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History: Vol. 7 : Iss. 2 , Article 6. DOI: 10.20429/aujh.2017.070206 Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/aujh/vol7/iss2/6 This article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chun: Asian War Brides through a Cold War Lens The Representation of Asian War Brides through a Cold War Lens Laura Chun Occidental College (Los Angeles, California) In the aftermath of World War II, American politicians began to emphasize the importance of having influence around the world to combat Communism, thus shifting focus away from domestic policy and towards foreign policy. With American occupation of Japan, the Korean War, and the ongoing Cold War with the USSR, America’s image as the leading democratic nation became ever more important. While stationed in Japan and Korea, American GIs formed relationships with foreign women. Sometimes these relationships resulted in marriages, with the brides being known as war brides. The frequency of war brides, especially Asian ones, became so common that eventually politicians needed to develop laws for GIs to bring their foreign wives back to the United States, despite the existence of national origins quota laws and anti-miscegenation laws.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cold War Love: Producing
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cold War Love: Producing American Liberalism in Interracial Marriages between American Soldiers and Japanese Women A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies by Tomoko Tsuchiya Committee in charge: Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair Professor Ross Frank Professor Takashi Fujitani Professor Denise Ferreira da Silva Professor Lisa Yoneyama 2011 Copyright Tomoko Tsuchiya, 2011 All Rights Reserved The dissertation of Tomoko Tsuchiya is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………...iv List of Figures……………………………………………………………..v Acknowledgements……………………………………………..……..…vi Vita………………………………………………….………………….....ix Abstract of the Dissertation ……...……………………………………….x Introduction………………………………................................................ 1 Part I Love and Violence: Production of the Postwar U.S.-Japan Alliance…….36 Chapter One Dangerous Intimacy: Sexualized Japanese Women during the U.S. Occupation of Japan……...37 Chapter Two Intimacy of Love: Loveable American Soldiers in Cold War Politics.…...68
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Complete List of Contents
    Contents Complete List of Contents . ix Publisher’s Note . xiii Contributors . xvii Accent Discrimination . 25 Affordable Care Act and Undocumented Immigrants . 27 African immigrants . 31 Afro-Caribbean immigrants . 39 Alien and Sedition Acts . 43 Alien land laws . 46 Amerasians . 49 American Jewish Committee . 53 Anglo-conformity . 54 Anti-Irish Riots of 1844 . 56 Arab American intergroup relations . 60 Arab American stereotypes . 65 Arab immigrants . 67 Ashkenazic and German Jewish immigrants . 75 Asian American education . 77 Asian American Legal Defense Fund . 82 Asian American literature . 83 Asian American stereotypes . 87 Asian American women . 89 Asian Indian immigrants . 93 Asian Indian immigrants and family customs . 98 Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance . 102 Assimilation theories . 105 Au pairs . 109 Bangladeshi immigrants in the United States . 110 Bilingual education . 114 Bilingual Education Act of 1968 . 119 Border Patrol, U .S . 125 Bracero program . 131 Brain Drain . 135 British as dominant group . 138 Burlingame Treaty . 141 v Cable Act . 145 California gold rush .. 146 Cambodian immigrants . 150 Canadian immigrants . 155 Celtic Irish . 159 Censuses, U .S . 160 Chicano movement . 165 Chinatowns . 170 Chinese American Citizens Alliance . 173 Chinese detentions in New York. 178 Chinese Exclusion Act . 180 Chinese exclusion cases . 184 Chinese immigrants . 186 Chinese immigrants and California’s gold rush . 190 Chinese immigrants and family customs . 194 Chinese Six Companies . 199 Citizenship . 203 Clotilde slave ship . 207 Coast Guard, U .S . 211 Coolies . 213 Cuban immigrants . 215 Cuban immigrants and African Americans . 219 Cuban refugee policy . 223 Cultural pluralism . 226 Demographics of immigration . 229 Deportation . 234 Discrimination . 240 Domestic Abuse as a Protected Category (Asylum) .
    [Show full text]
  • Download Book
    Mehnaaz Momen THE PARADOX OF CITIZENSHIP IN AMERICAN POLITICS Ideals and Reality The Paradox of Citizenship in American Politics Mehnaaz Momen The Paradox of Citizenship in American Politics Ideals and Reality Mehnaaz Momen Social Sciences Texas A&M International University Laredo, Texas, USA ISBN 978-3-319-61529-5 ISBN 978-3-319-61530-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61530-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946740 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu- tional affiliations.
    [Show full text]
  • July 24, 2018 TUESDAY, 6:30Pm – 8:00Pm JAPANESE WAR BRIDES
    The JASC Legacy Center Presents a free “Memories of Now” Seminar Series Presentation July 24, 2018 TUESDAY, 6:30pm – 8:00pm Presentation Location: Japanese American JAPANESE WAR BRIDES Service Committee (JASC) 4427 N. Clark Street In Post World War II America Chicago, IL 60640 Featured Speaker: Sonia Gomez, PhD During the Allied Occupation of Japan and the Korean War, approximately 13,000 Japanese women immigrated to the United States as brides to Amer- ican servicemen. Although U.S. immigration law excluded the Japanese from entering the country, a series of Congressional acts eventually allowed Japanese women to enter the U.S. in much the same way as the so called Co-sponsored by the “picture brides,” though this time they entered as wives to American men. Chicago Japanese American This presentation looks at the marriages of Japanese women and Ameri- Historical Society (CJAHS) and can servicemen, beginning with a discussion of the American Red Cross the Japanese American Bride Schools that sought to mold Japanese women into good American Citizens League - Chicago housewives. Second, it looks at Japanese war bride clubs in the United Chapter (JACL-Chicago) States, such as the Cosmo Club, which was founded in Chicago in 1952 un- der the auspices of the Chicago Resettlers Committee. This program is made possible in part by a grant from Illinois Humanities, with Sonia Gomez is a historian of the modern support from the MacArthur Foundation’s United States. Her research and teaching Safety and Justice Challenge. focus on the intersections of race, gender, and immigration. Sonia earned a PhD in history from the University of Chicago in 2018, and is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Mahin- dra Humanities Center at Harvard University.
    [Show full text]
  • Sleeping with the Enemy: Japanese War
    SLEEPING WITH THE ENEMY: JAPANESE WAR BRIDES AND THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF JAPAN BY ELIZABETH DOUGLAS SUBMITTED TO PROFESSORS PAUL SMITH AND JOHN CHENG IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF HISTORY 400: SENIOR THESIS SEMINAR APRIL 26TH, 2013 Douglas 1 ABSTRACT One of the last new colonial projects in the twentieth century began on September 2, 1945. The American forces arrived in Japan ready to subdue a conquered nation, full of putatively deceitful Asian barbarians. In 1952, the Americans left Japan, their new ally in the region and bulwark against the spread of communism. During the American Occupation of Japan, the military authorities rehabilitated the defeated enemy. A key element of this reconstruction was the depiction of Japan as a feminine, junior ally to the masculine United States. Central to this reimaging of Japan’s relationship with the United States was the construction of a narrative around war brides, Japanese women who married American servicemen. Although the American authorities had initially attempted to ban all forms of fraternization between Americans and Japanese, this policy proved ineffective. In response, the United States military decided to allow American journalists to portray fraternization in a positive light as part of its broader campaign to rehabilitate Japan. This process continued haphazardly, even after the official occupation ended, and contributed significantly to the triumphal history the Americans wrote about their involvement in Japan after the Second World War. Douglas 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many people who made this project possible. First, I must thank all the members of the Haverford History Department who have nurtured my love of history throughout my college career and constantly pushed me to further develop my writing and analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • US Army, Italian Women and the Gender Shock of 1943–1945
    Piotr Podemski University of Warsaw A Clash of Civilizations? U.S. Army, Italian Women and the Gender Shock of 1943–1945 They’d never be the same again – either dead or changed somehow. It was the riddle of war, of human dignity, of love, of life itself. John Horne Burns, The Gallery (1947) It is a shameful thing to win a war. Curzio Malaparte, The Skin (1949) 1. Allied Enemies: United States and Italy (1943–1945) In July 1943, following their victory in North Africa, the combined Anglo- American forces led by General Dwight Eisenhower undertook an invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). A few German divisions present on the island are usually thought to have offered much more of a fierce resistance than entire Italian armies1. The obviously low morale of their surrendering troops compelled some high ranking fascists (among them Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini’s minister of foreign affairs, son-in-law and heir apparent) to remove the Duce from his position as Italy’s totalitarian dictator on July 25, 19432. Paradoxically, a regime praising the Italians’ manhood – by some even accused of “an obsession of virility”3 – was crumbling like a house of cards as a result of a lack of fighting spirit among its troops on the one hand and the betrayal of its leaders, including the incarnation of fascist virilities – the popular and charming husband of the Duce’s beloved daughter, on the other. However, that was hardly the last paradox of the Italian transition from the Axis to the Allied camp. King Victor Emmanuel III’s newly appointed Prime 1 E.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanizing the Enemy Anna Cook
    Florida State University Libraries Honors Theses The Division of Undergraduate Studies 2012 Humanizing the Enemy Anna Cook Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] Humanizing the Enemy Anna Cook Honors in the Major Thesis Dr. G. Kurt Piehler Dr. Whitney Bendeck Dr. Jonathan Grant December 14, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 1: Portrayal of the Japanese (1854-1941) ...................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Dehumanizing the Japanese (1941-1946) ............................................................... 17 Chapter 3: Humanizing the Enemy ........................................................................................... 21 Chapter 4: Japanese War Brides and the Shifting American Opinion ...................................... 32 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 40 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 43 1 Introduction This thesis studies how the shift in American popular perception of the Japanese changed and shows how Japan’s relationship with the United States changed from that of an enemy to ally in the mid-1950s. The cause of this positive change in U.S.-Japan relations
    [Show full text]
  • Major Us Immigration Laws, 1790 - Present
    Timeline M a rc h 2 0 1 3 MAJOR US IMMIGRATION LAWS, 1790 - PRESENT 1790 • 1790 Naturalization Act The (1 Stat. 103) establishes the country’s first uniform rule for naturalization. The law provides that “free white persons” who have resided in the United States for at least two years may be granted citizenship, so long as they demonstrate good moral character and swear allegiance to the Constitution. The law also provides that the children (under 21) of naturalized citizens shall also become M 1798 US citizens. • Alien and Sedition Acts Congress enacts four laws known collectively as the , which e f o r contain a number of stringent immigration enforcement provisions. Among other r provisions, the laws require that noncitizens have resided in the United States for 14 years prior to naturalization, authorize the President to apprehend, restrain, and remove noncitizens who are citizens or subjects of countries with which the United States is at war, and allows the Executive Branch to deport any noncitizen deemed “dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.” Congress eventually repeals the naturalization provisions in 1802 and the other portions of the laws are 1864 permitted to expire. • Immigration Act of 1864 The (13 Stat. 385) establishes the position of the i g r a t i o n Commissioner of Immigration, who will report to the Secretary of State, and provides that labor contracts made by immigrants outside the United States shall be mm 1882 enforceable in the US courts. i • Immigration Act of 1882 Congress enacts the (22 Stat.
    [Show full text]