DOCSLIB.ORG

Canadian Heritage Rivers: the North Saskatchewan River

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canadian Heritage Rivers: the North Saskatchewan River Canadian Heritage Rivers: The North Saskatchewan River North Saskatchewan River Basin Council 2017 This document was prepared for the North Saskatchewan River Basin Council by Katherine Finn. Cover photo: Katherine Finn 1 Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter One: Canadian Heritage River Status .............................................................................................. 7 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 7 Résumé Analytique ................................................................................................................................... 8 The North Saskatchewan River Basin Council ......................................................................................... 11 The Background Report .......................................................................................................................... 12 About Canadian Heritage River Systems ................................................................................................ 14 Study Area ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Previous Studies ...................................................................................................................................... 18 The North Saskatchewan River as a CHRS .............................................................................................. 18 Overview of Heritage Values .................................................................................................................. 19 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................................................... 19 Endnotes ................................................................................................................................................. 20 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter Two: Cultural Heritage Values ....................................................................................................... 21 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Theme One: Resource Harvesting .......................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Fishing ........................................................................................................................................... 23 1.2 Shoreline Resources ...................................................................................................................... 23 1.3 Extraction of Water ....................................................................................................................... 26 Theme Two: Water Transport ................................................................................................................. 28 2.1 Commercial Transportation .......................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Transportation Services ................................................................................................................ 32 2.3 Exploration and Surveying ............................................................................................................ 33 Theme Three: Riparian Settlement ......................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Siting of Dwellings ......................................................................................................................... 35 3.2 River Based Communities ............................................................................................................. 38 3.3 River-influenced Transportation ................................................................................................... 40 Theme Four: Culture and Recreation ...................................................................................................... 43 4.1 Spiritual Associations .................................................................................................................... 44 4.2 Cultural Expression ....................................................................................................................... 48 4.3 Early Recreation ............................................................................................................................ 53 2 Theme Five: Jurisdictional Uses .............................................................................................................. 54 5.1 Conflict and Military Associations ................................................................................................. 54 5.2 Boundaries .................................................................................................................................... 61 5.3 Environmental Regulations ........................................................................................................... 61 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 62 End Notes ................................................................................................................................................ 63 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Chapter Three: Natural Values ................................................................................................................... 71 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 71 Theme One: Hydrology ........................................................................................................................... 72 1.1 Drainage Patterns ......................................................................................................................... 72 1.2 Seasonal Variation ........................................................................................................................ 73 1.3 Water Content .............................................................................................................................. 75 1.4 River Size ....................................................................................................................................... 76 Theme Two: Physiography ...................................................................................................................... 77 2.1 Physiographic Region .................................................................................................................... 77 2.2 Geological Processes ..................................................................................................................... 78 2.3 Hydrogeology ................................................................................................................................ 80 2.4 Topography ................................................................................................................................... 81 Theme Three: River Morphology ............................................................................................................ 83 3.1 Valley Types .................................................................................................................................. 83 3.2 Channel Patterns ........................................................................................................................... 84 3.3 Channel Profiles ............................................................................................................................ 86 3.4 Fluvial Landforms .......................................................................................................................... 87 Theme Four: Biotic Environments .......................................................................................................... 90 4.1 Aquatic Ecosystems ....................................................................................................................... 90 4.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems .................................................................................................................. 90 Theme Five: Vegetation .......................................................................................................................... 92 5.1 Significant Flora Species ................................................................................................................ 92 5.2 Rare Flora Species ......................................................................................................................... 95 Theme Six: Fauna .................................................................................................................................... 96 6.1 Significant Animal Populations ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South Saskatchewan River Watershed Authority Watershed Stewards Inc
    Saskatchewan South Saskatchewan River Watershed Authority Watershed Stewards Inc. Table of Contents 1. Comments from Participants 1 1.1 A message from your Watershed Advisory Committees 1 2. Watershed Protection and You 2 2.1 One Step in the Multi-Barrier Approach to Drinking Water Protection 2 2.2 Secondary Benefits of Protecting Source Water: Quality and Quantity 3 3. South Saskatchewan River Watershed 4 4. Watershed Planning Methodology 5 5. Interests and Issues 6 6. Planning Objectives and Recommendations 7 6.1 Watershed Education 7 6.2 Providing Safe Drinking Water to Watershed Residents 8 6.3 Groundwater Threats and Protection 10 6.4 Gravel Pits 12 6.5 Acreage Development 13 6.6 Landfills (Waste Disposal Sites) 14 6.7 Oil and Gas Exploration, Development, Pipelines and Storage 17 6.8 Effluent Releases 18 6.9 Lake Diefenbaker Water Levels and the Operation of Gardiner Dam 20 6.10 Watershed Development 22 6.11 Water Conservation 23 6.12 Stormwater Discharge 23 6.13 Water Quality from Alberta 25 6.14 Agriculture Activities 26 6.15 Fish Migration and Habitat 27 6.16 Role of Fisheries and Oceans Canada in Saskatchewan 28 6.17 Wetland Conservation 29 6.18 Opimihaw Creek Flooding 31 6.19 Federal Lands 32 7. Implementation Strategy 33 8. Measuring Plan Success - The Yearly Report Card 35 9. Conclusion 36 10. Appendices 37 Courtesy of Ducks Unlimited Canada 1. Comments from Participants 1.1 A message from your Watershed Advisory Committees North “Safe drinking water and a good supply of water are important to ALL citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Municipal Guide
    Municipal Guide Planning for a Healthy and Sustainable North Saskatchewan River Watershed Cover photos: Billie Hilholland From top to bottom: Abraham Lake An agricultural field alongside Highway 598 North Saskatchewan River flowing through the City of Edmonton Book design and layout by Gwen Edge Municipal Guide: Planning for a Healthy and Sustainable North Saskatchewan River Watershed prepared for the North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance by Giselle Beaudry Acknowledgements The North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance would like to thank the following for their generous contributions to this Municipal Guide through grants and inkind support. ii Municipal Guide: Planning for a Healthy and Sustainable North Saskatchewan Watershed Acknowledgements The North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance would like to thank the following individuals who dedicated many hours to the Municipal Guide project. Their voluntary contributions in the development of this guide are greatly appreciated. Municipal Guide Steering Committee Andrew Schoepf, Alberta Environment Bill Symonds, Alberta Municipal Affairs David Curran, Alberta Environment Delaney Anderson, St. Paul & Smoky Lake Counties Doug Thrussell, Alberta Environment Gabrielle Kosmider, Fisheries and Oceans Canada George Turk, Councillor, Lac Ste. Anne County Graham Beck, Leduc County and City of Edmonton Irvin Frank, Councillor, Camrose County Jolee Gillies,Town of Devon Kim Nielsen, Clearwater County Lorraine Sawdon, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Lyndsay Waddingham, Alberta Municipal Affairs Murray Klutz, Ducks
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Views from Fort Battleford: Constructed Visions of an Anglo-Canadian West by Walter Hildebrandt
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Winter 1998 Review of Views from Fort Battleford: Constructed Visions of an Anglo-Canadian West By Walter Hildebrandt J.R. Miller University of Saskatchewan Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Miller, J.R., "Review of Views from Fort Battleford: Constructed Visions of an Anglo-Canadian West By Walter Hildebrandt" (1998). Great Plains Quarterly. 2083. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/2083 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. BOOK REVIEWS 63 Saskatchewan originated in the unease he felt beginning work with the federal agenc:y in the 1970s at its tendency to diminish the role of aboriginal groups and valorize non-Native "pioneers," such as the mounted police, at the Fort Battleford historic site. Views from Fort Batt/eford provides a case study of the way in which public history, especially at historic sites, is contested terrain on which different groups vie to have their story told, or some­ times to have it dominate other narratives. Hildebrandt's account succeeds best when it traces-unfortunately not until its final sub­ stantive chapter-the history of historical in­ terpretation at Fort Battleford. This portion of the work lays bare the clash between metro­ politan interpretations of Canadian history that originated in central Canada and local sensibilities in the prairie west.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries Barriers in Native Trout Drainages
    Alberta Conservation Association 2018/19 Project Summary Report Project Name: Fisheries Barriers in Native Trout Drainages Fisheries Program Manager: Peter Aku Project Leader: Scott Seward Primary ACA Staff on Project: Jason Blackburn, David Jackson, and Scott Seward Partnerships Alberta Environment and Parks Environment and Climate Change Canada Key Findings • We compiled existing barrier location information within the Peace River, Athabasca River, North Saskatchewan River, and Red Deer River basins into a centralized database. • We catalogued fish habitat and community data for the Narraway River watershed for use in a population restoration feasibility framework. • We identified 107 potential barrier locations within the Narraway River watershed, using Google Earth ©, which will be refined using valley confinement modeling and validated with ground truthing in 2019. Introduction Invasive species pose one of the greatest threats to Alberta native trout species, through hybridization, competition, and displacement. These threats are partially mediated by the presence of natural headwater fish-passage barriers, namely waterfalls, that impede upstream 1 invasions. In Alberta, several sub-populations of native trout remain genetically pure primarily because of waterfalls. Identification and inventory of waterfalls in the Peace River, Athabasca River, North Saskatchewan River, and Red Deer River basins isolating pure populations and their habitats is critical to inform population recovery and build implementation strategies on a stream by stream basis. For example, historical stocking of non-native trout to the Narraway River watershed may be endangering native bull trout and Arctic grayling. Non-native cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, and brook trout have been stocked in the Torrens River, Stetson Creek, and Two Lakes, all of which have connectivity to the Narraway River.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazeau River Gas Plant
    BRAZEAU RIVER GAS PLANT Headquartered in Calgary with operations focused in Western Canada, KEYERA operates an integrated Canadian-based midstream business with extensive interconnected assets and depth of expertise in delivering midstream energy solutions. Image input specifications Our business consists of natural gas gathering and processing, Width 900 pixels natural gas liquids (NGLs) fractionation, transportation, storage and marketing, iso-octane production and sales and diluent Height 850 pixels logistic services for oil sands producers. 300dpi We are committed to conducting our business in a way that 100% JPG quality balances diverse stakeholder expectations and emphasizes the health and safety of our employees and the communities where we operate. Brazeau River Gas Plant The Brazeau River gas plant, located approximately 170 kilometres southwest of the city of Edmonton, has the capability PROJECT HISTORY and flexibility to process a wide range of sweet and sour gas streams with varying levels of NGL content. Its process includes 1968 Built after discovery of Brazeau Gas inlet compression, sour gas sweetening, dehydration, NGL Unit #1 recovery and acid gas injection. 2002 Commissioned acid gas injection system Brazeau River gas plant is located in the West Pembina area of 2004 Commissioned Brazeau northeast Alberta. gas gathering system (BNEGGS) 2007 Acquired 38 kilometre sales gas pipeline for low pressure sweet gas Purchased Spectra Energy’s interest in Plant and gathering system 2015 Connected to Twin Rivers Pipeline 2018 Connected to Keylink Pipeline PRODUCT DELIVERIES Sales gas TransCanada Pipeline System NGLs Keylink Pipeline Condensate Pembina Pipeline Main: 780-894-3601 24-hour emergency: 780-894-3601 www.keyera.com FACILITY SPECIFICATIONS Licensed Capacity 218 Mmcf/d OWNERSHIP INTEREST Keyera 93.5% Hamel Energy Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • SPATIAL DIFFUSION of ECONOMIC IMPACTS of INTEGRATED ETHANOL-CATTLE PRODUCTION COMPLEX in SASKATCHEWAN a Thesis Submitted To
    SPATIAL DIFFUSION OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF INTEGRATED ETHANOL-CATTLE PRODUCTION COMPLEX IN SASKATCHEWAN A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Agricultural Economics University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Emmanuel Chibanda Musaba O Copyright Emmanuel C. Musaba, 1996. All rights reserved. National Library Bibliotheque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Sewices services bibliographiques 395 WeIIington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your& vobrs ref6llBIlt8 Our & NomMhwm The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde me licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter' distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichelf2m, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celIe-ci ne doivent Stre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN College of Graduate Studies and Research SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial ilfihent b of the requirements for the DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY EMMANUEL CHLBANDA MUSABA Department of AgricuIturd Economics CoUege of Agriculture University of Saskatchewan Examining Committee: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Resources
    Relationship with the Land - Resources This map shows one year’s travels of a clan of Amsskaapipikani in the last decade of the nineteenth century. Courtesy of Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Place Names on the Map: 1. Itsiputsimaup – Battle Coulee 2. Katoyissksi – Sweet Grass 3. Aiiyimmikoi – Cypress Hills 4. Pakoki Lake – Pakowki 5. Akaiiniskio – Manyberries 6. Einiotoka’nisi – Buffalo-Bull’s Head 7. Ihkitsitapiksi – Seven Persons 8. Aiiykimmikuyiu – Cypress Hills 9. Nokomis’s – Long Lakes 10. Matokeks oma’nistamoai otsitskiiitapiau – Women’s Society Left their Lodge Pole 11. A’ykomonoasiu – Green Lake 12. A’isinaiypi – Writing on Stone 13. A’kekoksistakskuyi – Women’s Point 14. Ponakiksi – Cut Bank Creek Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Blackfoot camps were composed of members of an extended family and other people who may have joined the clan. The arrangement of the tipis was not strictly defined in these camps, although all of them faced east. This allowed the morning prayers to travel towards the rising sun, helping it to come above the horizon for another day. Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Definition of the term – “Seasonal Round” The Blackfoot tribes had an enormous land base they inhabited. Within this territory they had areas where they would travel well over 500 miles during a yearly cycle to hunt, gather and renew religious commitments. Being knowledgeable of their environment and respectful of their gifts from the creator they would carefully select locations or places to travel to in a lifetime.
    [Show full text]
  • An Indian Chief, an English Tourist, a Doctor, a Reverend, and a Member of Ppparliament: the Journeys of Pasqua’S’S’S Pictographs and the Meaning of Treaty Four
    The Journeys of Pasqua’s Pictographs 109 AN INDIAN CHIEF, AN ENGLISH TOURIST, A DOCTOR, A REVEREND, AND A MEMBER OF PPPARLIAMENT: THE JOURNEYS OF PASQUA’S’S’S PICTOGRAPHS AND THE MEANING OF TREATY FOUR Bob Beal 7204 76 Street Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6C 2J5 [email protected] Abstract / Résumé Indian treaties of western Canada are contentious among historians, First Nations, governments, and courts. The contemporary written docu- mentation about them has come from one side of the treaty process. Historians add information from such disciplines as First Nations Tradi- tional Knowledge and Oral History to draw as complete a picture as possible. Now, we have an additional source of written contemporary information, Chief Pasqua’s recently rediscovered pictographs showing the nature of Treaty Four and its initial implementation. Pasqua’s ac- count, as contextualized here, adds significantly to our knowledge of the western numbered treaty process. The pictographs give voice to Chief Pasqua’s knowledge. Les traités conclus avec les Indiens de l’Ouest canadien demeurent liti- gieux pour les historiens, les Premières nations, les gouvernements et les tribunaux. Les documents contemporains qui discutent des traités ne proviennent que d’une seule vision du processus des traités. Les historiens ajoutent des renseignements provenant de disciplines telles que les connaissances traditionnelles et l’histoire orale des Autochto- nes. Ils bénéficient désormais d’une nouvelle source écrite contempo- raine, les pictogrammes récemment redécouverts du chef Pasqua, qui illustrent la nature du Traité n° 4 et les débuts de son application. Le compte rendu du chef, tel que replacé dans son contexte, est un ajout important à notre connaissance du processus des traités numérotés dans l’Ouest canadien.
    [Show full text]
  • Lt. Aemilius Simpson's Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826
    The Journal of the Hakluyt Society August 2014 Lt. Aemilius Simpson’s Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826 Edited by William Barr1 and Larry Green CONTENTS PREFACE The journal 2 Editorial practices 3 INTRODUCTION The man, the project, its background and its implementation 4 JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA IN 1826 York Factory to Norway House 11 Norway House to Carlton House 19 Carlton House to Fort Edmonton 27 Fort Edmonton to Boat Encampment, Columbia River 42 Boat Encampment to Fort Vancouver 62 AFTERWORD Aemilius Simpson and the Northwest coast 1826–1831 81 APPENDIX I Biographical sketches 90 APPENDIX II Table of distances in statute miles from York Factory 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. George Simpson, 1857 3 Fig. 2. York Factory 1853 4 Fig. 3. Artist’s impression of George Simpson, approaching a post in his personal North canoe 5 Fig. 4. Fort Vancouver ca.1854 78 LIST OF MAPS Map 1. York Factory to the Forks of the Saskatchewan River 7 Map 2. Carlton House to Boat Encampment 27 Map 3. Jasper to Fort Vancouver 65 1 Senior Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada. 2 PREFACE The Journal The journal presented here2 is transcribed from the original manuscript written in Aemilius Simpson’s hand. It is fifty folios in length in a bound volume of ninety folios, the final forty folios being blank. Each page measures 12.8 inches by seven inches and is lined with thirty- five faint, horizontal blue-grey lines.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of the Interrelationships Among
    AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG STREAMFLOW, LAKE LEVELS, CLIMATE AND LAND USE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE BATTLE RIVER BASIN, ALBERTA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Civil Engineering by Ross Herrington Saskatoon, Saskatchewan c 1980. R. Herrington ii The author has agreed that the Library, University of Ssskatchewan, may make this thesis freely available for inspection. Moreover, the author has agreed that permission be granted by the professor or professors who supervised the thesis work recorded herein or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which the thesis work was done. It is understood that due recognition will be given to the author of this thesis and to the University of Saskatchewan in any use of the material in this thesiso Copying or publication or any other use of the thesis for financial gain without approval by the University of Saskatchewan and the author's written permission is prohibited. Requests for permission to copy or to make any other use of material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Civil Engineering Uni ve:rsi ty of Saskatchewan SASKATOON, Canada. iii ABSTRACT Streamflow records exist for the Battle River near Ponoka, Alberta from 1913 to 1931 and from 1966 to the present. Analysis of these two periods has indicated that streamflow in the month of April has remained constant while mean flows in the other months have significantly decreased in the more recent period.
    [Show full text]
  • Rupturing the Myth of the Peaceful Western Canadian Frontier: a Socio-Historical Study of Colonization, Violence, and the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1905
    Rupturing the Myth of the Peaceful Western Canadian Frontier: A Socio-Historical Study of Colonization, Violence, and the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1905 by Fadi Saleem Ennab A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2010 by Fadi Saleem Ennab TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 8 Mythologizing the Frontier .......................................................................................... 8 Comparative and Critical Studies on Western Canada .......................................... 15 Studies of Colonial Policing and Violence in Other British Colonies .................... 22 Summary of Literature ............................................................................................... 32 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER THREE: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ......................................... 35 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • Land Use, Climate Change and Ecological Responses in the Upper
    Land use, climate change and ecological responses in the Upper North 1 Saskatchewan and Red Deer River Basins: A scientific assessment Land use, climate change and ecological responses in the Upper North Saskatchewan and Red Deer River Basins: A scientific assessment Dan Farr, Colleen Mortimer, Faye Wyatt, Andrew Braid, Charlie Loewen, Craig Emmerton, Simon Slater Cover photo: Wayne Crocker This publication can be found at: open.alberta.ca/publications/9781460140697. Comments, questions, or suggestions regarding the content of this document may be directed to: Ministry of Environment and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Science Division 10th Floor, 9888 Jasper Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T5J 5C6 Tel: 780-229-7200 Toll Free: 1-844-323-6372 Fax: 780-702-0169 Email: [email protected] Media Inquiries: [email protected] Website: environmentalmonitoring.alberta.ca Recommended citation: Farr. D., Mortimer, C., Wyatt, F., Braid, A., Loewen, C., Emmerton, C., and Slater, S. 2018. Land use, climate change and ecological responses in the Upper North Saskatchewan and Red Deer River Basins: A scientific assessment. Government of Alberta, Ministry of Environment and Parks. ISBN 978-1-4601-4069-7. Available at: open.alberta.ca/publications/9781460140697. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Alberta, as represented by the Minister of Alberta Environment and Parks, 2018. This publication is issued under the Open Government Licence - Alberta open.alberta.ca/licence. Published September 2018 ISBN 978-1-4601-4069-7 Land use, climate change and ecological responses in the Upper North 2 Saskatchewan and Red Deer River Basins: A scientific assessment Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the external reviewers for providing their technical reviews and feedback, which have enhanced this work.
    [Show full text]