Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve

Global Change in Mountain Sites：Coping strategies for Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve

WANG SHAO-XIANa, PIAO ZHENG-JIa∗, Shao Guo-fanb,WANG ZHUO-CONGa, WANG CHAOa, LUO YU-MEIa, SUI YA-CHENGa a Changbaishan Sciences and Research Institute of Jilin Province, Antu 133613, China bDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources,Purdue University,West Lafayette,IN 47907,USA

Changbai Mountain is one of more complete natural ecosystems in China, even in the world, which has a mountain and forest ecosystem of complete vegetation vertical distribution of zone(Taoyan, 1994). As a typical temperate mixed forest ecosystem, the broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain has a significant impact on health of ecosystem. Especially when global change has been the hot spot, people are focusing on the impact of global change on Changbai Mountain nature reserve and its response to global change (Zhang Xinshi, Zhou Guangsheng, Gao Qiong, et al,1997). Ecosystem of Changbai Mountain is important to global change research in the east of Northeast China（Zhou Guangshseng, Wang Yuhui, Jiang Yanling,2002）.

The annual average temperature in 1995 was 0.4 higher than the past 30 years(Climate Monitoring Bulletin of National Meteorological Center,1995).Not only the academia, but also the public and the government are all concern about the global warming, greenhouse effect and global change in recent years. The response, feedback to global change from ecosystem and function and process of ecosystem has become a focus of research on global change at present in the international. Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem (GCTE) which is a central project researched in International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) has become the most active and expanding project (W. Steffen et.al.2005).

People are very concerned about the future global climate change in ecology. Changbai Mountain is located in the high latitudes zone, and life here has many characteristics and biological diversity. It will become an important zone for research on global change, which is also an ideal area for study the impact of climate change on animals. So wildlife conservation and habitat management also face with many challenges.

1. Study area The nature reserve of Changbai Mountain biosphere is located in the east of Eurasia of the North Temperate Zone, which is in the southeast of Jilin Province, and adjacent to the North Korea. Geographic coordinates in latitude are 41°41'49"~42°25'18"N, in longitude are 127°42'55"~128°16'48"E.The vegetation we investigated are tundra, mountain birch forests, coniferous forests, mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests, wetlands, grasslands and rivers, etc. Because of pacific monsoon, nature reserve has the mountain climate characteristic of inland

∗Corresponding author：E-mail; [email protected]

and four distinctive seasons. The annual average temperature of Changbai Mountain biosphere Nature Reserve is from 3.3 to -7.3 , and the average temperature in July is from 8.7 to 19.3 ,in January is from -23.3 to -16.1 . The lowest temperature that has been recorded is -44 in Baiyun Peak. Annual precipitation is from 700 to 1240mm, and annual amount of radiation is 124.01 Kcal/m2, and frost-free period is from 60 to 123 days.

The main vegetation type are broad-leaved Korean pine forest which are made of korean pine, some broad-leaved trees and some trees of south Okhotsk and arctic pole vegetation zone.From the edge of Natural Reserve to volcanic cone, there are four vertical vegetation landscapes with elevation increasing.

The fauna of Changbai Mountain belongs to sub region of Changbai Mountain in the northeast of palaearctic realm. Some composition of north China of palaearctic realm and widely distributed species of the world also distribute here.

The Nature Reserve of Changbai Mountain biosphere is founded in 1960. It joined the "Man and Biosphere" (MAB) program of UNESCO in 1980, and became one of world biosphere reserves. It is approved as a national nature reserve by the State Council in 1986 and was named as the AAAA level tourist area by the National Tourism Administration in 2000.

There are 5 forestry bureaus, about 10 adjacent forest factories and 22 natural towns and villages of around the nature reserve.

2. Methods This project gathered the number of key animal species, changes of water flow, land use, demographic changes and socio-economic conditions, etc in Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve and surrounding areas by collecting historical data, field surveys and interviews. Field surveys verified the interviews of the land use and water yield changes of major rivers in recent years. By using the satellite images, land use and water resources (including the type of vegetation, road distribution, farmlands, deforestation, forest management, river distribution and residential area) and historical changes were analyzed.

The data for analysis in report including: 1)30 years long-term monitoring data of the key animal resources; 2) topographic maps and aerial photos or satellite images for many years; 3) climate change data (extreme weather, including snow depth, rainfall, wind, high or low temperature, etc.); 4) land use change data and land use map; 5) demographic changes and socio-economic data; 6) basic river and hydrological data.

3. Animal resource of Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve 3.1 The composition of animal resource

According to historical records, there are 373 species of vertebrates in the area of Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve, including 9 species of amphibians, 12 species of reptiles, 24 species of fish, 277 species of birds (Zhengjie ZHAO, 1983), 51 species of mammals (Institute of

Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1958).

From 1965 to 2010, by our field investigation, 302 species are collected and met in the reserve while 71 species have no data. Among them, 8 species consist of Sable(Martes zibellina,),Leopard( Panthera pardus),Tiger (Panthera tigris longipilis), Sika Deer(Cervus Nippon), Golden Eagle(Aquila chrysaeto),Black Stork(Ciconia nigra),Oriental Stork(Ciconia boyciana),Scaly-sided Merganser(Mergus squamatus) belong to first class national protected animals, and 45 species belong to second class protected national animals, such as Black Bear( Setenarctos thibetanus), Brown Bear(Ursw arctos, Lutra lutra),Eurasian Lynx( Felis lynx),Red Deer( Ceruus elaphus), Musk Deer(Moschus moschiferus),Hazel Grouse(Tetrastes bonasia), Oriental Honey-buzzard(Pernis ptilorhyncus), Euraian Eagle Owl(Bubo bubo) etc (Table 1). Tab.1 The number of species collected and investigated, and no date but documented in Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve（1965~2010） The number of State protection Species The number of species No date Group species collected 1 type 2 type documented Amphibians 9 9 0 0 0 Reptiles 12 9 3 0 0 Birds 277 230 47 4 35 Fishes 24 13 11 0 0 Mammals 51 41 10 4 10 total 373 302 71 8 45

3.2 Status of animal resources In Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve, endangered animals are 19 species, including 6 species of birds, 8 species of beasts, 1 species of amphibians, 1 species of reptiles. The species that have disappeared is 9, including 1 species of birds, 5 species of beasts, 1 species of fishes, 2 species of amphibians. The species which are vulnerable is 41, including 32 species of birds, 4 species of beasts, 1 species of amphibians, 2species of reptiles. The uncertain species is 28（Table 2）.

Table 2 Numbers of species and endangered and threatened species in the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve Species Group Endangered Disappeared Vulnerable Uncertain Amphibians 1 2 1 0 Reptiles 1 0 2 1 Birds 6 1 32 20 Fishes 3 1 2 2 Mammals 8 5 4 5 total 19 9 41 28

3.3 The number changes of main animals Dynamic analysis of the number of animals of Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve in recent 30 years showed that key species tended to decrease. The number of ungulates from 1980 to 2000 declined sharply, and slowly rose from 2000 to 2010, but slightly (Figure 1). In the ungulates, Common goral(Naemorhedus goral)and Sika deer(cervus nippons) have disappeared. The number of Wild boar(sus scrofes)and Roe deer(capreolus capreoluses)declined particularly significantly. The number of bears was a gradual decline in cyclical (Figure 2). The number of Common otter(Lutra lutra) declined significantly (Piao Zheng-ji, Sui Ya-chen, Wang Qun, et al.2011), which was consistent with river aquatic biomassdecline (Figure 3). Large carnivore such as Tiger and Leopard once distributed in the Changbai Mountain nature reserve and surrounding areas in 1960s to 1970s, and the number was about 13. Studies suggest that the species have disappeared in Changbai Mountain nature reserve and surrounding areas in mid-1980s（Piao Zheng-ji,Sui Ya-chen, Cui Zhi-gang,et al.2011）.

The survey results in Changbai Mountain nature reserve from 2007 to 2010 showed that squirrels(Sciurus vulgaris), Roe deer and Wild boar( sus scrofes) were in larger quantities, followed mustelidae animals. Red Deer, bear branch animals and cats are very few, but no canine(Genus Canis) (Tab.3).

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 means(in/km) 1 0.5 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 years

Fig.1The number of ungulate dynamic change in Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve

0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 means(in/km) 0.10 0.05 0.00 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 year

Fig.2 The number of bear dynamics change in Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve

160 250 140 Number 200 ） 120 Biomass 100 150 80 60 100 Number 40 50 Biomass(g) 20 （ 0 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Fig. 3The number ofCommon otter population dynamics change in Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve

Tab.3 The abundance of key species in Changbai Mountain biosphere nature reserve(2007~2010） Species Abundance Mustela sibirica 0.62 Martes flavigula 0.99 Mustela nivalis 0.19 Martes zibellina 0.67 Seiurus vulgaris 2.79 Capreolus pygargus 1.53 Sus scrofa 1.87 Ceruus elaphus 0.48 Setenarctos thibetanus 0.06 Ursw arctos 0.09 Felis lynx 0.04 Felis lynx 0.03

4. Reserve climate, land use and socio-economic conditions of Changbai Mountain Biosphere 4.1 Climate Change 4.1.1 Changes in temperature and rainfall The past 50 years, China's northeast region is warming the most serious areas, the summer (June to August) the average monthly temperature increasing rate of 0.15 per decade, more than the average level of the Global, Northern Hemisphere and Northeast Asia (Li

J, Gong Q and Zhao L W，2005 )

Above sea level 800 ~ 1700 m on north slope of the Changbai Mountain , with the elevation increasing, average temperature decreasing from 2.32 to -2.29 in the region, annual precipitation increased by the 703.62 mm to 967.28 mm (Chi Zhenwen, Zhang Fengshan, Li Xiaoyan. 1981).

) 5 y = 0.0272x - 50.647 ℃ 4 3 2

Annual mean 1 temperature( 0 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 year

Fig.4 Average annual temperature of Changbai Mountain (1982~2003)

According to conventional ground data records at Songjiang weather station, Jilin province (located in the northern margin of protected areas, 42 ° 25'N, 127 ° 07'E, elevation 721.4m), the initial 5 years after the station establishment (1958 to 1962), average annual temperature is 2.58 , annual precipitation is 697.92 mm, while (2002 to 2006) the average annual temperature is up to 3.67 in the last five years, increased by more than 1 ; The average annual rainfall is 630.1mm, there was no significant difference than the past. According to conventional ground meteorological data by Zhang Mi et al. (2005) using of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station meteorological stations of Chinese Academy from 1982 to 2003 analysis shows that the total number of annual sunshine of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain area and percentage of annual sunshine decline significantly with altitude decreasing. Therefore, after the 1990s the annual average temperature is generally higher than 1980s years, broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain forest in past 43 years the average annual temperature fluctuations in a slowly rising trend (Fig. 4).The average annual rainfall is 695.3mm, showed a slow decreasing trend year by year in last 22 years (1982 to 2003), more than before but no significant differences (Figure 5). The average annual evaporation is 1250.9mm in 22-year, the maximum is 1466.3mm, the minimum is 1021.6mm (Fig. 5).

The January is the coldest month and July is the hottest month in Changbai Mountain region. January average temperature is -15.6 in 22-year, the maximum value is -12.5 , the minimum value is -19.2 , 3-5 year is a cycle (Fig. 6).

1600

) 1400 1200 1000 800 600

Number(mm 400 Annual precipitation Annual evaporation 200 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 years

Fig.5 The annual rainfall and annual evaporation variation,Changbai Mountain(1982～2003)

) 20 ℃ ( July temperture 10 January temperature 0 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 Average -10

temperature -20

-30 Years

Fig. 6 The highest temperature in July and minimum temperature in January, Changbai Mountain(1982～2003)

4.1.2 Extreme weather Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, the average annual extreme maximum temperature is 33.3 in past 22 years, average annual extreme minimum temperature is -33.6 . In extreme maximum temperature is 43.7 (2001), the lowest temperature is -40.2 (1987,2001)(Fig.7). the average annual maximum snow depth is 27cm, maximum is 39cm, minimum is 13cm in broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain forest(Fig.8).In broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain forest, the average annual wind speed is 2.2m· s-1, the maximum wind speed is 2.7 m•s-1, the minimum wind speed is 1.2 m•s-1, the annual average wind speed have a gradual downward trend(Fig.9).

50 40 ) 30 ℃ ( 20 Lowest temperature 10 highest temperature 0 -101982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 -20 -30 Temperature -40 -50 Years

Fig.7 Annual maximum temperature and annual minimum temperature variation(1982～2003)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Deep of snow(cm) of Deep 0 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 years

Fig.8 variation in snow depth over the years in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve（1982～ 2003）

d 2.8 2.6 ） 2.4 2.2 m/s 2 （ 1.8 1.6 1.4

velocity 1.2

Annual mean win mean Annual 1 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 years

Fig.9 variation in wind speed over the years in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve（1982～ 2003）

Climate change contributed to the frequency of extreme weather events and intensity was increasing trend，such as heavy rain, snow, floods, and cold freezing weather, extreme climate events continue to occur in the Changbai Mountain.

Changbai Mountain west and south slope forests in protected areas suffered a severe typhoons, a large area show fallen trees track in 1986 by the NO.15 strong typhoons. Since then the edge of the fallen trees track appeared the phenomenon of second down. According to satellite photo interpretation in the 1992 and field investigation in 1993, the affected area is 37,961 hm2, the actual fallen trees area is 11,386 hm2, and accounting for 5.8% of protected areas, the forest stock of the fallen trees is about 250 million square meters. As the special climate, soil conditions in Changbai Mountain area, update of forest is very difficult in fallen trees area, some places have emerged meadow and marsh trend.

Fusong region had heavy rainfall on August 28-29, 1986, causing flash floods. Rainstorm attacked Fusong region with an average rainfall of 130 mm on July 22, 1995, rainfall of the center

and rainfall of upstream zone up to 217 mm, peak flow to 3300 cubic meter·s-1. A direct economic loss is 103 million Yuan. Antu County suffered a history of rare torrential rains on July 27-28, 2010. Average rainfall is 110 mm less than 20 hours, the maximum rainfall is 258.5 mm. In May 1986, the region's temperature dropped to -2 ~ -4 , thickness of snow is 20-40 cm(County annals of Antu Country).

4.2 Land Resources and Utilization 4.2.1 Land types in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve Currently, inside the Jilin Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve, there is no mining industry and agricultural land, land status remain essentially the original natural state. The region's forest coverage rate reached 85.97%; the district forest area is 169,244 hm2, occupied 86.1% of the total area; woodland area is 8406 hm2, occupied 4.3%of the total area; shrub land is 4893 hm2, occupied 2.5% of the total area; wasteland of barren hills and swamps was10956 hm2 , occupied 5.6% of the total area ; other sites 2966 hm2 , occupied 1.5% of the total area(Dai Limin, Gu Huiyan, Shao Guofan, et al.2004).

4.2.2 Tourist sites Inside Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve, the building and parking space was about 6 hm2 in 80 years, the current building and parking space was about 25 hm2. The sightseeing roads, plank and other sites was about 10 hm2. The total land area of the region was about 35 hm2, while tourist area around protected area was about 200 hm2. Inside Nature Reserve, which increased by 60% from 1980s to the present, outside increased about 80%. By estimate, increase service facilities area will be increased 10hm hm2 to 2015 (Jilin province Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve Master Plan (2008-2015), 2007). The Changbai Mountain area will continue to expand the tourism infrastructure and services to cope the carrying capacity of tourist traffic demand for next five years both inside and outside of Nature Reserve.

4.2.3 Economic forest land Around Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve for Chinese herbal planting area was the 560 hm2 and reached 1682.7 hm2 during 1986 and 2000, increased 3 times(Table 4). Take Fusong Country in Changbai Mountain West Slope as a case study, according to 1986 statistics, the county's total area is 8.189 million square meters of ginseng, ginseng cultivation increased to 35,791,200 square meters in 2010. Ginseng cultivation area increased more than fourfold from 1986 to 2010, inevitably destroying a lot of natural forests(County annals of Fusong Country （1986~2000）).

Table 4.Changbai Mountain West Slope Fusong Country: variety in land cultivated ginseng from 1986 to 2010 Planting Area in 1986 Planting Area in 2000 Planting Area in 2010 （Ten thousand （Ten thousand （Ten thousand square square meters） square meters） meters） Ginseng 411.9 465 1344.03 American ginseng 15 67.49 157.29

Forest ginseng 392 1698.3 2077.8 818.9 2230.8 3579.12

4.2.4 Land of road

In recent years, with the socio-economic development of the surrounding areas of Nature Reserve , a large scale road construction or expansion was happened both inside and outside of Nature Reserve.

Fig.10 Distribution of Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve roads

Vehicles on the road increasing year by year, the Nature Reserve road change from the previous relatively simple function of the natural resource protection and gradually to the transportation of materials, forest tourism, diversified multi-functional direction. Roads inside Nature Reserve area can be divided into tourist highway, Central District patrol roads, forest lanes and pedestrian path etc. Highway length has more 400 km than 210km from the late 1980s; the mileage of roads inside Nature Reserve is double in last 20 years. Area occupied by roads accounted for 0.3% of Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve area (1968.4 km2). Currently, about 90% of tourism roads and patrol road is the concrete pavement. Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve roads are shown in Figures 10.

4.2.5 Residential land area

Residential land area of Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve area and adjacent areas is about 1000 hm2.There are the 29 residential around Nature Reserve boundaries, and there are17 residential inside Protected area.

4.3 Water use Nearly 20 years, the Changbai Mountain Biosphere water evaporation is more than rainfall (Fig. 5). For example, Antu County the county's average annual precipitation is 735.5 mm, precipitation is reduced with altitude decreasing. Surface water resource is 2.417 billion cubic meter over the years, the average surface water resources of basin Buerhatong river is 307.4 million cubic meter over the years, account for 12.7% of total water resources in the county; the second Songhua River surface water resources is 21.096 billion cubic meter over the years, account for 87.3% of the county's total water resources. The amount of shallow groundwater average is 762.28 million cubic meters for many years in the county(County annals of Antu Country.1993). In recent years, a declining trend in surface water: According to Jilin province Songjiang weather station (located at the north edge of the protected areas, 42 ° 25'N, 127 ° 07'E, elevation 721.4) conventional ground data records, the initial 5 years (1958 ~ 1962) of station establishment, the average annual precipitation is 697.92 mm, while the last five years (2002 ~ 2006) average annual rainfall is 630.1mm, It is no significant difference compared with before. According to monitor the water flow characteristic values of Erdaobaihe river in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, the result indicates that runoff average annual change is not significant, while the minimum flow and minimum water level is decreasing (Table 5).

Table 5. flow characteristic values of Erdaobaihe river in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve ( by Erdaobaihe hydrological monitoring stations provided, station geographic coordinates: 42 ° 24'N, 128 ° 06'E, elevation 710m) Highest Lowest Maximum Minimum Average Runoff year water water flow (m3/s) flow (m3/s) flow (m3/s) （m3/s） level（m） level（m） 1980 15 3.2 4.78 1.51 1.82 1.38 1984 12.9 2.45 4.77 1.5 1.33 0.93 1985 12.5 2.36 6.72 2.12 1.28 0.92 2009 20.3 0.8 4.97 1.56 1.56 0.68 2010 47.2 0.45 6.48 2.04 2.05 0.65

In addition to several rivers in Changbai Mountain area, other rivers’ runoff variation is larger in all the seasonal, flood season runoff account for 50% -60% of the total annual. The total annual river runoff is decreasing. Such as Buerhatong river’s water is not great even flood season In recent years, several rivers such as Dasha almost become seasonal river, often stop in the dry season (Jing Yumei, Li Zhinan. .2010). Through interviews, runoff amount and water level of the rivers originated in forest harvesting area is decreasing.

4.4Demographic changes

There was almost no people lived in the Changbai Mountain in 1910 ~ 1950, except for only several spots, For example, in Antu County of Changbai Mountain north slope, the population is less than 2,000 in the 1910(County annals of Antu Country.1993). And the Erdaobaihe town, adjacent to the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, in 1951only a small village consist of several decades of families, while with tourism booming in recent years, the village has grown into prefecture-level city of town, the resident population increases every year, more mobile 11

population soared year after year; the region's total population is 6.5 million household at the end of 2010 (Fig. 11), the entire population, including seasonal migrant population is about 70,000 people. Currently, about 20 million people located in the surrounding adjacent to the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve.

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000 Population 10000

0 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Fig. 11 demographic changes of Erdaobaihe town adjacent to Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve over the years

4.5 Social economic of Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve and the surrounding 4.5.1 Income and income sources The main industries around Changbai Mountain protected areas are forestry, chemicals, building materials, planting, cultivation, collection, animal husbandry, tourism, and commercial and food service industries. Local forest industry is the main industry, following is agriculture and tourism. The gross production of Changbai Mountain Protection area reached $ 260 million in 2005, and reached $ 270 million by 2010 (Fig.12); annual income of tourism is 2.03 billion yuan in 2010 (Fig. 13); urban per capita disposable income is 5,559 yuan in 2005; rural per capita net income is 2,378 yuan. By Household population, per capita GDP reached 25,166 yuan in 2010. With faster development of tourism in recent years, tourism in the tertiary industry account for a large proportion.

Other income consisted of special animal breeding, collecting wild edible mushroom and potherb and Korean Pine seeds and other forest products. Revenue from special animal breeding industry is $ 100,000(1991) ~ $650,000 (2000). Annual revenue from wild mushroom and wild potherb is estimated at $1,000,000 ~ 2,000,000. Collected Korean pine seeds estimated annual revenue is about $5,000,000 ~ 10,000,000.

1800 35 1600 Output value e 30 Rate of rise ）

） 1400

25 % 1200 1000 20 （ 800 15 600

million wuan 10 400 （ Total output valu output Total 200 5 rise of Rate 0 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Fig.12 The growth rate of GDP of surrounding Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve areas (2006~2010)

300 2500 Tourists ） 250 Tourists income 2000 ） 200 1500 150 1000 million Tourists 100 （ ten thousand ten 50 500 Tourists income （ 0 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Fig.13Touristists and revenue of surrounding Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve areas (2006~2010)

4.5.2 Conditions of employment Surrounding the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve are expected to implement 30 projects and every project is more than 30 million yuan, total investment is 50 billion yuan, the annual plan complete 2.3 billion yuan in 2011 . These include tourist resorts, ski resorts, urban infrastructure construction, road construction, construction and other livelihood projects. Implementation of these projects will improve the local employment rate.

5. Characteristics of pressure about Changbai Mountain Biosphere Nature Reserve faced with global change 5.1 Pressure from Tourism Development State Council approved Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve as Class II Open Area on October 1982. It was opened to tourists in 1985. Eco-tourism and leisure vacation take large part of Changbai Mountain tourism.

120 y = 8E-93e0.1077x

） 100 R2 = 0.9313 80 60

Tourists 40 ten thousand 20 （ 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

图 14：Tourists number variety from 1980 ~2010 in Changbai Mountain

Number of tourists increased from hundreds to millions when Changbai Mountain tourist was developed in 1980s. The growth rate of tourists was about 10.77% (Fig. 14). During 2010, there were average 1737 tourists per day. According percentage analysis about monthly passengers and annual passengers, most passengers appeared between July and September (Fig. 15). In 2010, the most number of passengers is about 17,000, and the least one is above 200.

t 40 35 30 2009y 25 ） 2010y

% 20

（ 15 10 5

Total of tourists percen 0 123456789101112 Mounth

Fig.15：Tourists number variety from 2009-2010 in North beauty spot in Changbai Mountain

With passengers growing remarkably, especially it concentrated in some periods; there is great pressure to environment in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Nature Reserve. Tourist facilities and agency buildings, including hotel, restaurants, baths, shops etc., which occupied a large amounts of woodland. Because Changbai Mountain tourism developed rapidly, sewage and waste emissions increased dramatically, rising pollution in the river. Substantial increasing in traffic, resulting emissions of carbon dioxide, heavy metals and other greenhouse gases substantial increased, and air pollution became serious day by day.

With the development of tourism, traffic also was developed. Road construction caused not only on animal isolation, but also on animal mortality, especially amphibians and reptiles. Road network made animal habitat fragment, habitat connection decrease, human accessibility improve and animal habitat human disturbance more serious.

Many tourism facilities and other land use have been located in border of nature reserve or expected to be constructed, and they would affect wildlife activities. These human disturbances would lead to animal suitable habitat decrease or damage, invasive opportunities of alien species increase, and block gene flow between non-protected area and protected area. Rapid growth of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve tourists also had a negative impact on fragile tundra. Therefore, how to deal with and manage tourism is an important issue for mountain nature reserve in future.

5.2 Pressure from Forest Source Development and Utilization Any logging activities are forbidden in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, including buffer zone and transition zone. 1985 to 2007, Changbai Mountain primeval forests reduced to only 6% accounting for total forest area. The main reason that leads to Changbai Mountain forests decreased would be that gale damage occurred among southern slope and western slope in 1986 (Lina Tang Guofan Shao,Zhengji Piao, et al .2010). Despite any logging activities are forbidden in this area, illegal logging still occurred. Some plants which have medicinal value, but wild ginseng has been extinct in Changbai Mountain Reserve Area. The temperate broad-leaved pine forests, among Korean peninsula, Russian Far East and Changbai Mountain, take an important position in ecology and economics, but they were developed over in recent years. Pine nuts are high demand food in human food markets, so pine nuts trade is important local revenue.

According to survey data between 2000 and 2006, most of pine seeds were removed from forest each year. And almost each mature pine trees were injured by climbing tools, most of branches in canopy were broken, which lead to decrease health of pines. Pine seeds are important food source of 22 species wild animals at least, so pine seeds picking had a negative impact on wildlife diversity and forest regeneration(Zhengji Piao,Lina Tang,Robert K.Swihart et al, 2011). There are an obvious boundary between nature reserve and surrounding environment because of large-scale deforestation in non-protected area (Fig. 11). Changbai Mountain Reserve Area is surrounded by forest industries of local government, and these industries began to log forests in 1980s. Fragmental logging area is between 5ha and 20ha. Less primeval forests that were left after logging were high fragmental. Primeval forests through logging were instead of secondary birch forests that have more simple structure and composition.

Coverage of Primeval Forests was about 85% among Changbai Mountain Reserve Area according Landsat satellite data in 2007. Deducted human disturbance woodland from primeval forests, coverage of actual protecting primeval forests is only 44.9% among Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. Half of protected primeval forests had degraded in development and utilization of biosphere reserve. Development and utilization of forest resources around protected area threatened sustainable biodiversity of protected areas in Eastern Eurasia (Lina Tang, Guofan Shao,Zhengji Piao,et al 2010 ).

5.3 Pressure from hunting Since 1975, Siberian Leopard and Siberian tiger were list as national protected animals, and hunting them was forbidden. There were at least 13 tigers wandering around Changbai Mountain Biosphere Nature Reserve and surrounding areas in 1960s and 1970s (Piao zheng-ji,Sui

Ya-chen,Cui Zhi-gang ,et al 2011). From early and late 1970s, early flows gradually located, many natural villages were built, and deforestation was done for farming. Especially, forestry ministry admitted logging forests and road construction, so that wildlife habitats were changed. The direct affect was hunting that reduced tigers’ food resource. Such as in 1959, there were some hunting teams composed by different departments of forestry ministry and some local hunters. Hunting activities lasted to 1976, and annual hunting number is about 1000 which included wild boar, roe deer and bears. Thus, hunting activities had some serious effects on wildlife, especially on food resources of carnivorous animals.

Currently, method of hunting wildlife is manly base on steel cap, and it also hurts rare wildlife accidently. It suggested animal hunting cap would have great damage to wildlife.

6. Analysis about global change effect on wildlife in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve Main rivers in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve and surrounding areas were cut to build dam and diversion channel for hydroelectric power, and there are 25 dams and channels. These projects affect salmonids migratory, reducing habitats of waterfowls including Chinese Merganser, Mandarin Duck(Aix galericulata) etc. and mammals including otters, water shrews(Neomys fodiens) etc., and vegetation biodiversity in riparian area.

With population increasing, landuse and utilization of forest resources have increased, especially in wildlife product. According to wildlife dynamics analysis in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, it suggested Red deer, Original musk deer, and bears with high economic value decreased significantly. It pointed what was related closely with human over-exploitation land and resource utilization.

Research on extreme weather effect on wildlife is rare. Through observations year by year, rainfall in June and July affects survival rate of Hazel Grouse(Tetrastes bonasia) chicks in its breeding period (Piao and Sun,1997). It also was observed that snow ice layer formed through spring snow and extreme temperate changes would affect squirrels feeding seeds buried in the ground and activities of ungulates resulting in slow-moving so that they could be hunted by predators or humans. Temperature decreasing dramatically may lead to swallows or other bird died in bird fall migration. Extreme weather, such as snow, may affect wildlife feeding activities on the ground.

As temperature raise, migratory birds may change migration activities or just stay in this region. Some species belonged to low-latitude distributed species may appear in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. There are 26 species hibernating wildlife, and it should be studied further that potential effects of climate change affect hibernating wildlife.

In short, changes of wildlife resources in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve are mainly caused by human activities. The impact of climate changes should be studied more systematically and further.

7. The development trend prediction of natural resources and socio-economic for Changbai Mountain in the next two decades.

The trends of natural resources and socio-economic because of global change in the next two decades are shown below: z Water flows of rivers will slowly reduce overall in nature reserve of Changbai Mountain. The rivers and wetlands outside the reserve will large-scale withdrawal with continuous forest harvesting, road construction and development of peat moss of sphagnum wetland. Many streams will turn to be seasonal rivers or dry up. z The number of people who come to Changbai Mountain for heat shelter will dramatically increase. The floating population is expected to 2 million in 2020，2.5 million in 2030.The resident population around the reserve is expected to 0.6 million and floating population will reach to thousands. Significant increase of population in the future will provide a revenue opportunity, but also bring pressure on the environment of nature reserve. z As the population increases that will consume large forest resources, the competition for resources between people and wildlife will be more intense. Humans’ over-exploitation of forest resources will have a direct impact on large animals depending on forests, which will lead to migration or extinction of many animals. z The tourism services and facilities of Changbai Mountain will cause nature reserve fragmentation.10% of the land will become a tourism area and tourism service area in the next 20 years. The area for tourism, planting, road and building will increase ten-fold of the current. z The future socio-economic in the next 10~20 years will exceed 5~10 times of the current socio-economic output. z Because of human intervention frequently, The Panthera tigris altaica and Leopard specifically protected in the nature reserve of Changbai Mountain biosphere come back to this reserve is unlikely. The resources of Red deer、Musk deer、Bears that have higher economic value may be regionally lost or endangered by the humans demands for medicine and threat of extreme climate change.

8. Strategies The strategic for nature reserve of Changbai Mountain to coping with global change is followed. First, long-term monitoring system should be established, which can monitor the change of climate, land use and socio-economic. Establish a prediction model for future trend to control the key factors of impacts on the nature reserve and to solve the conflicts between region development and protection.

In response to global change, we propose that the strength of tourism and population should be reasonably controlled, a strict and detailed environmental assessment system of forest resource development should be established, the power of technology, capital investment and international cooperation for natural resources protection should be strengthened, comprehensive monitoring laboratories and environmental monitoring agencies should be founded. We should further increase the research efforts for global change effects on wildlife, and evaluate the pressure on management of wildlife’s habitats from the current and future global change.

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