Interpreting Social Credit System in Eight Dimensions

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Interpreting Social Credit System in Eight Dimensions Interpreting Social Credit System in Eight Dimensions 2 | 八个维度 解读社会信用体系 As 2020 is the last year of the five-year plan for the construction of a social credit system (SCS) under the Plan for Establishing a Social Credit System (2014– 2020) (the "Plan") issued by the State Council, 2019 has become a crucial year to achieve the goals of the Plan. Looking back, a series of policy documents and their consultation drafts that focus on top-level design and operational practices have been introduced intensively this year, proposing methodologies and roadmaps for social credit-based market monitoring modes and a governance model from multiple dimensions, such as collection and sharing of credit information, use of credit reports, joint rewards for compliance, joint sanctions on non-compliance, identification of sanctioned targets, management of joint sanction list, market and industry access prohibition, credit restoration mechanisms, credit information security and the protection of market players’ rights. In the meantime, the impact of the SCS as a new type of social governance tool for enterprises has gradually attracted a high level of attention. 3 | 八个维度 解读社会信用体系 What is SCS? • A key component of the socialist • Credit records and databases from market economic system regulatory authorities, financial Infrastruc- institutions, credit information Nature • A key component of the social governance system tures services, etc. • Connection and data sharing among credit databases • Improve the integrity awareness • Government integrity: mainly in and credit level of the whole society connection with the central and local governments and their staff Purposes • Lower transaction cost Components • Reform and optimize social • Business integrity: mainly in governance and market surveillance connection with companies and key in the context of changing responsible persons and individuals government functions • Social integrity: mainly in connection with companies and key • Compliance with laws, regulations responsible persons and individuals and rules Basic • Judicial credibility: mainly in • Performance with integrity connection with public security requirements (including commercial contracts, authorities, judicial administration employment contracts, and judicial enforcement and administrative contracts, etc.) practitioners • Publicity of illegal acts and punitive measures Incentive • Joint sanctions mechanism • Joint rewards 4 | Interpreting Social Credit System in Eight Dimensions History of the SCS Joint inter-ministerial sanction memorandum, Internet + monitoring implementation plan, 2014 — Present credit restoration management measures, measures for the management of the lists of distrusted subjects, regulations related to unified social credit code Plan for Establishing a Social Credit System (2014–2020) and Rules on Handling Credit 2014 Investigation Complaints Regulations on the Management of the Credit Information Industry, Administrative 2013 Measures for Credit Information Services The Sixth Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Party proposed 2011 to put integrity construction in a prominent position Several Opinions on the Construction of a Social Credit System 2007 Established an inter-ministerial joint conference system led by the State Council for the construction of the social credit system 2003 Several Opinions on the Construction of a Social Credit System (Expired) The State Council established the Special Working Group on Establishing an Enterprise and Individual Credit System led by the People's Bank of China 2002 The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to "improve the social credit system of the modern market economy" The concept of making the social credit system a governance tool was proposed by the 1999 Institute of World Economics and Politics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences under its research project regarding establishment of a national credit management system 5 | Interpreting Social Credit System in Eight Dimensions High Risk Industries, Sectors and Persons The central and local governments have issued a series of coordinated monitoring and joint sanction memorandums from 2014 to vigorously promote management targeting issues of distrust in key industries, key sectors and key market players. • Transportation and • Petroleum and gas • Real estate Key Industries logistics • Power • Salt industry • Cultural market • Finance • Food and drugs • Housekeeping services • Insurance • Tourism • Electronic • Healthcare authentication services • Government • Statistics • Foreign economic Key Sectors procurement • Intellectual property cooperation • Social insurance (patent) • Environmental • Entry-exit inspection • Safe production protection and quarantine • Management and use of • Serious wage defaults • Charitable donations government-related funds for migrant workers • Scientific research • Domestic trade • Violation of quality laws • Accounting circulation • Violation of tax laws • Customs • Distrusted persons subject to enforcement Key Market Players • Listed companies 6 | Interpreting Social Credit System in Eight Dimensions Sanction Measures China is striving to structure a large framework of sanctions on distrusted behavior based on market-oriented, industrial and social punishment measures, under which "one non-compliance will lead to restrictions everywhere". The government will establish a blacklist system and a market Administrative regulatory exit mechanism, promote credit monitoring by category in market restrictions and sanctions supervision and public services in terms of market access, qualification recognition, administrative examination, approval and policy support, establish a credit commitment system for administrative license applicants, and conduct credit reviews on the applicants. • Combine monitoring under the principle of ‘two random selections, one public release’ with Examples: credit ratings, whereby market players with general credit risk will be inspected under regular coverage and frequency, and those with high risks of non-compliance will be subject to strict monitoring and sanctions with appropriately higher coverage and frequency • Administrative sanctions such as placing restrictions on stock offering, bidding and tendering, application for government-funded projects and entitlements to tax incentives • Ban from market and industry access for a certain period of time and also life-long market expulsion in sectors directly related to food and drugs, ecological environment, engineering quality, safe production, old-age and child care, urban safety, and other sectors that are directly related to the safety of people's lives and property • No grants of financial aid, no procurement of services, an important reference for canceling or lowering the rating of social organizations, automatic interception, automatic prompting and automatic statistics in the registration process to prevent legal representatives and persons- in-charge of heavily distrusted enterprises from being registered as legal representatives and persons-in-charge of other enterprises Develop an evaluation index system and evaluation method for Market sanctions and credit benchmarks and improve credit records and disclosure restrictions systems for distrusted persons so that they will be subject to restraints and restrictions in market transactions. • Market sanctions such as limited access to credit facilities and a ban on travel by air or high speed train Examples: • Restrain those on the lists of distrusted persons from participating in bidding for any construction projects for which a bid invitation is required by law Develop industry self-discipline rules through industry Industrial restraints and associations, which will procure their members to comply with those rules. Any non-compliant institutions or individual members sanctions will be subject to intra-industry criticism, public blaming and other sanctions based on the seriousness of their violation. The Medicine and Health Credit Network jointly established by 21 industry associations has in place a "credit publicity" unit to publicize administrative penalties, a "red and black lists" unit Examples: to publicize the red list, blacklist and close watch list determined by the associations, and a "process to determine the 'list of false and illegal advertisements in medical and pharmaceutical related areas' " to explain the process of listing Social restraints and sanctions Improve the public supervision mechanism. More transparent determinations of non-compliance and publicity of the lists; enhanced cross- Examples: regional penetration, and mutual monitoring in upstream, downstream and ecosystems. 7 | Interpreting Social Credit System in Eight Dimensions Incentive Measures to Reward for Compliance Reputation reward • Establish a good example of integrity • Promotion to society through credit websites or media Public administration • Green channel, that being the "green channel" provided by tax authorities or designated specialized personnel to help with tax-related matters • Acceptance in the absence of non-material filing documents. For example, when applying for administrative licenses to which the credit commitment system is applied, if some of the application materials are not complete but the applicant signs a written commitment to provide the missing materials within the prescribed period, the government authority should accept the application in order to accelerate the progress • Reduce the
Recommended publications
  • China's Youth Social Credit System May Undermine CCP Legitimacy
    China’s Youth Social Credit System May Undermine CCP Legitimacy Mark Akpaninyie THE INTRODUCTION OF A YOUTH government has actively kept records on SOCIAL CREDIT SYSTEM (青年信用) its citizens for decades to maintain social to be established in China by the year 2020 control. The youth social credit system has sent many China analysts scrambling.1 is the latest iteration of this trend. This They assert that this plan will erode already system proposes the use of credit ratings as limited rights and constrain behavior the a method to cultivate core socialist values, government defines as subversive. Some to promote integrity, and to rebuild trust analysts fear that technological advances and public welfare. and the proliferation of personal data In June 2014, the State Council issued will enable the Chinese Communist plans to begin developing the social Party (CCP) to have a wider influence in credit system.4 In collaboration with the daily lives of Chinese citizens.2 With the Communist Youth League Central the goal of incentivizing and rewarding Committee, the National Development government-dictated “good citizenship,” and Reform Commission, and the this plan allegedly represents the CCP’s People’s Bank of China, a leadership successful suppression of dissent from an group to construct a youth credit system increasingly globalized, vocal youth. This was subsequently established to begin analysis is premature, if not mistaken. conceptualizing the system. The expressed Despite youth social credit pilot programs goal of the system is to promote “socialist rolling out in major cities, there are already core values,” to “serve the growth and clear indications these programs—which development of young people to promote use volunteerism, technology, and mass the construction of social integrity,” and surveillance to collect information on to “provide a wealth of public welfare citizens and rate their behavior—may fail.
    [Show full text]
  • Beneath the Surface of China's Social Credit System
    Beneath the surface of China’s Social Credit System Author: Jacqueline Olsen Malmö University Supervisor: Mikael Spång Subject: Human Rights Bachelor thesis, spring 2020 1 Abstract China has developed a technological Social Credit System that monitors, collects, and analyses behavioural data from citizens and enterprises. The system categorises them trustworthy or untrustworthy according to their behaviour. This paper aims to investigate the technological elements of China’s Social Credit System and analyse its social functions. In doing so, I will address the human rights implications following from the system. The thesis uses a content analysis method and draws on three theoretical studies, including, dataveillance, social sorting and neoliberalism and subjectivity. The study shows that China intends to continue investing in immoral technological elements; might succeed to govern citizens in self-governing; and prioritises the system in front of scarce human rights regulations. The conclusion holds that China intends to continue developing and strengthening the Social Credit System to enhance the behaviour of their society, regardless of some human rights implications, to reach their desired outcome. Keywords: Social Credit System, Social functions, Technology, Human rights Word count: 13 985 2 Abbreviations AI – Artificial Intelligence API – Application Programming Interface BSN – Blockchain Service Network CCTV – Closed-Circuit Television CPC – Communist Party of China ICCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Ifri – Institute francais des relations international PBOC – People’s Bank of China PCI – Public Credit Information PRC – People’s Republic of China SCS – Social Credit System SMT – Statistical Machine Translation UDHR - Universal Declaration on Human Rights 5G – Fifth Generation 3 Table of contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….....…2 Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………..…..3 Table of contents………………………………………………………………………..….4 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Xinjiang Detention Centers: a Perversion of Jeremy Bentham's
    The Xinjiang Detention Centers: A Perversion of Jeremy Bentham’s Ideal Panoptic Structure or its Stark Reality? by Jasper Orille Hogue A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for an Honours Degree in Political Science March, 2020 Copyright Jasper Orille Hogue Approved: _______________________ Dr. Ronald Landes Supervisor Date: ___________________ Abstract The Xinjiang Detention Centers: A Perversion of Jeremy Bentham’s Ideal Panoptic Structure or its Stark Reality? By Jasper Orille Hogue Abstract: The modern convergence of technology and social control has met its current peak in Xinjiang, China, as millions of ethnic and religious minorities are targeted, confined, and reformed in the region’s camp detention system. In an effort to contain social crisis and reinforce critical control over the region, the Chinese government has introduced harsh surveillance measures purposed to alter the region’s culture and identity. The design and purpose of this immense program is not a new structure to mankind however, as English philosopher Jeremy Bentham had developed a precursor of this system in the form of the Panopticon in the late 18th century. Tracing the development and structure of Bentham’s theoretical concept, it can be shown that the current detention system in Xinjiang is not a perversion of Bentham’s design, but it’s practical implementation in the modern surveillance state. March 28, 2020. 1 Introduction The existence of detention centres for various minority populations in the Chinese northwest region of Xinjiang was fully revealed in 2017. However, the totality of the system was not clear until the middle months of 2018, and the structure of the system itself was not released until the inner documents outlining the layout, methods, and principle purpose of the centres were leaked in late 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • MAJOR DOUGLAS and the BANKS JM Pullen and GO Smith
    MAJOR DOUGLAS AND THE BANKS J. M. Pullen and G. O. Smith March 1994 UNE Working Papers in Economics No. 6 Editor John Pullen Department of Economics University of New England Armidale New South Wales 2351 Australia ISBN: 1 86389 164 1 MAJOR DOUGLAS AND THE BANKS by J.M. Pullen and G.O. Smith Clifford Hugh Douglas (1879-1952), more commonly known as Major Douglas, is not regarded highly by most economists. Although he was given half a column in The New Palgrave (Clark 1987a), the standard texts in the history of economics usually either ignore him completely, or give him only a passing mention (often critical and condescending), or dismiss him as a crank, a "funny money" man, a monetary heretic, or "a religious rather than a scientific reformer" (Gaitskell 1933, p.375). There was a time, however, when Douglas’s ideas were actively discussed and enjoyed widespread popular support. His theories were propagated through his many books and articles, by his public lectures in various countries (including Australia in 1934), by his submissions to government enquiries in Canada, New Zealand and England; and by the activities of his followers in the Social Credit Movement. If Douglas is remembered at all by academic economists today, it is probably because he received two brief mentions from Keynes in the General Theory. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether Douglas’s ideas are merely a curious aberration in the history of economics and deserve to be ignored, or whether they might have some relevance to the economic problems of today.
    [Show full text]
  • T. S. Eliot's Neo-Medieval Economics Michael R. Stevens Assistant
    234Journal of T.Markets S. Eliot’s & Morality Neo-Medieval 2, no. 2 (Fall 1999), Economics 234-246 Markets & Morality 235 Copyright © 1999 Center for Economic Personalism repatriate himself to Europe; like Auden, a skeptic drawn into the mystery of Christianity and the Anglican confession. What sets Eliot apart, however, is that his treatment of many socio-political issues, and especially economic issues, appears not absurd but rather, in retrospect, profound. Eliot’s thread of devel- T. S. Eliot’s Neo-Medieval Economics opment as a social commentator is also intriguing because, though his poetry remains a rather abstruse source for following his thought, another source does exist: The Criterion. This was the journal—actually subtitled A Quarterly Review— Michael R. Stevens that Eliot founded in 1922 and edited, through various permutations and cri- Assistant Professor of English ses, until he closed it down with the final issue in January 1939. Based on the Cornerstone University assumption that an editor, during this period, kept fairly strict control over choices ranging from contributors, to foreign periodicals reviewed, to the the- matic direction for the journal at large, The Criterion can be seen to serve as a progressive chronicle of Eliot’s primary concerns—both before, during, and af- ter his conversion. This becomes an unusual opportunity for exploration, and it Introduction bears much fruit. Whether poets have ever made good economists is debatable, but one would By way of preface to an investigation of the economic themes in The Crite- certainly not turn to the milieu of the 1930s if one wanted to make an argu- rion, it is important to note that Eliot’s concerns, as expressed in the journal, ment for the affirmative.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Dystopia∗
    forthcoming, American Economic Review Digital Dystopia∗ Jean Tirole† December 17, 2020 Abstract: Autocratic regimes, democratic majorities, private platforms and religious or professional organizations can achieve social control by managing the flow of information about individuals' behavior. Bundling the agents' political, organizational or religious attitudes with information about their prosocial conduct makes them care about behaviors that they otherwise would not. The incorporation of the individuals' social graph in their social score further promotes soft control but destroys the social fabric. Both bundling and guilt by association are most effective in a society that has weak ties and is politically docile. Keywords: Social behavior, social score, platforms, strong and weak ties, social graph, mass surveillance, divisive issues, community enforcement. JEL numbers: D64, D80, K38. ∗This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 669217 - ERC MARK- LIM). Jean Tirole acknowledges funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the Investments for the Future (Investissements d'Avenir) program, grant ANR-17-EURE-0010. The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the TSE Digital Center (the list of sponsors is available at https://www.tse-fr.eu/digital). Daron Acemoglu, Amirreza Ahmadzadeh, Roland B´enabou, Aim´e Bierdel, Erik Brynjolfsson, Sylvain Chassang, Bin Cheng, Johannes H¨orner,Paul-Henri Moisson, Charles P´ebereau, two anonymous referees, and participants at conferences (Luohan Academy conference on pri- vacy and data governance, IT & digitization and IO groups at NBER summer institute, 13th Toulouse conference on the digital economy, privacy conference at Princeton University), and at seminars at MIT, Northwestern, Tehran IAS, TSE and University of Auckland provided helpful comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Neo-Nazism in the Usa, United Kingdom and Australia
    TRANSNATIONAL NEO-NAZISM IN THE USA, UNITED KINGDOM AND AUSTRALIA PAUL JACKSON February 2020 JACKSON | PROGRAM ON EXTREMISM About the Program on About the Author Extremism Dr Paul Jackson is a historian of twentieth century and contemporary history, and his main teaching The Program on Extremism at George and research interests focus on understanding the Washington University provides impact of radical and extreme ideologies on wider analysis on issues related to violent and societies. Dr. Jackson’s research currently focuses non-violent extremism. The Program on the dynamics of neo-Nazi, and other, extreme spearheads innovative and thoughtful right ideologies, in Britain and Europe in the post- academic inquiry, producing empirical war period. He is also interested in researching the work that strengthens extremism longer history of radical ideologies and cultures in research as a distinct field of study. The Britain too, especially those linked in some way to Program aims to develop pragmatic the extreme right. policy solutions that resonate with Dr. Jackson’s teaching engages with wider themes policymakers, civic leaders, and the related to the history of fascism, genocide, general public. totalitarian politics and revolutionary ideologies. Dr. Jackson teaches modules on the Holocaust, as well as the history of Communism and fascism. Dr. Jackson regularly writes for the magazine Searchlight on issues related to contemporary extreme right politics. He is a co-editor of the Wiley- Blackwell journal Religion Compass: Modern Ideologies and Faith. Dr. Jackson is also the Editor of the Bloomsbury book series A Modern History of Politics and Violence. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author, and not necessarily those of the Program on Extremism or the George Washington University.
    [Show full text]
  • “Individualism in Modern China: the Social Credit Issue”
    Department of Political Science Chair of Sociology “Individualism in Modern China: The Social Credit Issue” THESIS SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE PROF. Antonio La Spina Valentino Grassi Student No. 078402 Politics, Philosophy and Economics B.A. 2017/2018 Academic Year 1 Index 1. Introduction 2. The concept of Individualism and its Importance for Social Management and SCS System 2.1. Western Individualistic Theories: Modernist, Interactionist and Discourse Approach 2.1.1. Modernist theorists. 2.1.2. Interactionist theorists. 2.1.3. Discourse theorists. 2.2. Alexis de Tocqueville’s conception of Individualism 2.3. Chinese Individualism 3. Social Management and Forms of Social Control 3.1. Social Management: the key concept to improve people’s livelihood 3.2. Xi Jinping reform process as a key tool to consolidate the operational capacity of the CCP 3.3. Neo-socialist approach to social management 3.4. Previous Social Engineering Programs 3.4.1. People’s Commune 3.4.2. Dang’an: the predecessor of Social Credit System? 3.4.3. Hukou - Housing Registration System 4. Social Credit System 4.1. Origins of Credit Score System 4.2. Private and Governmental Data Sources 4.3. The Core of China’s Social Credit System: Companies Regulations 4.4. SCS Implementation: Media Communication and Criticisms 4.5. SCS Implementation: The Rongcheng Case 5. Conclusions 2 1. Introduction The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the current and future implementation of a new and unique system of social and market control: the Social Credit Score system (heretofore referred to as SCS). Especially in the last decade, China represented the most interesting actor on the global scenario for many reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • AI, China, Russia, and the Global Order: Technological, Political, Global, and Creative Perspectives
    Approved For Public Release AI, China, Russia, and the Global Order: Technological, Political, Global, and Creative Perspectives A Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) Periodic Publication December 2018 Contributing Authors: Shazeda Ahmed (UC Berkeley), Natasha E. Bajema (NDU), Samuel Bendett (CNA), Benjamin Angel Chang (MIT), Rogier Creemers (Leiden University), Chris C. Demchak (Naval War College), Sarah W. Denton (George Mason University), Jeffrey Ding (Oxford), Samantha Hoffman (MERICS), Regina Joseph (Pytho LLC), Elsa Kania (Harvard), Jaclyn Kerr (LLNL), Lydia Kostopoulos (LKCYBER), James A. Lewis (CSIS), Martin Libicki (USNA), Herbert Lin (Stanford), Kacie Miura (MIT), Roger Morgus (New America), Rachel Esplin Odell (MIT), Eleonore Pauwels (United Nations University), Lora Saalman (EastWest Institute), Jennifer Snow (USSOCOM), Laura Steckman (MITRE), Valentin Weber (Oxford) Opening Remarks provided by: Brig Gen Alexus Grynkewich (JS J39), Lawrence Freedman (King’s College, London) Editor: Nicholas D. Wright (Intelligent Biology) Integration Editor: Mariah C. Yager (JS/J39/SMA/NSI) This white paper represents the views and opinions of the contributing authors. This white paper does not represent official USG policy or position. Approved For Public Release Approved For Public Release Disclaimers This white paper represents the views and opinions of the contributing authors. This white paper does not represent official USG policy or position. Mention of any commercial product in this paper does not imply DoD endorsement or recommendation for or against the use of any such product. No infringement on the rights of the holders of the registered trademarks is intended. The appearance of external hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) of the linked websites, or the information, products or services contained therein.
    [Show full text]
  • Econsoc 21-1
    Volume 21 · Number 1 · November 2019 economic econsoc.mpifg.de sociology _the european electronic newsletter 21.1 Note from the editor Content 1 Note from the editor The Brave New World The Brave New World of Big Data by Akos Rona-Tas of Big Data 4 Aadhaar: Uniquely Indian Dystopia? by Reetika Khera Akos Rona-Tas 13 Biometric IDs and the remaking of the Indian (welfare) state by Ursula Rao 22 Multiple social credit systems in China by Chuncheng Liu 33 Credit Scoring in the United States by Barbara Kiviat his issue is organized around plate readers can follow cars in 43 Bringing Context back into privacy the theme of Big Data as our many big cities and highways, regulation and beyond. About limitation on new social world, one that while cameras in public spaces re- purpose as an (old) response to (new) data Thas been taking shape thanks to three cord every second they see. Many challenges important recent advances in infor- of these sensors work without us by Karoline Krenn mation technology, all accelerated in even noticing them, like high reso- the last few years. lution satellite photos that can now 54 OpEd First, there has been an enor- deliver resolutions of 30 centime- by Jenny Andersson mous increase in our capacity to ters, while others, like our own gather and transmit data. Sensor digital cameras, require our active 56 Book reviews and communication technology al- participation by taking the pictures lows the inexpensive collection of and then uploading the digital im- Editor vast quantities of information, aid- ages.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Nationalist' Economic Policy John E. Richardson
    The National Front, and the search for a ‘nationalist’ economic policy John E. Richardson (forthcoming 2017) To be included in Copsey, N. & Worley, M. (eds) 'Tomorrow Belongs to Us': The British Far- Right Since 1967 Summarizing the economic policies of the National Front (NF) is a little problematic. Compared to their copious discussion of race and nation, of immigration, culture, history and even the environment, British fascists since WWII have had little to say, in detail, on their political-economic ideology. In one of the first content analytic studies of the NF’s mouthpiece Spearhead, for example, Harris (1973) identified five themes which dominated the magazine’s all pervasive conspiracy thinking: authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, racism, biological naturalism and anti-intellectualism. The economy was barely discussed, other than in the context of imagined generosity of the welfare state. The topic is so under-developed that even Rees’ (1979) encyclopaedic bibliography on British fascism, covering over 800 publications on and by fascists (between 1923-1977) doesn’t include a section on political economy. Frequently, the closest fascists get to outlining their political-economic ideology is to identify ‘the problem’: the forces of ‘cosmopolitan internationalism’ (that is: the Jews) importing migrants, whose cheap labour threatens white livelihoods, and whose physical presence threatens the racial purity of the nation. ‘The solution’, on the other hand, is far less frequently spelled out. In essence, fascist parties, like the NF, are comparatively clear about what political economies they oppose – international capitalism and international communism – but are far less clear or consistent about the political economy they support.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Report to Congress on China's WTO Compliance
    2020 Report to Congress On China’s WTO Compliance United States Trade Representative January 2021 2020 Report to Congress On China’s WTO Compliance United States Trade Representative January 2021 2020 USTR Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………… 2 U.S. ASSESSMENT OF CHINA’S WTO MEMBERSHIP ……………………………………………………..……. 4 China’s WTO Accession ……………………………………………………………………………..…………….…..………………… 4 Expectations of WTO Membership ……….……………………………………………………………………..…………………… 5 China’s Record in Terms of Complying With WTO Rules ………………………………..…………….…..………………… 6 China’s Record in Terms of Transitioning to a Market Economy …………..…….……………….……………..……… 8 U.S. STRATEGY FOR ADDRESSING TRADE DISTORTIONS CAUSED BY CHINA …………… 13 REVIEW OF TRADE MECHANISMS USED TO ENGAGE CHINA .……...……………………………… 21 Bilateral Dialogues ……………….………………………………………………………………….………………………………..………… 21 Multilateral Fora ……………….……………………………………………………………….………….……………………………..……… 22 Enforcement ………………………….…………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………… 24 U.S. Laws ……………….………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..……… 24 WTO Litigation ………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..……… 24 KEY U.S. CONCERNS ………….……………………..………………….…………………………………………………………..…… 27 Non-tariff Measures …….……….……………………………………………………………….………………………………..….……… 27 Industrial Plans …………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….……. 27 State-Owned Enterprises ……………………………..……………………………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]