Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 1

DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER Issue 85 Jan 2018 2 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2017-2018 PRESIDENT The Duke of Devonshire KCVO CBE VICE PRESIDENTS MR. J. R. MARJORAM, DR. P. STRANGE, MRS J. STEER, DR. D.V. FOWKES, MR. K. REEDMAN

Chairman Mr. C. Wardle, 9 St Hugh’s Close, Darley Dale, of Council Derby, DE22 1FQ E-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Treasurer Mrs J. Heginbotham, 59 Hickton Rd, Swanwick, Alfreton Derby, DE55 1AG e-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Secretary Mrs B. A. Foster, 2, The Watermeadows, Swarkestone, Derbyshire, DE73 7FX Tel 01332 704148 e-mail; [email protected]

Programme Sec. Mrs M. McGuire, 18 Fairfield Park, Haltwhistle, &Publicity Officer Northumberland. NE49 9HE Tel 01434 322906 e-mail; [email protected]

Membership Mr K.A. Reedman, 107, Curzon St, Long Eaton, Secretary Derbyshire, NG10 4FH Tel 0115 9732150 e-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Editor Miss P. Beswick, 4, Chapel Row, Froggatt, Calver, (Journal) Hope Valley, S32 3ZA Tel 01433 631256 e-mail; [email protected]

Newsletter Editor Mrs B. A. Foster, 2, The Watermeadows, Swarkestone, Derbyshire, DE73 7FX Tel 01332 704148 e-mail; [email protected]

Librarian Mrs. A. Allcock, 217 Curzon Street, Long Eaton, Derbyshire, NG10 4FJ E-mail: [email protected]

Other Publications Journal - Mr K. Reedman (address above) Miscellany - email; [email protected] Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 3 DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 85 JAN 2018

The Cover Story

From the very beginning of the the winter of his life, complete with a Derbyshire Archaeological Society in “pipkin of spiced ale” warming by 1879 a G. Bailey (assumed male) was the fire and pattens on his feet in lieu a regular contributor to the Journal, a of slippers. The February one came practise he continued until 1911. He as a bit of surprise as at first glance wrote on a wide variety of subjects the husbandman appeared to be from Roman coins to Swarkestone dressed as an 18th century Hussar Bridge and his speciality was the instead of a medieval peasant. drawings that accompanied the However these roundels date from articles. These are delightful. As well the latter half of the 15th century as accurate sketches of all manner of although the author speculates as to old buildings (many now long gone) the date of their wardrobes which including the Chesterfield Shambles may come from the time of Henry IV and a selection of Derby’s nooks and notwithstanding an august article in crannies, he also drew old gravestones Archaeologia which had estimated and some interesting stained glass. them as from the time of Henry VII. These two stained glass roundels Ho hum! from Norbury Manor House are six I can’t find much biographical inches in diameter and depict the detail of Mr Bailey beyond that he activities of the farming year month may have played golf! – which is a by month. They are dark brown in pity. He sounds like a very interesting outline with a yellow staining in parts. and erudite man. In January, obviously, the aging (DAJ 1882) farmer has time to put his feet up – or Barbara Foster it could of course be a metaphor for Contents The Society 2018 visit ...... 4 Industrial Archaeology Section ...... 22 DAS Membership survey ...... 4 Derbyshire Miscellany ...... 26 Programme Secretary’s Report ...... 5 Obituary ...... 27 The Library Notes ...... 5 Pilling Award / Book Reviews ...... 27 DAS 2017 visit to East Yorkshire ...... 6 Membership ...... 27 Archaeological Research Group ...... 10 Small Ads ...... 28 Architectural Section ...... 18 Emiac 92 Booking ...... 29 Local History Section ...... 21

Photographs/maps courtesy of the authors, members, The Ordnance Survey, The Magic Attic Archives or Wikipedia (Under Wikimedia Commons Licence) unless otherwise credited. 4 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) Visit to Hereford Membership Survey 2017 Thurs. 12th - Mon. 16th July 2018 The Results

This year we will be based at the Three First of all, a very big “Thank you” to Shires Hotel on the edge of Hereford. As everyone who sent back replies to our sur- usual we have reserved 40 places for this four vey. Over 60% of you did and this means night stay. All the rooms are en-suite and a that Council is confident that they can use mixture of single or double occupancy. the results as the basis for fashioning the We have again booked a Skills coach way forward for the Society. We mentioned which will depart from the Bus Station in in the preamble to the survey, that the Soci- Derby. David Carder will be our tour guide. ety was investigating the possibility of pur- We plan to take our outward lunch break chasing a property and some of you sup- at Much Wenlock, allowing time to explore ported this. However, after extensive re- the town. We shall spend some time in Here- search and some preliminary survey work on ford, including a visit to the Mappa Mundi a particular property that we felt might be and we shall be visiting major sites both in suitable, the Council has decided that we do Herefordshire and in neighbouring counties. not have sufficient funds to enable us to go We estimate the cost to be circa £430; the ahead with the purchase of a property in a exact cost to be made known in May 2018. location convenient for the majority of This will include accommodation - bed, members. breakfast and three course evening meals - So what does our survey say about our for four nights, the cost of the coach and all members? It will be no surprise that 75% of entrance fees apart from English Heritage respondents were 65 or over. As many of and National Trust sites. you pointed out, this presents us with a In order to book a place, an initial non- challenge to encourage younger members to refundable deposit of £50 is required. Places join us and give the Society the chance of a will be allocated in order of booking. We vibrant long term future. We were encour- would advise that applications are made as aged by the suggestions that many of you soon as possible to avoid disappointment. We gave about how we might do this which we strongly recommend that you take out per- will return to below. Most of you chose sonal travel and cancellation insurance. membership of the Society because of a To book, please send a cheque for £50 general interest in the subjects covered by per person, payable to The Derbyshire Ar- our activities and a significant proportion chaeological Society and with the words DAS (33%) had a professional interest. Hereford visit on the reverse. Roughly half of our respondents attend Send to Mrs Jane Heginbotham, 59, Hick- lectures at the University regularly or at least ton Road, Swanwick, Alfreton. DE55 1AG. sometimes. Those who never attend gave a A stamped addressed envelope or an variety of reasons but primarily this was email address should be included to receive because of distance. A slightly higher per- confirmation of your booking and receipt of centage attend at least some of the lectures your booking fee. at St Mary’s but most pick and choose the If you have any queries please contact subjects they go to. Their own location or Jane on 01773 609629 or by email at for a smaller number the inconvenience of [email protected] day or time was given for non-attendance. Our summer trips proved popular with Joan D’Arcy the members but there are clearly some is- sues around the perception of availability of Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 5 places. We shall take steps to address this. PROGRAMME SECRETARY Suggestions for visits have given us food for Matt Symonds gave a most interesting thought. lecture in September on “Protecting the Our library, presently housed in the base- Roman Empire” – a blow by blow account ment of the Central Library in Derby is used of the forts, fortlets and the men (and their by very few members. This raises important families) who staffed them on the frontiers issues which need our consideration. More of the Roman Empire. This was followed by of our members said that they would possi- the Peter Billson Memorial Lecture – a per- bly use the library if they had access to the sonal account by Max Craven of the work catalogue on the website. done by Peter in The Derby Civic Society There was a very positive response to our and all the many other organisations that suggestions of increased activities for mem- Peter played a part in. Both were very well bers. Field walking, joint research projects attended and enjoyed by the audience. The and short courses were clear favourites, but Christmas Social gave us the chance to re- with the exception of family activities, all the visit the days of the Derby Advertiser with a others had supporters too. There were also specially made film for the occasion by the suggestions for day conferences. Clearly we Speaker Peter Brown – and very interesting can use some of the skills of our members as and entertaining it was too! well as invited practitioners to increase our The opening lecture 05 January in OL1 offering to members. Responses to our re- was by Dr David Breeze - 'Paintings along quest for more active involvement show that the Wall by Henry Burdon Richardson' who our members have a very wide range of skills produced over 40 paintings of Hadrian's from archaeology to making tea. We would Wall. There were many and very varied paint- invite those of you with these skills and ings and it was an interesting lecture for those who wish to be more involved with those interested in the Wall. the running of the Society to make contact The final OL1 lecture will be on 02 with our Secretary or any member of Coun- March and about the 'Pottery Production in cil and we will put your enthusiasm to good Anglo-Scandinavian Torksey' by Dr Gareth use. See contact details inside the front cover Perry, University of Sheffield. He is the Re- of the Newsletter. gional Groups Officer for the Medieval Pot- Many of you who gave us general com- tery Research Group ments were concerned that we do not do The Society AGM date is Friday 27th enough to promote ourselves and in particu- April 2018, at St Mary's Parish Centre as lar to attract a younger membership. Your usual. 7.30pm. no speaker as yet suggestions on how we might address this Not much to report on the Summer Pro- are very helpful. You want us to raise the gramme – but it is in hand! Proposed trip to profile of the Society by improving our pub- Herefordshire 12-16 July - I know there are licity and looking at what we do in a new many very interesting buildings to be seen in way. that area. And a visit to Arbury Hall near On the whole, you are very positive Nuneaton by the LHS. about your Society, thinking we are good Malise McGuire value for money and would be happy to rec- ommend us to your friends. The Council was LIBRARY NOTES very encouraged by the positive response After some months of uncertainty over from the members and the wealth of your the siting of the library in Derby Central ideas. Thank you again. Library basement, having been given 'notice Jane Heginbotham to quit' some time ago, we are pleased to say that the library will remain in the basement 6 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) for the next six months at least. This is good books about a certain subject but not sure news and will allow us to continue the work of titles I can email or phone you with a list of the library for the time being without the of books which may be relevant. I am usual- prospect of having to move at relatively short ly there on the Friday night meetings so you notice. We would have been in a difficult posi- can also speak to me there. tion as the search for suitable premises has [email protected]; tel. 0115 proved extremely awkward. There have been 9726377. Please do not use details from old tireless efforts in this, particularly on the part newsletters as they are incorrect. of Joan D'arcy but at present to no avail. You can still request books through the And so for now we have some respite. front desk at the Central Library. Recently we have been pleased to receive a We have a considerable collection of considerable number of books for the library Archaeological Journals from other socie- from the estates of both Peter Billson and ties. Many, though by no means all of these, Tom Larrimore. They were both longstanding are online although not always freely acces- members of the society and their respective sible. If you have found an article online libraries represented the extensive breadth of that you wish to read but would prefer a their interests in all things Derbyshire. hard copy to peruse then please contact me. Catalogue I look forward to hearing from you. Last summer it had been the intention to Anne Allcock—Librarian issue in some form a new catalogue but the situation of the library was so precarious that it was decided to postpone it. All things being SUMMER VISIT equal the up-to date catalogue will be issued N. Yorks in due course. It is not necessary to have sight 14th – 18th July 2017 of a full catalogue to order books – see below. Suffice to say that the collection is compre- Friday 14th July hensive on Derbyshire and it would be good After a prompt start from Derby, the to think that members might consider using first stop was at Tibshelf Service Station to the DAS Library as one of the first ports of pick up Barbara and Ann, then onward to call for research or interest. Beverley where we were met by our leader, Using the Library David Carder full of energy and information All the work which has been put into the as always. He led some of us on a walkabout library over the years is of no use unless the through the Medieval Market Place to the membership makes use of the library. One of Georgian Butter Cross. The Beaver on the the joys of a library is to be able to browse Coat of Arms told us of the origin of the but unfortunately, owing to the current loca- name of the Town. The market place is tion, we accept that has not been possible for large with a range of buildings from the 16th many years and the downside of that is that to the 19thC. It was divided by early en- the membership gets out of the habit of us- croachment of houses and shops, now oc- ing the library. However the books are still cupied by boutiques and tea shops but no there! The process is straightforward. If you time for shopping. know the book(s) you wish to borrow please The Guildhall was recommended for a email or phone me (details below)and I will visit with its 18thC. Court Room with its bring them from the library usually within a original furnishings and exquisite stucco week and get them to you by mutual arrange- ceiling by Guiseppe Cortese . The panelled ment. If you are not sure of the title or the Board Rooms were furnished with Chippen- author, just give me as much detail as you can dale style chairs and paintings of local and I can still help. If you are looking for scenes by Fred and Mary Etwell were on the Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 7 walls. Parts of the building go back to the difficulty getting round the steep bends in 14thC. and a partition wall has been revealed the drive up to the centre and one of the with graffiti on the plaster work. long wing mirrors which extend beyond the There was a choice of two magnificent front of these modern coaches caught on churches, first the Town Church of St Mary the branch of a tree and fell off! So there which had a wonderful set of misericords were telephone calls to the coach company with their sly reference to medieval life and to send out a replacement. Undeterred we humour. The chancel had an unusual painted made our way to Rievaulx Abbey, a Cister- ceiling with images of the Kings and Queens cian monastery of 1131 in its wonderful of England, refurbished in 1939 when setting on a sloping site. In its heyday there George VI was added. Over a doorway on were 140 monks and 500 lay brothers and the north side of the chancel is a carving of a servants. Sheep farming and iron works rabbit said to have inspired Tenniel’s draw- were the basis for its prosperity but when ings for Alice in Wonderland. The other the Black Death and Scottish raids took church to visit was of course the Minster, their toll only 15 monks and 3 lay brothers famous for its carvings of the angel choir were there in the later 14thC. Many of its playing medieval instruments. To comple- extensive buildings are standing to full ment the musical theme was an exhibition of height and it is one of the most complete a rare survival of medieval liturgical music examples of Early English monastic archi- manuscripts. They are beautifully illuminat- tecture. In the museum is a display of some ed with full page images and decorative bor- of the more significant fragments of carving ders and music notation for Masses and from the site. Psalms. This was a treat for early music Rievaulx Abbey enthusiasts. The minster church has 68 mis- ericords, the tombs of the Percy family, the shrine of St John of Beverley of 1292 and there is the work of Hawkesmoor and Gil- bert Scott. We arrived in good time for dinner at Cober Hill Conference Centre at Cloughton, north of Scarborough, which belongs to the Rowntree Foundation and Trust. It is an Arts and Crafts house of 1890 with exten- sions, built for a lawyer, Frank Lockwood. Our fellow guests were on a Murder Mystery weekend and the oak panelled rooms and Helmsley was the lunch stop and some staircase were well suited to their theme. of us found the best ham sandwiches ever There were well kept gardens with sea views tasted. The 12thC castle ruins are extensive, in the distance, but no time to explore. Meals with a bridge over the moat and curtain wall were good with excellent service, followed incorporating a D shaped tower serving as a by a lecture on our itinerary by David who keep. Some impressive accommodation had already explored our routes and provid- buildings were built between 1563 and 1587 ed the information in our excellent guide for the Manners family and their guests. It book. saw action during the 16c Civil War and was thoroughly slighted in the Cromwellian Peri- Saturday 15th July od. We began with some drama, as the very The impressive Market Square is domi- long coach in which we were travelling had nated by a statue of the local landowner, the 8 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018)

2nd Baron Faversham (1798-1867) and is Scarborough surrounded with a range of period buildings Castle – with nice shops and tea shops, if you had an early time between visits to the castle and the par- view ish church of All Saints which was largely rebuilt in 1866-69. Its most striking feature is the early 20thC.wall paintings depicting the growth of Christianity in Northumberland. Remains of the medieval church include the Norman chancel arch and South doorway with chevrons and beak heads and miseri- cords. Mouseman Thompson did the oak furniture of the chancel and left his hallmark of a mouse. Next stop was Hutton Le Hole with its common grazing land in the centre of the village. We visited the site where 20 recon- the Harbour side is the King Richard III structed buildings from all periods of domes- house, traditionally associated with the tic dwellings have been collected from an Yorkist King with a fine plaster ceiling up- Iron Age round house, humble one roomed stairs. Trinity House was built in 1602 and cottages to an Elizabethan Manor House of on the Information Board the origin of the 1570 with the largest set of crucks yet dis- folk song “Scarborough Fair” was ex- covered in N.E. Yorkshire. There are shops plained. The Fair was held annually to cele- and workshops including a glass furnace. brate the few weeks when the herring was The repair man for the wing mirror final- abundant off the Yorkshire coast and the ly caught up with us at Middleton Church of catch was salted and put in barrels and trad- St Andrew and while we looked at the ed at home and abroad. Fishing, ship build- church he did the repair. There was a mag- ing, wool and coal carrying have all been nificent collection of 10thC Anglo Scandina- trades from the harbour going back to the vian crosses, showing a hunter with a spear 13thC. The Spa and the annual holiday and and 5 figures with scramasax (short swords) day trippers brought prosperity in the 19th Our evening lecture was by Mark Sissons, and 20thC. veteran of steam railway preservation, so we The landmark castle on the headland were ready for our visit to the North York- between the North and South Bays has a shire Railway on Monday. Norman keep and a long curtain wall and close by is the parish church of St. Mary Sunday 16th July where Anne Bronte is buried. Down in the Scarborough was our first stop, not for town is one of the oldest purpose built mu- the fun fair or the beach, but a tour of the seums in the country, the Rotunda. It is an narrow medieval streets behind the sea front, elegant classical building with original fit- like The Bolts and Quay Street where there tings built to house the collection of Thom- were timber framed buildings. The former as Hinderwell in 1828-9. It is principally a Lancaster Inn has herringbone brick noggins Geological Museum but our party appreciat- and the former Three Mariners Inn is timber ed the present display of Gristhorpe Man framed clad in brick. The restaurant and bar from a Bronze Age burial 4,000 BP found called the Newcastle Packet has timber fram- near Filey in 1834. The complete skeleton ing and a dragon post on the corner. These was in a hollowed out oak tree trunk with a are mixed with 18thC town houses and on bronze dagger, flint tools and food residue Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 9 Mary and seven scenes from the passion and Resurrection of Christ. The North side has large paintings of St George, St. Chris- topher, the Coronation of the Virgin and the martyrdom of St. Edmund and St. Thomas Becket. Pickering Castle began as a Motte and Bailey, with shell keep and an extensive curtain wall. Belonging to the Duchy of Gristhorpe Man Lancaster, it was popular with Royalty and their guests for hunting parties, with suitable in a wicker basket. Also on display were ex- accommodation built in the 16thC in the cavated items from Star Carr, a Mesolithic baileys. site, dated 10,500-11,000 BP. The church of St Martin, Burton Agnes is Norman in origin with some fine monu- ments to the local families, whose Manor House is nearby. The house was built in 1170-80, with under croft and hall above. The Manor House was replaced by a fine Jacobean Hall in 1601-10 by Sir Henry Grif- fith. It was probably designed by Robert Smythson, architect of Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire. The outstanding feature of the Great Hall is the extraordinary carved wood- en screen of 1603 with biblical themes and The highlight of the day was a ride on a the quality of the carving is continued steam train from Pickering to Grosmont on through the house including an oak staircase. the North York Moors Railway. George The Long Gallery has a fine plaster barrel Stephenson had a part in planning the line ceiling restored in the 20thC. but it was “Railway King” Hudson who took over the building of the railway linking Monday 17th July Whitby to London. N.Y.W.R. took over the Pickering was our destination, it is a line on closure by Beeching and it is the pleasant moorland town with a church and largest preserved railway in the U.K. castle to visit. The church of St Peter and St On arrival in Whitby, we were glad that Paul is of Norman foundation on the site of the coach took us up the steep road to the a Saxon church but its most striking feature Abbey, avoiding the 199 steps. The abbey is the series of 15thC frescoes, the most was founded in 657 AD as a mixed monas- complete set of wall paintings to survive. tery by St. Hilda and traces of the original Their survival is surprising as they have been building destroyed in Viking raids have been the victim of changing attitudes to the depic- excavated. It is here that the significant Syn- tion of images in churches, plastered over at od of Whitby was held in 664 AD when the the time of the Reformation, rediscovered Roman Church prevailed over the Celtic and revealed in 1852, only to be white- style of church organisation. The present washed over on a change of vicar, finally ruins are the remains of the Norman, Early heavily restored by a new incumbent in 1880. English architecture, battered by the ele- On the south side are images of St. Kathe- ments and German shelling during the First rine with her wheel, scenes from the life of World War. Recent excavation has pro- 10 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) duced important evidence for all the stages enclosure. The church has been ‘improved’ of the Abbey’s development. by Gilbert Scott and Mouseman Thompson The Parish Church of St. Mary nearby, has left his mark on the screen pulpit &font. dates from the 12thC. and is most notable for the survival of the 17thC. box pews and Humber Bridge galleries and 3 decker pulpit. Inside the church it is like being in the hold of a wood- en ship. If they had time, some of the party ex- plored the narrow streets near the harbour and visited the house where Captain Cook served his apprenticeship. In the past Whit- by’s prosperity relied on fishing industry whaling and shipbuilding. Cook’s ships for his epic long voyages of discovery were built here and were modelled on the Whitby Colli- Lunch stop was spent at Skidby windmill er he knew in his youth. of 1832, and we then crossed over the The usual quiz ended the evening. Humber estuary via the elegant single span suspension bridge opened in 1981 at a cost Tuesday July 18th of £151 million. Barton on Humber was our As usual, on the journey home we visited last stop to view the famous Anglo- Saxon some more sites. First a return visit to Scar- church with the distinctive long and short borough, to see the church of St Martin on work and strap work on the tower. the Hill. Not a Medieval church this time but Our journey home continued to Tibshelf a Victorian High Church with important art with goodbyes to Ann and Barbara. Our work by the Pre-Raphaelite group of artists. thanks go to David Calder for his excellent The Church was paid for by Miss Mary Cra- leadership and the organising committee for ven and built between 1861 and 1863. The all the organisation and Ron Todd our driv- London firm of William Morris and partners er for his expert driving. Looking forward were employed for the interior design and to the next tour! decoration including stained glass windows. Ann Brown and Barbara Jones Images of Biblical figures in the windows resembled some of the Pre- Raphaelite mod- els. William Morris, Edmund Byrne Jones, ARCHAEOLIGICAL Dante Gabrielle Rossetti and Ford Maddox RESEARCH GROUP Browne all contributed. The chancel and pulpit were also painted in the same style. NEWARK – 12 August 2017 Continuing down the Yorkshire coast Bridlington Old Town was our next stop to Newark was the town chosen for a day see the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, for- visit. The thought was would there be merly the Augustinian Priory which became enough to see and do in the six hours there? one of the wealthiest monastic houses in The answer was yes, plenty. The town itself Yorkshire through sheep farming. On Disso- is compact, very attractive and was bustling lution, it became the Parish Church and the with an extensive Saturday market in the monastic buildings were demolished apart main square. The weather was fine and dry from the Gatehouse which still stands and for ambling about. has been used as a school and a prison. The The most dominant feature of Newark is area around the church is called the Bayle or the castle. Built in the mid 12th century and Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 11 but there are many interesting treasures including misericords, stained glass win- dows, carved capitals of foliage and heads and a green man, carved angels holding musical instruments and part of a macabre painting of the ‘Dance of Death’. Newark boasts one of the finest Geor- gian town halls in the country. It was de- signed by John Carr of York in 1774 and is Grade 1 listed. The civic rooms include an Newark Castle Assembly Room with magnificent Corinthi- an columns and chandeliers which has been once owned by King John who died there in restored to its original splendour, the coun- 1216 after consuming a ‘surfeit of peaches’ cil chamber and the Mayor’s Parlour. Civic but, due to the Civil War, only one and a half treasures are on display together with a col- sides still stand but there is still enough to lection of siege pieces which were coins show it would have been very impressive. used during the last years of the Civil War. The west front, facing onto the river, has They were made out of civic plate, church survived almost complete. The main features plate and plate belonging to wealthy individ- left are the gatehouse, dungeons, the curtain uals. An art gallery is on the upper floor. wall and the south-west tower. On the town Of course, the English Civil War played side there are almost no remaining walls. a huge part in the history of the town. Pleasant gardens are here with a very good Troops loyal to the King swelled the popu- sculptured model of the castle and town. lation greatly and from the safety of the A visit to the church of St. Mary Magda- defences they would launch attacks on local len was a must. It is notable for its tower and Parliamentarians. The town was besieged on octagonal spire some 72 metres high, the three occasions and there was much suffer- highest in Nottinghamshire and the fifth ing and death among the townsfolk. In tallest in the UK. The church was heavily 2016, the National Civil War Centre opened restored by Sir Gilbert Scott around 1853/5 which explores the stories of the conflict with real objects, digital interactives, large screen cinema and costumes and armour to Water Pump in try on. Housed over several floors and ad- Market Square dressing other topics, such as early medi- cine, there was an exhibition relating to Lawrence of Arabia and a re-enactment by a ‘live’ actress of the story of ‘Mad Madge’ otherwise known as Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, one of England’s first science fiction writers. A whole day could easily be spent there. The town has some splendid buildings. The Old White Hart is the oldest surviving inn dating from the 14th century. It was re- stored in the 1980s but is authentic in style and colour as sufficient original material remained for copies to be made. Another building dates from 1337, a rich merchant’s 12 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) house, possessing an architectural feature walk around the English Borough, led by unique in the town – it is jettied on two ad- Graham Clarke. joining sides with part of the diagonal dragon Dr. David Knight, Head of Research at beam, which supports the upper corner post, Trent and Peak Archaeology, guided us still visible within. A pub, The Prince Rupert, around the latest excavation site. He first built around 1452, was also a merchant’s explained the early history and layout of the house and another which was used by the castle to a small but very appreciative audi- governor during the Civil War and now ap- ence. We then looked at the site itself where propriately called ‘The Governor’s House’ garden features had been revealed alongside houses a branch of Greggs. These large a possible wall foundation and an undated properties would have housed the troops brick surface. The project will continue in during the war. August 2018 and notice will be given in the Many of our thirty strong party took the next newsletter, or read the Dig Diary which opportunity to have a leisurely cruise on the is posted on the internet under ‘We Dig the river Trent to get another perspective on the Castle’ 2017. Joan D’Arcy town. The boat was an Edwardian river cruiser complete with a bar and blankets, in 17th Sept. 2017 case it got chilly. From the boat could be The Archaeological Research Group met seen the many maltings and wharves as on Upper Parliament Street for a guided Newark was the centre for the English brew- tour of the English Borough of Nottingham ing and malting industries. It became known ably led by Grahame Clarke. as ‘The Metropolis of Malt’ and its produce Grahame began with a potted history of was exported around the world. Most of the the English Borough. It is the oldest part of maltings have now been converted to hous- Nottingham and is centred on St Marys to ing. The trip went as far as Farndon Marina the east inside the medieval wall. The through some lovely countryside. French Borough is to the west around the As well as the ancient buildings, the town castle. .(A map of the English and French has many buildings and features of the Art Boroughs which Grahame showed us can Deco period – M&S has a raised and stepped be found at http:// parapet embellished with a ‘sunburst’ and the www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/places/ Birds shop retains much of the original black nottingham/nottinghamc1500map.pdf). ‘Vitrolite’ surround and timber upper screen. We were standing at Chapel Bar though It turned out to be a very interesting and nothing remains of the gate through the satisfactory day and the added bonus was the early city wall. It was knocked down in relatively short journey home! 1743, and regretted in 1745 when Bonnie Anne Haywood. Prince Charlie reached Derby. From there we walked down Upper Parliament Street - Visits to Nottingham once Back Side (don't know why they changed the name!) that ran along the inside 4th August of the medieval wall, past the end of Hurts There were two brief expeditions to Not- Yard, one of the few accessible remains of tingham this year. The first, on August 4th, medieval Nottingham’s narrow streets and was to view the progress of ‘We Dig the close to where you could catch a carrier cart Castle’, an annual programme of training to Derby. Suddenly we were at Theatre excavations within the Outer Bailey of Not- Square where the Royal Theatre is the only tingham Castle, carried out by Trent and Victorian theatre left standing, the Hippo- Peak Archaeology. The other, on the morn- drome and the Empire which flanked it ing of Sunday 17th September, was a guided have gone. Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 13 Then down Queen Street and on to wait for a parade commemorating the Battle King's Street, waving at the site of the last of Britain to pass and Grahame had to maypole in Nottingham (removed 1789) in quickly change our route. We went up High Maypole Yard, passing the Prudential Assur- Pavement, no time to go into the Unitarian ance then admiring the Queen's Chambers - Chapel (now a restaurant to admire the the first of the Watson Fothergill/Fothergill Burne-Jones windows, or into County Watson buildings we encountered - in much House with its late Medieval core well dis- embellished red brick Tudor style. Then we guised by later additions. The Shire Hall, dived into a side entrance of the Council with its fasces above the door was built in House (a mixture of classical styles) built by 1770 the architect was James Gandon of the young City Housing Architect T. C. London and the builder was "Mr. Joseph Howitt, paused to look at the murals under Pickford of Derby" but a fire in 1876 de- the dome celebrating the Danes capturing stroyed much of the building. The adjacent Nottingham, William 1's visit, Robin Hood gaol still has visible the sculptor's spelling and Charles I raising his standard, many local correction. notables of the time appearing as historical Past St Mary's Church and off to Com- figures, then through the Exchange Arcade merce Square with its early C19 warehouses which replaced one built in 1774. We had (overlooking what had been the lands of not the time - or the money to shop there. Francis Pierrepoint’s house) here we had a Outside we found an example of opposite brief history of lace machines from Frost in sides of a lane having different names. This 1769 to Jaquards in 1841 and a view of two happened where the English and French of the earliest roads Malin Hill and Long Boroughs ran side by side in this case Long Stairs leading down to a bridge and the Lon- Row on the north side and Smithy Row on don Road. the south. Then Stoney Street where we branched Near here we were told was the Moors off to look at the very elegant Broadway Head where Byron's body lay overnight on warehouses including the Birkin Building its way to Hucknall. with its bee and his sons initials (RB and Out into Pelham Street and a brief detour TB) above the arch and inside the arch a up Thurland St. (the site of Thurland Hall C12 fragment from St Marys. Next the Ad- where Charles I stayed) to see Fothergill ams building, with a chapel: we were told Watson's Nottingham and Nottinghamshire that the workers got a penny a week extra if Bank with its stone friezes and sculpted fig- they attended the chapel before work in the ures. Past what were the offices of the Not- morning. It is now the New College Not- tingham Journal where J. M. Barrie briefly tingham. worked. Across Victoria St into Fletcher St Grahame then pointed out in the dis- and past Adams Walk to the Weekday Cross, tance Hockley Mill, a steel frame building, the present cross disappointingly dating to that he believes was built in part by Richard 1993. It is on the site of the pre-conquest Arkwright about 1769 as a horse powered market. Just beside the cross stands one of mill, it is not at present listed so is under the newest buildings opened in 2009, the threat. Contemporary Arts Centre with its decorat- A quick look down Goose Gate at Jesse ed panels embossed with lace design. On the Boots first shop, now with a blue plaque site of the Guild Hall, where we were told and we had reached the end of our tour of Shakespeare's the King's Players performed the English Borough. All is True by Shakespeare and Fletcher, but www.nottsheritagegateway.org.ukplaces / it is unlikely that the Bard himself performed nottingham/nottinghamc1500map.pdf since he died shortly after. Here we had to Anne Jones 14 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018)

Resistivity Training at west and the “new” route some 420 metres PENTRICH west of Ryknield St. rd The field appears to have been ploughed 23 September 2017 as recently as 2007 and 2010 and possibly

The ARS section organised an introduc- later. (Google Earth) tion on electrical resistivity surveying tech- 1901 OS Map niques to members in part of a field near Pentrich to confirm the route of the Roman Ryknield Street as it passed through- Coneygrey Farm. The equipment was the new Mk.2 TRS/ CIA resistivity meter. It is beyond the scope of this short article to describe how the equipment works but suffice to say that elec- trical current is passed into the ground and the resistance across a series of probes is measured. The results are immediately seen on an attached colour screen and can be later processed on a computer. The amount of resistance is affected by how much moisture there is in the soil, the type of soil and its bedrock. If there is a lot of moisture in the soil the electric current Description of site passes through the wet ground more easily— The field in question lies some 250m hence a lower resistance and vice versa. The north east of Coneygrey farmhouse and is amount of water present in the soil is affect- laid to grass. The area slopes to the east ed by some archaeological features. For ex- with an occasional hump and bump. There ample, if there is a wall under the surface, is a distinct kink in the southern hedge then there is less soil to store moisture, mak- boundary that would appear to correspond ing that area of ground high resistance. Con- to the road’s trajectory and the land rises noticeably to this point. versely, if you have a ditch or pit, it can store more moisture, giving a lower resistance. The survey Initially 3 grids measuring 20m*20m Historical background were laid out across an area where the 1901 The course of Ryknield Street north of OS map showed the route of Ryknield St. Derby has been known since at least the (above). The grids were surveyed at inter- th early 18 century and was described at length vals of 1m in both the X and Y directions in in Lyson’s Magna Britannica in 1817. It is a conventional zig-zag pattern. The Mk2 quite specific - “ It now runs to coney-Gre- meter displays results on a tablet and a dis- house, crossing two lanes which lead from tinct line of anomalies between lower values Pentrich Town to the common, and so down in black and higher values in grey and white to the water, leaving a camp, which is Ro- showed up. The 3 grids were completed man by its form”. Many sections are de- and it was decided to enlarge the area of scribed as lost to the plough and it would survey with a further three grids to confirm appear the road had been much diverted any continuation of the feature. The extra 3 over the intervening centuries. This would grids confirmed that the feature was contin- appear to be the case at Pentrich. The re- uous. mains of this fortlet are approximately 250m Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 15 pected and could be due to stone creep downslope. We may have just hit a western edge of the road area and this can be seen in the SE corner of the survey area. It was noted during survey that the probes hit many stones in the whiter area. Adrian Farnsworth has made the com- ment that if the Roman road carried on in use into later periods, it may have been re- Interpretation paired (using the local Coal Measures shales The area is shown on the 1901 OS map and sandstones?) and have moved from side as a rectangle. The coordinates at the SW to side, explaining the wide spread. Adrian corner of the surveyed area as measured by had kindly processed a few tiles of the Li- a hand held GPS is SK38757 54032. The DAR data (Fig 4) which clearly shows the area is approx.250m to the east of the Pen- alignment of the road and shows many oth- trich Roman fortlet and is some 20m lower er features in the area—the Roman fortlet in altitude. together with other abandoned roads, old The picture above shows the resistivity hedgerows or field boundaries in the vicini- (greyscale – 60m by 40m) overlain on the most recent Google earth aerial photo- graph. The centre line has been plotted from the OS 1901 and recent maps and is the approximate location of Ryknield St. It is noted that crop marks, seen in the nor- therly part of the field, are on same align- ment as the plotted Roman road. The results of the survey were excel- lent and they are presented bottom left. A clear boundary is seen running approx. N/S which is believed to be the western edge ditch of the Roman road. The area to the East of this feature has a higher resistance which we consider to be the remains of a Roman road—the width is larger than ex- Above LIDAR around the Roman Fortlet. Resistivity Survey was just in centre by kink in lower field hedge to East of fort

Left Resistivity results 16 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) ty. Indications of the road can also be seen during modern agricultural intensification. on some of the historical aerial photos from Hedges are best dated using maps and other Google Earth. documentary evidence. Parish boundaries were first defined in charters of the late Conclusion Saxon period and some boundaries follow  A successful day—one edge of the earthworks. In the open field system there Roman road has probably been found would have been an earth bank with hedges close to the alignment of the road seen planted on top. Following the Enclosure on OS maps. Acts around 200,000 miles of hedges were  Further work to further delineate the planted when fields, heaths and uplands road to the north and investigate the were enclosed. Early enclosures only had other anomalies seen on LiDAR could two or three species, hawthorn plus oak, be considered. ash, briar or blackthorn. Melbourne, in  A non penetrating survey of the fortlet south Derbyshire, was a centre for the sup- th to delineate its size and features could ply of quickset hedge plants in the 17 and th be considered (If permission could be 18 centuries. obtained from English Heritage). By looking at the species in the hedge Lynne is able to date the hedge. She uses We are very grateful to the owners ‘Hooper’s Rule’ but urges caution as it is not Mr & Mrs J. Bowers for giving us permission always accurate. The original formula was in to do so. We are also grateful to Adrian the book ‘Hedges’ by Dr. Max Hooper. To Farnsworth for providing supplementary get the age of the hedgerow you count the LiDAR information and aerial photos. number of species in a 30 metre stretch, Keith Foster. multiply by 100 and add 30 years. Several 30 metre stretches should be counted in each Ancient Hedgerows hedgerow. The average number of species 6 October 2017 equates to the age in centuries. She advised that small leaf lime will only grow in a wood Lynne Pickering began her illustrated talk so if found in a hedge it could be 500 years by telling us of her interest in the countryside old. Field maple and hazel in the same from a young age and of her study at hedge could be 600 years old. Some plants, Broomfield College and Harper Adams Uni- like dog’s mercury, growing in a hedge indi- versity where she got fascinated by hedge- cate it was once woodland. Likewise, blue- rows and how to date them. She started by bells and violets indicate an old hedge. Haw- dating hedges in the parish where she lived thorn has two varieties. The more modern and got more enthusiastic after attending a variety produces only one seed whereas the course by the late Dr. Oliver Rackham, a old variety is multi-seeded, so the latter is an leader in the study of trees and woodlands. indicator of an old hedge. Hedgerow trees The word ‘hedge’ is from the Anglo- are trees that grow in hedgerows but have Saxon word ‘haeg’ and the earliest English been allowed to reach their full height and documented hedge is in Somerset dating to width. The most common species are oak 816. However, the first hedges enclosed land and ash though in the past elm would also for cereal crops during the Neolithic Age, have been common. A hedge may consist of and hedges have been carbon dated from the a single species or several. The vernacular Bronze and Iron Ages. Early hedges were hedge in the part of Staffordshire where destroyed to make way for the manorial Lynne lives is holly. open-field system but then replaced after the Lynne emphasised the importance of Enclosure Acts and then removed again retaining and protecting hedges as they pro- Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 17 vide corridors along which wild life can trav- 1328 refer to ‘le cleyputs’, and in the late el, they help to limit soil erosion and provide 1200s Henricus ad Furnum (Henry at the food and shelter for birds, insects, butterflies Oven) is named—probably a pot oven. and mammals. Lynne explained the ‘art’ of By 1538-1547 seven potters were paying hedge layering to promote a thick, healthy tax. Archaeological evidence shows that hedge and also the process of building a Cistercian and Midlands Purple Wares were stone boundary wall. She takes part in both being made in quantity by c1450. Cistercian these activities. She thought the best walls in wares were mainly finely potted cups with Derbyshire were those at Flagg and she en- two or three handles, often decorated with couraged members to ‘have a go’ at both religious symbols, production ceased by stone walling and hedge layering. It was an 1550. Tall butterpots for selling butter in unusual talk but one which kept the audience markets, and kitchen pots, were commonly very engaged and eager to ask questions. made in Midlands Purple Ware. Black wares Anne Haywood followed in 1550 and yellow ware by 1600, when potteries began to appear on the Recent Work at Ticknall. Common and Heath end, outside the village Friday 3rd November. core. Ticknall pots were sold via markets. Potteries were family businesses with chil- Members of the Society who have been dren trained by parents. Competition from following the work of the Ticknall Archaeo- Stoke on Trent killed the trade. The last logical Research Group were certainly not pottery closed around 1880. disappointed with this talk, given by Sue Janet began by outlining the Group’s Brown and Janet Spavold. achievements so far, including several train- The Ticknall Archaeological Research ing days with Barbara and Keith Foster do- Group, (TARG) was launched in 2010 with a ing some resistivity work, and through APS Heritage Lottery Fund Grant, and support learning how to knap flints with Bill Bee. from the landowner, The National Trust. The Group had experienced investigating One of the Group’s aims was to under- Roman Pottery with Mercian Archaeology, take fieldwalking in Ticknall, initial field Janet explained, ‘we had not thought there training was provided by Archaeological had been any Roman influence in the imme- Project Services, since then the Group has diate area, never having seen or read of evi- held several successful days. dence for Roman settlement, if it had not There are over 30 known pottery sites in been for the professional expertise of David the Ticknall area. Excavations have pro- Budge we would have continued to dismiss duced 13th Century Coal Measures White this period in our assessment of Ticknall’s Wares on production sites. Documents from history. ‘We had been finding a coarse grey- ish ware in one place that we had classified as early Midland Purple type of ware, David recognised it as 2nd Century Derbyshire ware, a pleasing addition to the settlement history of the area’. ‘A further find of slag was later confirmed as Romano-British on one of our tutorial days with APS’. Janet continued that the Group had been investigating landscape history, looking at maps and boundary photographs aided with aerial photography. Ongoing research is Various Cistercian Ware pots found by currently being done on the Ticknall Village TARG. 18 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) layout. A map showing Ticknall pot sites, and the dates of excavation, was on display show- ARCHITECTURAL ing the findings. In 2010 the group’s first SECTION excavation found the base of a kiln formed from upturned butter pots. Later good Cis- Mackworth Church and village tercian ware and medieval fragments were 7 July 2017 found on two different sites. An emergency dig in 2016 at 38 High The rural setting of the village of Mack- Street, working in liquid mud in a garage, worth belies its proximity to the City of ended up with 63 bags of pot sherds. Also in Derby, heard in the distant noise of traffic 2016 a dig at a field near Springfield Barn along the Ashbourne Road on a fine sum- produced some Cistercian ware with natural- mer evening. However the recent increase in istic flower and stem and masses of two types population from 229 inhabitants in the 2011 of Midland Purple Ware. They were also census to over 700, with a likely final figure visited by Rachel Atherton and Chris Cum- of 2400, tells its own tale of new housing berpatch who were very helpful. Much of the rapidly encroaching on this historic land- decoration on Cistercian Ware has religious scape. symbolism as its basis. We learnt to read the The location of the church in a field symbols at a study day in Lincoln Cathedral. separate from the village is perplexing until Sue took up the thread leading us on a seen in context, as our church guide Profes- tour of the biggest dig, linking and dating the sor Bryan Jones, reader and churchwarden finds like a fascinating jigsaw puzzle, search- of All Saints’ explained, for it is in fact sur- ing through each trench; the highs and lows rounded on all sides by one of the five areas of excavating, finding in one trench, musket of earthworks, hollow ways, building plat- balls and ridge tiles. However the most signif- forms and open field systems that make up icant finds were of a large number of frag- the remains of the mediaeval settlement of ments of Martincamp flasks, all of which Mackworth. Partly deserted in a period of were wasters. This confirmed earlier thinking population decline, probably in the 14th that this site was a production site for these century, this left the church separated from flasks, previously thought to have been im- the plots and residences on the better ported. Here however was a site that was ground. probably responsible for the distribution of The church’s designation as All Saints’ flasks found in the midlands noted by the late Mackworth with Markeaton reflects the Alan Vince. These flasks were used for long interlinked history of these two villag- drawing wine from barrel to glass. es, both mentioned in Domesday when the This is the only known Martin- church was at Markeaton; but by 1200 camp flask production site, ei- Mackworth had its own Rector, Matthew de ther here or in France. The Tuschet, and so presumably its own church. closing remark was, Where this was is unknown, although there ‘don’t forget you could have been an earlier building on the heard it here first, present site, but the earliest visible architec- Ticknall has the Martincamp tural evidence suggests the construction of only known Flask the Decorated style nave and chancel in the production site 14th century and the addition of the Perpen- of Martincamp dicular style north and south aisles, tower flasks!’ (apparently defensible but for unexplained reasons) and two-storey porch in the period Janette Jackson. 1430-1470. Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 19

Two families feature prominently in the the school (attended by our guides but re- history of the church, as lords of the manor, cently converted into a private residence), the Touchets, well represented on the Rec- the thatched cottage and curiously named tors board from 1200 to 1409 and the Mun- Gold Lane (a hollow way), then back dy family who purchased the title and assets through the listed gateway and over the of the manor of Mackworth, Markeaton and haha like walls around the churchyard for Allestree after James Touchet, the 7th Baron refreshments in the church provided by Audley, was executed in 1497 for his part in Julie Jones. the Cornish Rebellion and who eventually We wish our hosts well with their plans also acquired the living of the parish. to form a local studies and history group to All Saints’ Grade I listing has much to do make the hidden heritage of All Saints’, with its collection of local alabaster monu- Mackworth more widely known. ments and memorials covering a period of Rosemary Annable some 500 years, from the tombs of Thomas Touchet (died 1409) and Edward Mundy Melbourne Church and Hall (died 1607) to the lavish late Victorian sanc- 5 August 2017 tuary memorial scheme presented by the Mundy family following the 1851 restora- The popularity of the visit to Melbourne, tions by H I Stevens. Beginning with the which combined a tour of the church and pulpit in 1876 these elaborate and colourful the opportunity to visit Melbourne Hall family memorials - the reredos, newly re- (open only in August), saw two groups of stored when our group visited, communion members enjoying the ‘most beautiful town rail, candlesticks, vestry door surrounds, wall of South Derbyshire’ on an August after- memorials, and the fantastic, translucent noon that began with light drizzle, evolved ‘True Vine’ lectern (1903) made from the into a spectacular and torrential downpour largest block of white alabaster to come out (marooning us all inside) and ended in of the Chellaston quarries, brought an Italian bright sunshine. influence to Derbyshire, while showcasing Philip Heath’s scholarly tour of the local materials and craftsmen, notably the Church of St Michael and St Mary explored sculptor R C Lomas. not only the architecture of this impressive Leaving the church ‘More Mundy than and well-preserved Norman church but also Sunday’, the Mundy family’s final (and pre- its historical context. Melbourne’s parish sumably unanticipated) legacy to the parish church, until it was dismantled at the Refor- was to give Markeaton Hall to the town of mation and its dedication added to that of Derby, thus transferring the obligation to the present church, was St Michael’s close maintain the chancel to the City Council, nearby. So why did a small community like which continues to pay the majority of the Melbourne have two churches? And why costs of repair, an inestimable benefit to a does this mini-cathedral, originally dedicated small village congregation. to St Mary, and probably completed over a After visiting the church, the group long period from the early 12th to the early walked the length of the village with Betty 13th century, have so many unusual architec- Bond and Annie Clark-Maxwell to see some tural features? of its many listed buildings including The church’s royal and episcopal con- ‘Mackworth Castle’, the romantic and partly nections may help to provide some of the th ruined c.15 century stone gatehouse of answers, as well as giving rise to many of the what was presumably a timber, fortified myths about its history. The documentary manor house (at the furthest extent of the evidence is poor but the manor was certain- scheduled remains of the medieval village), ly a royal demesne and was then gifted to 20 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) the Bishopric of Carlisle in about 1133. The gardens of Melbourne Hall but the compo- western gallery may have been a royal pew sition of the terraces, pools, alleys, lawns, and the Bishop of Carlisle’s church, as Rec- sculptures and wilderness areas that make tor of Melbourne, could have been more a up this French-style garden can be appreci- collegiate chapel than a parish church. Philip ated even on somewhat restricted viewing. had however another hypothesis (which he is Designed by Thomas Coke, the fourth gen- still researching) for some of the church’s eration of his family to live at the Hall and more unusual features: that the distinctive begun in 1704 when he finally acquired the two-storey chancel, western gallery and con- freehold of the land from the Bishop of necting passageways and doors along the Carlisle, the garden is considered to be one north and south clerestoreys, together with of the finest surviving examples in England evidence for a timber gallery on the outside of the French formal garden style of Andre at the west end, might be associated with the Le Notre. Robert Bakewell’s wrought-iron display of relics, providing a setting for pro- masterpiece, the arbour known as ‘The cessions around the inside of the church Birdcage’, (1707-1711), based on a French associated with their display and veneration. wooden trellis-work design, is its focal point Few changes were made to the church in when viewed from the Hall, a decorative the Mediaeval period and by 1630 it was in a addition to an open stone and brick sum- state of great decay and disrepair, to be saved merhouse set in the perimeter wall of the by the new lord of the manor, Sir John Coke garden and flanked by marvellously sculp- and his son who did much repair work. tured yew hedges. George Sorocold, the Walls were raised and the aisles reroofed in hydraulic engineer, made the water features the 1630s and there is a dendro-chronology of the garden a reality, creating the neces- date of 1668 for repairs to the east end, sary head of water by raising the level of the where the walls of the original apsidal end nearby mill pool and in the process flooding (matching the apsidal north and south chan- part of the vicarage garden. The parson, he tries) can be seen within the now square wrote to Thomas Coke in 1706, ‘ seemed a chancel. little uneased about the lower end of his The strong non-Conformist traditions of Orchard being under water’ but a couple of the parish saved the church from too much ‘potts’ and the promise to quickly fill up the restoration by Sir George Gilbert Scott in area soon appeased him. the period 1859-1862 as only £2000 could be The site of Melbourne Hall was, like its raised for the work. The main loss was the immediate neighbour the church, once part wall paintings, of which only a few fragments of the royal endowment of the See of Car- survive, although some notes on them had lisle. Whether any of its bishops themselves been made by the church’s first historian, lived here is a matter of debate, but it seems John Joseph Briggs. The main gain was certain that the present house sits on the opening up the west end underneath the footprint of an earlier medieval house that, gallery that had previously been walled off. by the 16th century, was being leased out by The Victorian work, while faithful in detail the bishop to tenants. When Sir John Coke to the original, can be clearly identified by obtained the lease of the Melbourne estate the 19th century masons’ careful setting out in 1629 the house was in poor repair and and centring of the chevrons around the work began to make this a family home, as arches (‘railway engineers’ Norman’ as de- it continues to be under the present owner, scribed by our guide) unlike the more relaxed Lord Ralph Kerr, Sir John’s (twelfth genera- asymmetry of their predecessors. tion) direct descendant, in a line inherited The heavy rain dampened many mem- on three occasions through female members bers’ enthusiasm for wandering too far in the of the family. Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 21 The house retains elements of the first Sir math led to the village of Pentrich, once the John’s conservative redesign of the hall in largest community in the area becoming a 1629-1631, notably in the serving room, smaller settlement. Our speaker this even- dining room and study and the rooms over ing, Roger Tanner, became a member of the with later additions on the west side by committee formed to commemorate the Thomas Coke in 1726-1727 and on the east, revolution and to research the people who with its ‘Georgianised’ south façade, by his took part. He began by giving an account of son George in 1742-45. Thomas Coke had the events which led up to the revolution. intended to build a completely new house The end of The Napoleonic Wars in and as a true garden enthusiast had made his 1815 led to an economic slump and wide- garden first, but confronted with the con- spread unemployment. Many families on the straints of the site had to content himself Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire border were with additions and alterations only, leaving home-based framework knitters making the hall sitting curiously at odds with the stockings; the economic slump and also the main orientation of its splendid garden. beginning of steam powered machines Despite its various additions, the scale of greatly reduced their earnings. Roger the house is essentially domestic rather than showed a map of Luddite activity in Derby- imposingly showy and the long lineage of its shire and surrounding counties where the owners sits closely around in an impressive new machinery had been smashed. As more series of family portraits, including pictures people claimed parish relief the rates in- of her children by Lady Kerr, herself a tal- creased and many small employers went ented artist. A collection of Venetian glass bankrupt. Also in 1815 the Tambora Volca- beautifully displayed and regularly added to no in Indonesia erupted and changes in the after visits to Italy, is evidence of other artis- weather were felt globally. In Derbyshire tic interests. The Hall and its garden are one snow fell in June 1816 and very bad autumn part of the story. Their intangible heritage is weather meant that the crops went unhar- about place and association: a long history of vested resulting in a rise in the price of food continuous occupation; the relationship of and the threat of starvation for many. the hall, its owners and occupants with the Against this background movements for neighbouring church and its community; the political reform like The Hampden Society talented craftsmen and artisans who made it (named after Sir John Hampden, a Parlia- all; and an impressive array of family mem- mentarian in The Civil War) held peaceful bers who have played major roles in politics debates in many Midland towns and villages. and the arts over generations. Representation in Parliament was unfair. Our thanks to Philip Heath and to all Less than 3% of the population had the concerned for accommodating so many vote. Growing industrial cities in the north members on this visit. had no MPs whereas the almost uninhabited Rosemary Annable borough of Old Sarum in Wiltshire returned two MPs to Parliament. The government feared political unrest LOCAL HISTORY leading to a revolution; the French Revolu- SECTION tion was a recent memory! The Home Sec- retary, Lord Sidmouth, suspended Habeas Friday 20th October Corpus and banned meetings of fifty or more people. Radicalism was pushed under- The Pentrich Revolution ground. He also employed a network of In June this year it was two hundred years government spies throughout the country to since the Pentrich Revolution took place, an gather information about revolutionary ac- event largely forgotten today but the after- 22 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) tivities. Thomas Bacon, a framework knitter whole families were turned out of the vil- in Pentrich attended meetings throughout lage. The White Horse Inn was also demol- the Midlands and gathered information that ished. The village became smaller and less a march was planned from the North and important in the following years. the Midlands to London to overthrow the At the execution outside Derby Gaol, government. But one of the government Cavalrymen and Infantry surrounded the spies, William J. Oliver, was reporting any scaffold to ensure no interference from a plans for revolution back to the government. sympathetic crowd. The Prince Regent had Oliver addressed meetings claiming to be a intervened to say there was to be no quar- representative of a London committee plan- tering. After the execution and beheading ning a national uprising and that all men the three men were buried in an unmarked must come together on an appointed day. grave in St Werburgh’s Churchyard. The Thomas Bacon must have begun to mistrust government decided William J. Oliver’s life Oliver because he played no further part in to be in danger and gave him work in South the Pentrich Revolution. Africa as an inspector of buildings. The The Pentrich revolutionaries were then harsh sentences in Derby silenced any other led by Jeremiah Brandreth, a framework revolutions and it was some time before any knitter from Nottingham. Oliver announced Parliamentary Reform was achieved. that the march should set off for Notting- Roger Tanner gave us a very detailed ham on 9th June and Brandreth spoke to a account of the events of June 1817 e.g. we crowd at the White Horse Inn in Pentrich heard about the curate at the church in Pen- telling them to be ready to march the next trich who had hidden escaping rebels in the day and pick up more recruits as they went. church and supported families of prisoners On a night of heavy rain the march eventual- but later he left for America probably for ly numbering three hundred and armed with his own safety. The men transported to little more than hay forks and pikes ap- Australia eventually received pardons but it proached Nottingham. At Eastwood they is not known that any returned home. Some were met by twenty Dragoons from Notting- of their descendants came to the Pentrich ham, many fled but forty eight were cap- Bicentenary events this year. tured. The trial in Nottingham of those cap- Joan Davies tured collapsed because the local paper ex- posed the part that Oliver, the spy had played in inciting the revolution. INDUSTRIAL The trial was postponed to October and ARCHAEOLOGY took place in Derby. The jury was of hand- picked wealthy farmers and the prosecution SECTION made no mention of Oliver, the spy. Jeremi- ah Brandreth, William Turner a stonemason Visit to Crich from South Wingfield and Isaac Ludlam a quarryman were said to be the ringleaders 18 DAS members went to the Crich and sentenced to be hung, beheaded and Tramway Village on a very wet morning to quartered. Fourteen men including Thomas be shown round the Tramway workshop to Bacon were transported to Australia. Anoth- view work on the restoration of the London er six were imprisoned. The rest were freed Transport no. 1 Tram. Laura Water, the but many were evicted from their homes by curator, had visited DAS in January to tell their landlord, the Duke of Devonshire. The us about the restoration of this 1932 vehicle Duke’s agents pulled down houses where and we had taken up her invitation to see it those taking part in the march had lived and in the flesh! Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 23 We were led by a senior member of the newly discovered Lead Smelting site on the workshop staff who emphasised to us that edge of the site overlooking the Derwent the work was being carried out very method- Valley. Although the structure was ruinous ically with photos taken and drawings made it was well described on the interpretation at each stage. The work had progressed to boards and involved a very nice walk the point where it was recognisable as a tram through the orchid filled woods, the rain with sides and a roof but was surrounded by having stopped ! components being painstakingly cleaned and A very interesting visit, seeing projects refurbished for use. being very professionally and enthusiastical- The lack of original drawings required ly carried out. whole systems, such as the braking system, Peter Robinson to be laid out on a very large sheet of ply- wood alongside the tram to see how it – Engineered in worked and to make any repairs and updates EMIAC 93 to modern passenger carrying standards. Northampton Original panels had been carefully sanded 14 October 2017 through the layers of paint to determine their various liveries and markings. The aim was The autumn East Midlands Industrial to be able to restore the tram to the appear- Archaeology Conference was hosted by the ance it had when it carried passengers be- Northamptonshire Industrial Archaeology tween July 1932 and July 1933. The attention Group, and held at the newly built National to detail was very impressive down to sam- Training Academy for Rail in Northampton. ples of the original tacks and screws being There were three speakers on 19th, 20th and preserved, the new ones being fitted to the 21st century engineering businesses in the same patterns. town. The most impressive items were the The first speaker was Peter Perkins, on trucks (wheels and motors) being rebuilt the subject of Edward Barwell, who estab- alongside the tram. After a long life the com- lished the Eagle Foundry in the 1820s, un- ponents were very worn, some of the final dertaking a variety of work including bridg- drive gear teeth being worn to knife edges, es, glasshouses, fountains, railings, heating requiring complete replacement. With rebuilt systems and ovens. The talk was illustrated motors and new gearing they looked well with surviving examples of his work, includ- worth the large costs involved and it was ing a railway station fireplace that has been pleasing to see that we can still handle the preserved in the collection of the Midland engineering required and that apprentices Railway Study Centre at Derby Silk Mill. were being trained for the future. The tram The next speaker was David Thompson still required a great deal of work, replacing who described the history of the Express the seats and upholstery in the correct mate- Lift Company, which was a merger of earlier rials alone, will be a huge task but the skills businesses in 1917 and grew to become a being demonstrated along with the careful world leader employing 1200 staff in North- recording will result next year in a successful ampton. Much of the talk was from person- project. al experience as he started with the compa- After suitable refreshment in the restored ny as an engineering apprentice and rose to Red Lion or the cafe most members took become a senior manager by the time it was advantage of the guided tours around the taken over by the American rival Otis and exhibition halls on offer by the Tram- closed down in 1996. In 1982 the company way Village and had rides on the three trams constructed a 127 metre high concrete tow- running. The writer enjoyed a walk to the er containing 6 lift shafts of various dimen- 24 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) sions for development and testing purposes. The pictures lower left were taken in the This survived the demolition of the rest of workshop at the National Training Acade- the factory in Northampton and is now a my for Rail in Northampton and show a listed building. After a period of disuse it is complete cab and a train toilet with all its now operational again as the National Lift associated pipework. Tower, providing ‘vertical spaces’ for re- Ian Mitchell search and training – everything from lift maintenance to charity abseils. The Unknown Warrior The final speaker was Simon Rennie, the Lecture 17 Nov. 2017 manager of the facility in which the confer- ence was taking place. He described the chal- lenges the rail industry faces in attracting and Fifty years ago the last of the main line training staff and how they are being ad- steam locomotives in Great Britain were dressed, with a combination of modern IT taken out of service and scrapped. Efforts based educational tools, and traditional hand were made to preserve some but gaps were -on workshop activity. left in the range of types left. In 2008 a group of enthusiasts decided to recreate a missing loco from a class designed and built in Derby in 1932 under the LMS Chief Engineer Sir Henry Fowler. The class of engine was called the Patriots and the first engine called Patriot was selected as the loco commemorating the dead in the First World War. Our lecturer, John Hastings _ Thom- son is a director of the group set up to build the locomotive He described the ef- fort required to obtain the working draw- After lunch there were tour of the class- ings, negotiate the present day Safety Regu- rooms and workshops and also the adjacent lations to operate the locomotive and per- train maintenance depot, where Siemens haps most important raise the money too maintain the electric trains used on local from the public to enable the project to services between London, Northampton and proceed. Some of the manufacturing meth- Birmingham. It was an interesting day, the ods, such as casting of large components only disappointment being the poor attend- such as cylinders, can take advantage of ance – your reporter was the only representa- modern techniques making the job quicker tive from Derbyshire. and easier but most of the components are traditional heavy engineering in nature and the skills and techniques required are now difficult to find. The largest most expensive and probably most important component is the boiler which is being manufactured ac- cording to the original design. A major problem rose in 2017 when the contractor for this item withdrew and a new compa- ny formed by two apprentice trained boiler- makers was set up to complete the work. Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 25 A second major upset in 2017 happened Fritchley Tunnel when the Royal British Legion withdrew its Commemorative Stamp Cover sponsorship, which did not include any money support but gave the project publicity A few years ago, the DAS led a commu- for what will be a National Memorial En- nity archaeology project on the subject of gine when it is completed in 2020 being a the Butterley Gangroad, the early horse permanent memorial to those who fought drawn railway constructed in 1793 between and died in the First World War. The engine Crich limestone quarries and the Cromford will also be a tribute to all those who have Canal. A key result from the project was to relearned techniques and skills necessary establish that the tunnel on the route at to complete this piece of Industrial Archae- Fritchley survives and dates from the origi- ology. nal opening of the line, which makes it the

Peter Robinson oldest railway tunnel in the world. The 225th anniversary of this is now being commemo- rated by a limited edition stamp cover, EMIAC 94 which features a photograph of the tunnel interior, the DAS logo and a special Fritch- Electricity from Coal ley postmark featuring a drawing of William Brunton’s ‘walking locomotive’ that was In spring 2018, it is the turn of DAS to tested on the line in 1813. host the East Midlands Industrial Archaeolo- The cover is produced by Buckingham gy Conference, and this will be on 19 May in Covers and costs £10.95 plus £2.45 postage. Long Eaton. The theme has been chosen to DAS will receive a donation for every cover commemorate the last years of what Sir Neil sold. Cossons described as “great temples to the Order from: Warren House, Shearway carbon age” – the giant coal burning power Road, FOLKESTONE, Kent CT19 4BF stations of the Trent Valley. A booking form On online at: https:// is available on the web site and at the back of www.buckinghamcovers.com/products/ this newsletter. view/14376-225th-anniversary-of-the- worlds-oldest-railway-tun.php Ian Mitchell Ian Mitchell 26 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) DERBYSHIRE 1646. His father, Stephen, was a very suc- MISCELLANY, cessful maltster and brewer in Derby who later managed and invested in lead-mines. Vol 21, Pt 4, Autumn ‘17 He built a new family house on Queen Street, Derby which later belonged to John 'Of known integrity, honesty and for- Whitehurst and Smith's Clocks. His mother, tune': the social background and education Mary was the daughter of John Spateman of the astronomer of Derby, another maltster and ironmonger. John Flamsteed by Frances Willmoth In his first piece of autobiographical writing, composed in 1667 (while he still John Flamsteed (1646-1719) was the first lived in Derby), Flamsteed wrote: From director of the Royal Observatory at Green- these two [his parents] I derived my begin- wich, later accorded the formal title of As- ning, whose parents were of known integri- tronomers Royal. In March 1675, aged 28, he ty, honesty an fortune as they of equal ex- received a warrant of appointment from traction and ingenuity; betwixt whom I was King Charles II making him 'Our Astronom- tenderly educated. icall Observator' with orders to 'forthwith Over the previous century the Flam- apply himselfe with the most exact care and steeds had risen from yeoman to lower gen- diligence to the rectifieing the Tables of the try who lived at Little Hallam Hall just out- motions of the Heavens, and the places of side Ilkeston. By this time they had become the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much wealthy enough to increase their landhold- desired Longitude of places for the perfecte- ings and had been fortunate enough to dis- ing the art of Navigation'. A warrant for cover coal under one of their closes Ste- constructing 'a small observatorie within our phen Flamsteed's brother John inherited the Parke at Greenwich', under the auspices of Little Hallam estate and his brother William the Board of Ordnance, was signed in June became Town Clerk of Nottingham. 1676 and Flamsteed had begun to make sys- Mary Spateman's father, John, was a tematic observations there by September. leading citizen of Derby who lived on The institution has had a long and distin- Brookside. He was a burgess for many years guished history as the country's national and Mayor of Derby when he died in 1671. observatory; Flamsteed remained its director His eldest surviving son Samuel (1624-1700) for 44 years until his death in 1719, aged 73. was Mayor three times, in 1667, 1676 and Flamsteed's early life was spent in Derby 1689. and in her very detailed article Frances Will- Stephen and Mary also had .two daugh- moth looks at his background, including the ters but sadly Mary died in childbirth. Three families of Flamsteed's parents (the Flam- years later Stephen Flamsteed married Eliza- steeds and the Spatemans) and other Flam- beth, daughter of Nathaniel Bate(s) of the steed relatives - Edward Potterell of Derby, Stone Prebend, Little Chester, a gentleman Thomas Wilson of Codnor who was an am- who had two wives and 20 children. Eliza- ateur astronomer and the Willoughby family beth too had a daughter in 1654 but again of Cossall, Nottinghamshire. Besides being died in childbirth, educated at Derby Free Grammar School By the mid-17th century Derby was well and Jesus College, Cambridge, Flamsteed established as a place where mathematical also came into contact with a number of and technical skills were greatly valued. It is people who influenced his budding interest not surprising; therefore, that such a milieu in astronomy: Elias Grice, George Linacre, produced John Flamsteed as an enthusiastic William Litchford (all of Derby) and Imanu- and technically-minded astronomer. Flam- el Halton of Wingfield Manor. steed enjoyed access to books and personal John Flamsteed was born on 19 August Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 27 guidance in mathematical and astrological Society events and his cheerfulness and astronomy from his teenage years and his good humour brought him many friends. family's status and prosperity were sufficient Joan D’Arcy to enable him to join a networking commu- nity of people from a variety of social back- grounds. Pilling Report Frances Willmoth is a retired Fellow and Archivist at Jesus College, Cambridge and an An award of £1000 was made to the authority on John Flamsteed, having written Castleton Historical Society for an analysis several books and papers about him as well of the pottery found during two extensive as being a co-editor of The Correspondence excavations around the Hospital of St Mary of John Flamsteed, the First Astronomer in the Peak and of the “New Hall” from Royal which was published in 3 volumes 2010 to 2017. A report will shortly appear in between 1995-2001. She has deposited three the DAJ. An application for £1000 has been copies of Miscellany in Cambridge Universi- made for the completion of the analysis and ty Libraries: the Royal Greenwich Observa- collation of the final tranche of artefacts tory collection at Cambridge University Li- from the Repton excavations that took brary, Jesus College library and the Whipple place in the 1980s and their deposit in Der- Library in the Dept of History and Philoso- by Museum. phy of Science For the time being, articles for inclusion Pilling Award in Derbyshire Miscellany should be sent to Applications are invited from members Mrs Jane Steer, 478 Duffield Road, Allestree, of the Society who are involved in research Derby, DE22 2DJ. projects relating to the history, archaeology, If you don't subscribe to Miscellany, cop- architecture or industrial archaeology of ies of both this issue and back issues are Derbyshire. available from Mrs Susan Peberdy, 147 Grants of up to £1000 can be awarded. Havenbaulk Lane, Littleover, Derby, DE23 Full details of the conditions and applica- 4AF (£4.25 incl. p&p). Alternatively an an- tion forms can be obtained from Barbara nual subscription to Derbyshire Miscellany, Foster (details on cover). which is published twice a year, is £6. Barbara Foster Jane Steer

Errata Obituary Steve Baker asks me correct an error made in the last Newsletter. “Although we Geoffrey Marler 1940-2017 have appointed Sarah Whiteley (who you may remember was the Peak Park’s archae- The Society was very sad to learn of ologist for many years) to the new part-time Geoffrey Marler’s passing on 20th August Development Control post, I am continuing 2017, at the age of 77. Together with his to provide half of the development control wife Ann he had been a stalwart of the Soci- input. Your readers may therefore be reas- ety for over 25 years. He chaired the Archae- sured that we are continuing to offer a full- ological Research Group on three occasions time service to our local authority partners but will be best remembered for the im- across the county, providing advice and portant part he played in organising the an- support on archaeological matters at all nual four day visits. He entered fully into all stages of the planning process”. Sorry for the misunderstanding. 28 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) SMALL ADS Book review

DERBY: THROUGH ITS STREETS, Who are The English Maxwell Craven, Fort Publishing 2017, Companions? 384pp, b&w illustrations, ISBN:978- 19055769-54-4. Founded in 1966, Ða Engliscan Gesiðas From Abbey Street to Yoxall Drive, this (pronounced “tha ehng-lish-an yuh-seeth- book is a veritable dictionary of Derby as”, Old English for The English Compan- streets and their origins. Introduced by a ions) aims to bring together all those with useful overview of Derby’s history it goes on an interest in the history, language and cul- to describe the streets, both ancient and ture of Early England AD 450–1100. All modern and where appropriate, their build- aspects of the foundations and growth of ings. The loss of so many buildings to assort- English culture are covered, including lan- ed clearances for new roads, widened old guage and literature, archaeology, anthro- roads and general improvements over the pology, architecture, art, religion, mytholo- centuries is lamented and with the 1967 St. gy, folklore and material culture. Alkmund’s Way having a special place in the Though we try to stimulate interest and Hall of Infamy. debate on relevant subjects through the Confined by the Outer Ring Road part of pages of our magazine and our website, which was, surprisingly, built in the early 30s, The English Companions does not follow the book covers everything from ancient any particular interpretation of history, and ordeal pits on Mill Hill to modern excres- maintains a strictly neutral line on modern cences. A surprise to me was the influence of political and religious matters. Find out the 1792 Improvement Act, not to mention more about the society by visiting www.tha the role of the local gentry selling off their -engliscan-gesithas.org.uk Nottingham- local estates for house building in the 19th shire/Derbyshire regional group meets century and the days when Building Societies monthly in the Long Eaton area. were just that – they built. And so Derby grew with everything from stately villas, Looking for friends of Graham Georgian terraces and rows of smaller ter- Frost raced houses to silk mills and tape mills and foundries and factories. The city is still being built or renewed notwithstanding the “cod A few months ago the family of the late Graham Frost passed his archaeological vernaculars” and “solecisms of the planning effects to the Society, part of which are c.80 system.” This is a very interesting book perhaps small bags of Romano-British pottery best consulted with Google Earth on screen sherds. This appears to be an assemblage collected during field walking. Each bag is – or perhaps the 1852 Derby Map on sale via labelled Horsborough with SK reference our website! Barbara Foster and a date between the years 1995 and 1998. We would like to confirm that this is the case. We would also like to talk to Peter Membership Smith, who took many photos with Gra- ham, and anyone who accompanied him No new members since last newsletter during his archaeological activities. Please but following deaths: contact Joan D'Arcy if you can help: jdar- Stella McGuire S.R. Jones [email protected] Dr G.E. Roe D. Ibbitson Joan D’Arcy Mrs M.J. Bush Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 29 30 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018)

Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018) 31 DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY SECTION OFFICERS 2017/2018

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP Chairman Chris Wardle (and Council Rep.) Vice-Chairman Ann Jones Secretary and CBA Representative.. Janette Jackson. Programme Secretary Anne Haywood Treasurer John D'Arcy Fieldwork Officer David Budge

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY Chairman John D’Arcy (and Council Rep.) Secretary Alison Haslam Treasurer Malcolm Busfield Programme Secretary Jane Steer

LOCAL HISTORY SECTION Chairman Vice Chairman Dr. Joan D’Arcy (and Council Rep) Secretary Mrs. J. Davies Treasurer Mrs. S. Peberdy

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY SECTION Chairman: Mr Ian Mitchell Vice-chairman: Mrs Anne Allcock Secretary: Mr David Mellors Treasurer: Dr Alastair Gilchrist Programme Secretary: Mr Peter Robinson (and Council Rep.) Auditor: Mr Keith Reedman

32 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 85 (Jan 2018)