Is There Still Untouchability in India

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Is There Still Untouchability in India Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics Collective Violence and the Making of Civil Society: India in European Perspective by Subrata K. Mitra Working Paper No. 19 October 2003 South Asia Institute Department of Political Science University of Heidelberg Collective Violence and the Making of Civil Society India in European Perspective SUBRATA KUMAR MITRA South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg1 Are riots, risings and revolutions acts of collective madness, or are they political events, offering a rare glimpse into the inner workings of a system, laying bare the legitimacy deficit that moves rational men and women to kill and die? Fun, profit, peer pressure, or moral outrage - which of these is the main motive of rioters? Is collective violence a form of violent participation, which, in the final analysis, acts as the midwife of civil society? The full investigation of these general and comparative questions is beyond the scope of my paper. Still, they provide the main inspiration for the empirical analysis undertaken here. The paper develops a model of conflict resolution based on countervailing powers, the symbolic recognition of memories of violence, and new institutional arrangements. This framework is used for the analysis of three identity-related issues from post- independence Indian politics. Two of these have been successfully resolved where as attempts to resolve the third have been less successful. Drawing on the contributions of Natalie Davis (1973), Ian Gilmour (1992) Pierre Nora (1989) and Simon Schama (1989) to collective violence and the foundation of civil societies in the west, the paper characterises the outbreak of pogroms, riots, and other forms of collective violence as political phenomena that indicate deeply seated conflicts 1 This paper was presented at the International Seminar on Political and Social Transition in India and Europe, at Leipzig University, 29-30 September, 2003. The material presented in this paper form part of my project on 'Governance in India', funded by the DFG (German Research Council). Access to the opinion data generated by the National Election Study, (CSDS, Delhi, 1996) is gratefully acknowledged. I would like to thank Alexander Fischer, Kenneth McPherson, Malte Pehl and Lavanya Regunathan-Fischer for their comments on an earlier draft. Subrata Mitra is Professor and Head, Department of Political Science, South Asia Institute, Heidelberg (eMail: [email protected]), and a Visiting Fellow, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi. HEIDELBERG PAPERS IN SOUTH ASIAN AND COMPARATIVE POLITICS http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/SAPOL/HPSACP.htm Working Paper No. 19, October 2003 SUBRATA K. MITRA 2 over the core values of a society. How these conflicts are solved has important implications for the establishment of an institutional framework that promotes a society based on interpersonal trust, respect of individuals and groups, orderly rule and the rights of expression and association. Scholarly interest in the role of violence in accelerating social change has gone out of fashion since the general diffusion of utopian ideas like democracy, social capital and world governance in western liberal democracies. The insistence of donors in the North and their clients in the South on these canons2 as the only modes of correct political behaviour has consequence for transitional societies of the South that are far from benign.3 Newcomers to the high table of states and nations, these candidate-members must earn this privilege by subjecting their political conduct to the rules laid down by the members of the club who conveniently overlook the tortuous path they themselves have had to take to reach their current institutional forms. By the same logic, scholarly inquiries into riots, pogroms, insurgencies and other forms of political unrest in non-western societies must conform to a prescribed code of conduct by first condemning their subject before engaging in an analysis of the social process that has led to its outbreak. The liberal bias, often accompanied by the failure to situate the collective violence in its context, results in the blatant characterisation of these political acts as bizarre, perverse or simply as the proof of the cultural incapacity of the societies where they occur to sustain civilised norms in public life. Such a failure of imagination and empathy would, in an academic debate, be risible if its costs in terms of avoidable suffering were not so immense. It is not my intention in this paper to engage in cultural one-upmanship, nor to exonerate human suffering in terms of cultural idiosyncrasy. Instead, the paper focuses on the origin and demise of collective violence, meted out by one group against another for the sheer reason of their difference. I maintain in this paper that the best chance for the creation of a civil society out of the wreckage of collective violence consists in grounding one's analysis of its origin firmly in the social and historical context, and keeping the scholarly inquiry as close to the actors as possible. Though India is the main empirical context for this paper, the analysis of Indian data undertaken here draws on European examples of collective violence partly to establish parameters for historical comparison, but also to generate analytical space for institutional arrangements that have led to the creation of civil societies in the West where much blood has been shed on account of religious differences. 2 It must be added here that in the light of the America-Europe rift on Iraq, the western establishment - donor agencies, media, governments and public opinion - does not speak in one voice any more. The plurality of the 'North', howsoever weak on issues truly vital to its core interests, still holds an important room to manoeuvre for strategists of the 'South'. 3 This, faute de mieux, is possibly the most widely accepted expression for poor, non- Western, non-industrial countries, which, at the heyday of post war modernisation euphoria used to be referred to with optimistic euphemism as changing societies or developing countries. SUBRATA K. MITRA 3 THE INDIAN CONTEXT The intriguing nature of the Indian example arises from the fact that while her politics provide plenty of examples of collective violence, the structure and process of her political system demonstrates an endogenous institutional capacity to cope with it. When compared to the majority of changing societies, India comes across as a case of successful transition from colonial rule and a stagnant economy, to a robust democracy, orderly rule and at least for the last decade, vigorous economic growth. This record has come under a shadow in recent times on account of sharp outbreaks of violent religious riots and their bitter aftermath. The decade that spans the destruction of the Babri Mosque of Ayodhya in 1992 by Hindu militants, and the Godhra massacre of Hindu pilgrims in 2002 attributed to a Muslim mob4 has brought into sharp focus the "mounting anxiety about the future of India".5 The inclusive character of the political system has appeared to be on the wane as public authorities are accused of being complicit in religious pogroms.6 Communal mobilisation, deftly blending historical memories and panoply of material grievances, is seen by many analysts as ascendant7. Policemen with long experience of violent mobs see the surge in communal antagonism the great scourge of the modern state and governance in India. (Rajgopal, 1987) The 'evil of communalism' is constantly present in the media.8 India, it is asserted in a series of ethnographic reports on the violent world of cultural nationalism, is fragmenting on communal lines.9 4 Uday Mahurka "Terror's Mask", India Today, February 24, 2003, p. 40. Televised images of the destruction of the Babri mosque and the post-Godhra communal riots have accelerated the incorporation of religious fury into everyday politics in India and reporting about it abroad. 5 Varshney, (1993), p. 227. 6 "How has the Gujarat massacre affected minority women: The survivors speak", in http://www.imannet.com/articles/survivorspeak.html. Indian Muslim Alert Network - a division of Indian Muslim Council (IMC-USA) www.ImanNet.com. See on April 16, 2002 7 The concept 'communal' is used in a specifically Indian sense which differs from its lexical meaning of "someone who is altruistic and civic-minded". The media and agents of the state use it to identify people whose "exclusive attachment to his or her community is combined with an active hostility against other communities which share its geographical and political space." (Kakar 1995, p. 17) The antonym of communalists in Indian usage are 'secularists', who do not see any legitimate room for religious symbols in the public sphere or religious influences on social, economic and political rules. According to Kakar, the intractable character of communal riots derives from the fact that they become "imbued with religious ultimacy". Kakar (1995, p. 51) Wilkinson, (2000), presents ethnic mobilisation as the main cause of violence in India on the basis of content analysis of newspaper reporting. 8Described as danga in the vernacular languages of India north of the Vindhyas, sampradayikata in the chaster Hindi, communalism in the English language press and police reports, conflict between communities is a constant presence in public as well as private conversations. 9 For ethnographic forays into the violent world of cultural nationalism see Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1997), Thomas Blom Hansen, Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay (Princeton: Princeton University SUBRATA K. MITRA 4 In contrast to the chorus of negative prognosis of India's capacity to sustain democracy and governance, this paper argues that India's institutional arrangement remains basically stable and coherent, particularly with regard to sectarian violence based on language, religion, region, caste or class.
Recommended publications
  • Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010) Elaisha Nandrajog Claremont Mckenna College
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2010 Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010) Elaisha Nandrajog Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Nandrajog, Elaisha, "Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010)" (2010). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 219. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/219 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE HINDUTVA AND ANTI-MUSLIM COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA UNDER THE BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY (1990-2010) SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR RODERIC CAMP AND PROFESSOR GASTÓN ESPINOSA AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY ELAISHA NANDRAJOG FOR SENIOR THESIS (Spring 2010) APRIL 26, 2010 2 CONTENTS Preface 02 List of Abbreviations 03 Timeline 04 Introduction 07 Chapter 1 13 Origins of Hindutva Chapter 2 41 Setting the Stage: Precursors to the Bharatiya Janata Party Chapter 3 60 Bharat : The India of the Bharatiya Janata Party Chapter 4 97 Mosque or Temple? The Babri Masjid-Ramjanmabhoomi Dispute Chapter 5 122 Modi and his Muslims: The Gujarat Carnage Chapter 6 151 Legalizing Communalism: Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (2002) Conclusion 166 Appendix 180 Glossary 185 Bibliography 188 3 PREFACE This thesis assesses the manner in which India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has emerged as the political face of Hindutva, or Hindu ethno-cultural nationalism. The insights of scholars like Christophe Jaffrelot, Ashish Nandy, Thomas Blom Hansen, Ram Puniyani, Badri Narayan, and Chetan Bhatt have been instrumental in furthering my understanding of the manifold elements of Hindutva ideology.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Index
    Economic and Political Weekly INDEX Vol XLV Nos 1-52 January-December 2010 Ed = Editorials MMR = Money Market Review F = Feature RA= Review Article CL = Civil Liberties SA = Special Article C = Commentary D = Discussion P = Perspectives SS = Special Statistics BR = Book Review LE = Letters to Editor SUBJECT INDEX ACADEMICIANS Who Cares for the Railways? (Ed) Social Science Writing in Marathi; Mahesh Issue no: 30, Jul 24-30, p.08 Gavaskar (C) Issue no: 36, Sep 04-10, p.22 Worker Deaths; Moushumi Basu and Asish Gupta (LE) ACADEMY Issue no: 37, Sep 11-17, p.5 Noor Mohammed Bhatt; Moushumi Basu and Asish Gupta (LE) ADDICTION Issue no: 52, Dec 25-31, p.5 A Case for Opium Dens; Vithal Rajan (LE) ACCIDENTAL DEATHS Issue no: 18, May 01-07, p.5 The Bhopal Catastrophe: Politics, Conspiracy and Betrayal; Colin ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Gonsalves (P) K N Raj and the Delhi School; J Issue no: 26-27, Jun 26-Jul 09, p.68 Krishnamurty (F) Issue no: 11, Mar 13-19, p.67 Bhopal Gas Leak Case: Lost before the Trial; Sriram Panchu (C) ADOPTION LAW Issue no: 25, Jun 19-25, p.10 Expanding Adoption Rights (Ed) Issue no: 35, Aug 28-Sep 03, p.8 Chronic Denial of Justice (LE) Issue no: 24, Jun 12-18, p.07 AFGHANISTAN Exposure of War Crimes (Ed) Conspiracy to Implicate Maoists; Azad Issue no: 31, Jul 31-Aug 06, p.08 (LE) Issue no: 24, Jun 12-18, p.05 AGRARIAN REFORMS A Critical Review of Agrarian Reforms Gyaneshwari Express Sabotage - I; Asish in Sikkim; Anjan Chakrabarti (C) Gupta and Moushumi Basu (LE) Issue no: 05, Jan 30-Feb 05, p.23 Issue no: 23, Jun 05-11, p.04
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Documentation Vol. XXXV (16-30 November, 2009) No.22
    Parliamentary Documentation Vol. XXXV (16-30 November, 2009) No.22 AGRICULTURE -(INDIA) 1 THAKURIA, Ramani Kant Monkey menace in agriculture. ASSAM TRIBUNE (GUWAHATI), 2009(22.11.2009) Calls for a policy to counter the problem of monkey menace in agriculture in various parts of Assam. ** Agriculture-(India). -AGRICULTURAL POLICY-(INDIA) 2 NAYYAR, Dhiraj Green shoots of change. INDIAN EXPRESS (NEW DELHI), 2009(23.11.2009) Emphasises the need to bring reform in India's farm sector. ** Agriculture-Agricultural Policy-(India). -FORESTS AND FORESTRY 3 FRIEDMAN, Thomas L Save tropical forests, fight climate change. DECCAN CHRONICLE (HYDERABAD), 2009(16.11.2009) ** Agriculture-Forests and Forestry. -LAND AND LAND REFORMS-LAND ACQUISITION 4 ANTONY, M J Punishing the farmer. BUSINESS STANDARD (NEW DELHI), 2009(25.11.2009) Throws light on the legal hurdles faced by farmers whose land has been acquired by the Government under Land Acquisition Act. ** Agriculture-Land and Land Reforms-Land Acquisition. -OIL AND FATS 5 REDDY, A Amarender Policy options for India's edible oil complex. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (MUMBAI), 54(No41&42), 2009 (10/17.10.2009): P. 22-24 Contemplates that India needs a long-term edible oil policy to improve competitiveness by bridging the existing technology and yield gaps. ** Agriculture-Oil and Fats. ** - Keywords 1 BIOGRAPHIES -POLITICAL LEADERS-PANT, GOVIND BALLABH 6 DEEPAK SINGH Bharat Ratna Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant on his 122nd birth anniversary. INDIAN OBSERVER (NEW DELHI), V.49(No.18), 2009(1 6.9.2009): P. 26-28 ** Biographies-Political Leaders-PANT, Govind Ballabh. COMMERCE -INTERNATIONAL TRADE-ASIA 7 SINHA, Janmejaya Responsibility of Asia's rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Breathing Life Into the Constitution
    Breathing Life into the Constitution Human Rights Lawyering In India Arvind Narrain | Saumya Uma Alternative Law Forum Bengaluru Breathing Life into the Constitution Human Rights Lawyering In India Arvind Narrain | Saumya Uma Alternative Law Forum Bengaluru Breathing Life into the Constitution Human Rights Lawyering in India Arvind Narrain | Saumya Uma Edition: January 2017 Published by: Alternative Law Forum 122/4 Infantry Road, Bengaluru - 560001. Karnataka, India. Design by: Vinay C About the Authors: Arvind Narrain is a founding member of the Alternative Law Forum in Bangalore, a collective of lawyers who work on a critical practise of law. He has worked on human rights issues including mass crimes, communal conflict, LGBT rights and human rights history. Saumya Uma has 22 years’ experience as a lawyer, law researcher, writer, campaigner, trainer and activist on gender, law and human rights. Cover page images copied from multiple news articles. All copyrights acknowledged. Any part of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted as necessary. The authors only assert the right to be identified wtih the reproduced version. “I am not a religious person but the only sin I believe in is the sin of cynicism.” Parvez Imroz, Jammu and Kashmir Civil Society Coalition (JKCSS), on being told that nothing would change with respect to the human rights situation in Kashmir Dedication This book is dedicated to remembering the courageous work of human rights lawyers, Jalil Andrabi (1954-1996), Shahid Azmi (1977-2010), K. Balagopal (1952-2009), K.G. Kannabiran (1929-2010), Gobinda Mukhoty (1927-1995), T. Purushotham – (killed in 2000), Japa Lakshma Reddy (killed in 1992), P.A.
    [Show full text]
  • 16-31 December, 2009) No.24
    Parliamentary Documentation Vol. XXXV (16-31 December, 2009) No.24 AGRICULTURE 1 SARMAH, Moon Moon Dynamics of agriculture. ASSAM TRIBUNE (GUWAHATI), 2009(29.12.2009) ** Agriculture. -AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES-SUGARCANE 2 BHANDARI, Bhupesh How fair is 'fair' sugarcane price? BUSINESS STANDARD (NEW DELHI), 2009(18.12.2009) ** Agriculture-Agricultural Commodities-Sugarcane. -AGRICULTURAL TRADE 3 GULATI, Ashok and GANGULY, Kavery Reform markets to tame food prices. ECONOMIC TIMES (NEW DELHI), 2009(18.12.2009) Emphasises the need to bring reforms in agri-marketing through imports and cutting taxes on foods. ** Agriculture-Agricultural Trade. -ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 4 SAHARIA, Kamala Kanta Need for quality milk. ASSAM TRIBUNE (GUWAHATI), 2009(18.12.2009) ** Agriculture-Animal Husbandry. -FORESTS AND FORESTRY-DEFORESTATION 5 BALJEET KUMAR Once lush forests disappearing in Munger. PIONEER (NEW DELHI), 2009(23.12.2009) Expresses concern over illegal cutting of forest wood in Munger district of Bihar. ** Agriculture-Forests and Forestry-Deforestation. -LAND AND LAND REFORMS-LAND ACQUISITION 6 COTULA, Lorenzo and VERMEULEN, Sonja Deal or no deal: Outlook for agricultural land investment in Africa. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (OXFORD), V.85(No.6), 2009(Nov): P.1233-1247 Sparks an international debate over the acquisition of ** - Keywords 1 -LAND AND LAND REFORMS-LAND ACQUISITION agricultural land in Africa by several countries. ** Agriculture-Land and Land Reforms-Land Acquisition. BIOGRAPHIES -FREEDOM FIGHTERS-GANDHI, MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND 7 DAS, Sudhanshu R Mahatma Gandhi's economic model. ASSAM TRIBUNE (GUWAHATI), 2009(28.12.2009) ** Biographies-Freedom Fighters-GANDHI, Mohandas Karamchand. -PROMINENT PERSONS-BOSE, JAGDISH CHANDRA 8 DOGRA, Bharat From high ideals to low creed. STATESMAN (NEW DELHI), 2009(22.12.2009) Opines that only by keeping the ideals of Jagdish Chandra Bose we can save plant science education alive in India.
    [Show full text]
  • Babri Masjid Verdict
    Babri Masjid Verdict Why in news? The Supreme Court said that none of the 32 surviving accused of the Babri Masjid demolition case was found guilty. What is the story behind? The mosque was brought down in 1992 to build a Ram temple. In 2019, the Supreme Court handed over the empty site to those who wanted the mosque brought down. However, it recognised the demolition as an egregious violation of the rule of law. This gave rise to hope that the ends of justice would be served by the punishment of those who mobilised the vandals. But now, the SC said that none of the accused was found guilty. What did the trial court find? The trial court has given judicial legitimation to the ‘Ram Janmabhoomi movement’ by acquitting all those indicted for conspiracy to bring down the structure. The court found that the demolition was not planned in advance. This finding flies in the face of the entry of several volunteers into Ayodhya that day armed with implements to bring down the structure. The movement was headed by L.K. Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi and Uma Bharti among others. The proponents of the movement had positioned themselves in vantage points to witness the occasion and celebrated with pride. What were the evidences? In this case, there were sufficient evidence about the political mobilisation and the purported intent to assemble on that day. The court had with it evidence that there was studied inaction from the State, whose Chief Minister (CM) was one of the accused. The court had with it evidence that the unambiguous and open threats to the structure voiced by many of the movement’s protagonists.
    [Show full text]
  • PWP No 6 Human Rights Pluralism Civil Society
    PLURALISM WORKING PAPER | 2010 / NO 6 HUMAN RIGHTS, PLURALISM AND CIVIL SOCIETY Reflecting on contemporary challenges in India SITHARAMAM KAKARALA Colophon First published in September 2010 by the Promoting Pluralism Knowledge Programme, jointly coordinated by: Humanist Institute for Co-operation with Developing Countries P.O. Box 85565 | 2508 CG The Hague |The Netherlands www.hivos.net The Kosmopolis Institute (University for Humanistics) P.O. Box 797 | 3500 AT Utrecht | The Netherlands http://kosmopolis.uvh.nl Center for Religious & Cross-Cultural Studies (Gadjah Mada Graduate School) Jl. Teknika Utara | Pogung | Yogyakarta Indonesia 55281 | Indonesia www.crcs.ugm.ac.id Centre for the Study of Culture and Society 827, 29 th Main | Poornaprajna Layout | Uttarahalli | Bangalore – 560061| India www.cscsarchive.org Cross Cultural Foundation of Uganda P.O. Box 25517 | Kampala | Uganda www.crossculturalfoundation.or.ug Editing by Caroline Suransky, Hilde van ‘t Klooster and Ute Seela (Kosmopolis Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands and Hivos, The Hague, The Netherlands) Design by Tangerine – design communicatie advies, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ISSN 1879-7172 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Netherlands License. References to the working paper series should be cited as: Author(s) (year). ‘Title’, Pluralism Working Paper series. Paper no. 2 | Human Rights, Pluralism and Civil Society Pluralism Working Paper no 6 | 2010 Human Rights, Pluralism and Civil Society Reflecting on contemporary challenges in India Sitharamam Kakarala 3 | Human Rights, Pluralism and Civil Society Pluralism Working Paper no 6 | 2010 Pluralism Working Paper no 6 Title Human Rights, Pluralism and Civil Society Reflecting on contemporary challenges in India Author Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Ayodhya Supreme Court Verdict Date
    Ayodhya Supreme Court Verdict Date Requitable Mikael still twiddles: pertinacious and sideling Rusty decolorising quite atomistically but revetting her bahuvrihis implausibly. Leon outlaw blushingly while winding Tirrell outspeaking fatalistically or havocking gleefully. Sometimes unlaboured Hammad measuring her wahoos despotically, but thermolabile Thaddius buying doubtless or westernizing thenceforth. It will remain with the idea of court ayodhya Get unlimited access to TIME. He states in his memoir that the statue stands in the capital of Kosala then called Shravasti, midst ruins of a large monastery. Authenticity of the mythological text has been questioned several times. There is some structure under the mosque. Bhartiya Janta Party official website. District police and Station House Officers have been directed to raise police visibility and patrolling in communally sensitive areas. The second describes, through the character of Rama, the desire for liberation and the nature of those who seek such liberation. Hindu tradition of multiplicity: Any place that is truly important is important enough to be duplicated and sited in multiple places. Director: Which century was Lord Ram born in? These two books are known for emphasising free will and human creative power. The court held that who could become a judge was a matter of fact, and any person had a right to question it. The country is lagging in its vaccination plans amid a delayed delivery of doses. Sometimes, the sparse empathy accorded to Muslims in the opinion comes across the strongest in the pregnant silences. Babri Masjid dispute lies in the belief that Lord Ram was born in a room located under what was the central dome of the Babri Masjid.
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim Indians: Struggle for Inclusion
    Regional Voices Muslim Indians Struggle for inclusion Amit A. pAndyA Muslim Indians Struggle for Inclusion Amit A. Pandya Copyright © 2010 The Henry L. Stimson Center Library of Congress Control Number: 2010924341 Cover photos: India elections © 2004 Amit Bhargava/Corbis; Indian man at a Vishwa Hindu Parishad rally in New Delhi, India, Prakash Singh AFP/Getty Images Cover design by Free Range Studios/Updated by Shawn Woodley Book design/layout by Nita Congress An electronic version of this publication is available at: www.stimson.org/rv All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from The Henry L. Stimson Center. The Henry L. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street, NW, 12th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Telephone: 202.223.5956 Fax: 202.238.9604 www.stimson.org Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. vii Introduction: The Stimson Center/Institute for Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution Study .................................................................................................. xi The Larger Context ..............................................................................................................1 In Their Own Voices: The Stimson Center/Institute for Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution Study .........................................................................................25
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Parliamentary Information
    The Journal of Parliamentary Information VOLUME LVII NO. 2 JUNE 2011 LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. 24, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-2 2009 issue, EDITORIAL BOARD Editor : T.K. Viswanathan Secretary-General Lok Sabha Associate Editor : P.K. Misra Joint Secretary Lok Sabha Secretariat Kalpana Sharma Director Lok Sabha Secretariat Assistant Editors : Pulin B. Bhutia Joint Director Lok Sabha Secretariat Sanjeev Sachdeva Joint Director Lok Sabha Secretariat © Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi for approval. THE JOURNAL OF PARLIAMENTARY INFORMATION VOLUME LVII NO. 2 JUNE 2011 CONTENTS PAGE EDITORIAL NOTE 101 ADDRESSES Address by the President to Parliament, 21 February 2011 103 ARTICLE Parliamentary Oversight of Human Rights: A Case Study of Disability in India—Deepali Mathur 116 PARLIAMENTARY EVENTS AND ACTIVITIES Conferences and Symposia 123 Birth Anniversaries of National Leaders 124 Exchange of Parliamentary Delegations 125 Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training 127 PRIVILEGE ISSUES 129 PROCEDURAL MATTERS 131 PARLIAMENTARY AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 135 DOCUMENTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND PARLIAMENTARY INTEREST 143 SESSIONAL REVIEW Lok Sabha 151 Rajya Sabha 184 State Legislatures 205 RECENT LITERATURE OF PARLIAMENTARY INTEREST 210 APPENDICES I. Statement showing the work transacted during the Seventh Session of the Fifteenth Lok Sabha 219 (iv) II. Statement showing the work transacted during the Two Hundred and Twenty-Second Session of the Rajya Sabha 223 III. Statement showing the activities of the Legislatures of the States and Union Territories during the period 1 January to 31 March 2011 228 IV. List of Bills passed by the Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President during the period 1 January to 31 March 2011 235 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Babri Masjidmasjid Lest We Forget
    BABRIBABRI MASJIDMASJID LEST WE FORGET Popular Front of India BABRI MASJID LEST WE FORGET Popular Front of India G-78, 2nd Floor, Kalindi Kunj, Noida Road, New Delhi-110025 BABRI MASJID : LEST WE FORGET Compiled by: P A M Haris, Riyas Tanur Published by: Popular Front of India Published in : December 2017 Price Rs. 40/- All Rights Reserved Contents 1. Lest we forget - 07 2. Babri Masjid is not Ram Janmabhoomi - 09 3. Idols inside the Masjid - 12 4. Masjid Opened for Pooja - 15 5. Politics of Mandal-Mandir - 17 6. 6 December 1992: The Black Sunday and after - 19 7. Double standards prevail - 21 8. Liberhan report: No action - 22 9. Ownership case from High Court to Supreme Court - 24 10. Fate of conspiracy cases - 30 11. Who are the culprits? - 32 12. 25 Years of betrayal - 34 13. What next? - 37 Annexure 1. What they said when Masjid was demolished - 41 2. What they said about the Allahabad High court verdict - 45 3. Chronology of the events - 48 01 LEST WE FORGET By the demolishing the 463 year-old Babri Masjid on 6th December 1992, the Hindutwa fascists have not only destroyed a place of worship of Muslims, but trampled the ideals and values of Indian Republic. The government remained a mere spectator, the laws of the country wept silently in the statute books and the judiciary happily or unhappily became spectator too. The values of secularism and democracy were mocked at. The demolition was the gravest crime in independent India after Gandhiji’s assassination. It was the day when India had to hang its head in shame before the world.
    [Show full text]
  • IN the SUPREME COURT of INDIA (Civil Original Jurisdiction ) WRIT PETITION(CIVIL) NO
    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA (Civil original Jurisdiction ) WRIT PETITION(CIVIL) NO. 310 OF 1996 IN THE MATTER OF: PRAKASH SINGH AND OTHERS …………PETITIONERS VERSUS UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS ………RESPONDENTS LAST SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONERS The writ petition was admitted on July 30, 1996. Ten years have passed since. The writ was essentially to free the police from the stranglehold of politicians and to make it accountable to the laws of the land and the Constitution of the country. The need for such a reform is felt even more acutely today. At the time the writ was filed the petitioners had drawn the attention of the Court to, among others, two major tragedies which had overtaken the Republic of India due to the failure of the police to uphold the Rule of Law. These were: The 1984 Riots, when large number of Sikhs were massacred in Delhi and the police was immoblised by the hooligans belonging to the ruling party; The demolition of the disputed shrine at Ayodhya in 1992, when the state and the central paramilitary forces remained mute spectators to the vandalism of the kar sevaks. Justice Nanavati Commission of Inquiry, in its Report on the 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots, recommended that “there should be an independent police force which is free from the political influence and which is well equipped to take immediate and effective action”. (The Liberhan Commission on Ayodhya has yet to submit its report) During the pendency of the writ petition, the country was witness to Gujarat Riots in 2002, when the police acted in a partisan manner.
    [Show full text]