Everyday English Grammar 7.Indd

Education Viva © Copyright Education Viva © Copyright 7 Education Viva © Anita Bahadur Sreetilak Sambhanda Copyright New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati Education Information contained in this book has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and is correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or for any particular use. Every attempt has been made to trace holders of copyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the time of going to press or where, in the absence of completeViva information, it has not been possible to identify the sources of materials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate acknowledgements© in future reprints/editions of this book. product in this publication are for educational purposes only. We gratefully acknowledge each individual intellectual property owner. Copyright © Viva Education All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recorded or otherwise, without the written permission of the publishers. 4737/23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 Tel. 011-42242200, Email: [email protected] CopyrightNew Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati Ahmedabad • Indore • Jaipur • Jalandhar • Lucknow • Nagpur • Nashik • Patna • Pune • Ranchi www.vivadigital.in www.vivagroupindia.com Preface Knowing the grammar of a language helps us communicate confi dently, especially when it is not our mother tongue. Conventional approaches to the teaching and learning of grammar are often so unfriendly that learners start to dislike the subject itself. The challenge for the writers of a grammar textbook is to make grammar interesting without compromising on the rigour that the subject demands. Everyday English Grammar and Composition covers English grammar comprehensively presenting every topic in a clear and learner-friendly style. Each concept is explained and exemplifi ed in detail, also accounting for exceptions to the rules. With equal emphasis on the grammatical structures and their application in real-life situations, Everyday English Grammar and Composition aims to give the learner a thorough grounding in English. The exercises in the lessons are designed to test learnersEducation with various levels of competence. They range from the easy to the highly challenging, so that every learner in a typical classroom has something of his/her own level. Besides grammar, books of this series also include other components of language learning such as vocabulary, comprehension and writing skills. The vocabulary lessons not only constitute a graded reference section, but also include numerous practice tasks. Stories, passages and poems interspersedViva with theoretical lessons break the monotony, as well as develop comprehension. They are accompanied by multiple-choice, short-answer- type and long-answer-type questions.© The composition section gives clear guidance on the basic and essential forms of writing used in daily life. The lessons in this section explain the formats, give samples for each format and list practice tasks. Part of the books for classes 6, 7 and 8 is bonus feature – a glossary of grammar terms for instant reference. Each book is complemented by worksheet sets that carry extra exercises for practice, and three tests. The worksheets help learners perfect their understanding of each concept learned in the corresponding chapters. We hope that teachers and learners will fi nd in each book of this series all they want from a textbook of grammar and composition, and that it will prove to be a friendly companion to a challenging subject. Anita Bahadur Copyright Sreetilak Sambhanda Contents Preface ......................................... iii Worksheets 10–20 149–167 Test 2 168 1 Nouns ............................................ 1 21 Clauses ....................................... 171 2 Countable and Uncountable Nouns ............................................ 6 22 Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences .................................. 178 3 Adjectives ..................................... 9 23 Attacked by a Shark ................... 182 4 Articles ........................................ 19 24 The History of Saint 5 Pronouns ..................................... 26 Valentine’s Day ......................... 184 6 Prepositions ................................ 35 25 EducationWord Formation ........................ 186 7 Determiners ................................ 43 26 Idioms ....................................... 190 8 Regular and Irregular Verbs .......... 48 Worksheets 21–26 194–201 9 The Sentence .............................. 54 Test 3 202 Worksheets 1–9 61–73 27 No One Is Perfect ....................... 204 Test 1 Viva 74 28 Polar Bears ................................ 206 10 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs .. 76 © 29 Writing Messages ...................... 208 11 Finite and Non-Finite Verbs ......... 79 30 Notices ...................................... 212 12 Modal Auxiliaries ......................... 85 31 Writing a Diary Entry ................. 215 13 Adverbs ....................................... 92 32 Essay Writing .............................. 217 14 Subject–Verb Agreement ............ 99 33 Letter Writing ............................ 220 15 Conjunctions ............................. 105 34 Paragraph Writing ...................... 227 16 The Present Tense ...................... 112 35 Story Writing ............................. 230 17 The Past Tense ........................... 122 36 Summarizing ............................. 234 18 The Future Tense ....................... 129 Glossary of Grammar Terms ......... 237 Copyright 19 Active and Passive Voice ............. 134 20 Direct and Indirect Speech ......... 140 Nouns In this chapter, learn: about proper nouns 1 about common nouns about collective nouns about concrete nouns about abstract nouns A noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Nouns also name an emotion, a quality, an activity or a state. Education Kavita went to the market. Put the chair in the balcony. His bravery won him an honour. Kinds of nouns: Viva 1. proper nouns 4. concrete nouns 2. common nouns 5. abstract nouns © Grammar Point 3. collective nouns Nouns are broadly Nouns are also classifi ed into countable and uncountable nouns classifi ed into proper (see chapter 2). and common nouns. Common nouns can be countable Proper Nouns or uncountable. Collective, concrete A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. and abstract are Remember, all proper nouns must be written beginning with a classes based on capital letter. the meaning of the nouns rather than Copyright Neha, Lucknow, Ganga grammatical function. 1 NOUNS Common Nouns A common noun is the name given to every person or thing of the same kind. For example, the word man can be used for any man. It is a name common to all men. Neha is a girl. Mr Gupta is a painter. Th e books are on the table. A Underline the nouns and write whether they are proper nouns or common nouns. 1. Sheela took the dog for a walk. 2. Th e crowd gathered to watch the match. EXERCISE 3. Th ere are twenty apples in the basket. 4. Th e Ganga is considered to be a holy river by Hindus. 5. Karan loves to eat cake. Education 6. Th ese pearls have a beautiful lustre. 7. I met the owner of America’s popular brand Coach. 8. She is planning a big party in December. 9. Riya bought those shoes for meViva from Paris. 10. We will vote Zoya as the president of our school’s literary club. © Collective Nouns To speak of a collection or a number of persons or things as a whole or as one group, we use a collective noun. a bundle of sticks a herd of cows Our team won the match. Th e crew looks aft er passengers during a fl ight. Th e words bundle, herd, team and crew are examples of collective Copyrightnouns, and refer to a collection of people, animals or things. 2 NOUNS B Match the collective nouns in column A with the objects they refer to in column B. Column A Column B 1. album cards EXERCISE 2. bunch sheep, birds 3. crew grapes, keys 4. fl ock photographs 5. pack cattle 6. pride sailors 7. herd pearls 8. shoal bees 9. grove fi sh 10. set drawers 11. string trees Education 12. chest rooms 13. swarm tools 14. library lions 15. suite Viva books © Concrete Nouns A noun referring to things that can be perceived or experienced through any of our fi ve senses – which means that it can be seen, touched or felt, tasted, smelt or heard – is called a concrete noun. Raman ate an apple. Th e dog swam in the water. Put some sugar in the tea. In the sentences above, Raman, apple, dog, water, sugar and tea are all concrete nouns. Th us, concrete nouns can be common, proper Copyrightor collective nouns. 3 NOUNS Abstract Nouns An abstract noun is usually the name for a state of being, a concept, a quality or an action that has no physical existence. Th ings named by abstract nouns cannot be seen, touched, tasted or smelt. In his youth, Sami played cricket for his college. (a state of being) Funny movies are popular because they have a lot of humour. (a quality) Mahatma Gandhi preached peace and non-violence. (concepts) Laughter is the best medicine. (action) Many abstract nouns are formed from 1. adjectives youth from young strength from

Load more