Everyday English Grammar 7.Indd

Education

Viva ©

Education

Viva ©

Anita Bahadur Sreetilak Sambhanda

New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati Education Information contained in this book has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and is correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or

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Preface

Knowing the grammar of a language helps us communicate confi dently, especially when it is not our mother tongue. Conventional approaches to the teaching and learning of grammar are often so unfriendly that learners start to dislike the subject itself. The challenge for the writers of a grammar textbook is to make grammar interesting without compromising on the rigour that the subject demands. Everyday English Grammar and Composition covers English grammar comprehensively presenting every topic in a clear and learner-friendly style. Each concept is explained and exemplifi ed in detail, also accounting for exceptions to the rules. With equal emphasis on the grammatical structures and their application in real-life situations,Education Everyday English Grammar and Composition aims to give the learner a thorough grounding in English. The exercises in the lessons are designed to test learners with various levels of competence. They range from the easy to the highly challenging, so that every learner in a typical classroom has something of his/her own level. Besides grammar, books of this series also include other components of language learning such as vocabulary, comprehensionViva and writing skills. The vocabulary lessons not only constitute a graded reference section, but also include numerous practice tasks. Stories, passages and poems interspersed© with theoretical lessons break the monotony, as well as develop comprehension. They are accompanied by multiple-choice, short-answer- type and long-answer-type questions. The composition section gives clear guidance on the basic and essential forms of writing used in daily life. The lessons in this section explain the formats, give samples for each format and list practice tasks. Part of the books for classes 6, 7 and 8 is bonus feature – a glossary of grammar terms for instant reference. Each book is complemented by worksheet sets that carry extra exercises for practice, and three tests. The worksheets help learners perfect their understanding of each concept learned in the corresponding chapters. We hope that teachers and learners will fi nd in each book of this series all they want from a textbook of grammar and composition, and that it will prove to be a friendly companion to a challenging subject. Copyright Anita Bahadur Sreetilak Sambhanda Contents

Preface ...... iii Worksheets 10–20 149–167 Test 2 168 1 Nouns ...... 1 21 Clauses ...... 171 2 Countable and Uncountable Nouns ...... 6 22 Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences ...... 178 3 Adjectives ...... 9 23 Attacked by a Shark ...... 182 4 Articles ...... 19 24 The History of Saint 5 Pronouns ...... 26 Education Valentine’s Day ...... 184 6 Prepositions ...... 35 25 Word Formation ...... 186 7 Determiners ...... 43 26 Idioms ...... 190 8 Regular and Irregular Verbs ...... 48 Worksheets 21–26 194–201 9 The Sentence ...... 54Viva Test 3 202 Worksheets 1–9 61–73 27 No One Is Perfect ...... 204 Test 1 © 74 28 Polar Bears ...... 206 10 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs .. 76 29 Writing Messages ...... 208 11 Finite and Non-Finite Verbs ...... 79 30 Notices ...... 212 12 Modal Auxiliaries ...... 85 31 Writing a Diary Entry ...... 215 13 Adverbs ...... 92 32 Essay Writing ...... 217 14 Subject–Verb Agreement ...... 99 33 Letter Writing ...... 220 15 Conjunctions ...... 105 34 Paragraph Writing ...... 227 16 The Present Tense ...... 112 35 Story Writing ...... 230 17 The Past Tense ...... 122 Copyright 36 Summarizing ...... 234 18 The Future Tense ...... 129 Glossary of Grammar Terms ...... 237 19 Active and Passive Voice ...... 134 20 Direct and Indirect Speech ...... 140 Nouns

In this chapter, learn: about proper nouns 1 about common nouns about collective nouns about concrete nouns about abstract nouns

Education A noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Nouns also name an emotion, a quality, an activity or a state. Kavita went to the market. Put the chair in the balcony. His bravery won him an honour. Viva Kinds of nouns: © 1. proper nouns 4. concrete nouns 2. common nouns 5. abstract nouns Grammar Point 3. collective nouns Nouns are broadly Nouns are also classifi ed into countable and uncountable nouns classiﬁ ed into proper (see chapter 2). and common nouns. Common nouns can be countable Proper Nouns or uncountable. Collective, concrete A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. and abstract are Remember, all proper nouns must be written beginning with a classes based on Copyrightcapital letter. the meaning of the nouns rather than Neha, Lucknow, Ganga grammatical function.

1 NOUNS

Common Nouns A common noun is the name given to every person or thing of the same kind. For example, the word man can be used for any man. It is a name common to all men. Neha is a girl. Mr Gupta is a painter. Th e books are on the table.

A Underline the nouns and write whether they are proper nouns or common nouns. 1. Sheela took the dog for a walk. 2. Th e crowd gathered to watch the match. EXERCISE 3. Th ere are twenty apples in the basket. Education 4. Th e Ganga is considered to be a holy river by Hindus. 5. Karan loves to eat cake. 6. Th ese pearls have a beautiful lustre. 7. I met the owner of America’s popular brand Coach. 8. She is planning a big party in December.Viva 9. Riya bought those shoes for me© from Paris. 10. We will vote Zoya as the president of our school’s literary club.

Collective Nouns To speak of a collection or a number of persons or things as a whole or as one group, we use a collective noun. a bundle of sticks a herd of cows Our team won the match. Copyright Th e crew looks aft er passengers during a fl ight. Th e words bundle, herd, team and crew are examples of collective nouns, and refer to a collection of people, animals or things.

2 NOUNS

B Match the collective nouns in column A with the objects they refer to in column B. Column A Column B 1. album cards EXERCISE 2. bunch sheep, birds 3. crew grapes, keys 4. fl ock photographs 5. pack cattle 6. pride sailors 7. herd pearls 8. shoal bees 9. grove fi sh Education 10. set drawers 11. string trees 12. chest rooms 13. swarm Viva tools 14. library lions 15. suite © books

Concrete Nouns A noun referring to things that can be perceived or experienced through any of our fi ve senses – which means that it can be seen, touched or felt, tasted, smelt or heard – is called a concrete noun. Raman ate an apple. Th e dog swam in the water. Put some sugar in the tea. CopyrightIn the sentences above, Raman, apple , dog, water, sugar and tea are all concrete nouns. Th us, concrete nouns can be common, proper or collective nouns.

3 NOUNS

Abstract Nouns An abstract noun is usually the name for a state of being, a concept, a quality or an action that has no physical existence. Th ings named by abstract nouns cannot be seen, touched, tasted or smelt. In his youth, Sami played cricket for his college. (a state of being) Funny movies are popular because they have a lot of humour. (a quality) Mahatma Gandhi preached peace and non-violence. (concepts) Laughter is the best medicine. (action) Many abstract nouns are formed from 1. adjectives  youth from young Education  strength from strong 2. verbs  laughter from laugh  freedom from free Viva 3. common nouns  friendship from friend ©  patriotism from patriot Th e names of subjects like art, music, maths, biology, etc. are also abstract nouns because they are also concepts.

C Pick out the nouns from the passage and say what kind each noun is. Write your answers in the box below.

Akbar was a famous king. He was known for his intelligence and honesty. He was also very

EXERCISE sincere. His favourite courtier was Birbal, who was well known in the court for his wit and Copyrighthumour. Troupes of artists visited Akbar’s court in Agra, and there was a lot of merriment and laughter.

4 NOUNS

common proper collective abstract

D Fill in the blanks with the correct abstract noun from the ones given in the box below.

timidity privacy activity kindness truth EXERCISE strength hardship justice decision freedom

1. Mother Teresa was renowned for her ______. 2. India got ______from the British rule in 1947.Education 3. We should always speak the ______. 4. Th ere was a lot of ______in the school on sports day. 5. He took the ______to become a doctor. 6. Poor people have to undergo a lot of ______. 7. A deer is known for its ______.Viva 8. Curtains give us ______© from the outside world. 9. A judge has to ensure ______. 10. He was able to win the tug of war because he had ______.

E Make abstract nouns from the following words. 1. obey ______6. strong ______2. deep ______7. appoint ______EXERCISE 3. grow ______8. coward ______4. treat ______9. noble ______Copyright 5. move ______10. slave ______

5 Countable and Uncountable Nouns

In this chapter, learn: 2 to identify countable and uncountable nouns about nouns that are both countable and uncountable depending on meaning and context the quantity words to be used with countable and uncountable nouns

Education Nouns naming things that can be counted are called countable or count nouns. Nouns that name things that cannot be counted are called uncountable or non-count nouns. Most common and collective nouns have a plural form and can be counted. Viva Examples of countable nouns are: © Grammar Point river ~ rivers bunch ~ bunches Countable nouns are author ~ authors class ~ classes nouns which have manager ~ managers pack ~ packs plurals. Uncountable nouns don’t have Now look at these two sentences: plurals. Get me a glass of water. Countable and Th is doorknob is made of glass. uncountable nouns are also called count In the fi rst sentence, glass is the name of an object. We can count and non-count nouns. the number of glasses. Th erefore, it is a countable noun. In the second sentence, however, glass refers to a material and it Copyrightcannot be counted. It is therefore an uncountable noun. Examples of uncountable nouns are names of materials, like gold, sugar, rice, water, oil, furniture, etc. Uncountable nouns cannot be

6 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

counted, but are measured in units. We cannot say one sugar but we can say one kilo of sugar. a sheet of glass a jar of jam fi ve kilos of rice two pieces of furniture In all these examples, the units of measurement are being counted and not the nouns themselves. Abstract nouns or words like bravery, kindness, honour, etc. are mostly uncountable nouns. Many abstract nouns, however, have plural forms. Decisions, vacancies and powers are some such nouns.

A Identify the nouns in the following sentences and say whether they are countable or uncountable nouns. Write your answers in the box on the right.

1. Can I have a slice of bread? countableEducation nouns uncountable nouns EXERCISE 2. Put these chocolates in the fridge. 3. How many languages do you know? 4. I saw four people standing near our gate. 5. Please give me some money. 6. How much fl our do I need to bake a cake?Viva 7. Knowledge is a precious thing.© 8. All the friends went to watch the match. 9. Please do not park your car here. 10. Submit your assignment in a fi le.

Some nouns can be used as both countable and uncountable nouns. Th e child threw stones into the water. (countable noun) Th e wall was made of stone. (uncountable noun) Copyright I heard a noise some time ago. (countable) I can’t study when there is too much noise. (uncountable)

7 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

B Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantity/unit words for the uncountable nouns given. Use the correct forms of the words given in the strip below.

sheet litre kilo piece slice bottle cake plank EXERCISE 1. a ______of paper 5. a ______of soap 2. two ______of milk 6. ten ______of wheat 3. four ______of oil 7. a ______of furniture 4. a ______of wood 8. a ______of bread

Expressions like a, a few, a lot of, many, one, two, etc. can be used with countable nouns. With uncountable nouns, we use some, Educationa little, much, etc.

with countable nouns with uncountable nouns I have a few good books. Can I have a little rice? How many toys did you get? How muchViva money do you want? We have many chairs. We don’t need much furniture. There are two apples. There© is a little fruit. Can we buy some markers? Please have some juice. We have lots of plates. We have lots of paper.

C Correct the following sentences. 1. Th ere is too few coff ee in the cup. 5. Th e builder has a little bricks. 2. How much boys have failed? 6. Do we have much spoons? EXERCISE Copyright 3. Th e teacher has lots of knowledges. 7. I don’t think he eats a few bread. 4. Th ere is many rice in my bowl. 8. Did Aman have many choice?

8 Adjectives

In this chapter, learn: the use of adjectives before nouns and after verbs 3 about the base, comparative and superlative forms of adjectives about irregular comparison the use of nouns as adjectives about adjectives that end in -ly the use of the present and past participles as adjectives

Education An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun. Th ere are many things that an adjective could tell us about a noun. Karan is a naughty boy. (What kind of boy?) Grammar Point Can you show me the red pen? (Which pen?) Th ere are fi ve computers in the room. (HowViva many An adjective describes computers?) or points out, or tells us the number or © quantity of, a noun. That is why it is called Attributive and Predicative Adjectives a describing word. Look at these sentences: Attributive adjectives occur before nouns. Th e happy family sat down to dinner. Predicative adjectives Th e family is happy. come after verbs like In the fi rst sentence, when the adjective is used before the noun, be, seem, feel, become, etc. we say that it is used attributively or is an attributive adjective. In the second sentence, the adjective follows the verb and is a part of the predicate of the sentence. Th erefore, the adjective is Copyrighta predicative adjective. Th e predicative adjective comes aft er the verb be, or verbs like feel, become and seem. Most adjectives can be both attributive and predicative. Certain adjectives, however, can only be used predicatively.

9 ADJECTIVES

It was a beautiful play. (used attributively) Th e play was beautiful. (used predicatively) She is always alone. (always used predicatively) Preeti is asleep. (always used predicatively) Everybody was glad to be there. (always used predicatively) Th ere are also a number of adjectives which are always attributive. It is a mere box. (never predicative) Th e former captain of the team was also there. (never predicative) Th is is the main event. (never predicative)

A Underline the adjectives and say whether they have been used predicatively or attributively. Education 1. Th ere was heavy damage to buildings 6. Th e wise man waited patiently.

EXERCISE in that area. 7. Th e fi rst prize was taken by a 2. Gauri called several times. young child. 3. Th e children were excited about the Viva 8. Th e last train leaves at 11.30 p.m. picnic. 9. Some dreams oft en seem real. 4. Mani was absent last week. © 10. Th is book is a good read. 5. Kolkata is a large city.

Comparison of Adjectives Look at these sentences: Chandu is a strong boy. Kunal is stronger than Chandu. Asif is the strongest of all. We see that the words strong, stronger and strongest are adjectives Copyrightthat describe the same quality. When we compare two or more nouns, the adjectives change in form. Th e three forms are called the degrees of comparison. Th ere are three degrees of comparison: the positive, the comparative and the superlative.

10 ADJECTIVES

1. The Positive Degree (Base Form): Th e adjective in its simplest form is said to be in the positive degree. It describes only the quality that an object has and there is no Grammar Point comparison involved. The comparative and the smart child, the angry father superlative forms of 2. The Comparative Degree: When two people or things are most adjectives are compared, the comparative form is used. formed by adding the sufﬁ xes -er and Dogs are supposed to be smarter than many other -est respectively. animals. However, there are Which of these pens is better? adjectives that form their comparatives in Can I have a bigger plate? irregular ways. 3. The Superlative Degree: When we compare more than two people or things, we use the superlative degree. Th e superlative means the highest degree of the quality that we are talking about. Charu is the tallest girl in the class. Education Th is is the best gift I have received. Can you show me your biggest room?

Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative Viva  Most adjectives form their comparative and superlative by adding -er and -est to the positive.© positive comparative superlative tall taller tallest short shorter shortest bold bolder boldest kind kinder kindest

 When an adjective ends in -e, only -r and -st are added.

positive comparative superlative brave braver bravest Copyrightwhite whiter whitest wise wiser wisest

 When the adjective ends in -y with a consonant before it, the y changes to i and -er and -est are added. 11 ADJECTIVES

positive comparative superlative happy happier happiest easy easier easiest heavy heavier heaviest

 When the adjective ends in a consonant with a short vowel sound before it, the last consonant doubles and -er and -est are added.

positive comparative superlative hot hotter hottest thin thinner thinnest fat fatter fattest sad sadder saddest

 Many two-syllable adjectives that do not end in y, and all adjectives with more than two syllables make the Education comparative and the superlative by adding more before the comparative and most before the superlative. positive comparative superlative proper more proper most proper beautiful more beautifulViva most beautiful interesting more© interesting most interesting expensive more expensive most expensive

Irregular Comparison Certain adjectives do not form their comparatives and superlatives in any of the above ways. Th e three forms diff er from each other in the positive, comparative and superlative.

positive comparative superlative good better best much more most Copyrightlittle less least bad worse worst old older, elder oldest, eldest far farther, further farthest, furthest

12 ADJECTIVES

Some adjectives have two forms in their comparative and superlative. Th ey have diff erent uses in each form. 1. Old, older, elder, oldest and eldest: Elder and eldest are used to talk of people, not animals or things and exclusively for members of a family. We cannot say elder than. Older and oldest are both used with people as well as things. Tony is my elder brother. Th e oldest boy in the class stood up to defend the children. Th is is the oldest building in the village. 2. Farther and further: Farther is used for distance and further to mean ‘in addition to’. Th e airport was farther from the city than I thought. I want to hear no further argument. 3. Later, latter, latest, last: We use later and latest with reference to time. Latter and last are used for positions. Education It is later than I thought. Th e latter part of the book was boring. What is the latest score? Th is is the last time I will help you.Viva © B Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives in the table below.

positive comparative superlative EXERCISE black unjust lazy tired wonderful Copyrightbrilliant little few

13 ADJECTIVES

handsome cute bright

C Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the adjectives given in brackets. 1. I have an ______sister. (old) 2. Let’s discuss this at a ______date. (late) EXERCISE 3. Th e poor woman once had a ______life. (happy) 4. Th at child is the ______in the class. (young) 5. Please be ______when you answer. (honest) 6. Th is is the ______dress I have ever bought. (expensive) 7. He thinks he is the ______boy in the class. (intelligent) 8. Chirag has many ______friends. (old) Education 9. June is the ______month of the year in many parts of India. (hot) 10. Gold is the ______of all metals. (precious) Viva Nouns as Adjectives Depending on usage, a noun may play© the role of an adjective. Here are a few nouns: geography, city, village and school. When we join them with some other nouns, we get words such as: geography teacher, city girl, village school and school girl. In all these examples, the fi rst word is a noun which describes the second word, also a noun. Th e fi rst noun then plays the role of an adjective, and the second is in the role of a noun.  Th e noun used as an adjective always comes before the noun.  When we use a noun as an adjective, the noun used as Copyrightan adjective must always be singular. Th e table fan is not working. Th e table fans are not working. (tables fan)

14 ADJECTIVES

 More than one noun can also be used to describe another noun. cricket team captain, company board meeting

D Combine nouns in the ﬁ rst column with the nouns in the second column to show their common usage as adjectives. The ﬁ rst one has been done for you.

1. love book love story EXERCISE 2. guard table 3. fairy theatre 4. computer news 5. tomato tale 6. world story Education 7. home dog 8. complaint ketchup

E In the following sentences, identify theViva nouns acting as adjectives. 1. Th e boys threw stones at the street dog. 2. Fruit salad is a good way to start© a meal. EXERCISE 3. A bowl of mother’s chicken soup made me feel well again. 4. Crop cultivation techniques are improving every year. 5. Some of the school teachers are on strike.

Adjectives with -ly

 Th ere are some adjectives that end with -ly and are also used as adverbs. We can make out whether such words Copyrightare adjectives or adverbs from the way they are used in a sentence.

15 ADJECTIVES

Th ey left the party early. (adverb) We took the early train to Chandigarh. (adjective) I used to meet Sunita daily last year. (adverb) Nitin’s daily walk begins at 5 o’clock. (adjective)  Some adjectives that end with -ly may be used only as adjectives and never as adverbs. Some such words are cowardly, friendly, elderly, princely, etc. His cowardly behaviour surprised us. (He behaved cowardly.) Rita is a friendly girl. (Yours friendly…) Th e elderly gentleman goes to the park every day. I bought this tiny box for the princely sum of a thousand rupees. Education F Add -ly to these words and ﬁ ll in the blanks.

sick lone friend kind love

EXERCISE 1. ‘What a ______painting!’ exclaimedViva the customer. 2. Th e man had a pale and ______appearance. 3. I think Rita is a ______© person. She makes friends easily. 4. Th e ______old man would sit in the park and watch the children play. 5. Th e old man’s ______smile encouraged me.

Participial Adjectives Look at these sentences: It was a beautiful sight with the sparkling water and the setting sun. Copyright Th e tired man sat down wearily. In the fi rst sentence, the -ing forms of the verbs sparkle and set have been used. Th is form of the verb is called the present participle.

16 ADJECTIVES

In the second sentence, the -ed form of the verb tire has been used. Th is form of the verb is called the past participle. In both sentences, the participles do the work of an adjective, used in front of the nouns they describe – water, sun and man. Participles used in this way are called participial adjectives. A participial adjective  qualifi es a noun or a pronoun. Th e tired dancers wanted some rest. Rested, the dancers began practice again. (the rested dancers) In the second sentence, putting the participial adjective in the beginning of the sentence creates a dramatic eff ect.  may be used attributively or predicatively. Th e rolling car hit the cart. (attributive) You must fi le a report for your lost credit card. Education (attributive) Th e dancers were tired. (predicative) Th e man appeared worried. (predicative)  can be used in the comparative and superlative forms. I was most tired and went to sleepViva while the others partied. (Here the participle tired is used with the superlative most.) ©

G In the following sentences, change the verbs in the box to participial adjectives and ﬁ ll in the blanks.

learn talk outrage snore laugh glide EXERCISE press bore fascinate fi t excite interest bark creak depress worry miss Copyright 1. Th e ______visitor kept the household awake. 2. Th e ______dog next door alerted everybody and the thief was caught. 3. Th e ______father looked here and there for his ______child. 4. Hearing the unfair decision, the ______jury resigned.

17 ADJECTIVES

5. Discipline is the most ______need of our country. 6. Th e principal is a ______woman. 7. Coming home late, I tried to be quiet, but the ______door woke mother. 8. ______, I watched the ______birds make patterns in the sky. 9. I have a ______parrot. 10. People believe that the ______Buddha makes an auspicious gift . 11. Th at was a ______movie. 12. Th e Oscar award was a ______tribute to Satyajit Ray’s years of devoted work. 13. I felt ______aft er our team’s loss in the fi nal. 14. Th e very thought of going for an adventure camp is ______. 15. My grandmother used to tell me ______stories.

H Rewrite the sentences after inserting the appropriate forms of the words given in brackets. Education

1. Th e soldier heaved a sigh of relief. (tire)

EXERCISE 2. I was unhappy to fi nd him. (trouble) 3. Th e snow made the landscape look beautiful. (fall) 4. Siya ecstatically looked at the toboggan.Viva (slide) 5. He rummaged through my drawers to fi nd the keys. (lose) 6. In our village the archaeologists© have discovered remnants of a civilization. (forget) 7. Who asked you to get this bottle? (leak) 8. Aft er two rounds the boxer already had a look on his face. (defeat) 9. Can you bring me some sheets? (rule) 10. Last night Suraj woke up when he dreamt of a lion in his paddy fi eld. (roar)

18 Articles

In this chapter, learn: about the indefi nite and defi nite articles 4 the uses of the indefi nite article the uses of the defi nite article about contexts where no article is used

Education Th ere are two types of articles in English: the defi nite article (the) and the indefi nite article (a/an). Th ey belong to a larger grammatical class called determiners. I want to buy a shirt. Can I have an egg for breakfast? Viva Please pass the salt. As you can see, articles are used before© nouns. An article points out which person or thing is being referred to. It also tells us whether that person or thing is being mentioned in a general or a Grammar Point specifi c sense. A and an are not two different articles. They are the variants of the Defi nite and Indefi nite Articles indefi nite article. The choice between a and A and an are known as the indefi nite articles because these do an is based on the fi rst not point out to any specifi c person or thing, but talk of things in sound of the word the general. article precedes. Th ere is a car near the gate. Copyright Please send me an email about your plans. In either case above, the articles a and an do not specify which car or which email is being spoken about.

19 ARTICLES

Th e is known as the defi nite article. It points to a particular or specifi c person or thing. Th is is the house I live in. Th e wall around the garden is quite high. Here, the house is a specifi c one – the house that the speaker lives in. Also the wall is built around a specifi c garden. Hence the defi nite article is used.

Diff erence Between a and an

 A and an are used before singular countable nouns. a chair, a bird, a pencil an orange, an enemy, an ass A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound. a towel, a scarf, a pen We also say: a university, a union, a European Education Here, though the words university, union and European start with vowel letters, these letters have a consonant sound (‘y’). Grammar Point Hence the article a is used. Remember that An is used before singular countable nouns that begin with consonants and vowel sounds. Viva vowels are sounds and not letters. This is an apple, an egg why we say an uncle, a  If the word begins with an unsounded© h, an is used. unit, an M.Tech., etc. an hour, an honorary degree  Before abbreviations, where the fi rst letter is pronounced beginning with a vowel sound, an is used. an M.P., an M.B.A.

Uses of the Indeﬁ nite Article A or an is used  before singular countable nouns mentioned in a general Copyrightsense to mean any one of its kind. Please get me a new pen. Anil is a banker.

20 ARTICLES

 before a singular countable noun mentioned for the fi rst time. I have never seen a partridge. I saw a tiger in the jungle today.  before an expression of quantity. a couple, a dozen  before units of price, speed, ratio, weight, etc. a litre, a kilo, a hundred  before certain numbers. a billion, a thousand rupees  with half when half follows a whole. one and a half  in expressions of frequency. twice a day, thrice a month Education  in certain exclamatory expressions. What a pity! What a beautiful shot! Viva A Fill in the blanks with suitable inde©ﬁ nite articles. 1. Madhav is ______honest man. 10. She bought ______pen, 2. Iron is ______metal. ______eraser and

EXERCISE ______marker. 3. He is studying to be ______engineer. 11. ______owl fl ew in through my window. 4. Aladdin found ______magic lamp. 12. He used ______kind of lasso 5. We need nails and ______hammer. for catching cattle. 6. Sri Lanka is ______island. 13. Divya has ______awesome 7. ______European and ______pair of sunglasses. American were travelling together. 14. Charles Dickens was ______8. Do we need to take ______great novelist. Copyrightumbrella? 15. I would love to have ______9. ______day or two later she big closet with ______visited me. hundred shoes.

21 ARTICLES

Uses of the Deﬁ nite Article the Th e is used  to refer to a person or thing when it is particular or specifi c. I have lost the hat that you gave me. (a particular hat) Put the money in your pocket. (the specifi c money)  to refer to a person or thing that is well known to us. Let’s go to the park. (the park we oft en go to) Th e doctor will come soon. (the particular doctor who was supposed to come)  to refer to something or someone already mentioned before. A thief entered our house. Th e thief was caught. (Th e thief has been spoken about before in this context.) Th e girl who came home yesterday is here. (She hasEducation been spoken about before.)  when a singular noun represents the whole class. Th e lion is the king of the jungle. Th e cow is a beautiful animal. Viva However, when we refer to mankind as a class, we do not apply this rule. © Man is responsible for harming the environment. Today, women work both at home and outside in many countries of the world.  with names of  seas, oceans, gulfs and rivers, but not with lakes. the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, but Lake Michigan groups of islands. the Maldives, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Copyrightmountain ranges, but not mountain peaks. the Himalayas, Mount Everest

22 ARTICLES

 before the names of sacred books, newspapers, well- known buildings, etc. the Gita, Th e Times of India, the Taj Mahal  before the names of unique objects as the sun, the moon, the sky  before ordinal numbers and expressions like middle, top, only, same, whole, etc. Th e second girl in the fi rst row is my sister. Keep your things in the top shelf. Th is is the same pen as the one I used. Th e whole class was talking.  to lay emphasis. Globalization is the order of the day.  before nationalities and communities, but not before the names of languages. Education Th e Chinese are hardworking people. Spanish is a diffi cult language. (Th e Spanish is . . .) When Not to Use the Article Viva Th e indefi nite articles a and an are not used  before uncountable nouns. © a handful of rice (a rice) a piece of news or some news (a news)  before names of meals. lunch starts at 1 p.m. (a lunch) I am having breakfast. (a breakfast) However, for special meals, we can use a or an. . . . a dinner in his honour  before the names of seasons – winter, summer. Copyrightparts of the body – heart, stomach.

23 ARTICLES

No article is used  before proper nouns. Rajesh is my friend. (the Rajesh) Maj. Kalra is here. (the Maj. Kalra)  before the names of languages – English, French. I would like to learn French. (the French)  before the names of any sports – cricket, tennis. I play tennis. (the tennis)  before the names of cities – Lucknow, London. I live in Lucknow. (the Lucknow)  in certain idiomatic expressions and special phrases. by bus, on foot, at dinner, in town Education

B In Exercises B and C, ﬁ ll in the blanks with a or an. Put a cross () where no article is required. 1. Never tell ______lie. Viva EXERCISE 2. She is ______M.P. 3. He is ______honest man. © 4. Arjun has ______headache. 5. Th is is ______news to me. 6. It is ______quarter to ten. 7. Give me ______orange, ______plum, ______apple and ______guava. 8. ______gold is ______precious metal. 9. ______newspaper is printed on ______paper. 10. He is ______European, who lives in ______India.

Th ere is ______famous shop in the town. It has ______lot of gift items. It also C Copyright sells ______artifi cial jewellery. ______old woman runs the store. It was earlier owned by ______Englishwoman. Th ere is ______annual sale every year. Th en

EXERCISE there is ______great rush at the shop. It is closed on ______Sundays.

24 ARTICLES

D Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. Put a cross () in blanks where no article is required.

1. Mr Grewal is ______offi cer in ______Ministry of External Aff airs. He is

EXERCISE posted in ______Netherlands. He is ______youngest offi cer there. He loves his work and plays ______game of squash in ______evening. For breakfast he has ______egg, ______apricot and ______cup of coff ee. 2. When ______principal saw Raman and Ahmed fi ghting, he expelled the two boys from ______school. ______action taken by ______principal was ______unexpected one. ______parents of ______two boys were sent for during ______school hours. Th ey came within ______hour and ______half. 3. I was ______eyewitness to ______accident on ______Delhi–Punjab railway line. I was travelling by ______Punjab Mail. I was fast asleep when I heard ______crash which woke me up with ______jerk. ______train had stopped. One could hear ______cries and shouts. It took ______few minutes before we came to realize that our train had collidedEducation with ______goods train coming from ______opposite direction.

E Insert articles where necessary and rewrite the sentences. 1. Amazon is the longest river in the world. 2. I went to buy Arab horse. Viva EXERCISE 3. Deeper the well, better the water. 4. You are fool to talk like this. © 5. Dog is considered to be faithful animal. 6. Th is is romantic novel. 7. Old man is walking on the road. 8. Bird in hand is worth two in bush. 9. Do you know which is cleanest city in world? 10. Soldier tried his best to get horse to walk. But it did not move inch. 11. What do you want to become: banker or writer? 12. Great Barrier Reef, located off coast of Australia, is Copyrightworld’s largest coral reef system.

25 Pronouns

In this chapter, learn: the nature and functions of pronouns 5 the classifi cation of pronouns: personal pronouns, refl exive and emphatic pronouns, possessive pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, indefi nite and distributive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns

Education Read these sentences: Nishant loves to work. Nishant is effi cient because Nishant is Grammar Point hardworking. Nishant’s work is excellent. Pronouns are nouns Nishant loves to work. He is effi cient because he is in disguise and have hardworking. His work is excellent. the same function as Viva nouns. They take the Th e fi rst set of sentences sounds repetitive. When we speak, we do place of nouns. not want to keep repeating a noun (name© of a person or thing) every time we have to refer to it. We use a pronoun instead of the noun.

kinds of pronouns pronoun function examples personal pronouns refer to people I, me, they refl exive and emphatic refl ect to the personal pronoun myself, themselves pronouns or noun possessive pronouns show possession mine, yours relating to an antecedent (the noun relative pronouns who, which that comes before) Copyrightinterrogative pronouns are pronouns which are question words what, who indefi nite and distributive refer to things in general many, few, each, either pronouns demonstrative pronouns point out which this, that, these, those

26 PRONOUNS

Personal Pronouns We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking about. We use the fi rst person pronoun I and we to speak of ourselves. I like ice cream. We eat ice cream frequently. Th e second person pronoun you is used to address the person we are speaking to. You must tell me what you think. Th e third person pronouns he, she, it and they are used when we talk of anybody or anything else. He looks happy. Take this knife and put it in the kitchen. Th e various personal pronouns and their uses are given below.Education

personal pronouns number person gender subject object ﬁ rst male/female I me second male/femaleViva you you singular third male he him female© she her neuter it it ﬁ rst male/female we us plural second male/female you you third male/female/neuter they them

A pronoun can be the subject as well as the object of a verb. I need rest. (I is the subject of the verb need) Th e doctor told me to rest. (me is the object of the verb told) For a single person, sometimes we don’t know whether to use he or Copyrightshe, especially if we are speaking of a person in general. We can use: If a student needs help, he or she should see the coordinator. If a student needs help, he should see the coordinator. If a student needs help, they should see the coordinator.

27 PRONOUNS

We oft en use it to introduce something or talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance. Th is particular it is also termed the introductory it. It is going to rain today. It is important to behave correctly. It’s easier said than done. Is it alright to book a ticket for the 10 o’clock show?

A Fill in the blanks with personal pronouns. 1. Taran is a good boy, do you like ______? 2. ______and ______always study together. EXERCISE 3. Vishal and Mohammed are brilliant students. ______have won many medals. 4. Tanya loves music. Rima loves to dance. ______are famous.Education 5. When ______is cloudy ______rains. 6. ______should speak the truth. 7. Our pledge says that ______Indians are brothers and sisters. Th is is to promote tolerance amongst ______people. 8. Please give ______your opinion onViva these topics. 9. I like this pen. ______is better than yours. 10. Th is book belongs to ______.© ______bought ______at the book fair.

Reﬂ exive and Emphatic Pronouns Read these sentences: I cut my hair myself. We must learn to laugh at ourselves. In the fi rst sentence, I performs the action of cutting the hair and at the same time I receives the action of the hair being cut. CopyrightIn the second sentence, the doer of the action is we, and at the same time we receives the action of being laughed at. Here myself and ourselves are refl exive pronouns because the action is refl ected to the subject.

28 PRONOUNS

Refl exive pronouns act as objects and not subjects and usually show that the person who does the action of the verb is also the person who receives the action. When refl exive pronouns are used for emphasis, they are called emphatic pronouns. I myself cut my hair. Th ey themselves suggested this restaurant. Here myself and themselves emphasize the doer’s role in the action.

personal pronoun I you he she it we they yourself, reﬂ exive pronoun myself yourselves himself herself itself ourselves themselves (for plural) Education

B Fill in the blanks with reﬂ exive or emphatic pronouns. 1. She looked at ______in the 6. We must give ______credit for mirror. doing a job well. EXERCISE 2. Blood pressure patients should get Viva 7. I ______advised him on his ______checked regularly. career. 3. She ______stitches her© 8. She ______is to blame. clothes. 9. He can only blame ______for 4. Arun always keeps copies of the the mistake. exercise for ______. 10. We ______went and saw the 5. I gave ______a chance to win site of the accident. the race.

Possessive Pronouns When we want to show possession, we use possessive pronouns. Copyright Th ese are my spectacles. ~ Th ese spectacles are mine. Th ose are your slippers. ~ Th ose slippers are yours. We see that the possessive pronouns have two forms each – my, mine; your, yours. Th e forms my, your, our, etc. are called possessive adjectives. 29 PRONOUNS

Possessive adjectives are used before nouns and do the work of an adjective.

personal pronoun I you he she it we they possessive adjective my your his her its our their possessive pronoun mine yours his hers its ours theirs

Remember, never use the apostrophe in possessive pronouns. hers her’s theirs their’s Be careful to use the words its and whose correctly. its it’s (a contraction of it is or it has) whose who’s (a contraction of who is or who has) Education

C Fill in the blanks with possessive pronouns. 1. Th at house is ______. 5. Look over there, those seats are 2. Take this book. It is ______. Viva______. EXERCISE 3. I’m sorry, that’s ______pen, 6. Our shirts will be yellow, not ______. © ______will be green. 4. Th ose students are ______. 7. Give them the boxes. Th ey are Th e ones in the green uniforms are ______. ______. 8. Th ose books are ______.

Relative Pronouns A relative pronoun relates a clause to a noun used earlier. Th e clause is a subordinate clause and is usually introduced by the Copyrightrelative pronoun. I like rasgulla. Rasgulla is a popular sweet. I like rasgulla, which is a popular sweet. (Which refers to rasgulla.)

30 PRONOUNS

We are looking for a teacher. Th e teacher should speak Marathi. We are looking for a teacher who speaks Marathi. (Who refers to the teacher.) You gave me a gift . Th e gift was beautiful. Th e gift that you gave me was beautiful. (Th at refers to the gift .) In these examples, the words which, who and that refer to or relate to a noun that comes before, and are called relative pronouns. Th e noun referred to is called the antecedent.

refers to people refers to things subject form who which, that object form whom possessive form whose Education Who, whose, whom, that and which are relative pronouns. Sometimes the relative pronouns are left out because they are implied in the sentence. Th e shop did not have the dress that I wanted.Viva Th e shop did not have the dress I wanted. ©

D Join the sentences in each pair with a relative pronoun. 1. Preeti is my friend. Preeti won the fi rst prize. 2. Th e thief stole a camera. Th e thief has been caught. EXERCISE 3. Th e man is visually challenged. Th e man was helped by you. 4. I saw a bird. Th e bird was singing. 5. Th is is the book. I lent it to you.

E CopyrightFill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns. If no pronoun is needed, put a cross ().

1. To ______should I give this document?

EXERCISE 2. Give this money to someone ______needs it.

31 PRONOUNS

3. Th e book ______you lent me is very interesting. 4. Th is is the man ______robbed the bank. 5. Pass me the laptop ______is lying on the table. 6. A lady ______I know helped me fi nd the house. 7. We would like to see the paintings ______you have made. 8. Th ere is no one ______has not made a mistake.

Interrogative Pronouns Th e pronouns used to ask questions are called interrogative pronouns. Who is the culprit? Which is your car? Whom should I ask? What does he do? Whose is this bag? Education Interrogative pronouns can also be used to ask questions indirectly. Ask him what he has done. I do not know who has done this. Viva Interrogative pronouns also have compound forms. whoever, whichever, whatever © Whoever asked you that? We will give the prize to whoever makes the best project. Whatever he did, does he deserve this?

F Write questions to these answers using interrogative pronouns. 1. I ate the pizza. 5. His job is to sell medical equipment. 2. Th e auditorium was inaugurated by a 6. I am reading a book on the life of EXERCISE Copyrightminister. William Shakespeare. 3. All the girls saw the movie. 7. John is knocking at the door. 4. He is an engineer and works in a 8. I like cartoon programmes the most. factory. 9. Th is book is Ramya’s.

32 PRONOUNS

Indeﬁ nite Pronouns Read these sentences: [k One should do one’s best. v b vk None of these shirts is nice. t d m Many among the group do not speak Hindi. N p Somebody has taken my pen. Th e words in italics are pronouns that stand in place of an undefi ned person or thing – they refer to persons or things in general – and are hence called indefi nite pronouns. Some examples of indefi nite pronouns are anybody, something, no one, somebody, anyone, few, many, nobody, etc.

Distributive Pronouns Look at these sentences: Education Th irteen children came for the party. I gave each a chocolate. Either of these shirts can be bought for Nitin. Neither is a very good picture. Th e words each, either and neither refer to one thing at a time and are called distributive pronouns. Distributive pronouns are always singular. Viva Each of these girls has a book. ©

G Fill in the blanks with indeﬁ nite or distributive pronouns from the box below.

either each few no one everybody somebody nobody anybody EXERCISE

1. Among the contestants ______was a clear winner, so ______got a book. Copyright 2. Th ere is ______knocking at the door. 3. Sunil or Tushar, ______is a good choice. 4. ______of the rivals did his best to outdo the other. 5. Tom was reading out his speech, but ______could hear him.

33 PRONOUNS

6. He fell into the ditch, but ______was there to save him. 7. You can do ______of the two questions. 8. ______of these roads will take you there. 9. Did you ask ______to come? 10. ______has his own opinion about this.

Demonstrative Pronouns Look at these sentences: Th is is the book I was talking about. Th at is the Red Fort. Th e words this and that are used to point out the things that they refer to. Th ese words are called demonstrative pronouns. Education Th is and that are singular demonstrative pronouns, and these and those are plural demonstrative pronouns. Th is refers to something nearer to the speaker. Th at conveys a sense of greater distance thanViva this. © H Use the correct demonstrative pronouns and rewrite these sentences. 1. Th is are the books my friend gave me. 2. Th is are the boys who were punished. EXERCISE 3. Th ose is Jamal’s friends. 4. All this are the people who have to go to jail. 5. Th at are your pens. 6. Remove the plates on the table. Th is are dusty. 7. Th is are presents from my family and friends. Copyright 8. Th at who want to participate in the swimming competition must register their names today. 9. Look at the pots here. Th at are imported from China. 10. My ideas are the same as that of the group.

34 Prepositions

In this chapter, learn: the grammatical functions of prepositions 6 about simple, compound and complex prepositions about prepositions of place, time, direction, cause, purpose and source

Education Look at these sentences: Th e boy jumped over the wall. Th e children are in the class. In the fi rst sentence, the word over tells us the relation between the Grammar Point verb jumped and the noun wall. In the secondViva sentence, the word in tells us the relation between the nouns children and class. Prepositions belong Th e words over and in are prepositions. to the ‘closed’ © category of words. A preposition usually comes before a noun or a pronoun which is In a closed category its object. Th e preposition tells us the relation of its object to other the member words words in the sentence. are more or less ﬁ xed Sometimes the preposition comes at the end of the sentence when and new additions are rare. Pronouns, the object is a relative pronoun or an interrogative pronoun. conjunctions and Here is the book that you were looking for. determiners are What are you looking at? other closed classes. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and Kinds of Prepositions adverbs are open classes. CopyrightTh ere are various kinds of prepositions:  simple prepositions  compound prepositions  complex or phrase prepositions

35 PREPOSITIONS

Simple Prepositions Words like in, on, at, by, from, about, over, under, through, till, up, off , of, for, to, etc. are simple prepositions. Th ey came from Kolkata. Th ere is some juice in the can. He fell off the chair.

Compound Prepositions Compound prepositions are words formed by combining prepositions, nouns, adverbs, etc. Some examples of compound prepositions are into, across, without, within, inside, outside, onto, beneath, below, behind, between, etc. Put the bread into the bread bin. At the movie hall, I sat between Kavya and Varun. She ran across the street to catch the bus. Education Complex or Phrase Prepositions Some prepositions are made up of a group of words that do the work of a single preposition. Th ese are called complex or phrase prepositions. Some examples are in front of, because of, with reference to, in spite of, in addition to, accordingViva to, along with , away from, by means of, in place of, etc. Th ere is a car in front of the house.© Rita succeeded because of her hard work. In spite of the cold, the children played outside in the garden.

A Fill in the blanks with simple, compound or complex prepositions from the box.

in addition to on behalf of along with along in front of under outside without EXERCISE Copyright 1. Th e man walked ______the road. 2. Put the garbage in the can ______the door. 3. He bought a small bottle of ink ______the two big ones. 4. Th e school captain welcomed the guests ______the principal, staff and students of the school. 36 PREPOSITIONS

5. Payal participated in the nature walk ______all her classmates. 6. Th e children had their picnic ______the old tree in the park. 7. It is raining. Do not step out ______an umbrella. 8. Children today spend a lot of their time ______the television.

Prepositions of Place Prepositions express several relations. Prepositions of place tell us ‘where’. Some prepositions of place are above, below, under, over, beside, down, near, in front of, around, etc. Th e fruit hung above my head, but I could not reach it. Th ere is a new car in front of the house. Th e man walked down the road. At, in and on are used as prepositions of place. Education Someone is at the door. I live in Mumbai. Th e painting is on the wall. Vivause examples at the door for a speciﬁ c point at the corner at before© a particular address or I live at 22, Arya Nagar. before the name of a place Let’s meet at the coﬀ ee shop.

use examples The books are in the bag. The assembly takes place in to refer to an enclosed space, or in the central hall. a larger area like a town or a city We lived in Chennai for ten years.

Note that we say: Copyright Th e cupboard is kept in the corner of the room. but Our house is at the corner of the street. A room is an enclosed space, but a street is not.

37 PREPOSITIONS

use examples I wrote my name on the for a surface; cover. on before the names of roads There are three lights on the and streets ceiling. We live on M.G. Road.

use example when there are only two Kriti sat between her two between persons or things best friends.

use example when there are more Share the chocolates equally among than two persons or things among your cousins.

use example I sat beside my mother and beside to mean ‘by the side of ’ Educationheld her hand.

use examples Who besides Mira could have to mean ‘except’ or done this? besides ‘in addition to’ Besides Tara, Ravi and Bina Viva were at the show. ©

B Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions of place. 1. Jaya is waiting for you 7. What do you have ______the mall. that box?

EXERCISE 2. When will you arrive 8. Many people stood ______the offi ce? the roofs of houses to watch the match. 3. My desk is ______the 9. Th e sign ______the shop window. said ‘SALE’. 4. Do you work ______a 10. Th e shop is ______the end school? of the street. Copyright 5. Who lives in the hut ______11. I have a meeting ______the bungalow? New York. 6. ______all his friends, Hari 12. We live ______the corner of is the tallest. M.G. Road and Bank Street.

38 PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions of Time Several prepositions are used to talk of time. Th ese are on, in, at, till, during, aft er, before, etc. Please wait till 3 o’clock. He arrived before midnight. My turn comes aft er yours. Let’s look at the use of in, on and at as prepositions of time. We reached home at 2.00 p.m. I was born in July. Harsh has to go to Patiala on 21 April.

use examples Let’s meet at 2.00 p.m. The party got over at to talk of a speciﬁ c point at midnight. of time Education At the end of the meeting, everyone went home happy.

use examples Can you meet me in 15 minutes? to talk of a period of time. This Viva It becomes very hot in could include a few minutes or in summer. hours, a week, a month, a year We shifted to Nasik in 1995. or a longer period. © A lot of new discoveries were made in the last century.

use examples Everyone wears new clothes on Diwali day. to talk of a particular day They got engaged on on or date February 5th. Can you meet me on Sunday?

use examples Copyright to talk of a period starting Naresh and Smita have been from a point of time, and living in Bhopal since 2007. since usually comes after a verb in Harsh has given up painting the perfect tense since June this year.

39 PREPOSITIONS

use examples The summer holidays will begin from May 20. for a point of time (not used from The guarantee will be valid with verbs in the perfect tense) from the day you buy this phone.

use examples Naresh and Smita have lived to refer to or speak about a in Bhopal for four years. for period of time Tripti was on leave for ﬁ ve days.

C Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions of time. 1. Th e farmer has been working in his fi eld ______Education morning. 2. Meeta will come to Kolkata ______Friday. EXERCISE 3. Th ey have been studying ______fi ve hours. 4. Th e meeting will be held ______Monday ______10 p.m. 5. Kriti has been ill with fever ______Viva last night. 6. Th e party will start ______7.30 p.m. and may go on ______midnight. 7. Th e protesters stood at the India© Gate ______morning ______night. 8. We’ll have dinner at a restaurant ______Wednesday. 9. I can come to your house only ______school. 10. Nobody will be allowed to leave the examination hall ______the exam.

Prepositions of Direction Prepositions of movement or direction denote ‘where’. Some prepositions of movement are to, at, towards, through, into, over, Copyrightunder, up, down, etc. Th e boys climbed over the orchard wall to pluck fruit. Raghu walked under the bridge.

40 PREPOSITIONS

Let’s walk towards the river. Karim looked through the glass at the toys in the shop. Leena looked at her mother for permission.

use examples

To denotes a ﬁ xed We went to the market. to destination. I went to school on Sunday.

Into suggests movement from The children jumped into the into outside to an enclosed space. pool.

Towards denotes movement Walk towards the school and towards and is indeﬁ nite. I will meet you on the way.

use examples The children jumped upon upon Upon denotes ‘towards’. Educationtheir father when he came home.

off Off means ‘away from’. The fat man fell off his chair. Viva Prepositions of Cause, Purpose© or Source Depending on how it is used, a preposition can suggest cause or purpose. Some examples of such prepositions are for, of, with, by, from, etc. Th is is just the place for a picnic. He suff ered from fever for fi ve days. Th e girl cried with fear.

use examples

The thief was beaten by the By is used in the passive to residents with sticks. by talk of the doer of an action. The walls were drilled by the with With denotes who/what the Copyright electrician with an electric agent of an action is. drill.

41 PREPOSITIONS

D Underline the prepositions and state whether they are prepositions of time, place, cause or purpose. Point out the object of each preposition.

1. Th e children ran around the house all evening.

EXERCISE 2. On our holiday, we drove through the towns of Dwarka and Jamnagar. 3. Karan opened the bottle with a steel opener. 4. We did not go to offi ce today. We had a holiday. 5. Th e children played in the pool. 6. A huge function was planned by the management to celebrate the company’s twenty- fi ft h anniversary. 7. Here is the present that you were waiting for. 8. Th e light bulb was invented by Th omas Alva Edison. 9. Th e old man sat among the children to tell his stories. Education 10. Th e moon does not shine with its own light.

E Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. 1. Maya was tired ______a long 9. Ritu worked hard ______day ______work. Vivacompleting her painting. She

EXERCISE 2. You will see the picture ______succeeded ______selling it page 45. © ______two thousand rupees. 3. Have you received an invitation 10. Th e thieves were taken ______Karim’s wedding? the police ______the court. 4. I rely ______my parents 11. Bharati makes beautiful paintings ______the right advice. ______the computer ______a mouse. 5. My aunt taught me how to eat ______a knife and fork. 12. I will surely contact you ______e-mail. 6. Don’t stand ______the wall, you will get dirt ______your 13. Th e cat jumped ______the dress. rat. Copyright 7. He is short ______pocket 14. Ravi and I have a lot of things in money. common ______music. 8. Are you happy ______the 15. Suman arrived late ______result? the airport.

42 Determiners

In this chapter, learn: about the word class of determiners 7 about the different kinds of determiners about determiners of quantity and distribution about demonstrative, interrogative and possessive determiners about speciﬁ c and general determiners

Education Determiners are words used before nouns when referring to a specifi c or general thing, to show possession, or to tell how much or how many. Some examples of determiners are: a, an, the, many, any, one, little, few, much,Viva every, each A determiner is always followed by a noun. Grammar Point Many people came to the party. © Determiners have Please give me my book. a very important Th ese trees are so beautiful. role in English. They are used to specify, show possession, Kinds of Determiners to quantify or to point out something. Determiners are a Articles ‘closed’ word class. That means the users Th e indefi nite articles a and an and the defi nite article the are of the language do determiners. not add new words to Copyright a mat, an Australian, the pencil in the drawer this class. Determiners of Quantity or Quantiﬁ ers Some determiners of quantity may be used with countable nouns while others are used with uncountable nouns or with both.

43 DETERMINERS

Some examples are: some, any, much, enough, whole, little, a little, all, several, a lot, many, few, a few, the few, fi rst few, second, one, two, etc. Some of these determiners are easily confused and hence can be used incorrectly:

use examples

always used before uncountable There is not much water left in much nouns to denote quantity the tank.

Many people believe that many usually refers to a number technology is the best thing to happen to us.

use examples little to mean ‘almost nothing’Education He has little interest in sports. a little to mean ‘some’ Give me a little sugar. He gave the little money he had the little to mean ‘all that is’ to charity.

use examples opposite of manyViva and refers to few a number, means ‘practically Few people here are vegetarian. © none’ a few to mean ‘some’ He has only a few friends.

Mohan gave away the few the few to mean ‘all there is’ clothes he had.

use examples for questions and negative any Do you have any books? statements Copyrightsome positive for a few Here are some books. Th ere are determiners with two or more words:a lot of, plenty of, a large number of, etc. which can be used in these contexts.

44 DETERMINERS

Determiners of Distribution Determiners like either, neither, each and every show distribution. use examples used when members of a set each are considered individually. The Each person got his share. verb used is singular. used when a large but indeﬁ nite number of people or things are every Every man does their duty. considered individually. Every is stronger than each.

use examples

stands for any one of two or You can pick up either of the either each of the two boxes.

the opposite of either and He belongs to neither the ruling neither means ‘not the one nor the Education party nor the opposition. other’

Demonstrative Determiners Vivause examples this Can you lend me this pen? Is that car yours? that to point© out a person or thing These machines are imported these from China. those Are those books new?

Interrogative Determiners

use examples what What time will we reach? which to ask questions Which city is your favourite? whose Whose pens are these? CopyrightPossessive Determiners use examples my, your, his, her, its, Those are our plants. to show possession their, our Is she your sister?

45 DETERMINERS

A Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners. 1. ______hat is this? 2. ______house does he live in? EXERCISE 3. Don’t you like ______car? 4. Th e winter sale is on in ______shop in the area. 5. It is a pity that ______child should be put to labour! 6. ______customer loves our dishes. 7. Please distribute these fl yers to ______visitors. 8. Neither document has ______signature on it. 9. ______mementoes are to be given only to guests. 10. Th ere were ______people waiting in the rain forEducation a glimpse of their favourite star. 11. ______man standing there in ______red shirt is a friend of mine. 12. Th e stadium is near ______building. 13. He will take ______luggage with him. 14. Th ere are ______ways to bakeViva a cake. ©

Speciﬁ c and General Determiners We use a specifi c determiner when we know exactly which thing(s) or person/people we are talking about. Th e specifi c determiners are:  the defi nite article – the the book on the table  demonstratives – this, that, these and those this pen, that bat, those children Copyright possessives – my, your, his , her, its, our, their our house, their car, his sister, your class When we speak about people or things without saying exactly who or what they are, we use general determiners.

46 DETERMINERS

Th e general determiners are:  the indefi nite articles – a, an a fl ower, an advertisement  a few, few, a little, all, any, both, enough, many, more, much, some, etc. a few people, some trains, a little sugar

B Fill in the blanks with determiners given in the box below.

no a few neither whole a little a lot of some

EXERCISE 1. She had ______free time the whole month. 2. It costs me ______money to go for a vacation. 3. Only ______people survived the rebellion. Education 4. ______apples are rotten. Th row them away. 5. She drinks ______variety of coff ee. 6. ______sister has watched any of the Harry Potter movies. 7. She spent the ______day sleeping.Viva 8. I want ______more© sugar. C Rewrite the sentences using correct determiners. 1. Th ey did not see some tigers in Sariska. 2. A man in white uniform is a naval offi cer. EXERCISE 3. Th at two girls help one another. 4. Th e later part of the movie was really interesting. 5. Ms Austin is an oldest teacher in the school. 6. Yours school is next to mine. 7. Anmol took away a little sugar I had in the jar. Copyright 8. Th is cake has no eggs but it has a few cocoa. 9. Please pass me a salt. 10. Which time will they come?

47 Regular and Irregular Verbs

In this chapter, learn: 8 the grammatical role of the verb about the ﬁ ve forms of a verb about helping verbs and main verbs about regular and irregular verbs

Education A verb is the most important word in a sentence. We know that a sentence cannot be formed without a verb. Most of us think of a verb just as an action word, but the verb has other functions too. A verb tells us the following: Viva what action takes place or what what a noun is what our perception of a is done by a person or thing © noun is The answer seems right. Maya sings. She is a teacher. The child appears to be A dog barks. Coal is black. alright. A verb mainly has fi ve forms: the base form of the verb, the -ing form, the past tense form, the past participle, the to-infi nitive. Look at the table below:

base form past tense past participle the -ing form to-inﬁ nitive laugh laughed laughed laughing to laugh walk walked walked walking to walk Copyrightgo went gone going to go catch caught caught catching to catch cut cut cut cutting to cut

48 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

Helping Verbs and Main Verbs Now look at these sentences: Karan was crossing the road. I can swim. I have fi nished my work. Very oft en, a verb consists of more than one word. In the sentences Grammar Point above, the words was, can and have are helping verbs (or auxiliary verbs), while crossing, swim and fi nished are main verbs. On their own, helping Helping verbs are needed to form the grammatical structure of a verbs do not tell us very much. However, sentence, especially to form tenses. they help the main Th e primary helping verbs are forms of the verbs be, do and have. verb, which carries the Th ese verbs can be used as helping verbs or as main verbs. real meaning. Aditya is writing an essay. (is – helping verb; writing – main verb) Aslam is the head boy of the school. Education (is – main verb in the sentence) Does Mrs Rao teach English? (does – helping verb; teach – main verb) I do my homework at night. (do – mainViva verb) Kriti has lost her pen. (has – helping verb; lost – main verb) Nina has a new car. (has – main© verb) Th e following are the uses of be, have and do as helping verbs:

use examples Raj is watching TV at home. to make continuous tenses Shabnam was waiting for (is, am, are, was and were) you at the bus stop. be The fruits are kept in the to make the passive basket. The thief was caught.

use examples Copyright I have ﬁ nished my to make perfect tenses (has, have assignment. have and had) He had made a promise.

49 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

use examples I do not like coﬀ ee. to make negatives Payal did not know the answer. Do you want some food? do to ask questions What did Bala drink? I do study for my exams. to show emphasis Preeti did sing well.

Another class of helping or auxiliary verbs is the modal auxiliaries, which express ideas like possibility, permission, etc. We will study them in detail in chapter 12.

A In the following sentences, underline the auxiliary verbs and circle the main verbs. 1. Priya doesn’t live in Delhi. 9. HimmatEducation was always punctual, even as 2. Are they working on a new a child. EXERCISE assignment? 10. All the tickets were sold on the fi rst 3. Maya laughs loudly. day. 4. Mona is a dress designer. 11. We do enjoy a well-made fi lm. 5. Harsh has driven down from Viva 12. Raghav has a job with a prestigious Haridwar. soft ware fi rm. 6. I do understand your feelings.© 13. Kaya likes Indian classical music. 7. Tapan does the dishes every night. 14. Th e children were making faces at the monkeys. 8. When does the train reach Hyderabad? EXERCISE B Write sentence pairs of your own using be, do and have once as main verbs and then as helping verbs.

Main verbs may be classifi ed in many ways: Copyright regular and irregular verbs  transitive and intransitive verbs  fi nite and non-fi nite verbs

50 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

Regular and Irregular Verbs In the sets of verbs given in the table on page 48, notice how the past tense form and the past participle are formed for the verbs laugh and walk. We add -d or -ed to the base form to make the past tense form and the past participle. Verbs that form their past tense form and past participle by adding -d or -ed to the base form are called regular verbs. I work in Bengaluru. (present tense) I worked in Chennai two years ago. (past tense) I have worked in Bengaluru for the past two years. (past participle) Irregular verbs form their past tense and past participle in many diff erent ways. ereTh is no fi xed pattern to make the past tense and past participle of irregular verbs. Th e only way is to learn them through practice and regular use. Th ere are three types of irregular verbs. Education 1. Verbs with all the three forms identical (the base, the past tense form, the past participle)

base form past tense past base form past tense past participle Viva participle cut cut cut put put put let let let © quit quit quit bet bet bet rid rid rid bid bid, bade bid, bidden set set set broadcast broadcast broadcast shut shut shut burst burst burst slit slit slit cast cast cast spread spread spread cost cost cost upset upset upset forecast forecast forecast wed wed, wed, hit hit hit wedded wedded hurt hurt hurt wet wet, wetted wet, wetted Copyrightinput input input shed shed shed

51 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

2. Verbs with two parts identical. Th ese verbs can be either regular (learned) or irregular with a -t suffi x (learnt).

base form past tense past base form past tense past participle participle spend spent spent beat beat beat, beaten come came come have had had build built built hear heard heard burn burned, burned, lay laid laid burnt burnt light lit, lighted lit, lighted dwell dwelled, dwelled, make made made dwelt dwelt pay paid paid learn learned, learned, remake remade remade learnt learnt say said said smell smelled, smelled, smelt smelt sit Educationsat sat spell spelled, spelt spelled, spelt slide slid slid spill spilled, spilt spilled, spilt spit spat, spit spat, spit understand understood understood spoil spoiled, spoiled, spoilt spoilt Vivawithstand withstood withstood 3. Verbs with all three parts diff erent© base form past tense past base form past tense past participle participle go went gone sink sank sunk blow blew blown spring sprang sprung speak spoke spoken stink stank stunk do did done swim swam swum draw drew drawn arise arose arisen eat ate eaten drive drove driven begin began begun ride rode ridden Copyrightdrink drank drunk rise rose risen ring rang rung stride strode strode, shrink shrank shrunk stridden sing sang sung write wrote written

52 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

C Write the past tense forms and the past participles of these verbs. 1. go 3. take 5. mark 7. score 9. try 2. skip 4. steal 6. keep 8. dance 10. drink EXERCISE

D Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.

1. Reena ______her younger brother for being late. (scold) 2. Pallavi ______at the annual day function last year. (dance) EXERCISE 3. Please do not ______that branch. (cut) 4. Rupa ______a beautiful dress at the party. (wear) 5. During the air show, fi ghter planes ______in formation overhead. (fl y) 6. Th e angry man ______the poor beggar away. (drive)Education 7. Hey! Don’t ______the torch in my face. (shine) 8. Tarun ______the shirt and ______it in the box. (fold, place) 9. I was angry because you had ______to me. (lie) 10. Th e policeman ______the whistle but the young driver had ______away. (blow, speed) Viva

E Complete the following table using© the correct verb forms. base form past tense past participle taught EXERCISE lain rode draw froze become dreamt Copyrightlead broadcast forbidden

53 The Sentence

In this chapter, learn: the grammatical deﬁ nition of a sentence 9 the ways to punctuate a sentence about the subject and the predicate about the types of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory

Education Grammar Point Look at these sets of words: A sentence always I love my mother. starts with a capital Where have you been? letter and ends In each of these sets of words, something has been said. Such with a full stop, an groups of words arranged in a specifi c orderViva so that they make exclamation or a question mark. complete sense are called sentences. ©

A Rearrange the following words to make meaningful sentences. Add the correct punctuation where needed.

1. is/planet/warmer/the/getting

EXERCISE 2. population/increasing/world/the/is 3. international/English/language/is/an 4. peace/without/progress/cannot/we/have Copyright 5. celebrate/Republic/we/great/Day/with/pomp/show/and/the 6. like/you/do/to/go/the/to/movies 7. leather/made/is/of/bag/this 8. Tennis/Taniya/good/is/at

54 THE SENTENCE

When forming a sentence, we name a person or thing and then say something about that person or thing. Th e person or thing named is called the subject of the sentence, and what we say about the person or thing is called the predicate. Look at these sentences: 1. Priya dances. 2. Rafi sings beautifully. 3. Th e three men sailed in a boat. In each of the sentences above, the words in blue form the predicate while the words in red letters form the subject. Th e predicate must always have a verb for the sentence to be complete. In a sentence, the subject usually comes fi rst and is followed by the predicate. Sometimes, however, it may be placed aft er the predicate. Th is is oft en used in literary/poetic expressions. Around the garden ran the naughty children. Education Silently fl owed the river. In sentences which express an order or request, the subject is always you, but it is understood and not stated. Open the door. (You open the door.) Never talk to strangers. (You should neverViva talk to strangers.) ©

B Identify the subject and predicate in the following sentences. Circle the subject and underline the predicate in each sentence.

1. Tarun is quite late. 8. My parents have always been

EXERCISE 2. Out of the tree fl ew the birds. supportive of my choices. 3. Th e lost child cried helplessly. 9. Several people watched the fi reworks with joy. 4. Th e mountains rose into the blue sky. 10. Into the valley of death rode the six 5. Little Nina laughed happily. hundred soldiers. Copyright 6. Down to the river went the troop of 11. Th e children heard a loud noise. children. 12. An exciting adventure is all that I crave 7. Th e child ate the cake hungrily. for right now.

55 THE SENTENCE

Types of Sentences Sentences can be classifi ed as:  declarative or assertive sentences  imperative sentences  interrogative sentences  exclamatory sentences

Declarative or Assertive Sentences Sentences that state something are called declarative or assertive sentences. A declarative sentence makes only a statement.  Th is may be a yes-statement or an affi rmative statement.  It could be a no-statement (also none, never, not, no one) or a negative statement. Education Father John is the principal of the school. (affi rmative) I did not eat the cake. (negative) Formation of the Negative Negative words like no, none, never, not, no oneViva are used to change assertive sentences to the negative. Th ere are chocolates in the fridge.© ~ Th ere are no chocolates in the fridge. All the boys were hired. ~ None of the boys was hired. I am always tired. ~ I am never tired. Th is is a good movie. ~ Th is is not a good movie. Everyone felt the earthquake. ~ No one felt the earthquake. Some rules to change the assertive to the negative:

Forms of the verb be and have change to the negative by adding not or its shortened form -n’t after the verb. Peter isn’t a good athlete. They aren’t at home today. CopyrightAarti hasn’t a clue about the party.

56 THE SENTENCE

When helping verbs are used with the main verb, change the sentence to the negative by adding not or its shortened form -n’t between the auxiliary verb and the main verb. Kajal is not baking a cake. The Vermas aren’t planning a holiday now.

In sentences which do not have helping verbs, the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb do and the word not are added before the main verb. In such cases, the helping verb do changes according to person, number or tense, while the main verb changes to its base form. Mrs Ghosh teaches art. ~ Mrs Ghosh does not teach art. Kapil bought a new car. ~ Kapil did not buy a new car. Rahat went shopping. ~ Rahat did not go shopping.

When modals like can, could, may, should, etc. are used in aﬃ rmative sentences, the word not is added between the modal and the main verb. Taniya can write well. ~ Taniya cannot write well. (We generally say cannot and not can not.) Education We may go to Chennai next week. ~ We may not go to Chennai next week.

C Change the afﬁ rmative sentences to negativeViva sentences and the negative sentences to afﬁ rmative sentences. 1. He does not attend school regularly.© 7. Ankita has to submit the project

EXERCISE 2. We have no time. tomorrow. 3. Th e young man is honest in his work. 8. Tamanna and I are going to the park. 4. Th e fl oods come every year. 9. Th e new boy in class did not make many friends. 5. I haven’t seen the Jog Falls. 10. Mona can speak French fl uently. 6. Ashraf will not attend the party.

Imperative Sentences CopyrightImperative sentences express a request or advice, or give an order or a command.

57 THE SENTENCE

Imperative sentences always end with a full stop or an exclamation mark. Get out of the room! (order) Always speak the truth. (advice) Do not park here. (prohibition) In imperative sentences, the subject you is understood. When making requests, please is used at the beginning of the sentence. Please switch on the fan. Please help me with this project.

D Change the following sentences to imperatives. 1. Th ey were told to open their books. 4. Th e teacher ordered the students to 2. You are requested to help the poor. stop talking.Education EXERCISE 3. We should not walk on the grass. 5. We should not take medicine without a doctor’s advice.

E Rearrange the following words to form meaningful imperative sentences. Also punctuate them properly. Viva 1. to / forget / fasten / don’t / seat belt / your EXERCISE 2. more / let / try / him / once © 3. jack / the / from / my / car / kit /repair / get 4. yourself / to / have / time / some 5. tell / your / do / progress / about / me 6. about / confi dent / point / be / view / of / your

Interrogative Sentences Sentences that ask questions are called interrogative sentences. An Copyrightinterrogative sentence ends with a question mark. Interrogative sentences may also be negative. Where are you going? Why did you turn off the music? Hasn’t the train arrived yet? 58 THE SENTENCE

Formation of the Interrogative Look at these sentences: Tina is a dancer. ~ Is Tina a dancer? Th e fi rst sentence is assertive, while the second one is a question, or an interrogative sentence.

To form the interrogative or a question, we change the position of the subject and the verb so that the subject (Tina) comes after the verb (is). In assertive sentences that have helping (also called auxiliary) verbs like is, am, are, have, had, was, were, the question starts with the helping verb. Similarly, in sentences that have words like can, may, will, should, etc. (also called modal auxiliaries), the question starts with the modal auxiliary. Prabhu is eating an apple. ~ Is Prabhu eating an apple? I have ten rupees. ~ Have you ten rupees? (More commonly: Do you have ten rupees?) There are ﬁ ve apples in the basket. ~ Are there ﬁ ve apples in the basket? Chimpu has eaten all the cake. ~ Has Chimpu eaten all the cake? Rahil should join the coaching class. ~ Should Rahil join the coachingEducation class? They will call later. ~ Will they call later?

When forming questions from assertive sentences that do not have helping verbs, the helping verb do is used in the beginning of the question. Shalini sings well. ~ Does Shalini sing well? In such sentences, the helping verb changes accordingViva to person, number or tense while the main verb remains in its base form. Mr Rao went to the market. ~ Did© Mr Rao go to the market? This machine makes coﬀ ee. ~ Does this machine make coﬀ ee? We watch a movie every Saturday. ~ Do we watch a movie every Saturday?

F Form interrogative sentences from the following assertive sentences. 1. Geeta can dance very well. 6. Manu must take the night train. 2. Th ey have won the match. 7. Mary taught us English. EXERCISE 3. Th is is a good book. 8. It rains heavily during the monsoon. Copyright 4. We should obey our parents. 9. I play badminton. 5. Charu goes to a dance class every 10. Zahid paints quite well. Friday.

59 THE SENTENCE

G Change the following interrogative sentences into assertive sentences. 1. Does a cow live on grass? 4. Mustn’t you work hard now? 2. Are you feeling better today? 5. Do I hate liars? EXERCISE 3. Shall I help you? 6. Will we help the poor?

Exclamatory Sentences Sentences that express strong feelings are called exclamatory sentences. An exclamation mark is used at the end of an exclamatory sentence. Hurrah! India has won the match. (joy) Alas! I am undone! (sorrow) What a horrible death! (horror) Beware! He is going to hit you! (warning) Education Oh dear! You are hurt! (concern) What a pleasant surprise! (surprise) Viva H Rewrite the following statements as exclamations. 1. I have committed a blunder. © 4. It is sad he could not make it to the top 2. It is a beautiful day. of Mt Everest. EXERCISE 3. I hope god blesses you. 5. Th e Taj Mahal is beautiful.

I Classify the following sentences. 1. Help! I am falling down! 6. Where are the children? 2. Please pass me the sugar. 7. Stop the traffi c. EXERCISE 3. India and Pakistan are neighbouring 8. Have you done your homework? countries. 9. May god bless you! 4. Th ere is no shop nearby. 10. May you all pass! Copyright 5. Have some mercy. EXERCISE J A salesman comes to your house. Your mother has a dialogue with him. Write the dialogue. Use statements, questions, exclamations and imperatives.

60 Worksheet 1

A Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in the following sentences.

1. Look at the ducks in the pond. 2. Rehaan asked his mother for a new bicycle. 3. Shalini went to Goa for one week. 4. Will she be back by Monday? 5. Charles Dickens was a prolifi c British writer. 6. Th ere were too many kids in the class. 7. Mrs Khan is the best teacher in the whole school. 8. Mount Abu is a place in the state of Rajasthan. 9. Tesla, the company that makes electric cars, is namedEducation aft er the engineer and inventor Nikola Tesla. 10. Th e Amazon and the Nile are the largest rivers in the world.

B Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct collective nouns from those given in brackets. Viva

1. A ______of people© gathered to watch the street play. (crowd/shoal) 2. Hamid watched a ______of dancers perform at his school. (choir/troupe) 3. Aarohi ate a whole ______of grapes by herself. (bunch/loaf) 4. Th ere is a ______of crows perching on my balcony. (herd/murder) 5. ______of fi sh were swimming in the big lake. (Schools/Groups) 6. A ______of thieves attacked a jewellery store late last night. (fl ock/gang) 7. Ram swung a ______of keys as he walked towards the classroom. (bundle/bunch) Copyright 8. We were attacked by a ______of bees when we were walking through the forest. (swarm/fl ock)

61 Worksheet 2

A Fill in the blanks with abstract nouns made from the words given in brackets.

1. Sneha’s grades have shown ______in the last few months. (improve) 2. Th e exact ______of the lake was diffi cult to determine. (deep) 3. I slept well in the ______of my blanket. (warm) 4. Every child has the right to a good ______. (educate) 5. Mahira speaks with so much ______that everyone admires her. (witty) 6. Raj has the ______to do much better. (able) 7. I need peace and ______to study for my exams. (tranquil) 8. People admire Samaira for her exceptional ______. (intelligent) 9. Allen was overjoyed about his ______at theEducation competition. (victorious) 10. It takes a lot of ______to become a writer. (imagine) 11. Having accidentally killed a bird, the boy went home with a sense of ______and ______. (guilty/remorseful) 12. How do you reduce the ______Viva of this screen? (bright) B Underline the countable nouns and circle the uncountable nouns in the following sentences. ©

1. How much work have you got from the teacher? 2. Dilpreet bought three bottles of water for her journey. 3. Sakina has so many books in her room. 4. How much does this bag cost? 5. We pumped helium into the balloons for the party. 6. Shireen went through a lot of trouble for this. 7. I saw many tourists waiting for the train. Copyright 8. Th ere is too much dust in the air today. 9. Th e rain will not stop for another few hours. 10. What is the use of education without knowledge and creativity?

62 Worksheet 3

A Underline the adjectives in the following sentences and say whether they have been used attributively or predicatively.

1. Isha is a sincere child.

2. A large bull attacked our village yesterday.

3. Th e black dog on the street barked loudly all night.

4. Old people are not necessarily wise.

5. Th e cute little rabbit was hopping around a tree.

6. Sarah is a highly talented sculptor.

7. Th e old man next door is a little strange.

8. Habib knitted a beautiful scarf for his mother. Education

9. Th e posters in Leela’s room are beautiful.

10. Th ese apples are delicious.

B Fill in the blanks with the correct formsViva of the adjectives given in brackets. 1. Th e local trains in the city ©are ______than the buses. (bad) 2. Ritu is the ______girl in her class. (bright) 3. Th e movie was ______than I expected. (long) 4. Ishmael is ______at English than he is at mathematics. (good) 5. Th e weather gets ______aft er spring. (warm) 6. Sania has a habit of writing the ______answers in the class. (lengthy) 7. It is too ______to go for a walk outside. (cold) 8. Th e literacy rate of Lakshadweep is ______than that of most Indian Copyrightstates. (high) 9. Th e child turned out to be ______than expected. (smart) 10. Th is has been the ______year of the decade. (hot)

63 C Circle the nouns acting as adjectives in the following sentences.

1. My uncle is a football coach at a primary school in Chandigarh. 2. Th e ice cream vendor only had orange candies left with him. 3. Th is water tank is rather dirty. 4. Girish brought more paper towels to clean the dirty table. 5. Manju took apart her alarm clock out of curiosity. 6. Jacob spilled grape juice all over the dining table. 7. Jamshed went to the movie theatre with his elder sister. 8. Th e school bus arrives at seven-thirty every morning. 9. Today’s children spend their pocket money on storybooks instead of toy cars. 10. Th e singer paused for a while when the temple bellsEducation rang and resumed his concert. D Fill in the blanks by changing the words given in brackets to adjectives.

1. Geeta got a very cheap ______subscription for her favourite magazine. (month) 2. Riding a roller coaster was an ______Viva experience. (invigorate) 3. Losing her dog was ______© for Zara. (devastate) 4. It gets quite ______in Delhi in the month of December. (chill) 5. Th e ______audience left as soon as the play ended. (bore) 6. Rekha wore a ______dress for her birthday bash. (sparkle) 7. A ______old man was taking a walk in the park. (wrinkle) 8. Neil told us an ______story about a frog and a toad yesterday. (amuse) 9. Neeta felt ______by the long queue at the railway station. (frustrate) 10. Th e audience was left ______by the excellent performance. (stun). Copyright 11. Studying for so long is quite ______. (tire) 12. Can you share with me that ______potato recipe? (mash)

64 Worksheet 4

A Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. Put a cross (×) in the blanks where no article is required.

1. _____ old horse jumped over _____ fence. 2. I had _____ apple with _____ glass of milk for _____ breakfast. 3. Lila borrowed _____ book from me _____ while ago. 4. _____ lady next door has _____ ferocious dog for _____ pet. 5. Asif is _____ author of _____ two novels and _____ book of poetry. 6. _____ meteorological department predicted that it would be _____ rainy day. 7. _____ girl with _____ glasses is _____ friend of mine. 8. _____ Cindy is _____ orthodontist at _____ best hospitalEducation in this city. B Insert articles where necessary and rewrite the sentences.

1. Sania is looking for house in city. ______2. Film that we saw yesterday had depressingViva ending. ______© 3. Kiran’s mother is successful entrepreneur. ______4. New bridge was built across river. ______5. Anna bought orange dress for party on Saturday. ______6. Twelve people have registered their names for school trip on Saturday. Copyright ______

65 Worksheet 5

A Fill in the blanks with suitable reﬂ exive or emphatic pronouns.

1. He ______told me that he is unwell. 2. You can do your chores ______. 3. Naved wants to buy a new bed for ______. 4. We ______decorated our whole classroom. 5. Sita blames ______for her failure. 6. Th ey ______don’t know where they are going. 7. Th ey ______formed a committee to conduct an investigation. 8. I ______made my breakfast this morning. 9. She ______painted her whole room. Education 10. Do not play with knives, or you will hurt ______. 11. Th e doctor ______administered the injection. 12. Many people are in the habit of constantly criticizing ______.

B Underline the personal pronouns andViva circle the possessive pronouns in the following sentences. © 1. I need a bigger cupboard for my clothes. 2. John danced very well at the party and everybody praised him for it. 3. Th ese books are not ours to keep, so we should return them to the library. 4. Th e cricket bat is mine, and the ball is yours. 5. Is this mobile phone yours? 6. You need to wait for them for two more hours. 7. We gave them back what was theirs. Copyright 8. He got a pair of sunglasses as a gift on his birthday. 9. Th at black dog with a bushy tail is mine. 10. I had to use your comb because I lost mine.

66 C Join the sentences in each pair with a relative pronoun.

1. Th is is the book. I fi nished reading it yesterday. ______2. A new girl joined my class yesterday. She is very bright. ______3. Rani does not know the name of that woman. Rani was talking to her on the bus yesterday. ______4. I met a man yesterday. He is a famous artist. ______5. Shahid lives in a city. It is one of the most polluted citiesEducation in the country. ______6. Did you post the parcel? I had left it on your table. ______Viva D Write questions to these answers using interrogative pronouns. Make sure that the underlined words are the© antecedents of the interrogative pronouns.

1. I had fried rice for lunch today. ______2. William Shakespeare wrote the play Romeo and Juliet. ______3. Mary is studying mathematics. ______Copyright 4. Harsh gave the package to Perizad. ______5. Kiran scored the highest marks in the class. ______

67 E Fill in the blanks with indeﬁ nite or distributive pronouns from the box below.

each everybody few nobody none neither

1. Th e exam was so diffi cult that ______passed. 2. ______of the students were interested in a trip to the museum. 3. Th ere were four chocolates and two children. ______got two. 4. ______arrived on time for the function. 5. ______of the candidates was good enough for the position. 6. I like ______of the two paintings. 7. Th eir team fared miserably in the competition because ______of them ever read any books other than textbooks. 8. ______can’t get into the same car! Education

F Rewrite the following sentences using the correct demonstrative pronouns.

1. Th is are the winners of the rowing competition. ______Viva 2. Th ese is a very big playground. ______© 3. Th is are all my favourite books. ______4. Th at who want to go out of the classroom should take permission fi rst. ______5. Th ose is the girl who won the fi rst prize last year. ______Copyright 6. Th is were happy days for the Rao family. ______7. Th ere are two jackets. Pick up either of that. ______

68 Worksheet 6

A Fill in the blanks with simple, compound or complex prepositions from the box.

on along with on account of beside to inside on top of throughout aft er between among

1. I saw a spider ______the wall ______the bed. 2. Farhan went ______the park ______Raj and Tina. 3. We had to play ______the house ______the rainy weather. 4. Th ere is snow ______the mountain. 5. Th ere were many bees buzzing ______the fl owers. 6. Everybody remained quiet ______the meal.Education 7. A dog was running ______a speeding car. 8. My bicycle was stuck ______two cars on the road.

B Circle the prepositions and write whether they are prepositions of time, place, direction, cause, purpose or source.Viva Underline the object of each preposition. 1. Bill waited under the apple© tree for a while. 2. Would you like sugar in your coff ee?

3. Vikram fell into a pit when Neha pushed him.

4. Th e meeting will be held in the hall at eleven o’clock.

5. Th e kids jumped over the garden wall and ran away.

6. Meera lost her wallet on Friday.

7. Th is camera is useful for fi lming at night. Copyright 8. Th e monkeys jumped upon the zookeeper. 9. Nitin has been living here since 2012.

69 Worksheet 7

A Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

1. Th is is ______book that Seher gave me. 2. How long does it take to write ______short paragraph? 3. ______queue outside the movie theatre was quite long. 4. Someone sent Priyanka ______bouquet of fl owers on ______birthday. 5. Only ______people attended Kabir’s party on Sunday. 6. ______one of ______sisters got me a present. 7. From ______university have you graduated? 8. ______tree over there by the lake looks beautiful in ______moonlight. 9. Hira scored ______goals at the football match.Education 10. Will you ever admit ______mistake?

B Rewrite the following sentences using the correct determiners. 1. Th e bus broke down on a way to school.Viva ______2. Yours book is still with me.© ______3. Vinita plans to have a few rice for dinner tonight. ______4. Whom permission did you take before doing this task? ______5. Th is children are many disciplined and polite. ______Copyright 6. I don’t need many sugar in my tea. ______

70 Worksheet 8

A Underline the auxiliary verbs and circle the main verbs in the following sentences.

1. When can you fi nish the assignment? 2. Rini has been doing really well in her studies. 3. Our team will work hard for the tournament. 4. Anu’s cousins were staying with her. 5. She does possess a very sharp mind. 6. Farah can ride the bus to school every day.

B Write the past tense forms and the past participles of these verbs.

1. leap Education 2. weave

3. fl y 4. lay Viva 5. forbid

6. be ©

C Complete the following sentences by using the past tense forms or the past participles of the verbs given in brackets.

1. Th e group ______their way while walking through the woods. (lose) 2. It ______here throughout the year. (rain) 3. Th e fi remen ______the fi re in the factory. (extinguish) 4. Amy ______the mood by telling a joke. (lighten) Copyright 5. Th e street dogs ______throughout the night. (bark) 6. He had never ______a car before. (drive)

71 Worksheet 9

A Circle the subjects and underline the predicates in the following sentences.

1. Independence Day is celebrated in India on 15 August every year. 2. Th ere are several languages spoken in India. 3. Kapil ate all the ice cream yesterday. 4. My sister doesn’t like horror fi lms. 5. Th ere are projects from previous years to be completed. 6. Loudly screamed the children.

B Classify the following as assertive or imperative sentences. 1. Please, let’s go home. Education 2. We may plan a short trip to Jaipur in December.

3. My parents aren’t home yet.

4. Open the book!

8. Anuradha has attended a Delhi University college.

9. Come here now!

10. I do not waste food.

C Form interrogative sentences from the following assertive sentences.

1. Argentina has won the fi nal match. Copyright ______2. Udaipur is far from Delhi. ______

72 3. Kanika will go back to Colombo. ______4. Tanu should go for her company’s annual conference. ______5. Arshi has studied literature in college. ______6. We have fi nished packing. ______7. Kavya will meet her friends in the evening. ______8. Nancy didn’t come home last night. ______Education 9. Satya enjoys hiking. ______10. Kabir’s father lives in Kashmir. Viva ______

1. Are we taking the highway route

2. Help Rita is drowning

3. What a tragic story

4. Does Madhav take the local train

5. I just won the lottery

7. What a thrilling experience

73 Test 1

A Circle the nouns acting as adjectives in the following sentences. 1. Nina got a new tennis racket for her birthday. 2. Ria went to the bicycle shop to get her broken cycle fi xed. 3. My uncle has been a school teacher for thirty years. 4. I found a cricket ball in the swimming pool. 5. Th e boat race was watched by many people.

B Fill in the blanks with suitable articles. Put a cross (×) where no article is required. 1. Th is is not ______good time to discuss your vacation plans. 2. Mrs Gomes has ______class of forty students. 3. We have ______best team working on yourEducation campaign. 4. Sanya has ______low expectations from her results this year. 5. It was ______unintentional mistake on Ayush’s part, and he apologized for it. Viva C Write questions to these answers using interrogative pronouns. Make sure that the underlined words/phrases are© the antecedents of the interrogative pronouns. 1. Th is notebook belongs to Sadaf. 2. Rohan got a new laptop for his birthday. 3. William is ringing the doorbell. 4. Mala is studying biology. 5. Meena broke the fl owerpot.

D Circle the prepositions and state whether they are prepositions of time, place, direction or cause. Underline the object of each preposition. Copyright 1. Th ere is a wasp on the windowsill. 2. Finish the test in one hour. 3. I threw a coin into the wishing well. 4. She nodded her head with enthusiasm.

74 E Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners. 1. Is there ______hospital near your house? 2. Are there ______cupcakes left ? 3. She ate ______whole pie by herself. 4. ______fi rst chapter of the book was interesting. 5. Th is is not ______right way to hold ______violin.

F Underline the main verbs and circle the auxiliary verbs in the following sentences. 1. Mary had been reading the same book for several weeks. 2. Where did you fi nd this gold coin? 3. Th e kids were performing on the stage. 4. Do you want more blankets? 5. Why should I go there alone? Education 6. None of the mice could bell the cat. 7. Burning fi recrackers can make the air toxic. 8. May I fi nish this cake?

G Classify the following as assertive or imperativeViva sentences. 1. Please fi nish the work before you© leave. 2. I participated in the essay competition. 3. Run faster! 4. Avoid fried food. 5. Gargi has not fi nished her project. 6. Open the door carefully. 7. I opened it carefully. 8. Please give me two more oranges. Copyright

75 Education