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Abstract Environmental Factors, Have Played a Decisive Role in Shaping and Spatial Distribution of Human Settlements

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Abstract Environmental Factors, Have Played a Decisive Role in Shaping and Spatial Distribution of Human Settlements Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 2019; 5 (2):71‒90 DOI: 10.29252/jra.5.2.71 URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/ Original Paper Received: 13/07/2019 Accepted: 22/10/2019 Abstract Environmental factors, have played a decisive role in shaping and spatial distribution of human settlements. The study of human-environment interactions is one of the major approaches in modern archeology. Understanding human-environment relationships become more important in studying multiple geographic areas. Halil River with the length of 363 km is one of the rivers of Hamun-e Jaz Murian sub-catchment, with a northwest-southeast orientation, which flows in political division of Kerman Province, and around main and subsidiary branches of the river, about 26426 square km, various settlements have been formed in different historical-cultural periods including prehistoric periods which is referred to as “cultural region of Halil River” in archaeological circles. The cultural area of the river is also one of the geographical areas with three climates of "mountainous and temperate", "warm" and "warm and dry and this climatic multiplicity has led to specific patterns in the location and development of permanent and temporary settlements. This is while, Prehistoric archaeological studies in this area, are more focused on the Bronze Age settlements and the contribution of Chalcolithic settlements to such studies is very small. Accordingly, the study of the role of environmental factors in the spatial distribution, viability, and shaping of settlements of the Chalcolithic Age plays an important role in understanding pre-historic cultures before entering the Bronze Age. Because some of the backgrounds of the formation of the Bronze Age cultures can be traced back to the Chalcolithic age. The main question is, what is the impact and role of environmental factors on the spatial distribution of copper and rock settlements in the southern part of Halil river basin? The research method is descriptive-analytical and is based on data from archaeological studies. Environmental factors such as altitude, direction and extent of land slope, water resources, land structure and land use associated with 69 copper-rock deployments were analyzed using GIS. Out of these deployments, 53 cases are in Rudbar plain, 5 cases are in Kahnuj plain, and 10 cases are in Qale Ganj plain. Of settlements, 49 cases are sites: 39 cases in Rudbar plain, 2 cases in Kahnuj plain, and 7 cases in Qaleh Ganj plain; the other 20 cases are hills: 14 cases in Rudbar plain, 3 cases in Kahnuj plain, and 3 cases in Qaleh Ganj plain. Most of these settlements are located in the plain at the bank of Halil River (Kahnuj and Rudbar) and its subsidiary branches (Rudbar and Qaleh Ganj) as well as intermontane areas at the bank of the seasonal river ended in Jaz Murian wetland (Rudbar and Qaleh Ganj). Also 11 cases which are mostly related to Neo-Chalcolithic phase, possess cultural evidence such as ceramics which belong to Bronze Age, and located in Rudbar plain (7 cases) and Qaleh Ganj plain (4 cases). Based on the results, elevation and access to water resources have the most role in the location and shape of the settlements. Accordingly, the role of environmental factors in the tradition of migration and intra-regional relocation is also important, and the study of settlement distribution based on copper- rock chronology indicates an increase in population in this area. Keywords: Environmental factors, Spatial distribution, Chalcolithic, Halil River * Corresponding author: [email protected] پژوهه باستانسنجی 1398؛ 5)2(: 90-71 DOI: 10.29252/jra.5.2.71 URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/ مقاله پژوهشی تحلیل عوامل محیطی در توزیع مکانی استقرارهای مس و سنگ بخش جنوبی حوزه فرهنگی هلیلرود؛ مطالعه موردی: دشتهای کهنوج، قلعه گنج و رودبار جنوب رضا ریاحیان گهرتی1، امیر صادق نقشینه2*، محمدرضا سعیدی3 1. دانشجوی دکتری باستانشناسی پیشازتاریخ دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم تحقیقات، تهران، ایران 2. استادیار گروه باستانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 3. دانشیار پژوهشی پژوهشکده تحقیق و توسعه سازمان مطالعه و تدوین )سمت(، تهران، ایران تاریخ دریافت: 22/04/1398 تاریخ پذیرش: 1398/07/30 چکیده عوامل محیطی نقش مهمی در شکلدهی و توزیع مکانی سکونتگاههای انسانی داشتهاند و مطالعه روابط متقابل انساان و محایط، یکی از رویکردهای اصلی باستانشناسی نو است. شناخت روابط انسان و محیط در مطالعاه حاوزه هاای غرراییاایی باا املای هاای چندگانه اهمیت بیشتری مییابد. حوزه یرهنگی هلیلرود نیز از غملة حوزههای غرراییایی با سه املی »سرد کوهستانی و معتاد «، »گرم« و »گرم و خشک« است و این چندگانگیِ املیمی، الگوهای خاصی را در مکانگزینی و توسعه سکونتگاههای دائمی و مومت در پی داشته است. این در حالی است که مطالعات باستانشناسی پیش ا ز ت ا ر ی خ د ر ا ی ا ن ح ا و ز ه ، ب ی ش ا ت ر ب ا ر ا س ا ت ق ر ا ر ه ا ی ع ر ا ر م ا ر تمرکزیایته و سه استقرارهای مس و سنگ در چنین مطالعاتی بسیار اندک است. بر این اساس، مطالعه نقش عوامال محیطای در توزیع مکانی، زیستپذیری و شکلیابی استقرارهای دوره مس و سنگ عﻻوه بر رسیدن به یه روشنی از این دوره، نقاش مهمای نیز در شناخت یرهنگهای پیشازتاریخی مبل و بعد این دوره ازغمله عرار م ار دارد. زیارا برخای از زمیناه هاای شاکل گیاری یرهنگهای عرر م ر را میتوان در دوران مس و سنگ غستجو کرد. پرسش اصلی این است که تأثیر و نقش عوامل محیطی بر نحوه توزیع مکانی استقرارهای مس و سنگ در بخش غنوبی حوزه هلیلرود چگونه است؟ روش تحقیق توصای ی – تحلیلای و بار پایه دادههای حاصل از بررسیهای باستانشناختی است. عواملی محیطی مانند ارت اع از سطح دریا، غهات و میازان شایم زماین، منابع آب، ساختار زمین و کاربری اراضی در ارتباط با 69 استقرار مس و سنگ با اسات اده از سیسات اعﻻعاات غرراییاایی ( تحلیل شد. بر پایه نتایج، ارت اع از سطح دریا و نحوه دسترسی به منابع آب بیشترین نقش را در مکان گزینی و شکل ساکونتگاه هاا داشتهاند. بر این اساس، نقش عوامل محیطی در سنت کوچ روی و ترییر مکان درون منطقهای نیز حاائز اهمیات اسات و بررسای پراکنش استقرارها بر اساس گاه نگاری مس و سنگ، بیانگر ایزایش غمعیت در این حوزه است. واژگان کلیدی: عوامل محیطی، توزیع مکانی، مس و سنگ، هلیلرود *مسئو مکاتبات: تهران، بزرگراه شهید چمران، میدان شهیدشهریاری، بلوار دانشجو، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، گروه باستانشناسی. پست الکترونیکی: »این نشریه با احترام به موانین اخﻻق در نشریات تابع موانین کمیته اخﻻق در انتشار )COPE( است و از آییننامه اغرایی مانون پیشگیری و مقابله با تقلم در آثار علمی پیروی مینماید.« ریاحیان گهرتی همکاران / تحلیل عوامل محیطی در توزیع مکانی استقرارهای مس و سنگ بخش جنوبی حوزه... 1. مقدمه غنااوب شاارمی در محاادوده سیاساای اسااتان کرمااان عوارض عبیعی در مکان گزینی، پراکنش، حوزهی ن او،، شکلگریته است. عو هلیلرود از سرشاخههاای آن تاا توسعه ییزیکی، ارتباعات ظاهری سکونتگاههای انسانی حوزه آبریاز غازموریاان، 363 کیلاومتر اسات. بار پایاه تأثیر زیادی دارناد. پیادایش و ظهاور اشاکا متناوع در بررسیهای باستانشناسی، در اعراف شاخههای اصلی و حیات انسانی، گیااهی و حیاوانی نتیجاه تاأثیر مساتقی یرعاای هلیاالرود، سااکونتگاااههااایی در ادوار مختلاا عوامل عبیعی، نظیر آبوهوا، پستیوبلندی، ناوع خااک، تاریخی یرهنگی ازغمله پیشازتاریخ شکلگریتاه اسات. آبهای ساکن و روان است. در مطالعات غرراییایی کلیه بخش غنوبی این حاوزه یرهنگای باا وساعتی در حادود این عوامال یکجاا، تاوبم بااه در تکاوین و گساترش 17899 کیلومترمربع شامل شهرستانهای کهنوج، رودبار پدیدههای حیات در سیاره زمین مؤثر واماع ما یشاوند و غنوب و ملعه گنج است. عی بررسیهایی باستانشناختی یک نظا عبیعای، نظاام انساانی و امتراادی ویاژه ای در این بخش تعداد 69 استقرار مس و سانگ شناساا یی منطبق با عوامل محیطی به وغود میآورند .[1] در حاا شده است. ﻻیههای یرهنگیO-IV ابلیس وامع در دشت حاضر بیشتر پژوهشهای باستانشناسای باا اسات اده از بردسیر[4] و VII-V تپه یحیی وامع در دشت صوغان [5] تکنیک سیست اعﻻعات غرراییاایی ) GIS( باه تحلیال معرف دوران مس و سنگ منطقاه غناوب شارق و ایان توزیع یضاایی، ماد ساازی و مکاان یاابی اساتقرارهای حوزه یرهنگی هستند. سا های اخیر بهمنظور شناخت از باستانی در بساتر چشا اناداز مای پردازناد. همنناین از این دوران مطالعات غساته گریختاه ای بار پایاه بررسای تجزیهوتحلیل یضایی دادههای محیطی و باستانشناسی باستانشناختی در این حوزه انجامشده که مای تاوان باه برای شناسایی چشا اناداز محیطای و یرهنگای غواماع بخش شمالی )دشت اس ندمه( و غناوبی )دشات رودباار( گذشته، تبیین ساختارهای یرهنگی و اغتماعی و روشان اشاره کرد. هدف از این پژوهش رسیدن به یهمی روشن کردن الگوی پراکندگی اساتقرارهای باساتانی و ارتبااط از میاازان تااأثیر عواماال محیطاای باار زیساات پااذیری، آنها با محیط عبیعای اسات اده مای کنناد .[2] از ساوی شکلدهی و توزیع مکانی استقرارهای ماس و سانگ در دیگر، بررسیها و یعالیتهاای میادانی باساتان شاناختی بخش غنوبی حوزه یرهنگی هلیال رود اسات. بطوریکاه گااامی مهاا در برنامااه هااای تحلیلاای توزیااع مکااانی مطالعااه نقااش عواماال محیطاای در توزیااع مکااانی، اسااتقرارهای باسااتانی و مطالعااه ارتباااط یضااایی میااان زیستپذیری و شکلیابی استقرارهای دوره مس و سنگ استقرارهای باستانی با یکدیگر و تعین مرزهای یرهنگی اهمیاات و ضاارورت زیااادی در شااناخت یرهنااگ هااای میباشند [3]. چنین مطالعاتی در حوزههای غرراییایی باا پیشازتاریخی این حوزه دارد. ایان در حاالی اسات کاه املی های چندگانه اهمیت بیشتری مییابد. بر این اساس مطالعات باستانشناسی پیشازتاریخ در این حوزه، بیشاتر ممکن است در یک ناحیه غرراییایی واحد، به دلیل تنوع باار اسااتقرارهای عراار م اار تمرکزیایتااه و سااه املیمی، الگوهای مت اوتی از اساتقرار باه عاور ها زماان استقرارهای مس و سنگ در چنین مطالعاتی بسیار اندک شکل گیرد و مکاان گزینای اساتقرارها، ارتبااط آن هاا و است. وسعت و توسعه آنها ناشای از عوامال مت ااوتی باشاد. حوزه یرهنگی هلیلرود نیز ازغمله نواحی غرراییاایی باا 2. پرسش و فرضیه »املی های چندگانه« است.
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