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Sacramento River Predator Diet Analysis: a Comparative Study Dylan K

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Sacramento River Predator Diet Analysis: a Comparative Study Dylan K Sponsored by the Delta Science Program and the UC Davis Muir Institute RESEARCH Sacramento River Predator Diet Analysis: A Comparative Study Dylan K. Stompe*1,2, Jason D. Roberts2, Carlos A. Estrada1, David M. Keller1, Nicholas M. Balfour1, and Amanda I. Banet1 ABSTRACT similar as determined through index of This study examined diets of two predatory relative importance and PERMANOVA fish species, the native Sacramento modeling. Water temperature was the only Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) and the variable that significantly affected diet introduced Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis), in composition. Results reflect similar dietary the Sacramento River, California, USA. Both niches for both species in the Sacramento species have been implicated in native species River. declines through predation, eliciting our investigation of their diets in the Sacramento River. Sampling occurred between March KEY WORDS and November 2017, and was conducted via Sacramento Pikeminnow, predation, Striped hook and line on a 35-km reach near Chico, Bass, introduced species, California, fisheries, California. Habitat types sampled include water diversion, Chinook Salmon engineered structures (water diversions and beam bridges), rip-rapped channel edges, and natural riverbank. Stomach contents INTRODUCTION were collected via gastric lavage and later Because predation is a challenge with which processed using visual, gravimetric, and nearly all organisms must contend, it is often genetic techniques. Diets of Sacramento considered in the management of vulnerable Pikeminnow and Striped Bass were highly populations of fishes (Zimmerman and Ward 1999; Link 2002). In the Sacramento River, California, this challenge may be amplified SFEWS Volume 18 | Issue 1 | Article 4 for populations of juvenile Chinook Salmon https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2016v18iss1art4 by climate change, a complex water diversion system, hatchery domestication effects, lack * Corresponding author: [email protected] of juvenile rearing habitat, and non-native 1 Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Chico predatory fish species (Brown and Moyle Chico, CA 95929 USA 1981; NOAA Fisheries 2018). Factors such as 2 Northern Region climate change and habitat loss have served California Department of Fish and Wildlife to limit the natural production potential of Redding, CA 96001 USA Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) 1 SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY & WATERSHED SCIENCE VOLUME 18, ISSUE 1, ARTICLE 4 in the Sacramento River, while domestication Pikeminnow and Striped Bass are common of hatchery-reared fish and watershed in the Sacramento River, despite overall engineering increase the vulnerability of population declines throughout the watershed juvenile Chinook Salmon to predation by (Stevens et al. 1985; Kohlhorst 1999; Moyle both native and non-native predators (NOAA 2002; Brown and Moyle 2005). Fisheries 2018). Sacramento Pikeminnow and Striped Bass Of the four Chinook Salmon runs native have both been considered as potential to the Sacramento River, winter-run are contributors via predation to native species listed as endangered, spring-run are listed decline in the highly modified Sacramento as threatened, and both Central Valley fall- River system (CDFG 1999; Moyle 2002; run and late fall-run have been identified Lindley and Mohr 2003; Bonham 2011). as California species of special concern Pikeminnow species (Ptychocheilus spp.) have (Moyle et al. 2015; NOAA Fisheries 2018). been shown to consume large amounts of In addition, Green Sturgeon (Acipenser outmigrating salmonids from a range of US medirostris) and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus West Coast watersheds under hydraulically mykiss), both species native to the Sacramento favorable conditions, and, in response, River, are also listed as threatened under predator control measures have been the federal Endangered Species Act. Prior implemented with mixed results (Brown studies have investigated the potential for and Moyle 1981; Brown and Moyle 1997; population-scale effects of predation by non- Tucker et al. 1998; Friesen and Ward 1999; native species on prey populations, including Zimmerman and Ward 1999; Moyle 2002; listed Chinook Salmon, through population Nakamoto and Harvey 2003). Likewise, modeling (Lindley and Mohr 2003), Striped Bass have also been shown to bioenergetic modeling (Loboschefsky et al. consume salmonids (Stevens 1966; Tucker 2012), and telemetry survival studies (Cavallo et al. 1998), which modeling suggests may et al. 2013) within the Sacramento River and have population-scale effects (Lindley and adjacent watersheds. While these studies Mohr 2003; Sabal et al. 2016). Within the identify predation as a tangible “top-down” Sacramento River drainage, the effects of control of prey populations, population- dams and diversions on predation have been scale effects are often difficult to quantify a point of concern (Brown and Moyle 1981; in the highly dynamic and heterogeneous Tucker et al. 1998; Sabal et al. 2016). Altered Sacramento River system. water dynamics near these structures may serve as ambush habitat, making conditions The middle Sacramento River contains favorable to opportunistic predators such as two abundant piscivorous fish species: Striped Bass and Sacramento Pikeminnow. Sacramento Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus In addition, juvenile Chinook Salmon show grandis) and Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). In a preference for low-water-velocity areas the Sacramento River and other California (Hillman et al. 1987), and may be more watersheds, both predators consume susceptible to predation when exposed to vulnerable native species, including juvenile disorienting flows caused by engineered Chinook Salmon and Steelhead (Stevens structures (Brown and Moyle 1981; Tucker et 1966; Thomas 1967; Brown and Moyle 1981; al. 1998; Deng et al. 2010; Sabal et al. 2016). Brown and Moyle 1997; Nakamoto and Harvey 2003; Sabal et al. 2016). Sacramento Striped Bass long avoided management as a Pikeminnow are native to the Sacramento predatory species because of their value as River drainage; Striped Bass were introduced a game fish; that changed, however, in the in 1879 as a recreational and commercial 1990s, when the California Department of species (Moyle 2002). Both Sacramento Fish and Game (now California Department 2 MARCH 2020 of Fish and Wildlife; CDFW) ceased stocking Piscivory in Striped Bass generally begins at Striped Bass so as not to facilitate predation around 15 cm total length (Texas Instruments on listed salmonids (CDFG 1999; Moyle 1974) as determined by gape limitation; 2002). Several studies investigated diets of however, piscivory has been shown to have Striped Bass in the Sacramento−San Joaquin a strong seasonal association in the Delta Delta (Delta); however, there is little recent (Nobriga and Feyrer 2007). Males become literature on Striped Bass diets in the middle sexually mature at 2 years of age; females reaches of the Sacramento River below generally do not mature before 4 years of age Shasta Dam (Brown and Moyle 1981; Tucker (Moyle 2002). Immature individuals may be et al. 1998; Moyle 2002; Nobriga and Feyrer found throughout the system, while mature 2007). Likewise, although Nobriga and Feyrer individuals exhibit an anadromous life- (2007) compared the diets of Sacramento history strategy, spending much of the year Pikeminnow and Striped Bass concurrently in the San Francisco Estuary (Sacramento− in the Delta, diets for these two species have San Joaquin Delta, Suisun Bay and Marsh, not been compared in the middle Sacramento San Pablo Bay, San Francisco Bay) and the River since Tucker et al. (1998) investigated Pacific Ocean (Thomas 1967; Moyle 2002). predation around the Red Bluff Diversion Mature Striped Bass generally enter the Dam (RBDD) in the mid-1990s. The middle Sacramento River system in spring to spawn, Sacramento River is colder and is generally before returning to downstream habitats a single channel, as opposed to the Delta’s (Moyle 2002); however, resident contingents warmer network of channels or open water. of mature adults exist in their native US East It contains a different assemblage of prey Coast rivers (Morris et al. 2003), and recent species (Moyle 2002), some of which are only studies on California Striped Bass indicate seasonally available, potentially affecting there may be both resident and migratory predator diets. We investigated the diets of contingents within the Sacramento River these two species over a year, using visual watershed, as well (Le Doux−Bloom 2012; and genetic techniques to identify prey Sabal et al. 2019). species. Using these methods, we describe Sacramento Pikeminnow and Striped Bass Study Reach diets by quantifying: (1) relative importance Fish were collected on the Sacramento River, of prey, (2) overlap of predator diets, and (3) between Ord Bend boat ramp (river kilometer effects of engineered structures on predator 296) and Glenn−Colusa Irrigation District diet. diversion facility (GCID; river kilometer 331; Figure 1). We chose this logistically manageable reach because of the presence MATERIALS AND METHODS of both Striped Bass and Sacramento Study Organisms Pikeminnow, seasonal populations of Sacramento Pikeminnow are native to the migratory salmonids, engineered structures, Sacramento River and are an abundant and its diversity of habitat. piscivorous fish within the freshwater portions of the system. They become We implemented a balanced sampling piscivorous at 10 to 20 cm total length, design, breaking the total sampling
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