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Exploring the Functions of Chemical Substances in Individuals’ Sexual Behaviour

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Exploring the Functions of Chemical Substances in Individuals’ Sexual Behaviour EXPLORING THE FUNCTIONS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN INDIVIDUALS’ SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR by JACQUES HERMAN BOTES submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE in the subject SOCIAL WORK at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF C J SCHENCK NOVEMBER 2012 ii DECLARATION STUDENT NUMBER: 34747621 I, Jacques Herman Botes, the undersigned, declare on the 20th day of November 2012 that this work entitled EXPLORING THE FUNCTIONS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN INDIVIDUALS’ SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, is my original creation. I have not copied information from any source without acknowledgement in the text and bibliography. Sources used in this dissertation have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ---------------------------- Jacques H. Botes iii Abstract Chemical substance abuse and dependence constitute an increasing international and national phenomenon. Individuals, groups and communities are at risk of the mental, biological, legal and environmental implications associated with substance dependence. Human sexual behaviour is no new phenomenon to be studied. Human beings experience sexual behaviour and gratification as important. Sexual behaviour is not vital for the survival of the individual but vital for survival of the species. Sexual behaviour in combination with chemical substance abuse might pose further dangers to a person or group. Sexual behaviour where persons engage in sexual actions when using or abusing chemical substances could construct certain positive functions for persons. Qualitative researchers are interested in discovering the meaning persons attach to experiences. In understanding the dynamics of the phenomenon, possible contributions to the human sciences could be made. Chemical substance abuse and dependency affect the individual, his/her family systems and the community. Depressants and stimulants change the chemical functioning of the human brain and the mental health of the user. Despite the harm caused to the dependent person, abuse of the chemical substance is continued. The substance has various functions that the biological and psychological person becomes dependent on. Sexual behaviour is inherent in human nature, but not chemical substance abuse. It is expected by the researcher that there might be certain function(s) served by chemical substances in the sexual behaviour of persons. A literature study on the topic on the function of chemical substances in the sexual behaviour of persons yielded unsatisfactory results. Little research was found with regard to the function of chemical substances in relation to people’s sexual behaviour. In response to this need the researcher embarked on a qualitative research journey to explore the function of the chemical substances within the context of an individual’s sexual behaviour and practices. Chemical substances have different functions and affect the sexual behaviour, functioning and experiences of the users of such substances. Six objectives were set with the aim of developing an in-depth understanding of the function of chemical substances in sexual behaviour. iv The research question of this investigation leads to a clear inquiry into the phenomenon that was examined and analysed and yielded useful new information. This qualitative research project is characterised by its inductive features, openness to change and interest in human behaviour. The study is characterised by an interpretive nature as an interpretative investigation. An effort was made towards understanding the phenomenon through observation and exploration. Persons were invited to participate in the research and reported themselves to the researcher, the process of self-selection sampling was utilised. In drawing a sample from the population of patients at a treatment centre an interactive approach to the process was followed by conducting semi-structured and in-depth interviews as a method of data collection. Data analysis and processing was executed according to the eight steps for qualitative data analysis as proposed by Tesch (in Creswell, 2009). Data verification for the assessment of the trustworthiness of the research findings was achieved by utilizing Guba’s model as espoused in Krefting (1991). Informed consent, confidentiality and management of information were some of the ethical considerations adhered to in the planning and execution of this research project. The nature of this study is marked by the person-centred approach in combination with the qualitative methodology and philosophy. The researcher found the two to be appropriate when a sensitive and private topic was to be explored. Participants were able to evaluate the meanings that were attached to their experiences within a psychologically sound environment. Themes became evident through the data analysis process. These themes were contrasted against a body of existing theory. The wholeness of human beings came to the fore and literature from a bio-neurological and humanistic perspective was found to be applicable. The social sciences and, in particular, social workers are concerned with the wellbeing of persons, their relevant systems and context. These dimensions of human beings were addressed by this study and aimed to contribute to further development in the science of psychotherapy and the understanding of the person within the phenomenon being studied. Therapists should be willing and demonstrate a sensitive ability to understand the client’s experiences from the person’s own point of view (Rogers, 1950: 444). In a relationship that is v constructed for the purpose the aim should be mainly to understand the whole person (Rogers, 1952: 343). Therapists should develop an ability to see completely through the client’s eyes and adopt the person’s frame of reference. This is the basis for implementing “client-centred” therapy (Rogers 1950: 444). A key role of social work practice is facilitating the empowerment of persons, and their personal and interpersonal strengths according to their own self-determination (Zastrow, 2012:39); the researcher recommends a holistic full understanding of the person in his/her wholeness (Rogers, 1987: 486). vi Acronyms and Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BAC Blood Alcohol Content BC Before Christ CAT Methcathinone CEWG Community Epidemiology Work Group CNS Central Nervous System CPD Continuous Professional Development DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders GABA Gamma Aminobutyric Acid HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IEWG International Epidemiology Work Group KZN KwaZulu-Natal LSD Lysergic Acid Diethylamide MA (Also known as tik) Methamphetamine MDMA (Also known as Ecstasy) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine NIDA National Institute of Drug Abuse OTC Over-the-Counter Medicine PCA Person-Centred-Approach PCP Phencyclidine PRE Prescribed Medication SACENDU South African Community Epidemiology Network Drug Use TV Television UN United Nations UNISA University of South Africa USA United States of America WHO World Health Organisation vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION (ii) ABSTRACT (iii) ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (vi) CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION, PROBLEM FORMULATION AND ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY 1 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1 1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION 3 1.2.1 International trends of substance abuse and dependence 5 1.2.2 A summary of two reports aiming to reflect substance abuse and dependence in South Africa 7 1.3 IMPLICATIONS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE 12 1.4 THE WHOLENESS OF PERSONS AFFECTED BY SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE OR ABUSE 15 1.5 THE FUNCTIONS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES 17 1.6 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 21 1.7 PROBLEM STATEMENT 26 1.8 RATIONALE FOR THE RESEARCH 28 1.9 RESEARCH QUESTION 29 1.10 RESEARCH GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 30 1.11 RESEARCH APPROACH 31 1.12 RESEARCH DESIGN 35 1.13 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 39 1.13.1 Population 39 viii 1.13.2 Sampling 39 1.13.3 Data collection 40 1.13.4 Method of data analysis 43 1.13.5 Data verification 45 1.14 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 48 1.14.1 Informed consent 49 1.14.2 Confidentiality 50 1.14.3 Management of information 50 1.15 CLARIFICATION OF KEY CONCEPTS 50 1.16 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 55 1.17 FORMAT OF THIS REPORT 56 1.18 CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER 58 CHAPTER TWO A DESCRIPTION OF THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS FOLLOWED AND IT’S APPLICATION FOR EXPLORING THE FUNCTIONS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF PERSONS 61 2.1 INTRODUCTION 61 2.2 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION OF THE STUDY 62 2.3 RESEARCH QUESTION 73 2.4 GOAL OF THE STUDY 74 2.5 OBJECTIVES 75 2.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 76 2.6.1 Research approach 76 2.6.2 Research design within the chosen approach 78 2.6.3 Research method 78 2.6.4 Population 79 2.6.5 Sampling 79 ix 2.6.6 Method of data collecting 81 2.6.7 Method of data analysis and processing data 82 2.6.8 Method of data verification 84 2.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 85 2.7.1 Introduction 85 2.7.2 Informed consent 86 2.7.3 Confidentiality 87 2.7.4 Management of information 87 2.8 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 89 CHAPTER THREE THE PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS COMPLEMENTED BY A LITERATURE CONTROL ON THE FUNCTIONS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF PERSONS 91 3.1 INTRODUCTION 91 3.2 FROM OUR CONVERSATIONS 93 3.2.1 The persons that participated 93 3.3 AN OVERVIEW OF THEMES THAT EMERGED 94 Theme 1: Persons developed substance dependence through the three identified phases 95 Theme 2: Relief of psychological tension that was experienced within the person and environment
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