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Rhetorical Transformations of Trees in Medieval England: From RHETORICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF TREES IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND: FROM MATERIAL CULTURE TO LITERARY REPRESENTATION Jodi Elisabeth Grimes, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2008 APPROVED: Robert K. Upchurch, Major Professor Nicole D. Smith, Committee Member Jacqueline Vanhoutte, Committee Member David Holdeman, Chair of Department of English Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Grimes, Jodi Elisabeth. Rhetorical Transformations of Trees in Medieval England: From Material Culture to Literary Representation. Doctor of Philosophy (English), December 2008, 212 pp., 7 illustrations, bibliography, 301 titles. Literary texts of medieval England feature trees as essential to the individual and communal identity as it intersects with nature, and the compelling qualities and organic processes associated with trees help vernacular writers interrogate the changing nature of this character. The early depiction of trees demonstrates an intimacy with nature that wanes after the tenth-century monastic revival, when the representation of trees as living, physical entities shifts toward their portrayal as allegorical vehicles for the Church’s didactic use. With the emergence of new social categories in the late Middle Ages, the rhetoric of trees moves beyond what it means to forge a Christian identity to consider the role of a ruler and his subjects, the relationship between humans and nature, and the place of women in society. Taking as its fundamental premise that people in wooded regions develop a deep-rooted connection to trees, this dissertation connects medieval culture and the physical world to consider the variety of ways in which Anglo-Saxon and post-Norman vernacular manuscripts depict trees. A personal identification with trees, a desire for harmony between society and the environment, and a sympathy for the work of trees lead to the narrator’s transformation in the Dream of the Rood. The Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in the Junius 11 manuscript, illustrated in Genesis A, Genesis B, and manuscript images, scrutinizes the Anglo-Saxon Christian’s relationship and responsibility to God in the aftermath of the Fall. As writers transform trees into allegories in works like Genesis B and Geoffrey Chaucer’s Parson’s Tale, the symbolic representations retain their spontaneous, organic processes to offer readers a visual picture of the Christian interior—the heart. Whereas the Parson’s Tale promotes personal and radical change through a horticultural narrative starring the Tree of Penitence and Tree of Vices, Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale appraises the role of autonomous subjects in a tyrannical system. Forest laws of the post-Norman period engender a bitter polemic about the extent of royal power to appropriate nature, and the royal grove of the Knight’s Tale exposes the limitations of monarchical structures and masculine control and shapes a pragmatic response to human failures. Copyright 2008 by Jodi Elisabeth Grimes ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful to my major professor, Robert Upchurch, for his careful attention to my scholarship. His academic prowess and enthusiasm for all things medieval inspire my work. I am also grateful to Nicole Smith, who wholeheartedly supported this project by listening carefully to my ideas and skillfully guiding me through the writing process. Nicole, Robert, and Jenny Adams have much improved my own style and organization through their own elegant and effective models. For thoughtful insights and reliable assistance through this undertaking, I would like to thank Jacqueline Vanhoutte. I also want to express my appreciation to Eugene Wright, Haj Ross, Scott Simpkins, James Tanner, Brenda Sims, Tanya Hooper, and others at the University of North Texas who have made my time in graduate school both pleasant and productive. For my research I am indebted to the library staff at the University of North Texas, especially Lynne Wright and Pamela Johnston of UNT’s Interlibrary Loan and Leora Kemp at the Dallas campus. Gary Shingledecker, Barbara Thomas, and Ferne Weimer of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics (GIAL) library provided steady encouragement and support. I also owe a special debt of gratitude to Ron Pappenhagen for offering comments and criticisms on a draft of the dissertation. I am grateful to the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, for granting permission to include images from the Junius 11 manuscript in this dissertation. One of the most frequent comments I’ve heard throughout my writing has been, “Why trees?” One of the underlying hypotheses of this dissertation is that the deeply compelling geographical and landscape features of one’s existence imprint themselves on one’s psyche. For my mother, it is Mount Hood emerging through the mist, for my father, the cornfields of Iowa. For me, these features are the llanos (grassy plains) of Colombia and the Amazonian rain forest iii of my childhood, where only the Vaupés River snaking its way toward Brazil interrupted the unending expanse of dense green treetops. Although the long-since-gone trees of medieval England are a thousand years and a wide ocean away from my childhood home, I feel a deep affinity for them and for a people that at one time lived under or near their canopy. This dissertation is my tribute to their past existence. In the present, it is a tribute to my parents, who instilled in me the love of books and the world around me, and my husband, who has supported me unconditionally throughout this lengthy process. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................ vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... vii Chapters 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 2. THE FOREST’S EDGE: THE CROSS’S ORIGIN IN THE DREAM OF THE ROOD....................................................................................................................16 3. THE DEADLY TREE OF PARADISE: THE PROBLEM OF EVIL IN THE JUNIUS 11 MANUSCRIPT .................................................................................51 4. THE TREE OF PENITENCE AND THE TREE OF VICES: THE PARSON’S NARRATIVE OF TRANSFORMATION..........................................................101 5. READING THE KNIGHT’S TALE AGAINST MEDIEVAL FOREST LAW: THE POLITICS OF THESEUS’S ROYAL GROVE.........................................145 6. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................188 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................193 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate I Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 11 God Beholds Adam and Eve in Paradise .......................................................................................94 Plate II Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 13 Adam and Eve in Paradise .............................................................................................................95 Plate III Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 20 The Serpent in the Garden .............................................................................................................96 Plate IV Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 24 The Winged Messenger Tempts Eve .............................................................................................97 Plate V Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 28 Eve Succumbs ................................................................................................................................98 Plate VIa Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 31 (top frame) The Fall of Adam...........................................................................................................................99 Plate VIb Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 31 (bottom frame) The Couple’s Remorse...................................................................................................................99 Plate VIIa Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 34 (top frame) Awareness of Nakedness .............................................................................................................100 Plate VIIb Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11, p. 34 (bottom frame) Adam and Eve Cover their Nakedness ........................................................................................100 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations are used throughout this dissertation. ANQ ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews ASE Anglo-Saxon England ASPR The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records: A Collective Edition Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The First Series. Edited by Peter Clemoes. EETS CHI s.s., no.17. London: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The Second Series. Edited by Malcolm Godden. CHII EETS s.s., no. 5. London: Oxford University Press, 1979. Godden, Malcolm. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: Introduction, Commentary, CHIII and Glossary. EETS s.s., no. 18. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Chaucer Chaucer Review: A Journal of Medieval Studies and Literary Criticism Review The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated
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