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Australian Naval Review 2020 – Issue 1 Australian Naval Review 2020 – Issue 1 . Australia’s most advanced fleet will require Australia’s most advanced workforce We are working together with industry, schools and universities to build an adaptable workforce ready to take on the future of shipbuilding in Australia. At the Naval Shipbuilding College we can support you with fi nding your next exciting job in Australia’s growing shipbuilding industry. Your fi rst port of call is to join the national Workforce Register. To fi nd out how you can be part of Australia’s shipbuilding future go to: NavalShipbuildingCollege.com.au Australian Naval Review 2020 - Issue 1 The Australian Naval Review is the biannual publication of the Australian Naval Institute (ANI). After the retirement of the quarterly Headmark, the ANI transitioned to an annual peer-reviewed journal in 2016. This is alongside the frequent publication of articles on the Institute’s website. Since 2019, the Australian Naval Review has been published biannually. Editorial Captain Guy Blackburn, RAN Coordinators Midshipman Kayla De Wit, RAN Mr Richard Hobbs Sub Lieutenant Ben Page, RAN Editorial Advisory Ms Mary-Louise Ganter Committee Commodore Richard Menhinick, AM, CSC, RAN (Retired) Dr David Stevens Editor Ms Kiri Mathieson Printed by Instant Colour Press, Canberra Set in Calibri 12pt ISSN 2207-2128 (Hard Copy) Copyright of the articles published in this issue, unless specified, resides with the authors. Copyright in the form of the article printed in the Australian Naval Review is held by the Australian Naval Institute. Australian Naval Review 2020 Issue 1 1 Australian Naval Review 2020 - Issue 1 About the ANI The ANI is the leading forum for naval and maritime affairs in Australia. Formed in 1975, the main objectives of the ANI are: • to encourage and promote the advancement of knowledge related to the Navy and the maritime profession; and • to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas concerning subjects related to the Navy and the maritime profession. Contributing to theAustralian Naval Review The ANI publishes articles and comments on naval and maritime issues. Articles concerning naval strategy, operations, administration or policy are of particular interest, but we will consider all articles. Contact the ANR Committee at [email protected] for further information (including the Australian Naval Review’s Style Guide for prospective authors) or to submit a contribution to the Review. Disclaimer The views expressed in this review do not represent the official views of the Royal Australian Navy, the Australian Defence Force, the Chief of Navy or the ANI. That said, Headmark, and now the Australian Naval Review, have a proud tradition of over 40 years of contributing informed research, writing, and opinion on naval and maritime matters. ANI Membership Members of the ANI receive discounts on events run by the Institute, a copy of the annual Australian Naval Review, full access to the ANI website and the knowledge that they are contributing to the ever-important public debates on naval and maritime affairs. Further information on membership is available on the Institute’s website (www.navalinstitute. com.au) or from the ANI Secretariat ([email protected]). 2 Australian Naval Review 2020 Issue 1 Council President Vice Admiral Peter Jones, AO, DSC, RAN (Retired) Vice President Commodore Allison Norris, CSC, RAN Treasurer Captain Nick Tate, RAN Secretary Lieutenant Commander Stephanie Foulkes, RAN Councillors Mr Steve Bell Captain Guy Blackburn, RAN Lieutenant Commander Andrew Collingwood, RAN Midshipman Kayla De Wit, RAN Commander Steve Lenik, RNZN Rear Admiral Lee Goddard, CSC, RAN Mr Richard Hobbs Commodore Justin Jones, CSC, RAN Ms Elizabeth Mulder Midshipman Jamie Newton, RAN Sub Lieutenant Ben Page, RAN Mr Craig Powell Brigadier Will Taylor, OBE, RM (Retired) Lieutenant Commander Desmond Woods, RAN Business Manager Ms Sue Hart Front Cover: A Royal Australian Navy MH-60R Seahawk 'Romeo' Helicopter refuels onboard HMAS Adelaide during Operation Bushfire Assist 2020. Photographer: ABIS Thomas Sawtell. Inside Back Cover: HMAS Sydney off the coast of Sydney, NSW, during her Commissioning Ceremony. Photographer: ABIS Jarrod Mulvihill. Australian Naval Review 2020 Issue 1 3 Table of Contents Foreword by the President 5 Vice Admiral Peter Jones, AO, DSC, RAN (Retired) Maritime Autonomous Systems a Critical Element of our Future Force 6 Vice Admiral Michael Noonan, AO, RAN Indonesia’s Archipelagic Sea Lanes: International Law and Practice 10 Distinguished Professor Stuart Kaye Getting the most of our naval shipbuilding capability 32 Dr Marcus Hellyer Developing the workforce to deliver the National Naval Shipbuilding Enterprise 38 Mr Ian Irving Chinese Assertiveness and the Business of Politics in the South China Sea Dispute 45 Dr Pichamon Yeophantong International Law and Armed Conflicts at Sea: The San Remo Manual – now is the time for a LOTE! 57 Associate Professor David Letts, AM, CSM Deterrence by Detection: Using Preemptive Surveillance to Prevent Opportunistic Aggression in the Asia-Pacific Region 65 By Thomas G. Mahnken and Travis Sharp Task Group Command: A Personal Perspective 74 Vice Admiral Peter Jones, AO, DSC, RAN (Retired) Interdependence, Alliance and the Winning Edge 82 Vice Admiral Tim Barrett, AO, CSC, RAN (Retired) The All Black Kiwi and the Red Kangaroo Australia and New Zealand – A shared naval heritage and future 92 Lieutenant Commander Desmond Woods, RAN 4 Australian Naval Review 2020 Issue 1 Foreword by the President Vice Admiral Peter Jones, AO, DSC, RAN (Retired) This is the sixth edition of the Australian Naval Review and I believe you will see the publication continues to grow in standing and interest. In 2020 the Coronavirus pandemic and the global response to its thrall has dominated all our lives. It is probable that the impact of the pandemic will significantly affect geo- politics, global and national economies and societies. This will take years to work through and to assess with any clarity. It will undoubtedly have an impact on maritime and naval affairs. Earlier this year the Australian Naval Institute published the report - Protecting Australian Maritime Trade: The Findings of the 2019 Goldrick Seminar. Among other things the report highlighted the national importance of better understanding the interdependences and vulnerabilities of its supply chains and access to the sea to both import and export. The pandemic has only served underscore this point. Three articles in this edition of the Australian Naval Review by Professors Stuart Kaye and David Letts as well as by Dr Pichamon Yeophantong examine some of the underpinning aspects of the unfettered use of the seas for trade and security. This edition seeks to also look at both the past and the future of the Royal Australian Navy as well as providing an article on the too rarely discussed topic of task group command. We are honoured and delighted to have an article each by the Chief of Navy, Vice Admiral Michael Noonan, as well as his predecessor, Vice Admiral Tim Barrett (Retired). I would like to acknowledge the work of Captain Guy Blackburn, Sub Lieutenant Ben Page, Mrs Sue Hart and Ms Kiri Mathieson in the production of this edition. I trust you enjoy this edition of the Australian Naval Review. Australian Naval Review 2020 Issue 1 5 From the Chief of Navy Maritime Autonomous Systems a Critical Element of our Future Force Vice Admiral Michael Noonan, AO, RAN As the global community grapples with an increasingly complex health emergency that COVID-19 represents, the full level of second and third order effects remain largely unknown. It is, however, safe to say that the world as we know it, is likely to be changed forever. Throughout history, we have seen significant global issues reshape the national and global orders and the very way we interact in all facets of our everyday lives, both as individuals and as nations. Defence and Defence Industry is no different, and we in our Navy will change and adapt as the environment, both physical and fiscal, changes around us. Rapid advancements in technology, in concert with the globalised nature of the 21st century, has resulted in the rise of robotic and autonomous systems and the supporting artificial intelligence (RAS+AI). Navy and Defence contribution to this field is not new. We are a part of the national robotics roadmap strategy, in the pursuit of enhancing people, platforms and processes with RAS+AI. However, the rate at which these systems are developing as part of ‘business as usual’ across the Australian Defence Force is rapidly increasing. Navy's primary operating environment is becoming more and more complex; the Indo Pacific is fast becoming a maritime epicentre for allies and strategic competitors alike. While Government is investing in our future Navy, and our nationalshipbuilding industry is delivering world-class platforms, it would be remiss of me and the wider Navy not to acknowledge the importance of RAS+AI within this environment. This emerging technology is fundamental in our overall strategy in the monitoring, deterrence and ultimate defence of Australia and our national interests. We have commissioned 822X Squadron, operating from HMAS Albatross, which is capable of deploying tactical unmanned air systems in our vessels at sea. 822X Squadron is currently evaluating two Maritime Tactical Unmanned Aircraft Systems (MTUAS), ScanEagle and the Schiebel S-100 Camcopter. These assets are capable of performing roles described colloquially as ‘dull,
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