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Informe Del Estado De Los Ambientes Marinos Y Costeros 2005

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Informe Del Estado De Los Ambientes Marinos Y Costeros 2005 Serie de Publicaciones Periódicas Noviembre de 2006 Numero 8 Santa Marta, Colombia ISSN: 1692-5025 5 0 Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras “José Benito Vives De Andréis”, Vinculado al Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial 0 2 O Ñ A INFORME DEL ESTADO DE : A I B LOS AMBIENTES MARINOS Y M O L COSTEROS EN COLOMBIA: O C AÑO 2005 N E S O R E T S O C Y S O N I R A M S E T N E I B M A S O L INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS Y COSTERAS E “JOSÉ BENITO VIVES DE ANDRÉIS” D Vinculado al Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial O D A T S E L E D Teléfonos: (+57)(+5)421 4774/431 2978/421 4413/421 1380/421 4775/431 2963-4-8-7/431 2980 E Telefax: (+57) (+5) 431 2986 - A.A. 1016 M Cerro Punta Betín Santa Marta, COLOMBIA R http://www.invemar.org.co O F N I Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives De Andréis - INVEMAR Vinculado al Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial Santa Marta, DTCH Teléfonos (+57)(+5) 431 2963 - 431 2964 - 4312978 Ext. 114, 251 y 138 Telefax (5) 431 29 86 www.invemar.org.co Martha Lucia Ruiz Arango Coordinadora Divulgación y Documentación Coordinación General del Informe: Jesús A. Garay Tinoco Subdirector Coordinación de Investigaciones Compilación de Textos : Martha Lucia Ruiz Arango Juan Carlos Narváez B. Edición del Informe: Juan Carlos Narváez B. Foto portada: Escaleras volcán punta Arboletes - Angela López Diagramación: Margarita Reyes Ribas Impresión: Litoflash - Santa Marta Derechos reservados conforme la ley, los textos pueden ser reproducidos total o parcialmente citando la fuente. Las líneas de delimitación fronteriza presentadas en este documento, son una representación gráfica aproximada con fines ilustrativos solamente. Contribución No.780 del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras "José Benito Vives De Andréis" - INVEMAR Citar la obra completa como: INVEMAR, Informe del Estado de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia: Año 2005. (Serie de publicaciones periódicas/INVEMAR; No.8) Santa Marta. 360 p. Citar capítulos como: Autores. 2005. Título del capítulo. Pp (intervalo de páginas). En: INVEMAR. Informe del Estado de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia. 2005. (Serie de Publicaciones periódicas, INVEMAR; No. 8) Santa Marta. 360 p. ISSN: 1692-5025 Palabras clave: RECURSOS COSTEROS, RECURSOS MARINOS, COLOMBIA, ECOSISTEMAS MARINOS Contenido 1 MARCO GEOGRÁFICO 3 Instituto de Investigaciones 1.1 Características Generales de la Región Caribe Continental 3 Marinas y Costeras 1.2 Características Generales de la Región Caribe Insular 6 «José Benito Vives De Andréis» INVEMAR 1.3 Características Generales de la Región Pacífico Continental e Insular 8 1.4 Literatura Citada 9 Director General Francisco A. Arias Isaza Capítulo I Subdirector Coordinación de Investigaciones(SCI) Estado del Medio Ambiente Abiótico Jesús Antonio Garay Tinoco 2 ESTADO DE LOS ASPECTOS FÍSICOS DEL Subdirector de Recursos y MEDIO MARINO Y COSTERO EN COLOMBIA 13 Apoyo a la Investigación (SRA) 2.1. Región Caribe Continental 14 Carlos Augusto Pinilla González 2.2. Región Caribe Insular 19 Coordinador 2.3. Región Pacífico Continental 21 Servicios Científicos (CSC) 2.4. Literatura citada 31 Oscar David Solano Plazas 3 LA CALIDAD AMBIENTAL MARINA Coordinador Programa Biodiversidad y Y COSTERA EN COLOMBIA 33 Ecosistemas Marinos (BEM) 3.1 Introducción 33 Jaime Garzón Ferreira 3.2 Problemática generada por la contaminación en los mares y costas de Colombia 34 Coordinador Programa Valoración y 3.3 Fuentes de contaminación. Estado actual 37 Aprovechamiento de Recursos 3.4 Descargas de los Rios 39 Marinos Vivos (VAR) 3.5. Descargas domésticas 50 Roberto Federico Newmark U. 3.6. Estado de la calidad química y sanitaria de las aguas 52 Coordinador 3.7. Efectos de la contaminación sobre los ecosistemas Programa Calidad y la calidad de vida en las zonas costeras y marinas 62 Ambiental Marina (CAM) 3.8. Conclusiones 64 Bienvenido Marín Z. 3.9. Literatura citada 65 Coordinadora Programa de Investigación para la Gestión en Zonas Costeras (GEZ) Capítulo II Paula Cristina Sierra Correa Estado de los Ecosistemas Marinos y Costeros Programa de Geociencias Marinas 4 ESTADO DE LOS ARRECIFES y Costeras (GEO) Georgina Guzmán Ospitia CORALINOS EN COLOMBIA 71 4.1. Definición, Importancia, Distribución y Extensión de Coordinadora los Arrecifes de Coral en Colombia 71 Oficina de Divulgación y Documentación (DID) 4.2. Consideración Inicial al Estado de los Arrecifes en el 2005 72 Martha Lucia Ruiz Arango 4.3. Estado de las Formaciones Arrecifales y sus Comunidades de Peces en el Área de Santa Marta 81 Asistente de Dirección (ADG) 4.4. Blanqueamiento Coralino en Colombia Durante el Año 2005 83 Sandra Rincón Cabal 4.5. Evaluación Rápida del Impacto del Huracán Beta sobre los Ecosistemas Marinos y Costeros en La Isla de Providencia 87 Santa Marta - 2005 Informe del Estado de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia 2005 4.6. Socavado Esquelético y Mortalidad Coralina por Esponjas Excavadoras Incrustantes en San Andrés e Islas del Rosario 93 4.7. Investigaciones desde la Perspectiva de la Conectividad y el Reclutamiento Coralino para el Entendimiento del Estado, Estructura y Dinámica de los Arrecifes Coralinos (Caribe). 96 4.8 Literatura Citada 134 5 ESTADO DE LAS PRADERAS DE PASTOS 143 MARINOS EN COLOMBIA 143 5.1. Definición e importancia 143 5.2. Distribución de los pastos marinos en el Caribe Colombiano 143 5.3. Estado Actual 145 5.4. Recomendaciones 168 5.5. Literatura citada 169 6 ESTADO DE LOS MANGLARES EN COLOMBIA 173 6.1 Introducción 173 6.2 Estado de los Manglares 173 6.3 Conclusiones 191 6.4 Literatura citada 191 7 ESTADO DE LOS LITORALES ROCOSOS EN COLOMBIA 195 7.1. Introducción 195 7.2. Estado actual en el Caribe 197 7.3. Dinámica espacio-temporal de la comunidad móvil y sésil del ecosistema Litoral Rocoso: el caso de Cove-San Andrés Isla 206 7.4. Literatura citada 212 8 ESTADO DE LOS FONDOS BLANDOS EN COLOMBIA 215 8.1. Introducción 215 8.2. Estado Actual 216 8.3. Literatura citada 222 Capítulo III Estado de la Diversidad de Especies 9 DIVERSIDAD DE ESPECIES MARINAS EN COLOMBIA 227 9.1. Introducción 227 9.2. Inventarios de diversidad de especies marinas en Colombia 227 9.3. Estado de avance de los inventarios nacionales 228 9.4. Inventarios regionales de fauna y flora marinas 235 9.5. Colecciones Biológicas de Organismos Marinos de Colombia 236 9.6. Diagnóstico de Especies Amenazadas 240 9.7. Literatura Citada 249 Informe del Estado de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia 2005 Capítulo IV Estado de los Recursos Sometidos a Explotación en Colombia 10 ESTADO DE LOS RECURSOS SOMETIDOS A EXPLOTACIÓN EN COLOMBIA 257 10.1. Introducción 257 10.2. Recursos sometidos a explotación 257 10.3. Estado de la población del caracol pala Strombus gigas en el Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo 274 10.4. Efectos sobre la biodiversidad debidos a la pesca (captura incidental) 284 10.5. Especies exóticas en Colombia: el caso de estudio de la tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) en el norte del país. 290 10.6. Acuicultura marina y estuarina en Colombia 301 10.7. Bioprospección Marina 306 10.8. Literatura citada 313 Capítulo V Estado de las Comunidades del Margen Continental 11 COMUNIDADES DEL MARGEN CONTINENTAL 317 11.1. Introducción 317 11.2. Arrecifes de corales azooxantelados 320 11.3. Bosques de octocorales 324 11.4. Lechos de esponjas-briozoos 325 11.5. Lechos de Algas calcáreas 325 11.6. Riesgos potenciales para los ecosistemas del margen continental 326 11.7. Literatura citada 327 Capítulo VI Estado del Manejo de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia 12 AVANCES EN EL MANEJO DE LOS AMBIENTES MARINOS Y COSTEROS EN COLOMBIA 333 12.1. Introducción 333 12.2. La Política Nacional Ambiental de los Espacios Oceánicos y Zonas Costeras e Insulares de Colombia y su incidencia en el Manejo de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros 333 12.3. Mapeo de la Biodiversidad Marina del Caribe Colombiano para la Planeación de la Conservación 340 Informe del Estado de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia 2005 12.4. Modelo de Planificación de un Sistema Representativo de Áreas Marinas Protegidas para el Caribe Continental Colombiano 345 12.5. Avances del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia en el Manejo de las Áreas Marinas y/o Costeras Protegidas 356 12.6. Avances de la Comisión Colombiana del Océano en la Coordinación de Actividades Relacionadas con el Manejo de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia 358 12.7. Literatura citada 359 Informe del Estado de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia 2005 Indice de figuras Figura 1-1. Localización de áreas marinas y costeras de Colombia (Modificado de INVEMAR, 2001). Figura 2-1. Tasas de erosión/acreción medidas a lo largo de la costa antioqueña en un periodo de 40 años (Correa y Vernette, 2004). Figura 2-2. Mapa generalizado de la Isla de San Andrés donde se ubican todos los sectores menciona- dos en el texto (Tomado de INVEMAR, 2003). Figura 2-3. Isla Barrera de Milagros, a la altura de Cabo Manglares, desembocadura del río Mira. Figura 2-4. Isla Barrera de San José. Se aprecian las nuevas playas colonizadas por vegetación rastrera. Figura 2-5. Manglar muerto en el extremo norte de la isla barrera de Santa Rita. Figura 2-6. Isla barrera de Montserrate. Se observa cómo la erosión ha desraizado las palmeras que ahora se encuentran en la playa. Figura 3-1. Distribución de la descarga de DBO5 en los ríos tributarios del Caribe colombiano (en toneladas día-1).
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