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T.C. Inönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Anabilim Dali

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T.C. Inönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Anabilim Dali T.C. İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TUNCELİ YÖRESİ ALEVİLİĞİNDE OCAKLAR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Mehmet DÖNMEZ Bedriye Deniz ÇELİK MALATYA-2019 T.C. İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI TUNCELİ YÖRESİ ALEVİLİĞİNDE OCAKLAR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Bedriye Deniz ÇELİK DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Mehmet DÖNMEZ MALATYA-2019 2 ONUR SÖZÜ Prof. Dr. Mehmet DÖNMEZ’in danışmanlığında yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırladığım Tunceli Yöresi Aleviliğinde Ocaklar başlıklı bu çalışmanın, bilimsel ahlâk ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yardıma başvurmaksızın tarafımdan yazıldığını ve yararlandığım bütün yapıtların hem metin içinde hem de kaynakçada yöntemine uygun biçimde gösterilenlerden oluştuğunu belirtir, bunu onurumla doğrularım. 28.08.2019 Bedriye Deniz ÇELİK iv ÖN SÖZ Bu çalışma, Aleviliğin yaşam bulduğu coğrafyalardan biri olan Tunceli ili esas alınarak hazırlanmış ve tez sınırı da bu anlamda Tunceli ili sınırları içerisindeki Alevi/Kızılbaş Ocaklarıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda amaçlanan ise Tunceli’de yer alan Alevi/Kızılbaş Ocaklarının mevcut durumlarını tespit etmek ve söz konusu olan ocakların yaşayan temsilcisi durumundaki kimi inanç önderleriyle gerçekleştirilen mülakatlarla da bu ocaklar etrafında oluşan dinî veya sosyolojik dokunun kayıt altına almasını mümkün kılmaktır. Değerli katkılarından, yönlendirmelerinden dolayı Alevilik-Bektaşilik Tarihi Araştırmacısı Sayın Hasan ÇELİK’e gönülden teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Değerli arkadaşım Emine GÜNER’e destekleri için teşekkür ederim. Tez çalışmasının tüm süreçlerinde, yol göstericiliğini ve değerli bilgilerini bizlerden esirgemeyen danışmanım ve kıymetli hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Mehmet DÖNMEZ’e teşekkür etmeyi bir borç biliyorum. Saha çalışmaları sırasında değerli bilgilerini/tecrübelerini bizlerle paylaşan, sorularımıza içtenlikle cevap veren ve mülakatlarımızı da bereketli kılan tüm büyüklerimize ve bu yorucu süreçte beni yalnız bırakmayarak, her daim destek olan çok değerli aileme en kalbi şükranlarımı iletiyorum. Bedriye Deniz ÇELİK Elazığ, Ağustos 2019 v ÖZET Dışa kapalı, sözlü bir geleneğe dayanan, kendi içerisinde sosyo-kültürel normları üretip uygulayabilen Alevilik inancı ve Aleviler, son yıllarda birçok araştırmacının subjesi olma eğilimi göstermektedir. Alevi, Alevilik adını söylemek istisnai bir durum iken 1990’lardan sonra sıklıkla dile getirilen, hakkında çokça yazılıp çizilen, tartışılan, sağa sola çekiştirilen bir olgu haline gelmiştir. Alevilik-Bektaşilik, sırrı hakikate, insan-ı kâmile, Hak’la Hak olmanın bilgisi ve kudretine ulaşmayı temel prensip haline getirerek, kendi topluluklarına kafa yormanın yanında kendisine kimlik bulmaya çalışanlarla da zorlu bir süreç yaşamıştır. Bu zorlu süreci yaşayanlar diğer birçok Alevi nüfusunun yaşadığı kentlerdeki gibi Tunceli’de de bulunmaktadır. Alevi geleneğinden gelen, toplumsal yaşantıları inanç temeline kurulu olan Tunceli Alevilerinin, Alevilik- Bektaşilik, mürşit-pir-rehber-talip, ocak algılayışları, Tunceli Yöresi Aleviliğinde Ocakların konumu, Ria Hak inancı, insana ve doğaya verilen değer çalışmamızda incelediğimiz konular arasındadır. Anahtar Kavramlar: Alevilik-Bektaşilik, Tunceli Aleviliği, Ocak, Ria Hak. vi ABSTRACT The belief in Alevism and Alevis, which are based on an outward closed, oral tradition and can produce and apply socio-cultural norms within themselves, have tended to be the subject of many researchers in recent years. While it is an exceptional case to say the name Alevi, Alevism, it has become a phenomenon that is often expressed after the 1990s, written and drawn about, discussed, and tugged around. Alevism-Bektashism, the secret to the truth, insan-ı kamile, the knowledge and power of being true with the truth by making it the basic principle, not only to think about their own communities, but also to find an identity for itself has experienced a difficult process. Those experiencing this difficult process are also found in Tunceli, like many other Alevi cities. Alevism- Bektashism, Mürşit-Pir-Rehber-Talip, Ocak perceptions of Tunceli Alevism, the position of the quarries in the Alevism of Tunceli region, the belief in Ria Hak, and the value given to human and nature are among the subjects we examined in our study. Keywords: Alevism-Bektashism, Tunceli Alevism, Ocak, Ria Hak. vii İÇİNDEKİLER ONUR SÖZÜ .................................................................................................................. iv ÖN SÖZ ........................................................................................................................... v ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... vii İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................ viii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ........................................................................................... xi 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Araştırmanın Metodu .......................................................................................... 3 1.2. Araştırmanın Konusu ve Amacı ......................................................................... 4 1.3. Araştırmanın Evren ve Örneklemi ..................................................................... 5 1.4. Araştırmanın Varsayımları ................................................................................. 5 2. ALEVİLİK-BEKTAŞİLİK ........................................................................................ 7 2.1. Aleviliğin Tanımı ve Tarihi ................................................................................. 7 2.1.1. Alevilik Kavramının Tarihsel Seyir İçindeki Anlamı .............................. 19 2.1.1.1. Aleviliğin Soy Esasına Göre Anlamı ................................................... 19 2.1.1.2. Aleviliğin Siyasal Anlamı ..................................................................... 20 2.1.1.3. Aleviliğin İnançsal ( Teolojik ) Anlamı ............................................... 21 2.1.1.4. Aleviliğin Tasavvufi Anlamı ................................................................ 21 2.2. Bektaşiliğin Tanımı ve Tarihi ........................................................................... 22 2.3. Alevilik ve Bektaşiliğin Benzer ve Farklı Tezahürleri .................................... 26 2.3.1. Alevilik ile Bektaşiliğin Benzer Tezahürleri ............................................. 26 2.3.2. Alevilik ile Bektaşiliğin Birbirinden Farklı Tezahürleri ......................... 31 2.4. Alevi-Bektaşi İnancının Temel Unsurları ........................................................ 43 2.4.1. Alevilik- Bektaşilikte Mürşit Kavramı, Mürşitlerin Özellikleri ve İşlevleri ................................................................................................................... 43 2.4.2. Alevilik- Bektaşilikte Baba-Pir/Dede Kavramı, Babaların- Pirlerin/Dedelerin Özellikleri ve İşlevleri, Beslendikleri Sözlü ve Yazılı Kaynaklar ............................................................................................................... 45 2.4.2.1. Pirlerin/Dedelerin Dış Görünüş Özellikleri ........................................ 77 2.4.2.2. Pirlerin/ Dedelerin Düşkün Olmasına Sebep Olacak Hal ve Davranışlar ......................................................................................................... 83 viii 2.4.2.3. Babaların-Pirlerin/Dedelerin Günümüzde Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar .............................................................................................................. 87 2.4.2.4. Pirlerin/Dedelerin Devletten Beklentileri ........................................... 93 2.4.3. Alevilik- Bektaşilikte Rehber-Rayber Kavramı, Rehber-Rayberlerin Özellikleri ve İşlevleri ............................................................................................ 97 2.4.4. Alevilik- Bektaşilikte Talip Kavramı, Taliplerin Özellikleri ve İşlevleri ................................................................................................................. 100 3. ALEVİ-BEKTAŞİ İNANCINDA OCAKLAR ..................................................... 102 3.1. Ocak ve Ocakzade Kavramlarının Tanımı, Ocakların Önemi .................... 102 3.1.1. Ocakların Sınıflandırılması, Ocaklar Arasındaki Hiyerarşik Durum ve İlişkiler .................................................................................................................. 118 3.1.1.1. İşlevlerine ve İş Bölümüne Göre Ocaklar ......................................... 118 3.1.1.2. Örgütlenme ve Bağlılık Durumuna Göre Ocaklar .......................... 121 3.1.1.3. Ocakzade Dedelerce Görevlendirilen Dikme Ocaklar .................... 121 3.1.1.3. Cemlerdeki Uygulama Farklılıklarına Göre Ocaklar ..................... 121 3.1.2. Ocakların Yapısı, Özellikleri, Birbirleriyle İlişkileri, Bireye ve Topluma Yönelik İşlevleri ................................................................................................... 121 4. TOPLUMSAL DEĞİŞME VE ALEVİLİK .......................................................... 141 4.1. Toplumsal Değişme Kavramının Tanımı ....................................................... 141 4.2. Toplumsal Değişme ve Din Olgusu ................................................................
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