KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series

SUBJECT HISTORY

Faculty Name : MOHAMMED SAFWAN KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series

TOPIC

TRAVANCORE- 18TH CENTURY & THE MYSOREAN INVASION OF KERALA TOPICS

▪ STATE- 18TH CENTURY ▪ ▪

▪ MYSOREAN INVASION ▪ EFFECTS ▪ COCHIN AFTER RULE

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series TRAVANCORE- 18TH CENTURY

•produced two illustrious BACKGROUND: rulers;Marthanda Varma and • Venad state (1314-1720) – many rulers and Kartika Tirunal Rama Varma, developments popularly called as Dharma Raja. • Last ruler- RAMA VARMA(1721-1729) •Under them, Travancore became a • Break down of royal authority and outbreak prominent military state in southern of several skirmishes b/w the Royal officers India. and tenants of Temple lands in Nanjanad • First formal treaty with EIC- April 1723 → Junior prince Marthanda Varma (Prince of ) signed this. • Treaty with Nayakas of Madurai to crush the local revolts of Yogakkar, Pillamar and other hostile elements.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Anizham Marthanda Varma

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series MARTHANDA VARMA(1729-1758)

INTO THRONE: ▪ The king refused to recognize the succession of •battling the Thambis who were claiming the princess in Elayadathu swaroopam after the death throne on patrilineal succession. of chief → Dutch Interefered . •Suppressed the Pillamar, Yogakkar who were ▪ In 1741, the Dutch installed the princess of plotting against him and began his royal swaroopam as the ruler in defiance of Varma. administration. ▪ The Trippapur army met the combined forces of EXPANSION: Elayadathu swaroopam and Dutch, and in the •annexed and captured Quilon. Battle of Colochel Marthanda Varma defeated them.(10th August 1741) •war against and Elayadathu Swaroopam () continued.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series •Travancore army captured the Kayamkulam • 1753- treaty of fort and Palace in 1746. • limited the Dutch and ordered not involve in any •Immediately – King focused on Ambalapuzha, native disputes. which had sided with Kayamkulam Raja. The • ensured the political unification of large areas of Travancore force under D’Lannoy annexed the Kerala under the supremacy of Travancore State and sent Raja into Travancore jail. ▪ Battle of Anandeswaram in 1754 •1749-50, both Tekkumkur and ▪ were annexed without any serious attacks. Travancore v/s Cochin ▪ Severe loss to Cochin ▪ Signed Treaty of Alliance in 1757- against .

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series The Administrative reforms of Marthanda Varma

The reign of Marthanda Varma was of progress in Agriculture: administration, culture, literature and arts. Administrative reforms: • constructed new irrigation canals, and dams like Ponmana and Puthen dams • Crushed the Feudal System which was challenge to Royal Authority. • classified lands - Devaswam, Brahmaswam, Danam,etc •established Knighthood for those officers who for the assessment and collection of revenue. were loyal to him (Chempakaraman ). •finances of the state were Commerce: improved.(Pativukanakku (annual budget)) ▪ New roads and ways + Custom houses on the frontier Military reforms: in order to prevent smuggling. • Professionalized Army with European Discipline ▪ Mavelikkara was made the commercial capital. Architectural improvements : •Renovations to palace and ▪ Salt manufacture was made under Stat monopoly. + also built many forts .

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Cultural progress: ▪ Trippatidanam: •Trivandrum the centre of intellectual and • On January 3, 1750 the King dedicated the newly cultural activities.Poets like Ramapurath expanded kingdom of Travancore to Sri warrier and Kunjan Nambiar adorned his court. Padmanabha, is called as Trippatidanam. •The temple arts got further impetus after the • There after the King and his successors became the Padmanabhaswami temple renovations, also servants of Sri Padmanbha. art of mural paintings . • The Trippatidana helped in the long run to ensure •state rituals such as "Murajapam" and political stability. “Bhadradeepam” were instituted to appease the presiding deity. (Padmanabha Swami Temple). The achievements and reforms by Marthanda Varma •Ottakkalmandapam in Padmanabha Swami is remarkable and so he is regarded as the ‘Maker of Modern Travancore’. temple was erected by him.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series DHARMA RAJA (1758-1798):KARTIKA TIRUNAL RAMA VARMA

The major events during his period were; Relation with East: i. friendship with Cochin Raja, • with Maphiz Khan – Governor of Nawab of Carnatic. ii. the relation with rulers of East and • He took possession of Kalakkad and Armaboli fort. He was iii. Mysore. driven out of Aramboli fort but obtained control of Relation with Cochin: Shenkottah. •Treaty of 1757: Alliance against Zamorin • Maphiz Khan was succeeded by Yusuf Khan and he gave Kalakkad to Travancore as a friendly gesture •drafted by Komi Achan, the prime minister of Cochin. ▪ But later Yusuf Khan turned against Dharma Raja → EIC helped to crush his rebel forces. ▪ 1764 – Treaty with Carnatic →to give away the territory on other side of the Ghats other than Shenkottah.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Relation with Mysore: • Invasion of • Gave asylum to large number of people who had come down fearing attack by the Mysore forces. • He took steps to defend the kingdom by buying Pallipuram and Crangore forts from Dutch and built the Nedumkotta lines.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series The Administrative Reforms:

❖assisted by two Chief Ministers, Ayyappan ▪ RAJA KESAVADAS: Marthandan Pillai and Raja Kesavadas. ▪ First Chief Minister to assume title of Diwan ❖AYYAPPAN MARTHANDAN PILLAI: ▪ Negotiated treaty between Travancore and . – DIPLOMACY ❖Reorganised the Revenue department ▪ Took steps to develop industries and agriculture. ❖divide the state into three revenue units: ▪ Developed ports at Poonthura, and Tekkemukham, Vadakkemukham and Vizhinjam. Padinjaremukham. ▪ Developed the city of and timber depot ❖Revenue Collection systemized and opened in Alappuzha. cultivable waste lands brought under ▪ Chalai market was also developed under his reign. cultivation. ❖ was developed under him. ▪ End of his reign - the capital of Travancore was shifted from Padmanabhapuram to Trivandrum.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series ▪ Cultural Progress: ➢The Kulasekhara Mandapam in Padmanabhaswami temple complex ➢He himself was a scholar and had composed some exquisite poems. ➢Also he founded Kottaram Kathakaliyogam for promotion of kathakali and introduced the southern school of Kathakali (Tekkan Kalari). ➢organized Pandita Sabha, council of learned men periodically for encouraging literature and scholarship. ➢Unnayi Warrier of his court composed Nalacharitam and the king himself wrote treatise on the Natyasastra of Bharatamuni known as Balarama Bharatam.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series QUESTIONS FOR MAINS

1. King Marthanda Varma is called as the ‘Maker of Modern Travancore’. Discuss (10 marks) 2. Analyse the relation of Dharma Raja with his neighbours (5 marks) 3. Write Short notes on (3 marks) 1. Trippadidanam 2. Treaty of Mavelikkara 3. Cultural progress under Dharma Raja.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series THE MYSOREAN INTERLUDE IN KERALA

KAS Mentor Online Video Lecture Series KAS Mentor Online Video Lecture Series MAJOR FACTORS FAVOURED FOR INVASIONS

❑Lack of unity and co-operation among the rulers of kerala ❑Conflict due to expansionist policies of Zamorin ❑Rivalry between and in Cannanore ❑The play of Europeans in getting foothold in the trade scene, especially the EIC. ❑Haider’s desire to have access to French Mahe in order to ensure steady supply of arms from the West.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series HYDER’S CONQUESTS:

❖CANNANORE: ▪ Second Attempt on Kerala: when the Malabar Rajas ❖Ali Raja of Arakkal family invited Haider did not pay the tribute as agreed. in 1763 to intervene in affairs of ▪ 1773→ Conquered Coorg . ▪ Re-established in Malabar ❖1766 → Haider along with forces of Ali ▪ Srinivasa Rao appointed as Governor and Raja attacked Kolathiri. Sirdar Khan as Commander in Chief. ❖ZAMORIN: ▪ Later, captured Pappinivattom, Chettuvai from ❖He conquered , Kadathanadu Dutch and territory of Cranganore Raja. However and Kurumbranadu. their downward movement was stopped by ❖Zamorin tried to negotiate terms with Nedumkotta built by Raja Kesavadas. him, but the terms were not acceptable to Haider.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series ▪ Issue with English: ▪ During Carnatic Wars- Hyder had to to protect his interest in Mahe, which was occupied with French. ▪ The Zamorin, Kottayam Raja sided with the British. ▪ English captured Mahe and Kottayam (1779), Zamorin forces captured back most of the territory. ▪ Combined forces of Mysore, Kolathunadu and Kurumbranadu forces, Mahe was re-captured and English concentrated in Tellichery. ▪ Sirdar Khan laid siege to Tellichery (1780) but reinforcement for British came. ▪ British under Major Abington captured Calicut (1782) and wiped out the Mysore from the territory. ▪ Mahe was captured in 1782. Haider sent his son Tipu to recapture the land, but he returned hearing the news of his father’s death.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Tipu’s Conquests:

•Meanwhile, the British captured Palghat fort ▪ His period also marked internal conflicts and revolts in 1783 under Col. Fullerton and gave the by local chieftains, who were resented with the captured land to Zamorin. policies of Mysore administration. •Tipu returned and captured places south ▪ He was upset with Travancore for not accepting his Malabar up to the Kotta river. suzerainty and also for allowing migrants from Malabar. TREATY OF (1784): ▪ He could not win the Travancore with diplomacy and •the Company gave up the claims and also Travancore had strengthened Nedumkotai with declared the kings of Kerala to be friends purchase of Cranganore and Pallipuram forts. of the Mysore kingdom. •Arshad beg Khan was appointed as ▪ Finally, treaty of Sreerangapattanam (1792) the governor of Malabar Malabar was ceded to British, included Cochin state and Coorg, Wayanad was out of the treaty. ▪ Thus, the Malabar came under the British supremacy.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Effects of Mysorean Invasion:

▪ Disappearance of Naduvazhis and Establishment of centralized government. ▪ The Land revenue system was modernized. Tenant got dignity and interests of Janmi were affected. ▪ Improvised the road network. ▪ The Mysore rule degraded the position of higher castes in the society, thus shattered the myth of their social superiority. This led to social realignments ▪ The migration of people in fear of the invasion led to ruin of agriculture and arts. ▪ The state monopoly of trade in cardamom, pepper, sandalwood allowed good prices for the cultivators. ▪ Trade centers opened in foreign cities like Jeddah, Ormuz, Muscat

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Rama Varma Kunhjippilla Thampuran (1751–1805), or Rama Varma IX

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series COCHIN AFTER MYSORE RULE:

Ram Varma,the Shaktan Thamupran was the ruler ▪ The temples were repaired and renovated. He of Cochin between 1790 and 1805. brought Temples under the State; Temples of Major administrative reforms: Vadakkumnathan, Perumanam and Tiruwalmala were examples to this. •He brought an end to feudal lords and continued the policy of Centralization. ▪ He instituted the Trissur Puram, the festival of •He improved the finances of the state and took festivals with all grandeur and all pomp. measures to root out corruption, for that a special class of officers (Captains of Subas) were ▪ He also constructed roads, Canals, bridges, etc. in appointed. his state. The irrigation works received special attention. •He supported and established new towns for the promotion of Trade. He had special interest on Like Marthandavarma of Travancore, Shaktan Syrian Christians on this. Tampuran was also an able administrator and statesman contributing to the richness of Cochin.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series QUESTIONS FOR MAINS

1. What are the major reforms by Shaktan Tampuran (5 marks) 2. What were the reasons for the decline of Mysore Power in kerala (3 marks) 3. Analyse the relation between EIC and Mysore over Malabar (10 marks) 4. Write Short notes on (3 marks) 1. Treaty of Mangalore 2. The Malabar Conquest of Mysore 3. Political significance of Mahe in 18th century.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series THANK YOU

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series