Thelodus 78 Rhincodon Manta 99 Squatina 70 Aetobatus 79 Cladoselache 59 Chlamydoselachus 92 Isurus 88 Sphyrna 95 Rhinobatos

70 Heterodontus 90 Belantsea Chimaera 73 97 Iniopteryx Falcatus 85 99 Chondrosteus Pseudoscaphirhynchus 82 Amia Hybodus

60 52 Gregorius

99 90 Entelognathus 84 Hoplosternum 95 Clarias 74 Ictalurus 98 Coccosteus 100 96 Mcnamaraspis Dunkleosteus 73 100 100 Romundina Dapedium 92 Bothriolepis 81 Cheirodus 83 Dicksonosteus <50 Lepidotes 100 Qilinyu 100 Robustichthys Menaspis 88 Lepisosteus Semionotus Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2019 1594+ taxa, 235 characters 58 Perleidus 98 Brachyacanthus <50 Notopterus Ischnacanthus 54 Osteoglossum 85 100 Mimipiscis Pholidophorus * red taxa have too few traits to include on this list, but were tested with small subsets Moythomasia 100 Pteronisculus 69 Coccocephalichthys 95 Cheirolepis <50 Saurichthys 68 74 100 Malacosteus 69 Thoracopterus Chauliodus 58 Engraulis 80 100 Lepidogalaxias 99 Trachinocephalus Megalops Chiasmodon <58 95 Thunnus 77 Strunius Polydactylus Onychodus 79 Heteronectes 67 95 51 80 Barameda 79 Psettodes 100 Gymnothorax Hippoglossus Eurypharynx 74 <50 Anarhichas 94 Allenypterus Xiphactinus 88 92 Quebecius 54 Coryphaena 88 Holoptychius Remora 98 Miguashia 98 Latimeria 59 Sphyraena Esox 94 84 Stensioella 81 Kenichthys 81 Serrasalmus 84 Youngolepis 94 Perca 98 Cyprinus 79 Guiyu 76 Psarolepis <50 <50 Prionotus 90 Powichthys <50 Dactylopterus 83 Polypterus 94 100 Erpetoichthys Aphanopus 68 85 Uranolophus 99 Exocoetus Dipnorhynchus Archosauromorpha 89 68 Tylosurus Howidipterus <50 Xiphias 100 Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 99 Diplovertebron Gogonasus 98 Gasterosteus Eldeceeon holotype 99 92 Romeriscus 97 Cabonnichthys <50 Regalecus 91 61 100 Plectocretacicus 62 100 Bystrowiella 99 Osteolepis Solenodonsaurus Eusthenopteron 70 Gnathonemus 95 85 88 Hippocampus 94 Westlothiana Tinirau Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 Seriola rivoliana Casineria 100 100 Koilops <50 84 100 Chroniosaurus 98 52 Lampris Brouffia 100 Tiktaalik Chroniosuchus 99 Spathicephalus 78 Mola 93 77 Coelostegus <50 Balistes Paleothyris Panderichthys 91 Hylonomus 99 <50 Anableps 78 Dvinosaurus 66 Diodon Anthracodromeus 100 Trypanognathus Periophthalmus Protorothyris MCZ1532 99 Laidleria 95 <50 79 85 Protorothyris CM 8617 86 Isodectes 94 Seriola zonata 87 98 94 Acroplous 96 Dicrolene Protorothyris MCZ 2149 99 Batrachosuchus 74 Anguilla Vaughnictis Siderops 80 94 62 Antennarius 100 Gerrothorax Lophius 82 Plagiosuchus Electrophorus 85 62 92 Deltaherpeton 100 Gymnotus 66 Elliotsmithia Antarctanax Pholidogaster <50 Apsisaurus Cabarzia 100 88 91 Colosteus Aerosaurus Milosaurus Aytonerpeton 86 67 90 Varanops Greererpeton Varanodon 57 Ossinodus 85 Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 Megazostrodon Tinodon 83 91 Parmastega 84 Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 100 MGUH-VP-8160 93 Sinodelphys Acanthostega Archaeothyris 100 89 99 Juramaia Shuotherium Ichthyostega Ophiacodon 75 82 70 Chaoyangodens Ausktribosphenos Proterogyrinus 82 Pantelosaurus 68 100 Eoherpeton Brasilitherium Amphitherium 91 97 Haptodus 97 95 Kuehneotherium 100 Neopteroplax Docodon 63 80 82 Secodontosaurus Lactodens Anthracosaurus 76 71 100 Dimetrodon 79 93 Cifelliodon Dryolestes 92 Baphetes 97 Sphenacodon 95 Tachyglossus Megalocephalus Ianthodon 88 Akidolestes 80 85 96 100 Pederpes Edaphosaurus Ornithorhynchus 99 95 Whatcheeria 82 Ianthasaurus 99 Ventastega Glaucosaurus Ukhaatherium 93 Patagosmilus Crassigyrinus Cutleria 94 Hadrocodium 87 88 Morganucodon 87 Sclerothorax NMK-S 118A Hipposaurus 72 Stenocybus Eomaia Volaticotherium Iberospondylus 80 85 62 <50 Agilodocodon 88 Peltobatrachus 97 IVPP V18117 77 Acristatherium 71 Kenyasaurus 59 Cronopio 65 Sclerocephalus smns90055 62 100 Laosuchus 82 Galechirus 96 Didelphis Nigerpeton Ambolestes 51 99 100 52 Suminia Saharastega 89 85 Glironia Venjukovia 55 95 Cochleosaurus 83 Marmosops 80 Eodicynodon Marmosa 78 Chenoprosopus 94 83 Asioryctes 100 79 Zatrachys Dicynodon 100 Asioryctes long rostrum 65 Eryops Biarmosuchus 78 <50 Perameles 98 87 Edops Titanophoneus Macrotis Archegosaurus 100 Procynosuchus 59 Dasycercus 65 Rhineceps 77 Myrmecobius 78 100 Thrinaxodon 84 74 Parotosuchus 75 Anebodon Prozostrodon Docofossor 72 Mastodonsaurus Sclerothorax HLD-V608 100 Dromiciops 97 69 83 Probainognathus Notoryctes Wantzosaurus 85 <50 84 Potorous 54 <50 Trematosaurus long rostrum 99 86 Chiniquodon Pseudocheirus 82 Neldasaurus Castorocauda Dasyuroides Trematosaurus 77 87 98 Haldanodon Metoposaurus 97 Paedotherium 96 Pseudotherium 100 Groeberia Trimerorhachis 71 Pachygenelus Vintana Dendrerpeton Therioherpeton Priacodon 85 Balbaroo 81 Heleosaurus 88 76 87 Perryella Mesenosaurus OMNH 73209 Sinoconodon Trioracodon 86 Phalanger 81 Brasilodon 81 92 Dactylopsia Tersomius 95 9 4 96 99 Mycterosaurus FMNH UC169 98 Haramiyavia 72 Petaurus 97 82 Dissorophus 81 Nikkasaurus Thylacoleo Cacops 89 Microdocodon 65 <50 Broiliellus Mesenosaurus PIN 3706/4 Oligokyphus 94 Mesenosaurus PIN 3717/1 88 100 Kayentatherium 97 Fedexia 94 87 <50 Phascolarctos Ecolsonia Mesenosaurus PIN 158/1 Tritylodon Vombatus 97 <50 98 Chaliminia 64 74 89 Tambachia 79 Niaftasuchus <50 Riograndia Pyrotherium 84 Acheloma 74 57 Platyhistrix <50 Diprotodon 100 Spinolestes Propalorchestes Anningia Jeholodens 81 100 Georgenthalia 88 96 <50 Palorchestes Micromelerpeton 89 Archaeovenator 76 Yanoconodon 96 Interatherium Doleserpeton 95 Orovenator 90 Maotherium 98 71 Asaphestera Gobiconodon 77 Hegetotherium 98 Apateon 83 Pyozia 80 100 92 Gerobatrachus Utaherpeton 52 Liaoconodon 84 Mesotherium 76 Tuditanus 100 Broomia Repenomamus robustus 98 Andrias 88 60 <50 100 Euygenium Necturus Llistrofus 89 Milleropsis BPI-720 Repenomamus giganticus Toxodon 80 Rana Batropetes 98 Erpetonyx <50 100 55 Procoptodon Karaurus 99 Rhynchonkos 54 100 Micraroter Monodelphis Nambaroo Celtedens 97 87 Ascendonanus MNC-TA0924 Chironectes 91 Euryodus primus 80 Proargyrolagus Dendrolagus Eudibamus Huerfanodon 67 97 100 Macropus <50 Kirktonecta Aphelosaurus 61 92 Vincelestes Scincosaurus 100 99 83 Conoryctes 77 92 Petrolacosaurus Pantylus 87 Araeoscelis 83 99 Schowalteria 69 Balanerpeton 91 Stegostretus Thylacosmilus 91 Caerorhachis 94 Spinoaequalis Batrachiderpeton Galesphyrus 99 Amphibamus 94 86 Dasyurus Platyrhinops 100 Keraterpeton 94 Youngina BPI 3859 Sinopa Cimolestes 82 Diceratosaurus 85 Acerosodontosaurus 74 77 80 100 <50 Diplocaulus 100 Sarcophilus Utegenia 2 78 72 85 Thadeosaurus Ernanodon Utegenia 1 Diploceraspis 100 Tangasaurus 98 Sauropleura Hovasaurus 66 Thylacinus 95 Ariekanerprton 83 99 Ptyonius 90 Claudiosaurus 89 Thylophorops Kotlassia 73 Adelosaurus not Amphicyon 91 Seymouria Acherontiscus 61 95 100 Rileymillerus 100 98 Atopodentatus Discosauriscus Sinosaurosphargis 75 Deltatheridium 75 69 76 98 Phlegethontia CGH129 100 Austraolhyaena 63 Makowskia 77 Largocephalosaurus 91 Phlegethontia AMNH6966 72 84 Oxyaena Seymouria.tadpole 92 Omphalosaurus Arctocyon 100 Lethiscus 98 Oestocephalus 100 54 Deltatherium Eusauropleura Anarosaurus Caluromys 100 Mayulestes 86 Tulerpeton <50 Microbrachis Diandongosaurus <50 80 Masrasector 86 77 80 Eucritta <50 Adelospondylus Palatodonta 53 Loxolophus Hyaenodon Borhyaena 86 Stegops Adelogyrinus 98 Pappochelys Vulpavus 82 Callistoe Gephyrostegeus bohemicus 96 Chinlestegophis Palacrodon Didelphodon 78 98 85 <50 Majiashanosaurus 97 Protictis Brachydectes 97 87 93 Lysorophus Paraplacodus 91 Nandinia 99 <50 Eocaecilia Pachypleurosaurus Placodus inexpectatus 99 Talpa 72 99 99 96 Dermophis 97 100 Qianxisaurus 83 Placodus gigas Prohesperocyon 91 99 Cartorhynchus 98 Henodus 97 Eupleres Reptilia 94 Sclerocormus 100 Placochelys 99 Cryptoprocta 99 Puijila 100 100 Keichousaurus Cyamodus 72 Neotherium Dianmeisaurus 93 Herpestes 84 100 Procyon 80 99 Ursus arctos 97 Dawazisaurus 71 Ursus maritimus Silvanerpeton Hanosaurus 95 Ailurus 60 100 88 76 Lariosaurus Ailuropoda 95 Gulo 98 Bobosaurus Mustela Arctodus Corosaurus 71 53 Cymatosaurus 87 Kerberos 100 Lepidosaurmorpha <50 87 Patriofelis 80 Sachicasaurus 90 Urumqia Nothosaurus Sarkastodon <50 57 Bruktererpeton Wangosaurus Machaeroides 63 97 82 100 Simosaurus 87 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 89 Paludidraco 100 Ectoganus 62 82 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 79 84 Hauffiosaurus 66 Stylinodon Amphicynodon 98 Anningsaura 81 93 Psittacotherium Acostasaurus Pistosaurus 75 Megistotherium Saurorictus 64 90 Thalassiodracon 93 99 99 75 Yunguisaurus Palaeosinopa 70 Cephalerpeton 91 Opisthodontosaurus <50 Rhomaleosaurus 98 Phoca 80 98 Odobenus Reiszorhinus 92 Vinialesaurus 75 Concordia KUVP 8702a 100 Tricleidus 95 Miacis 96 Concordia KUVP 96/95 59 <50 Plesiosaurus Hyopsodus 81 Romeria primus 61 Psilotrachelosaurus 51 Libonectes 75 Enaliarctos Romeria texana PIMUZ AIII 0192 97 Albertocnectes 99 Desmatophoca 74 69 77 Protocaptorhinus 96 SMF R 4710 50 Styxosaurus 74 Pithanotaria 66 Stereosternum Simolestes Zalophus Paracaptorhinus 96 99 86 76 99 Brazilosaurus holotype 96 Eocaptorhinus 79 Mesosaurus 72 81 Trinacromerum Speothos 99 Captorhinus YAGM V1401 85 Dolichorhynchops 82 97 Proteles Labidosaurus 95 Peloneustes Canis Serpianosaurus 98 Megacephalosaurus 98 93 87 Amphicyon major 94 Concavispina Brachauchenius 94 Hesperocyon 98 Palaechthon 84 100 Limnoscelis 83 Xinpusaurus kohi 92 Stenorhynchus Cynocephalus 78 Panthera 77 Xinpusaurus suni Pliosaurus kevani 80 Orobates 90 97 94 Zhangheotherium 83 Crocuta Feeserpeton <50 Thalattosaurus Kronosaurus Tseajaia Australothyris 99 Metachcheiromys 89 Amphicyon galushi 79 50 Wachtlerosaurus 98 81 Amphicyon idoneus 98 Tetraceratops Eocasea 87 Manis 73 100 79 Endennasaurus Delorhynchus 100 Chriacus 85 Clarazia 62 Milleretta RC14 Microleter Onychonycteris Milleretta RC70 91 Acleistorhinus Askeptosaurus 99 72 97 83 Icaronycteris 100 Eunotosaurus 68 Anshunsaurus 54 100 Pteropus Eorhynchochelys 100 Miodentosaurus 100 Eusaurosphargis juvenile 61 Rousettus 99 Choeronycteris 100 Eusaurosphargis holotype 93 88 Oedaleops Mystacina Eothyris 100 Helveticosaurus 50 73 Vancleavea 99 Myotis 91 Colobomycter vaughni 81 Colobomycter pholeter Tadarida Wumengosaurus Hupehsuchus Datheosaurus 94 70 81 Ennatosaurus Parahupehsuchus 84 74 100 Eohupehsuchus 77 Ptilocercus 84 Casea 65 ?Hapalodectes IVPP V5235 Cotylorhynchus 83 Eretmorhipis WGCS V26020 Thaisaurus 100 79 Notharctus 100 Xinminosaurus 95 Indri 98 62 Diadectes CM25471 Utatsusaurus <50 92 Lemur 91 Shastasaurus alexandrae 84 Smilodectes 71 Silvadectes absitus MNG 8853 93 Alouatta 100 Perodicticus <50 Shastasaurus pacificus UCMP 9017 79 Galago 67 92 Phonodus 54 77 Rooneyia Macgowania Aotus 96 Bolosaurus 78 Grippia Belebey Aegyptopithecus 56 85 Mikadocephalus 56 67 98 Oradectes sanmiguelensis YGMIRSPCV03108 Archicebus 55 97 Teilhardina 58 Diadectes UC706 Parvinatator 94 Darwinius Diadectes sideropelicus 78 Chaohusaurus <50 Tarsius 52 Procolophon Besanosaurus Macaca 65 82 100 Proconsul 57 69 Kapes Qianichthyosaurus CMNH V1412 98 73 68 91 Pan 98 98 Qianichthyosaurus IVPP V11839 Scolaparia NSM 99 GF82.1 66 Gorilla 98 Leptopleuron 95 Phalarodon fraasi Ardipithecus 80 64 Contectopalatus 100 99 Pentaedrusaurus 98 80 Tupaia Homo sapiens Hypsognathus 60 'Phalarodon' nordenskioeldii Macroscelides Mixosaurus 97 80 75 100 Chrysochloris Kudnu 62 Cymbospondylus petrinus 85 Palaeothentes 79 Necrolestes Trogosus 85 Stephanospondylus Shonisaurus sikanniensis <50 100 98 100 Apatemys 87 Provelosaurus 97 Guanlingsaurus GNG dq-50 75 Heterohyus Deltavjatia KPM232 62 Guanlingsaurus YGMR SPC V03107 82 77 68 81 99 Caenolestes Scutosaurus Platypterygius Rhyncholestes Bradysaurus NHMW 84 Wimanius 66 80 78 Uropsilus Anthodon Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae IVPP V 11853 Scutisorex 91 81 'Cymbospondylus' buchseri Pareiasuchus Youngina SAM K7710 66 76 100 97 Limnogale 99 58 Pumiliopareia Sclerosaurus Youngina BPI 375 Shonisaurus popularis 75 88 79 Microgale cowani Sphodrosaurus Prolacerta AMNH 9502 Ichthyosaurus communis Henkelotherium Potamogale 57 89 Ophthalmosaurus Solenodon 81 81 Bunostegos 100 Arganaceras 87 Ixalerpeton 55 78 Micropotamogale 93 Elginia wuyongae 90 Czatkowiella Leptonectes tenuirostris 82 <50 Zalambdalestes Odontochelys 71 Hauffiopteryx 85 100 85 78 Malerisaurus 62 87 Ochotona Brachyerix Elginia mirabilis Ocepechelon BRLSI M1399 63 94 95 57 84 Prolacerta BPI 1/471 60 98 Gomphos Echinops 90 Trionyx 80 94 Eurhinosaurus Oryctolagus 96 Niolamia 79 Ozimek 98 Erinaceus Perochelys 99 Suevoleviathan GPIT 328/4/5 Pholidocercus 51 Meiolania Protorosaurus NHMW 1943I4* 100 98 84 Suevoleviathan SMNS15390 61 Echinosorex Proterochersis Boreopricea 73 96 90 Deinogalerix Proganochelys 64 Protorosaurus NMK S 180 <50 95 Arvinachelys 51 100 Litorosuchus 91 Thomomys Kallokibotion_UBB ToK-2 <50 Jaxtasuchus 73 Heterocephalus 72 79 Kayentachelys Baena 99 Protorosaurus WMsN P47361 Ceratogaulus 79 95 Pamelaria 98 Coendou Glyptops 74 Maiopatagium 89 Mongolochelys Youngina TM 3603 Pectinator 100 81 78 93 Neoreomys 93 Chubutemys Youngopsis rubidgei RC90 93 Chinchilla 95 Chelonia Youngopsis kitchingi TM1490 100 75 74 Allactaga Santanachelys Youngoides RC91 84 Pedestes 73 Dermochelys 87 Youngina AMNH 5561 100 Cavia 95 Carettochelys Youngoides UC1528 Hydrochoerus 73 Macrochelys temminckii 82 96 Rattus Terrapene carolina 94 89 Proterosuchus BPI 1 4016 Eliomys 96 Foxemys 69 100 Mus Pelomedusa 87 100 Chasmatosaurus QR 880C.500 Paramys 94 95 Chasmatosaurus SAM PK 11208 73 Araripemys 91 97 Ratufa 88 Ignacius 100 Chasmatosaurus TM 201 Chelus 75 71 Sciurus 93 Plesiadapis Proterosuchus RC96 88 Daubentonia Bashkyroleter 95 Chasmatosaurus NMQR 1484 72 71 95 Carpolestes Macroleter Teyujagua Arboroharamiya 72 Elaphrosuchus RC59 74 75 Emeroleter Paulchoffatia Lanthanosuchus 88 100 Shenshou 89 55 Nycteroleter 93 Proterosuchus SAMPKK10603 95 Vilevolodon Nyctiphruretus holotype Doswellia 97 Megaconus 67 89 Xianshou 78 Nyctiphruretus PIN 4659/1 86 99 Youngina BPI 2871 94 Elachistosuchus Rugosodon 100 Catopsbaatar Owenetta rubidgei Tchoiria 94 63 98 92 Kryptobaatar Owenetta kitchingorum 91 96 Ikechosaurus 88 Ptilodus 74 99 Champsosaurus 99 Candelaria 88 99 Yubaatar 85 Simoedosaurus Pseudictops Taeniolabis Barasaurus Cteniogenys 95 90 99 Coeruleodraco 86 Maelestes 93 Kitchingnathus <50 ?Hapalodectes IVPP V2385 Santaisaurus 87 97 Philydrosaurus 100 89 Lazarussuchus 68 Anagale Sauropareion 59 Siamotherium 85 Hyphalosaurus Leptictis Coletta Monjurosuchus GMV216 83 99 100 Rhynchocyon Paliguana Monjurosuchus NMM3671 95 82 Sophineta 95 <50 Carsioptychius 86 96 93 Diandongosuchus 91 Sinonyx 92 Mesorhinosuchus Harpagolestes macrocephalus 93 Tridentinosaurus 91 78 100 Paleorhinus Andrewsarchus 74 Coelurosauravus 100 81 Parasuchus 100 Mecistotrachelos Hemicentetes 57 Chanaresuchus 90 Tenrec Lanthanolania Proterochampsa PVSJ 77 51 92 95 Leptictidium 97 93 Icarosaurus 83 Proterochampsa PVSJ606 87 Indohyus 63 Pseudochampsa PVSJ 567 Kuehneosaurus 90 99 Gualosuchus 100 Pakicetus Xianglong 88 Cerritosaurus Maiacetus 94 100 Mystacodon 95 Tropidosuchus PVL 4601 Tropidosuchus PVL 4602 94 Llanocetus 74 Jesairosaurus 95 Hypuronector Lagerpeton 85 Zygorhiza 98 65 Coronodon Megalancosaurus 100 70 Euparkeria SAM PK K6047A Aetiocetus Vallesaurus 97 90 55 82 Euparkeria SAM PK K5867 Chonecetus Avicranium 78 Osmolskina 100 Physeter Tasmaniosaurus Orcinus 94 56 Tursiops BRSUG 29950-12 99 Revueltosaurus 64 96 91 62 Megachirella 94 Fugusuchus 99 Delphinapterus 70 Pleurosaurus 97 Garjainia Monodon 90 82 Colobops 97 Erythrosuchus 100 Conoryctella Marmoretta 99 Luperosuchus Onychodectes 81 <50 Gephyrosaurus 96 Shansisuchus Alcidedorbignya 80 Ectoconus 91 Ankylosphenodon 96 Barylambda 71 Pantolambda 87 Paleopleurosaurus 100 Riojasuchus Glyptodon 97 Ornithosuchus <50 Planocephalosaurus 100 98 Paramylodon 80 Heleosuchus 66 Vjushkovia 67 Bradypus 77 100 Kallimodon 84 73 85 Prestosuchus 79 Peltephilus Sphenodon 80 84 Batrachotomus Fruitafossor 88 Brachyrhinodon 96 78 Arizonasaurus 93 Saurosuchus 72 Holmesina 97 Clevosaurus Teleocrater Rauisuchus 88 64 60 Chlamyphorus Sphenotitan Yarasuchus 97 69 100 95 Sikannisuchus Orycteropus 62 Leptosaurus 95 72 Qianosuchus 98 Postosuchus 75 Vadasaurus Dasypus Nundasuchus 95 Smok 53 95 <50 99 Myrmecophaga Ticinosuchus Teratosaurus 98 Tamandua 91 Sapheosaurus 51 100 Titanoides Noteosuchus Hemiprotosuchus CM73372 Cyclopes 90 75 Stagonolepis 80 Orthaspidotherium 100 Shringasaurus 77 92 Meniscotherium 99 Azendohsaurus Aeotosauroides 75 Aetosaurus Astrapotherium 100 Trilophosaurus Phenacodus Teraterpeton 79 90 Pagosvenator 76 81 71 Thomashuxleya 100 Eohyosaurus 98 Decuriasuchus Pleuraspidotherium Mesosuchus Turfanosuchus 86 89 Periptychus Priosphenodon 70 57 Poposaurus 99 75 Gobiatherium 100 66 Sacisaurus Arsinoitherium Rhynchosaurus articeps 85 87 99 Silesaurus 100 Coryphodon Bentonyx 92 90 90 Lotosaurus 67 100 Uintatherium Hyperodapedon 98 Bathyopsis 100 Shuvosaurus PVL 4597 Effigia 83 Agriochoerus Saurosternon 94 Junggarsuchus 88 Merycoidodon Palaegama 65 91 99 YPM VP 057 103 Mesonyx 51 Harpagolestes 73 Simbakubwa Tijubina 88 Pseudhesperosuchus 100 76 Ocepeia Bavarisaurus macrodactylus 81 MCZ4116 90 Carnufex 73 88 Merycopotamus 89 Huehuecuetzpalli <50 Gracilisuchus Trialestes 99 88 <50 Saltopus 53 Hippopotamus 100 Dinocephalosaurus 92 Yonghesuchus LPV 30280 w embryo 84 99 Cornwallius 66 55 77 Scleromochlus 55 Cambaytherium 76 Macrocnemus T2472 Fruitachampsa 94 71 82 Anthracobune 96 Macrocnemus T4822 Macrocnemus T4823 84 Lewisuchus 64 100 Janjucetus SMNS12591skull Mammalodon 59 69 Pectodens Tanystropheus k and q 87 Terrestrisuchus Aenigmaspina 95 Neoparadoxia 91 89 Paleoparadoxia 99 Tanytrachelos 64 Tarjadia 79 Triopticus 96 Parringtonia 55 Desmostylus 75 97 Caperea Macrocnemus BES SC 111 74 Litargosuchus 98 Erpetosuchus Eubalaena 84 Langobardisaurus P10121 70 99 82 Langobardisaurus MCSNB 2883 77 Kayentasuchus Behemotops RBCM sp. 68 Miocaperea 100 Langobardisaurus MCSNB 4860 SMNS12352 skull 84 Langobardisaurus MFSN1921 66 53 99 Eschrichtius 99 99 Hesperosuchus 97 Cosesaurus 89 Isanacetus 73 Pedeticosaurus Balaenoptera 87 Kyrgyzsaurus 77 Dromicosuchus 75 Cetiotherium 77 Sharovipteryx 97 Protosuchus 78 Sitsqwayk 93 Longisquama 92 67 Tokarahia 96 84 Sichuanosuchus Bergamodactylus Orthosuchus 100 Yamatocetus 90 Eudimorphodon Maiabalaena 100 100 Sphenosuchus 100 Preondactyluis Homalodotherium Dimorphodon Saltoposuchus 95 Lacertulus Miocochilius Dibothrosuchus 90 90 66 Fraxinisaura Protypotherium 81 90 Dyoplax 94 Schoenesmahl (formerly Bavarisaurus) 100 Cainotherium Indrasaurus Pelagosaurus 93 <50 Sus 91 100 98 Teleosaurus 60 99 Meyasaurus 97 98 Dakosaurus 93 Danjiangia 80 Daohugou lizard IVPP V13747 Hoyalacerta Lambdotherium <50 97 Metriorhynchus 88 87 Carusia Sebecus Ancodus 98 Anthracotherium IPB R 535 Homoeosaurus tail 90 96 82 <50 98 Homoeosaurus solnhofensis Isisfordia 100 Archaeotherium 95 100 Crocodylus niloticus IVPP V14386 Dinohyus 99 97 Araripesuchus 60 Dalinghosaurus 89 Camelus Simosuchus Micromeryx MFSN 19235 88 Gnathovorax 99 Armadillosuchus Giraffa 65 Scandensia 93 96 Herrerasaurus Mariliasuchus 100 92 Ectocion cedrus UM 8615 57 Calanguban 67 91 100 Staurikosaurus Caipirasuchus Ectocion ralstonensis JZC Bu1803 - amber 87 82 54 78 Baurusuchus 52 Radinskya 76 Liushusaurus Tawa 83 78 97 Procavia 76 60 Purbicella Zuolong 85 Notostylops 93 95 Not Ascendonanus MNC TA1045 Segisaurus 97 75 96 Moeritherium 95 Guaibasaurus 85 Prorastomus 99 Marasuchus 94 Dusisiren Procompsognathus 100 Elephas Hongshanxi 95 Megaraptor 85 Gomphotherium 88 66 Euposaurus Sinocalliopteryx Paleomastodon 69 65 Iguana 78 Dracoraptor 95 83 85 Zupaysaurus 94 Diadiaphorus Pristidactylus 83 Litolophus 57 Basiliscus 82 Megapnosaurus 74 99 Anisodon grande 55 95 Coelophysis Anolis 99 Chalicotherium? goldfussi 68 Chlamydosaurus Dilophosaurus 70 98 Theosodon 70 Lyriocephalus Scipionyx Macrauchenia 83 Draco volans 92 Proceratosaurus 85 Protapirus Moloch Deinocheirus 77 88 Tapirus 100 Phrynosoma Dilong 94 83 85 Lophiodon 57 Trioceros Murusraptor 55 92 76 Heptodon 84 JZC Bu154 in amber Guanlong 77 78 Xiongguanlong 79 Polychrus Hyracotherium Acanthodactylus 100 Suchomimus 75 95 Dorsetisaurus 67 Spinosaurus 74 Uintaceras 88 88 Saichangurvel 55 Hyracodon Magnuviator 86 Tupinambis 62 Carnotaurus 85 Eolacerta Majungasaurus 77 Hyrachyus <50 98 Buriolestes CAPPA/UFSM 0035 <50 Lacerta 74 Buriolestes ULBRA-PVT280 Sinraptor 91 Ceratotherium 100 Slavoia holotype ZPAL MgR-I/8 62 Tanycolagreus 99 Metamynodon 67 88 Barberenasuchus 67 62 <50 Slavoia ZPAL MgR-III/77 Eodromaeus Yutyrannus 96 Aceratherium 95 Macrocephalosaurus 93 Eoraptor Allosaurus 83 Embolotherium 97 51 Tianyusaurus Pampadromaeus 92 Sinosaurus 56 Eotitanops 53 70 Monolophosaurus Amynodon Tchingisaurus Acrocanthosaurus 93 64 71 Mesohippus Chometokadmon Saturnalia Eustreptospondylus 87 80 97 Equus 95 Gekko smithii 55 95 Efraasia Ceratosaurus 79 Macrocollum 79 100 Lialis 74 Miohippus 96 Compsognathus holotype 95 Gekko gecko 96 88 Pappoceras 88 Pelecanimimus 77 Fostercooperia Eublepharis Pantydraco Aorun 98 60 Leyesaurus 99 Gallimimus 98 Juxia Norellius 55 Struthiomimus 71 74 89 Massospondylus adult Paraceratherium Ardeosaurus 73 88 98 Fukuivenator 67 Massospondylus embryo Masiakasaurus Eichstaettisaurus schroederi 63 86 65 Yizhousaurus 86 99 Tianyuraptor Eichstaettisaurus gouldi 100 Diplodocus Huaxiagnathus 69 80 Jucaraseps 99 98 100 Rapetosaurus 67 99 Zhenyuanlong JKZ Bu267 -amber Camarasaurus 97 Alioramus altai 67 100 Aphanizocnemus Brachiosaurus 98 Tyrannosaurus 91 Adriosaurus 99 Gorgosaurus 73 Raptorex 88 Pontosaurus Chilesaurus Primitivus 100 100 Daemonosaurus 93 79 Jeholosaurus 57 Compsognathus CNJ79 Barlochersaurus 62 95 100 87 Haya Juravenator Tetrapodophis Sinosauropteryx 73 Pisanosaurus 66 87 Beipiaosaurus Dinilysia Falcarius 100 94 93 Scelidosaurus 97 Pachyrhachis 73 63 61 Protarchaeopteryx 98 Rahonavis 88 Boa 91 Emausaurus Jianchangosaurus Minmi 68 Limusaurus Crotalus 86 Caudipteryx 95 85 Convolosaurus Loxocemus Khaan 100 94 84 100 Agilisaurus 97 Xenopeltis Stegoceras 83 Ornitholestes 100 Anilius Scriurumimus 894 Kulindadromaeus 95 Cylindrophis 80 Microraptor STM5-32 95 93 Tianyulong 98 Uropeltis Heterodontosaurus Microraptor IVPP V 13352 98 86 100 Microraptor M V1002 100 Anomochilus 94 Lesothosaurus 75 98 Sinornithosaurus holotype Leptotyphlops 98 Scutellosaurus 93 Liaoningosaurus Sinornithosaurus NGMC 91 Stegosaurus 100 Velociraptor 86 Yabeinosaurus IVPP V13284 76 61 Balaur Sakurasaurus 95 Changchunsaurus Haplocheirus 79 Dryosaurus 80 Bahndwivici FMNH PR2260 98 91 93 Shuvuuia 77 Edmontosaurus 94 Halszkaraptor Aigialosaurus 96 Sinornithoides 62 100 Laquintasaura Sauronithoides 98 Tethysaurus 79 Aquilops 86 Tylosaurus 68 Hexinlusaurus 89 50 Anchiornis IVPP V14378 Plotosaurus Yinlong 77 74 90 Anchiornis PKUP V1068 96 Psittacosaurus mongoliensis Saniwa ensidens FMNH 76 Jinfengopteryx 98 Liaoceratops Estesia 82 Daliansaurus 89 86 Auroraceratops 81 Varanus komodensis Anchiornis LPM B00169 96 Leptoceratops Varanus griseus 81 Aurornis 60 Stenopelix 81 55 Alma 84 Buitreraptor 63 Shinisaurus 89 100 Triceratops adult 82 Sinovenator <50 Caihong Heloderma Triceratops juvenile Anchiornis BMNHC PH804 61 Herperornithoides 100 100 <50 Sinusonasus 65 Lanthanotus 100 Chasmosaurus adult Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi Daiting 78 90 Anniella Chasmosaurusjuvenile 91 84 Xiaotingia Gobiderma 80 Ostromia - Haarlem Eosinopteryx 79 Ophisaurus 55 Kuroyuriella 76 Archaeopteryx siemensii Thermopolis 77 Archaeopteryx siemensii Berlin 83 Elgaria Myrmecodaptria 100 Liaoning embryo bird 100 82 Archaeopteryx London Cryptolacerta 89 75 Chongmingia 96 Sulcavis Chalcides ocellatus Sinornis 69 <50 Chalcides guentheri 87 96 57 Cathayornis 93 100 Gymnophthalmus Avimaia 96 ‘Microcursor’ MPCM-LH-26189 Vanzosaura Alcmonavis 86 87 87 Pengornis Sirenoscincus Archaeopteryx bavarica (Munich) 93 63 Chiappeavis 58 Slavoia MGR-I-112 83 Jeholornis prima 70 Iberomesornis 77 Sineoamphisbaena 70 Protopteryx 78 Jeholornis curvipes 94 Hong Kong specimen Crythiosaurus 66 99 Archaeopteryx 12 private Spathorhynchus 59 Mei 100 Tamaulipasaurus 85 Yi 99 83 Serikornis 94 Ambopteryx Dibamus 73 62 97 99 Archaeopteryx recurva (Eichstätt) 99 Scansoriopteryx 92 Bipes 99 57 98 Jianianhualong Epidexipteryx Amphisbaena Liaoningvenator Omnivoropteryx 86 Archaeopteryx #11 65 97 Sapeornis IVPP V13276 Sapeornis DNHM-F3078

90 Archaeopteryx (Wellnhoferia) grandis 90 Zhongornis 68 Confuciusornis GMV-2132 77 Confuciusornis MBAv1168 78 Changchengornis Archaeornithura 78 Vegavis Rhynchotus 100 Pseudocrypturus 55 Eudromia 93 93 Apteryx 98 Casuarius Bootstrap scores are based on testing overlapping subsets 92 Rhea 64 Palaelodus 79 <50 71 Megapodius Aepyornis Cryputurus 94 due to limitations in computing power. 94 Patagopteryx 89 Dingavis Struthio 100 Hongshanornis <50 95 Rhamphocephalus 76 Longicrusavis Jinguofortis 82 Juehuaornis Changzuiornis 95 85 69 Jiangchangornis 76 Yanornis 100 85 89 Archaeovolans (=Yanornis) Yanornis STM9-52 95 Apsaravis Therapsid Skull Tree (TST) 98 Ichthyornis 100 Gansus Hesperornis 72 taxa - 78 skull traits tested 83 Cariama 75 Phoenicopterus Protorothyris Sylviornis 84 Archaeothyris 73 Llallawavis 80 73 Sagittarius Varanosaurus Pandion Ophiacodon 89 87 86 Falco 79 Haptodus 88 Torgos 88 86 Dimetrodon 92 Buteo Edaphosaurus 77 Tyto 96 Aegotheles Cutleria 87 Apus Parargornis 83 Hipposaurus 94 Ardeotis 84 98 Ciconia Stenocybus 60 94 IVPP V18117 97 Butorides 90 83 91 Galechirus Ardea Galepus 87 Musophaga 93 100 Galeops 75 Psophia Patranomodon Menura 53 79 98 Eodicynodon 99 Semioptera 93 Colobodectes 52 87 Paradisaea 60 Dicynodon 83 Eozygodactylus 95 <50 <50 Suminia Geococcyx 67 Eofringillirostrom Otsheria Monias <50 93 Crex Venjukovia Coccyzus 84 84 Anhima Anomocephalus Pterocles 99 91 Tiarajudens 96 Fulica 88 Helornis 52 Raranimus Meleagris <50 98 Ictidorhinus 88 99 Eogranivora Herpetoskylax 93 81 Crax 63 Lemurosaurus 85 95 Gallus Proburnetia Pavo 100 92 Burnetia Tetrao 88 Lonchura 98 Biarmosuchus Passer 98 97 Macrocephalon Eotitanosuchus 100 Opisthocomus Inostrancevia 100 Dinornis 83 Aloposaurus 89 Gastornis 82 Ara macao Cyonosaurus 75 92 100 Melopsittacus 98 92 Scymnognathus 97 81 Oedicnemus Nestor 81 Gorgonops Quiscalus 92 Aelurognathus <50 72 Corvus 80 Turdus 84 55 Promoschorhynchus Cyanocitta 94 92 59 Regisaurus 98 Melanerpes Charassognathus Sitta 95 Bauria Hirundo 95 95 60 Lycosuchus 96 Cinclus Abdalodon Troglodytes 96 66 Procynosuchus Aramus 73 70 90 Thrinaxodon Rallus 90 Chiniquodon <50 93 Chroicocephalus 100 Dvinia 69 98 Eocypselus 73 78 Pachygenelus <50 Archilochus Megazostrodon Himantopus 65 68 Balearica 78 IVPP V18119 89 Jacana Charadrius 66 83 Microurania IVPP V18120 91 Eurypyga Grus <50 Sinophoneus 96 Thalasseus 93 Deuterosaurus 84 Rhynochetos 100 Estemmenosuchus uralensis 67 70 Aptornis Estemmenosuchus miribilis 98 Gavia 100 Styracocephalus? BPI/I/7141 81 Aechmophorus Styracocephalus SAM PK 8936 98 Jabiru 77 Megaceryle Phthinosuchus 72 82 Uria 64 Archaeosyodon Aptenodytes 94 Syodon 77 58 Australosyodon BP/1/7874 67 Threskiornis 80 Titanophoneus 94 Platalea 80 Pumiliornis 95 Anteosaurus magnificus 78 Anteosaurus abeli 85 Presbyornis 51 95 Mergus 88 Anas 83 Biseridens Jonkeria Anser 77 Struthiocephalus Septencoarcias 98 Struthionops 57 91 74 Cyrilavis 93 Moschops 61 100 Buceros Ulemosaurus 67 Pteroglossus 67 Upupa <50 98 Pharomachrus Colius 61 Phaethon Psilopogon

Scopus 64 97 Didunculus 98 Pezophaps 82 Raphus 100 Columba 95 Caloenas 87 Goura 64 89 Coragyps Vultur 90 Balaeniceps Note: Pelecanus 78 Fregata 63 Phalacrocorax This tree does not support DNA topologies over long phylogenetic distances. 64 71 Catharacta Macronectes Certain dental traits are convergent and do not define clades. 63 85 Morus 73 91 Puffinus Pelagornis 95 Fraterculus 93 Pinguinus Rynchops