The Feasibility of Malang City As College Town

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616

The Feasibility Of Malang City As College Town

Rahel Situmorang, Antariksa, Surjono, Agus Dwi Wicaksono

Abstract: This literature research aims to determine the condition of Malang city as a city of higher education in Indonesia. Higher education is the main driving force for the development of property, land, and buildings as well as the growth of commercial areas, and is in a good spot for collaborating with communities in dealing with urban problems. The development of higher education in Malang city has improved because many students are interested in continuing their studies in this city. The increase in the number of students reaches 10% per year; this is due to the qualit y of public and private tertiary institutions, the availability of various types of study programs, high and fast access (from Jakarta, Surabaya, and other cities in eastern Indonesia), comfort, safety, and relatively low cost of living compared to other large cities. Malang has 62 colleges with 300,000 students from various places; this brings changes in the physical environment, socio-culture, and economy in Malang. The results of the analysis indicate that Malang City has met the college town criteria, and this will be used as part of research studentification in Malang. This research is intended to confirm the capability of Malang as a city of higher education, referring to the college town characteristics in the related literature, as well as the use of SW OT analysis to identify the potential and obstacles encountered by Malang city as a college town.

Index Terms : college towns, neighborhood change, social changes, student, studentification, urban, university. ——————————  ——————————

1. INTRODUCTION with the city of Bandung, as part of the development area of The role of tertiary institutions in urban areas has a large Bandung Raya. This development was not going well because impact on urban development; for instance, it leads to an the state higher education development policy was determined increase in land prices in the surrounding area [1] and by the central and provincial governments, while the status of increases the city's economy [2]. Physically, a campus owns Jatinangor as a sub-district city made all of its plans to be and manages vast land; economically, it requires urban goods determined by the district government [10]. The status change and services, along with the influences the socio-cultural of Jatinangor from an agricultural area to an educational area conditions of local urban communities. It also has a strong has brought consequences for the community; as examples, influence on the urban economy since it is a large and labor- land conversion from agriculture to urban areas, and followed intensive organization [3], has the largest number of workers by changes in the sociological population from agrarian to after government, health and industrial labor [4], is a consumer urban [11]. In 1987, Depok (south of Jakarta) was planned to of various goods and services, from office stationery to become a new location for the University of Indonesia, and construction [3], attracts many local students or from other part of the Jabodetabek metropolitan area. At present, Depok places to settle in the city where it is located, and brings is a place of twelve major universities. Excellent connectivity income to spend in the city [5]. Campus planning and with Jakarta (commuter line and city buses), the availability of management are very strong concerning the urban context [6], good facilities, and the development of massive residential especially with social and physical infrastructure needs that areas make Depok quite attractive to residents of Jakarta as a influence its development. The relationship between the place to live; thereby, it functions more as a residential city campus and the city generates two conditions, namely: [12]. Malang is chosen as the location of this study, apart from a. The need for city space to accommodate higher being a long history of education; it is currently one of the education activities, because the campus is not only higher-education cities in great demand by prospective part of the city, but also forms the city. students from various places. As an education city, Malang b. Changes in the role of universities, not only as has a variety of educational facilities ranging from elementary, bearers of educational missions but also as a driver of middle, and high, with quality and long experience. This study a knowledge-based economy. intends to identify the characteristics, potential, and constraints Cities whose main function of service is for higher education of Malang as a college town in Indonesia since more students and its participating activities are often referred to as college have chosen this city to continued their studies. town [7], [8], [9]. Some literature has discussed it in the context of cities in America, Europe, Asia; however, no one 2 METHODS has further discussed college town in Indonesia. Some cities This is literature research conducted through studying journals often referred to as education cities in Indonesia are related to college towns. To determine the condition of Malang Jatinangor, Depok, and Malang. students as it is the home of city as the location of campuses of higher education in many schools with a variety of students from all over Indonesia, this research employs the SWOT Analysis method. Indonesia. In 1990, Jatinangor (located east of Bandung, West The use of a SWOT analysis is carried out to analyze internal Java) was planned to be 4 major universities relocation to factors (strengths and weaknesses), and external factors deconcentrate urban development. The distance and high (opportunities and threats). Each factor assessed the intensity of activities in Jatinangor caused the region to merge characteristics of college town and the condition that exists in Malang. ————————————————  Rahel Situmorang, currently pursuing doctor’s degree program in Urban and Regional Planning at Brawijaya 3 DISCUSSIONS University, Indonesia.  E-mail: [email protected] 3.1 College Town Characteristics  Antariksa, Brawijaya University, Indonesia. The college town, in general, can be divided into two parts  Surjono, Brawijaya University, Indonesia [13]. The first is a hundreds-years-old city in Europe and has  Agus Dwi Wicaksono, Brawijaya University, Indonesia. been developing since the days of the industrial revolution,

such as Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, Leuven, Ghent, and residences, as well as economic service centers are provided Heidelberg. This model of college town emerges because of to support the education city. As an industrial city, Malang is the strong interaction between students and academics in the known as the center of several well-known cigarette factories aspects of social, cultural, political dynamics [14]. The second with export markets, in addition to truck-body factories, home- is that the cities built in locations far from big cities to meet the made food, and beverage industries. As a city of tourism, increasing number of students in America [7], and were Malang is known for its geographical location surrounded by developed after large-scale settlements. Gumprecht [7] states natural tourist areas ranging from mountains, waterfalls to that education cities are an American phenomenon. The study beaches. Moreover, it is a city that has been planned since the was conducted in cities that were dominated by higher Dutch era and has a heritage of historic buildings. With a education activities, were not big cities, and were not state population of 916,042 people (2018), and with an area of capitals in America. The dominance of tertiary institutions is 110.06 Km2, Malang is the home of 58 private universities and characterized by a large ratio of the number of workers in 4 state universities and is a learning place for 300,000 higher education, the percentage of the workforce in students and students in 2018 [17]. The average increased education, and the number of students, compared to the number of students in the entire city is 10% per year; it is very population. His research concluded that the characteristics of high compared to the average population increase which is an education city are: 0.70% per year [18]. In 2018, education services were ranked  There are more young people as its residents. fourth (8.13%) in the dominant economic sector in Malang City  The residents are relatively highly educated. after trading, hotels, and restaurants (29.55%); processing  The residents prefer to work in education than in industry (25.12%); and construction (13.01) [17]. Some of the industry. city achievements considered as opportunities to be a college  The family income is greater and unemployment is town are Malang has been awarded as: lower. a. ranked fourth as the best city for business (Indonesia  It is a transition place in which students only come to Best Cities for Business) survey in 2016. Its study from their hometowns and work in other cities respondents were hundreds of national entrepreneurs afterward. from 21 cities and regencies and assess eight  Most of the residents live in rented houses and in variables: infrastructure, local government support, groups. licensing, availability or ease of obtaining land,  It is an unconventional place (pays more respect to transparency in local taxes, labor, business security, the environment and so on). and integrated services (ease and speed of public services) [19].  It is cosmopolitan (students come from different b. one of Indonesia's Most Livable City in 2017 with ethnicities, races, religions, but are equal). average satisfaction levels. The survey conducted by The campus is a public space in the city of higher education, The Indonesian Association of Planners (IAP), as its role as a center of activity is not only for academics but measured the livability of 26 cities through 29 criteria, also for city residents in various activities organized by includes economic, social and cultural aspects of a universities. On the other hand, it is necessary to know that city; environment; safety; public facilities; citizens' the city is attractive to future students to continue their studies. basic needs; and citizen involvement in city planning. The city that attracts the future students have [14], [15]: easy This survey also pointed out that Malang citizens tend access from other cities, city infrastructure and facilities to be most satisfied with their potable water supply, (accommodation, public transportation and quality of religious facilities, health facilities, urban park administrative services, recreation (natural and artificial facilities, and the city's food supply [20]. entertainment facilities), social (hospitality and tolerance to c. third place in Indonesia Smart City Index in 2018, as ethnicity, religion, race, and inter-group relations), and welfare one of 93 cities and regencies considered success in (cleanliness and safety). implementing smart cities concept based on six

indicators: environment, economy, government, 3.2 The Condition of Malang City quality of life, society, and mobility. The highest score Malang is the second-largest city in East Java province. Since in Malang contributed by community participation, 1962, Malang has Tri Bina Cita - the three main functions that quality of life and environment [21]. will be developed in Malang: education, industry, and tourism. d. as one of 10 cities and regencies in Indonesia as a Since 1914, elementary and junior high schools have been creative city in 2019, with application and game established in the city of Malang; and since the 1930s, the developer as the lead sector, and mentioned as the number of schools has rapidly increased due to the improving best creative economic ecosystem for cities on Java economy and growing population of the city [16]. The island [22]. establishment of the largest and oldest public universities in

Malang, namely Malang State University (1954), Maulana 3.2 Malang as a college town in Indonesia Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University (1961) and Brawijaya The comparison between the characteristics of a college town University (1963), with students from various ethnic groups, [7], [14], [15] and the general condition of Malang City can be religions and regions in Indonesia, is crucial to the viewed in table 1: development of Malang as a city of higher education.

Educational facilities include public schools, schools under certain religious foundations, and several religious schools

(pesantren or Islamic boarding schools, and seminaries).

Regional transport terminals, airports, train stations, health service facilities, worship facilities for all religions, student 2836 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616

TABLE 1 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLEGE TOWN AND THE Unemployed residents, which is one of the city's weaknesses, CONDITION OF MALANG CITY are likely to work in the informal sector so that it is not recorded on the main employments [18]. The threat The Characteristics of encountered by the city is a large number of students who College town [7], [14], The Condition of Malang City come to continue their education, as well as the social culture, [15] economy and physical changes in the city, which is known as 1. It is dominated by 30% of the population are 15-29 ‗studentification' [24], [25], [26]. A preliminary study about young people years old [18] 2. The residents are 17.8% of the population are studentification in Malang shows that the growth of the highly educated graduated from college [18] campus area directly affected the development of urban 3. The residents work 47.7% work on the main activities. It has been indicated, that the increasing number of in educational jobs employment field [18] students had correlation with the growth of the built-up area 4. The revenues are Poverty rate: and the development of surrounding campus area (which relatively high Malang is 4.17%; Indonesia is 9.66% [18] consisted of the number of minimarkets/shops/grocery stores, 5. It has a low Unemployment rate: the number of food stalls/restaurants/diners and the number of unemployment rate Malang is 7.22%; Indonesia is lodging/guesthouses/accommodation) [27]. Other changes will 6.3% [18] include increased house rent and sale prices, changes in the 6. It is a transitional The duration of students living housing composition in residential areas around the campus, place, and will only be in the city is 4-5 years and new business growth based on student needs temporary 7. People live in Students live in boarding (photocopying, mini markets, laundry services, stationery rented houses and houses around the campus stores, clothing stores, restaurants, clinics, etc.). live in groups Notwithstanding, the benefits of renting out rooms in a 8. It is an Awarded as the best city for boarding house attract homeowners to rent part or all of their unconventional place business [19], smart city [21] houses for students, by changing part or all of their houses 9. It is cosmopolitan Students come from various places and one of a creative city into rooms-for-rent. As a result, the population structure in the [22] area changes, and so does the function and shape of the 10. It provides It has an airport, intercity bus building. Initially, each unit of a house is a household with a accessibility from terminal, train station [18], [20] family head; it is now a unit of housing with student tenants other cities who may not know each other. 11. It provides urban It has trade, health, worship, service facilities and public transportation service facilities [18], [20] 4 CONCLUSION 12. It provides It has a sports arena, natural Based on research on the characteristics of the college towns entertainment and artificial recreation [18], [20] [7],[14],[15] and the condition of the city of Malang using facilities 13. It provides social One of the most livable cities SWOT analysis, it can be concluded that Malang is qualified convenience [22] as a college town. This is supported by the Malang city 14. It provides It provides cleanliness [20], [21] government's intention to realize it through the 2030 spatial welfares and security [19], [21] zoning plan [21]. Further studies on the threat of college town Source: Literature study (studentification) in Malang are needed so that the city's role From table 1, it is safe to say that Malang has fulfilled the and function can still be properly controlled. Some research characteristics of the college town. In the 2010-2030 spatial about studentification has been done in countries like: Canada plan of Malang [23], the city was planned for economic and [28], [29], USA [8], [9], [24], UK [25], [26], [30], Spain [31], socio-culture growth, its position as an education city is shown Hungary [32], Poland [33], South Africa [34], [35], China [1], in its vision in which settlement as dominant land-use, while [13], [14], [36], Malaysia [37], [38], but there was no study on the education zone is still located in public facilities area. the same topic in Indonesia. SWOT Analysis is used to find out the strengths and weaknesses from within the city, and opportunities and threats ACKNOWLEDGMENT from outside the city. Based on Fig. 1, it may well be argued This work was supported in part by Trisakti University that Malang has good strengths and opportunities to be scholarship program in Doctor of Civil Engineering specializing developed as a college town. in Urban and Regional Planning, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia, based on Trisakti University Chancellor's Decree No: 1194/Usakti/SKR/BSDM/DT/IX/2017.

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