State of the Detroit Child 2012 Report

Prepared for The Skillman Foundation by Data Driven Detroit (D3), a Michigan Nonprofit Association Affiliate. State of the Detroit Child 2012 Report

Contents Introduction 1

Demographic Overview 2

Family Economic Security 7

Early Childhood Development 11

K - 12 Education 15

Health & Safety 23

Considerations 30

Prepared for The Skillman Foundation by Data Driven Detroit (D3), a Michigan Nonprofit Association Affiliate. State of the Detroit Child 2012 Report

Introduction

At the Skillman Foundation, we live by the can only thrive physically, emotionally and mantra “Kids Matter Here.” Our mission is academically when parents, extended fami- to improve the well-being for the highest lies, communities, and schools provide the number of kids in Detroit we can reach and complex network of supports they need. in the most impactful ways. To do that, we The 2012 State of the Detroit Child report place tremendous value on having reliable, is designed to provide baseline informa- timely data to inform our decisions and tion for policy-makers, educators, child drive our changemaking efforts. We can’t advocates, and community stakeholders to make the best decisions if we don’t know guide current benchmarking and future where kids are, what demographic shifts decision-making. are underway, what populations are growing or falling, what the greatest needs are Targeted investment in Detroit kids today and what trends are emerging that should is necessary so they can be productive inform our thinking. citizens and active participants in the city’s turnaround. D3 has once again created We commissioned Data Driven Detroit, or an excellent tool for us to glean valuable D3, as it is commonly known, to create the information about the state of our city’s State of the Detroit Child Report, an annual youth. We rely on this report, and we think comprehensive data view of Detroit chil- others invested in the city’s future should, dren from birth to age 18. This report is as too. much about today’s child as it is about how well Detroit’s children will be prepared to Carol Goss navigate the Detroit of the future. Children The Skillman Foundation

Page 1 Demographic Overview State of the Detroit Child

Detroit Children by Age Group as a Percent of Total Child Population, 2000 to 2010 3

Source: US Census Bureau, SF1, 2000 and 2010 (QT-P2, P12)

Change & Percent Change by Age in Total Detroit Children, 2000 to 2010 3 Source: US Census Bureau, SF1, 2000 and 2010 (QT-P2, P12)

Detroit Child Population by Race and Ethnicity in 2010 4 Source: US Census Bureau, SF1, 2010 (P12H-O)

Living Arrangements for Detroit Children, 2000 to 2010 5 Source: US Census Bureau, SF1, 2000 and 2010 (P19, P20)

Percent of Detroit Households with One or More Children, 2000 to 2010 5 Source: US Census Bureau SF1, 2000 and 2010 (DP1, P19)

Percent of Detroit Families with Related Children, 2000 to 2010 5 Source: US Census Bureau SF1, 2000 and 2010 (QT-P11, QT-P10)

Distribution of Detroit Male Youth by Age & Race in 2010 6 Source: US Census Bureau, SF1, 2010 (P12H-O)

2 Demographic Overview State of the Detroit Child

Children by Age Group as Percent of Child Population 15 to 17 years 31.8% 10 to 14 years 28.2% 5 to 9 years 26.3% 26.0% 27.7% 25.8% Under 5 years Child Population by Age in 2010 19.9% 15 to 17 years 19.9% 37,946 14.3% 10 to 14 years 27.7% 52,705

5 to 9 years 26.0% 49,550

Under 5 years 26.3% 50,146 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010

% of While the total Totalpopulation Child of Detroit fell by The youngest school-age cohort, 5-9 years, Percent Change in Child Population 25 percent overPopulation the decade, the population experienced the greatest decrease at 47.2 2000 to 2010 under 18 years of age fell by 35.6 percent. percent, due to the overall population shift -10.2% Births in Detroit decreased by 16 percent and parents who looked to the suburbs for between 2006 and 2010; the larger outflow new residences and education options. of older children resulted in an increase in the share of children represented by those Educational alternatives and public safety 0-4 years of age. In other words, while concerns lead families to move out of the children are making up less of the popula- city and contributed to the 36.8 percent tion as a whole, those children who are in decrease for 10-14 year olds. -34.2% Detroit tend to be younger. The relatively small decrease in 15-17 year -36.8% olds resulted from the aging forward of larger birth cohorts in the early 1980s and a reduced tendency for families of high -47.2% school-age children to move out of the city. The percent figures associated with the circle and arrow are based on numeric change between 2000 and 2010.

Page 3 Demographic Overview State of the Detroit Child

Child Population by Race and Ethnicity in 2010

21.1% 28.3% Black 81.9% 25.5% 25.2%

13.2% 24.1% Hispanic 9.7% 29.7% 33.0%

16.9% 26.2% 4.4% White 27.2% 29.8%

16.4% 26.3% 3.9% Other 27.2% 0 0 0 30.1% 0 3 0 , 4 0 , 1 0 , 2 0 ,

15 to 17 years 15 to 17 years In 2010, the share% ofof African% of American Though not shown in the above graph, it is The white, non-Hispanic population, % of Detroit 10 to 14 years % of 10 to 14 years children in Detroit mirroredRace the share of representing a broad range of ethnicities, Detroit Child interesting to note that the largest share Child Race Group 5 to 9 years African AmericansPopulation in the total population. of 15-17 year olds across racial and ethnic including Arab Americans, showed a simi- Population Group 5 to 9 years The share for Latino children was higher,Under 5 yeargroupss was African Americans at 86.6%. lar, though less extreme, pattern as that of Under 5 years while that of white, non-Hispanics was pro- This dropped to just 78.3 percent for those Latinos. portionately lower. 0-4 years. The Other category represents a group- The out-migration of African American Latinos’ overall younger age structure is ing that includes Asians, Native Americans, families with younger school-age children clearly illustrated by their increasing share multi-race responders, and a variety of resulted in decreasing shares with de- of children in younger age groups. In 2010, residents who felt unrepresented by stan- creasing age. The 10-14 year cohort was one third of Latino children were less than dard Census categories. larger than either of the two that follow. 5 years of age.

Page 4 Demographic Overview State of the Detroit Child

Living Arrangements for Children

59.3% Percent of households with children under 18: Percent Change 41.5% in 2000. 34.4% in 2010. - 17.2% 55.5% 2000 to 2010

Percent of families with related children under 18: Percent Change 34.5% 22.7% - 10.8% 62.8% in 2000. 56.1% in 2010. 2000 to 2010 28.9%

Overall, family households decreased by Children increasingly live in single parent 25.4 percent over the decade and repre- family households. In 2010, nearly 3 out of sent 3 out of 5 households in 2010 (60.5%). 5 households with children (59.3 percent) 6.8% Households with children, including fami- were headed by a single female, up from 10.8% lies and non-families, decreased by 33.7 55.5 percent in 2000. Single male house- 8.8% percent in real numbers over the decade, holders with children increased from 8.8 to while their percent as a share of the popu- 10.8 percent of the total. lation decreased by 17.2 percent.

2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 Married couples with children decreased by 16.2 percent between 2000 and 2010. With respect to living arrangements, married couple families represent just 28.9 Married-couple household percent of all households with children. Male householder only Female householder only

-16.2%

Page 5 Demographic Overview State of the Detroit Child

Detroit’s Young Men

Distribution of Male Youth by Age & Race in 2010

20.5% 25.6% Black: 82.2% 27.7% 26.3% 96,525 Total Males under 18 9.8% Hispanic 19,142 15 to 17 years 8.3% 5.1% White 26,734 10 to 14 years 25.3% 81.9% Black White: 5.1% 25,187 5 to 9 years 3.2% 30.2% Other 25,462 Under 5 years 36.2%

14.4% 27.1% Hispanic: 9.4% 27.4% Distribution of Male Youth Distribution of Male Youth 31.1% by Age in 2010 by Race in 2010

15 to 17 years % of % of Because the vast majority of Detroit’s male 15 to 17 year olds represent 20.5 percent Detroit Race 10 to 14 years Male Child Group 5 to 9 years youth population is comprised of boys and of African American male youth, but only Population Under 5 years young men of color, it is important to high- 14.4 percent of Latinos and 8.3 percent of light this demographic group. As will be white, non-Hispanics. African Americans seen in later sections of the report, African represent a decreasing share of males as American and Latino young men are at a age decreases. higher risk for a variety of negative educational and health outcomes. In 2010, over 90 percent of the total male youth population in the city of Detroit was Though not included in the above charts, comprised of African American and Latino the number of males dropped in every age boys and young men. group under 18 years between 2000 and 2010. Additionally, the share of total males represented by each group dropped for all but 15 to 17 year olds.

Page 6 Family Economic Security State of the Detroit Child

Detroit Food Assistance Program Participation, 2007 to 2011 8

Source: US Census Bureau, 2007-2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (DP03)

Detroit Children Living Below the Poverty Line in 2011 8 Source: US Census Bureau, 2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (B17001, S1701)

Change & Percent Change for Median Household & Family Income in Detroit, 1999 to 2011 8 Source: US Census Bureau, 2000 Census, SF3 (DP3) and 2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (DP03)

Detroit Families in Poverty by Educational Attainment in 2011 9

Source: US Census Bureau, 2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (B17018)

Unemployment Rates for Detroit & Michigan, 1990 to 2011 9 Source: Michigan Department of Energy, Labor, and Economic Growth, Labor Market Information, Data Explorer, Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)

Work Status in the Past 12 Months 9 Source: US Census Bureau, 2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (S2303)

Change in Median Monthly Housing Costs in Detroit, 2000 to 2011 10 Source: US Census Bureau, 2000 Census, SF3 (DP4) and 2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (B25064)

Detroit Households Spending 30% or More of their Income on Housing in 2011 10 Source: US Census Bureau, 2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (B25064)

Owner-Occupied Housing Rate in Detroit, 1990 to 2010 10 Source: US Census Bureau, 1990, 2000, and 2010 Census (DP1)

Vehicle Availability for Detroit Households in 2011 10

Source: US Census Bureau, 2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (B08201)

7 Family Economic Security State of the Detroit Child

FoodDetroit Assistance Food Assistance Program Program Participation Participation 2007 - 2010 50 Change in Median Household & Family Income

40 $45,695 41.0% $39,855 30

In 2011, 41 percent of Detroit households $30,524 27.4% When adjusted to 2011 dollars, median 20 reported receiving food assistance. The $25,193 household income in Detroit decreased by rate for Wayne County, outside of Detroit, more than a third (36.8 percent) between was 16.6 percent, while the state, minus 10 1999 and 2011. Half of all Detroit house- Detroit, came in at 16.5 percent. Household Family holds had an annual income in 2011 of less 0 than $25,000. Families, while losing a little less buying power than households, expe- 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1999 2011 1999 2011 rienced a 33.2 percent decrease.

While the economic downturn was felt Children Living Below the Poverty Line in 2011 across the state, with large decreases in all areas, median household income in 2011 15 to 17 years 48.8% for the state was 1.8 times that of Detroit at $45,981 and the state’s median family 12 to 14 years 58.7% income was 1.9 times higher at $56,068.

6 to 11 years 56.0%

5 Years & Under 62.7%

Percent of children in poverty: Percent Change

34.8% in 1999. 57.3% in 2011. +64.7% 1999 to 2011 -33.2%

-36.8% The percent of children and youth in pov- driven by the high poverty rates of single erty increased from 34.8 percent in 1999 parent, female-headed, families. While the to 57.3 percent in 2011. As shown above, poverty rate for married couple families the youngest children, 5 years and younger, with children was 29.7 percent in 2011, Percent Change in Median had the highest rate of poverty - 62.7 that for single parent, female-headed, fami- Household/Family Income percent. The poverty rate for children was lies was 59.1 percent Between 1999 & 2011

Page 8 Family Economic Security State of the Detroit Child

Family Poverty Rate by Educational Attainment Unemployment Rates of Householder in 2011 30 60.4% 56.9% 25 50.4%

20 42.2% 40.1%

15 30.5% 29.3%

10 21.9% 22.2% 14.1% 16.1% 5

6.6% 0

200

201

200

200 200

200

199

200 200

199 199 199 199 199

199

199 200

199

201

199

8 7 9 3 6

0 5

9 7

8 1 2 Married Couple 3 6

0 Single Male Single Female 1 Less than high school graduate 35.5% Detroit 49.1% High school graduate (includes equivalency) State of Michigan Percent of Detroit’s families Percent of Detroit’s Some college, associate's degree whose income in the past 12 months working age population Bachelor's degree or higher was below the poverty level. who were not working in 2011.

The importance of education to the eco- families had the lowest poverty rates As shown in the chart above, Detroit’s Detroit’s high unemployment rate was fur- nomic outcomes for families is very clear across all educational attainment levels. unemployment rate has consistently been ther compounded by the fact that it had the - income increases and poverty decreases Their lower poverty rates were due to the twice that of the state average since 2001. highest percentage of working age people as education increases. Of all family house- fact that they are more likely to have more It began rising after 2000 and reached a not participating in the labor force of any hold types living below the poverty level, than one earner in the household. high of 24.9 percent in2009. Additionally, major city in the country. those with householders in possession of a the city’s unemployment rate during the bachelor’s degree or higher experienced The highest poverty rates among fam- last decade has run well over twice that of Almost half (49.1%) of Detroiters between dramatically lower poverty rates. ily households were found among those the six-county Detroit metropolitan area. 16 and 64 years of age reported not work- headed by single females who lack ad- ing during 2010-2011. Only 27 percent The poverty rate for married couple fami- vanced degrees. The poverty rate for single of the working age population reported lies tracked consistently at half or less that parent, female-headed, families, which was working full-time during the period (50-52 of single parent families. Married couple 46.4 percent overall, dropped to only 14.1 weeks and 35 hours of more per week). percent when the householder had at least a bachelor’s degree.

Page 9 Family Economic Security State of the Detroit Child Housing Costs Median selected monthly housing costs, which include taxes, insurance, and some Change in Median Monthly Housing Costs utilities, for homeowners with a mortgage increased 5.4 percent from 1999 to 2011. Owner-Occupied Housing Median monthly rent also rose from $656 Detroit has experienced a great deal of in 1999 to $741 in 2011, a 13.0 percent change in its homeownership rate over the increase. past two decades, a trend that has mirrored the city’s economic fortunes and been Housing affordability is defined as a greatly affected by the foreclosure crisis household spending less than 30 percent beginning in 2007. The gains of the 1990s of its annual income on housing. In 2011, were more than eliminated during the last 69.3 percent of renters in Detroit lived in decade. In 2010, 51 percent of all Detroit housing that was unaffordable. Stagnant households lived in owner-occupied hous- $1,094 or decreasing wages, coupled with the ing, while only 45 percent of households $1,038 increase in monthly housing costs, lead to with children did. over a half (52.0 percent) of homeowners 100 20.2% with a mortgage in unaffordable housing situations in 2011. 80

$741 Homeowners without a mortgage (those 60 56.3% 52.9% 51.5% $656 13.0% that are “free and clear” of debt) saw their 48.5% housing costs rise 20.2 percent between 40 47.1% 43.7% 1999 and 2011. Many of these homeown- $459 20 ers may be retirees who have paid off their $382 5.4% mortgage and live on a fixed income, caus- 0 ing them to be affected by any increase in 1990 2000 2010 tax, utility, or insurance rates. This could explain why nearly one third of Detroit Owner Occupied homeowners without a mortgage were liv- Renter Occupied 2000 2011 2000 2011 2000 2011 ing in unaffordable housing in 2011.

With a mortgage Without a mortgage With a lease Vehicle Availability for Households in 2011

23.8% No vehicle Nearly one in four Detroit households has 47.8% 1 vehicle no access to a vehicle. Those households 52.0% 32.0% 69.3% 21.5% 2 vehicles with vehicles are subject to pay some of 5.2% 3 vehicles the highest insurance rates in the country, 1.6% 4+ vehicles resulting in high rates of uninsured drivers. Households Spending 30% or More of their Income on Housing in 2011

Page 10 Early Childhood Development State of the Detroit Child

Detroit Births by Mother’s Marital Status, 2008 to 2010 12

Source: D3 analysis of Michigan Dept. of Community Health 2008, 2009, and 2010 Birth Files

Detroit Births by Mother’s Education Level, 2008 to 2010 12

Source: D3 analysis of Michigan Dept. of Community Health 2008, 2009, and 2010 Birth Files

Detroit Births & Births Rate by Age of Mother, 2008 to 2010 12

Source: D3 analysis of Michigan Dept. of Community Health 2008, 2009, and 2010 Birth Files

Change in Number of Births for Detroit & Wayne County, 1990 to 2010 13

Source: Michigan Dept. of Community Health, Natality and Pregnancy Tables

Change in Low Birthweight in Detroit, 2000 to 2010 14

Source: D3 analysis of Michigan Dept. of Community Health 2008, 2009, and 2010 Birth Files

Number and Type of Child Care Facilities in Detroit in 2012 14 Source: D3 analysis of Michigan Dept. of Human Services 2012 child care licensing data

11 Early Childhood Development State of the Detroit Child Birth Indicators

Births by Marital Status Births by the Mother’s Education Births by Age of the Mother 100%

90% The percent figures associated with the circle 80% and arrow are based on 79.0% numeric change between 2008 and 2010. 70%

60%

55.8% 50%

40%

37.8% 30% 34.6%

27.6% 20% 26.7% 20.4% 21.6% Not Married Married Did not High School Educated Past Teens Twenties Thirties Forties 5.9% 10% Graduate Graduate High School High School 2.0%

2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010

-1.1% -2.5% Birth Rates in 2010 : -4.6% Mothers in their Teens : 64.8 -11.9% -9.2% -9.1% -9.2% -13.0% Mothers in their Twenties : 117.4 Births to unmarried women have remained While demonstrating a slight decrease Detroit has mirrored a national trend of Mothers in their Thirties : 48.6 steady at just under 4 of every 5 Detroit over time in total number of births (9.2 a decreasing number and rate of births Mothers in their Forties : 4.4 births (79.0%). This figure is in line with the percent), over one-third of new mothers in attributable to teens. The total number increase in the percentage of children liv- Detroit had not graduated from high school of single live births to teenage mothers ing with a single female householder and a or received a GED. dropped by 9.2 percent between 2008 and A birth rate is the average number of decline in married couple households. 2010. However, teen mothers still account- a type of birth per 1,000 live births. The majority of births were to women who ed for one of every five Detroit births. Here we are looking at the birth rate Births to unmarried women at the state did not have any post-high school educa- by age of the mother for Detroit. In level have been increasing steadily and tion. The trend of young mothers giving Interestingly, only women in their forties comparison, the national rate for teen stand at 41.3% in 2010. Between 2008 and birth and not seeking post secondary witnessed an increase (5.9 percent) in total births was 34.2 in 2010. The state of 2010, the total number of births in Detroit education is continuing high rates of single births. Women in their twenties continued Michigan ranked 33rd among states to both unmarried and married mothers parent households living in poverty. to have the largest share of single live with a rate of 30.1. Michigan’s rate actually decreased by 4.6 percent and 11.9 births. decreased by 13 percent between percent, respectively. 2007 and 2010, while the national rate fell by 17 percent.

Page 12 Early Childhood Development State of the Detroit Child Change in Number of Births

30,000

25,000 24,129 - 54.5% Percent Change in Detroit Births between 1990 & 2010 20,000 17,578 15,892 15,000 16,551 14,233 13,232 15,297 15,238 10,000 13,189 10,970 Detroit 5,000 Wayne County - not including Detroit 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

The number of Detroit births steadily Detroit’s decrease in the total number of decreased since 1990, falling by more births has mirrored the state of Michi- than half (-54.5%) by 2010. This can be gan’s declining birth totals over the same explained, at least in part, by Detroit’s time-span. Though not as pronounced as population loss during the past 20 years. Detroit’s population loss, the state of Michi- Additional factors contributing to the de- gan also experienced a rather stagnant crease have been the general aging of the total population, which actually decreased population, accelerated by young families since 2005. This loss was driven by large migrating out, and the downward trend in numbers of outmigrants, many of whom births to teenagers. are younger women in their childbearing years. The result is a state that has been aging faster than most states in the nation.

Page 13 Early Childhood Development State of the Detroit Child

Change in Low Birthweight Rate 160 301

120 Number of Child Care Facilities by Type in 2012

80 In 2012, there were 528 total child care facilities

40 in Detroit. Of those, 447 facilities, or 85.1%, offer care for the entire day. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 While the need for full-time care has Birthweight is a strong indicator not only Unit of chart: Rate of low weight births 138 increased over the years, the most impor- of a birth mother’s health and nutritional per 1,000 live births tant component of child care is its quality. status, but also a newborn’s chances for Detroit is slowly moving toward a compre- Detroit survival, growth, long-term health and psy- 89 hensive assessment of child care providers chosocial development. Children born Wayne County - not including Detroit in the city. underweight (less than 2,500 grams or 5 ounds 2 ounces) tend to have cognitive Despite considerable research over the last disabilities and lower IQs, affecting their 20 years, the reasons for these differences performance in school and their job oppor- remain obscure. However puzzling, the tunities as adults. Low birthweight is also a numbers reveal that there exists a real major predictor of infant mortality. Centers Group Family vulnerability of African American women Homes Homes to preterm labor and delivery. There exist perplexing racial disparities in birthweight and infant survival. Across the Detroit’s rate of 134 low birthweight babies U.S., rates of low birthweight and preterm per 1,000 births was 1.6 times that of the delivery have been higher among African remainder of the county. Detroit’s rate has American women than among whites for remained steady while the county’s has many years. African American babies are increased. twice as likely to have a low birthweight, as well as twice as likely to die in the first year as compared to white babies.

Page 14 K - 12 Education State of the Detroit Child

Detroit Student Enrollment by School Governance, 1999 to 2011 16 Source: D3 analysis of headcount, Non-Resident student, and Educational Entity Master Data from CEPI

Top Suburban School Districts Losing Students to Detroit Schools in 2011 17 Source: CEPI, Non-Resident by District 2011-12 file, by special request in Summer 2012

Suburban Student Enrollment in Detroit Schools by Grade and School Type in 2011 17 Source: CEPI, Non-Resident by District 2011-12 file, by special request in Summer 2012

Percent of Detroit Students Scoring Proficient on the MEAP exam, 2007 to 2011 18 Source: Michigan Department of Education, MEAP Downloadable Data Files, Fall 2007-2011 MEAP

Detroit Students Scoring Partially Proficient on the MEAP exam, 2008 to 2011 19 Source: Michigan Department of Education, MEAP Downloadable Data Files, Fall 2007-2011 MEAP

Combined Results from the Detroit 5Essentials Survey in 2012 19 Source: University of Chicago Urban Education Institute’s UChicago Impact

High School Graduation Rates of Detroit Students Compared to ACT Scores & College Enrollment, 2007 to 2012 20 Source: Michigan Department of Education, MME Downloadable Data Files, 2008-2012; CEPI, 4-year cohort graduation rate data for buildings, 2007-2011; CEPI, Class of 2009 College enrollment and persistence data accessed via MISchoolData.org in Spring 2012

Graduation Rates for Selected Groups of Detroit Students, 2007 to 2011 21 Source: CEPI, Michigan Cohort Graduation and Dropout Reports, 2007-2011 Cohort Four-Year

School Safety Indicators from a Survey of DPS Students, 1999 to 2011 22 Source: Results from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s online Youth Risk Behavior Survey (1999-2011) administered to high school students in Detroit

Detroit Students Receiving Free or Reduced Lunch, 1995 to 2011 22 Source: CEPI, Free and Reduced Lunch Counts, Building, Fall 1995 - Fall 2011 15 K - 12 Education State of the Detroit Child

Detroit Student Enrollment by School Governance

160,000 Looking at the most recent enrollment data Detroit’s precipitous population decline compared to previous data shows dramatic over the last decade contributed to the changes in where Detroit students go to drop in DPS enrollment. Between 2000 school. Over this time period, the number and 2010, Detroit lost nearly half of its 5- 140,000 of private schools fell from 83 to 24, Detroit 9 year olds. Many families of school-aged Public Schools (DPS) schools fell from children moved to inner-ring suburbs. 267 to 131, and Detroit charter schools increased from 26 to 74. Our analysis Detroit students can also attend suburban 120,000 includes only those legal school entities for schools without relocating outside the which Michigan assigns a building code, city limits. Michigan’s inter-district school not the number of physical school build- choice policy (a.k.a. open enrollment ings. or schools of choice), first implemented 100,000 in 1996-1997, allows traditional public In little more than a decade, DPS enroll- school districts to enroll non-resident ment fell from 80.4 percent to 45.7 percent students if they have both the space and of all Detroit K-12 students. Students in the willingness to do so. Nearly 8 percent of DPS self-governing schools and in the DPS Detroit resident K-12 students attended 80,000 charter schools open during the 2011-2012 school in suburban traditional public school year were included in this count, school districts in 2011-2012. while Education Achievement Authority (EAA) students were excluded. 60,000 See “Considerations” on page 30 for more The first charter schools in Michigan detailed information about this data. opened in fall 1995, following voters’ pas- sage of Proposal A the previous fall. After 40,000 compiling the most recent data, 2 out of 5 Detroit school-aged children attended charter schools. These students were spread across Detroit, including DPS-and EAA-run charter schools, as well as subur- 20,000 ban charter schools.

0 1999 2011 1999 2011 2011 2001 2011 2002 2011

DPS Detroit EAA Private Enrolled Schools charters schools Schools outside of Detroit

Page 16 K - 12 Education State of the Detroit Child

Top 10 Suburban School Districts Losing Students to Detroit Schools in 2011 Not all students who go to school in Detroit live in Detroit. Among all stu- Harper Woods - City School District 118 dents coming into the city for school in Dearborn City School District 126 3.3% 2011, 22.6% lived in Hamtramck, 9.1% River Rouge - City School District 147 Percent of students enrolled in Detroit schools lived in Highland Park, and 8.6% lived East Detroit Public Schools 151 who live in the suburbs in 2011 in Southfield. No other school district Warren Consolidated Schools 152 claims more than 5% of these non- Oak Park - City School District 157 resident students. There are a handful Redford Union Schools, District No. 1 198 of other districts with more than 100 Southfield Public School District 382 students leaving for Detroit schools: Highland Park City Schools 406 Redford Union, Oak Park, Warren Con- Hamtramck - City School District 1,005 solidated, East Detroit, River Rouge, Dearborn, and Harper Woods.

Suburban Students in Detroit Suburban Students in Detroit Schools by Grade in 2011 Schools by School Type in 2011

Grade 12 253 The number of grade K-8 students coming into the city for school was relatively Grade 11 266 consistent by grade. However, the number Grade 10 293 of grade 9-12 students coming into the city for school declined steadily by grade. Grade 9 341 4 Private Schools Grade 8 358 1,311 DPS Schools Grade 7 348 3,128 Charter Schools Grade 6 364 Grade 5 378 Grade 4 350 Grade 3 375 Grade 2 359 Grade 1 344 In 2011, 4,443 students living outside the city attended school in Detroit; 7 in 10 at- Kindergarten 369 tended Detroit charter schools, nearly 3 in Early Childhood 31 10 attended DPS, and a handful attended private schools. 2 of 5 students who live Special Education 14 outside the city and attend DPS trav- eled from a school district outside Wayne County.

Page 17 K - 12 Education State of the Detroit Child

3rd Graders Scoring “Proficient” on the MEAP 8th Graders Scoring “Proficient” on the MEAP 100% 100%

90% 90%

80% 80%

70% 70%

60% 60%

50% 50%

40% 40%

30% 30%

20% 20%

10% 10%

0% 0% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Detroit - Not Proficient Reading Exam Detroit - Not Proficient Math Exam Detroit - Proficient Detroit - Proficient State of Michigan - Proficient State of Michigan - Proficient

In fall 2011, the Michigan Department of 3rd grade reading and 8th grade math insight into the performance of all students, Looking at Detroit students’ average Education announced new, more rigor- MEAP has barely budged over the last 5 not just proficient students. For example, scores on the MEAP shows scores have ous scoring criteria for MEAP and MME years. The jump in 2009 3rd grade reading if a school is leaving behind the lowest steadily, if slowly, improved over time. performance levels. There are 4 perfor- scores appeared in reading scores across performing students to focus on pushing The scoring scales vary by subject and mance levels: advanced, proficient, partially grades and was likely an artifact of that a few students into proficient, the average grade but they all range over several proficient, and not proficient. The state uses year’s test. of these raw scores will be lowered but the hundred points. Detroit students aver- proficient and met/exceeded expectations number proficient may actually increase. aged gains between 2007 and 2011 interchangeably. Applying these new scor- Many students who have not yet reached Alternatively, if a school’s lowest perform- ranged from 1.75 points to 19.72 points. ing criteria retroactively, the percent of proficiency may still be improving their ing students are scoring higher, the aver- Only 5th grade science students scored Detroit students scoring proficient on the test scores. Examining the raw scores stu- age scores will be raised but the number lower, on average, in 2011 than 2007. dents receive (as opposed to the number of proficient will not change. students scoring at given levels) provides

Page 18 K - 12 Education State of the Detroit Child

Students Scoring at Least “Partially Proficient” on the MEAP 100% 5Essentials - Measure Scores: Combined Results from the 90% Results for All Detroit Schools 5Essentials Survey in 2012

80% Effective Collaborative Using nearly 20 years of survey data from Leaders Teachers Chicago teachers and students, researchers 70% identified “5Essentials” of high-performing 3rd schools: effective leaders, collaborative 60% teachers, involved families, supportive envi- 8th Ambitious ronment, ambitious instruction. Schools 50% Instruction strong on 3 of the 5Essentials are 10 times as likely to improve their students’ test 40% scores as schools weak on 3 of the 5Es- sentials. 30% Supportive Involved 3rd As a whole, Detroit was neutral on all 8th Environment Families 20% 5Essentials, compared to Chicago Public Schools. However, the Detroit “Involved 10% Very Strong Families” Essential score was just over the Strong cut-off for weak. 0% Neutral Weak 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Additionally, half of Detroit schools were Very Weak not yet organized or well organized for Low Response / Not Applicable improvement. 62 Detroit schools were Partial proficiency, along with average Percentage of Detroit students who are ranked in the bottom 5 percent of schools MEAP scores, is a leading indicator of at least partially proficient in: statewide, some showed signs of improve- whether students’ performance is improv- MEAP Reading ment. Out of the 62 schools, 45 received a ing. Students scoring at least partially profi- 5Essentials overall score: 4 were moderate- cient include those scoring at performance MEAP Math ly organized, 4 were organized, and 5 were levels 1 (advanced), 2 (proficient), and 3 well organized for improvement. (partially proficient). 3rd & 8th Grade 5Essentials - Overall Scores: Other Grades (4th - 7th) Results for Participating The number of Detroit students at least Detroit Schools See “Considerations” on page 30 for more partially proficient in reading has been The main barrier to both literate and nu- 36 Well Organized detailed information about this data. trending slightly up over time, while the merate Detroit students is math. The MEAP 44 Organized number partially proficient in math has Moderately Organized math scores of Detroit students are con- 19 largely stayed stagnant. However, the Partially Organized sistently lower than MEAP reading scores 38 number of 3rd graders partially proficient 23 Not Organized across all grades. This disparity between in math has declined slightly since 2007 subjects is apparent across tests--from the suggesting that as students grow older the MEAP to the MME to the ACT to the NAEP. number of 4th-8th graders partially proficient in math might also drop.

Page 19 K - 12 Education State of the Detroit Child

High School Graduation Rates Compared to ACT Scores & College Enrollment

Detroit - High School Graduation Rate 100% State of Michigan - High School Graduation Rate 90% Detroit - ACT Composite Percent is “College Ready” 80% State of Michigan - ACT Composite Percent is “College Ready”

70%

60% In 2009, 67.2% of Detroit high school seniors graduate.

50%

40% 68.3% of Detroit high school graduates enroll in post-secondary education.

30%

of Detroit high school graduates 20% 58.3% enrolled in post-secondary education complete at least 1 year’s worth of credits. 10%

0% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

In spring 2007, all Michigan 11th graders In spring 2012, 1.6 percent of Detroit However, only 3 in 10 of these Detroit ninth Recovery Act’s requirements for receiving began taking the ACT as part of the Michi- 11th graders—just 80 students—scored a graders finished a year’s worth of credits at education funds, and assisted by research- gan Merit Exam administration.The ACT college-ready 21 or higher on the ACT. On an institution of higher education. Detroit ers in the Michigan Consortium for Educa- followed its high school test-takers into average, Detroit students score in the 13s, students’ high school graduation rates and tion Research, the state released its first college and found that students scoring a 14s, 15s, and 16s out of 36 on ACT subject ACT scores have barely budged over the reports on college enrollment, persistence, 21 on the ACT were college ready. College tests. last 5 years, suggesting Detroit students and remedial coursework in summer 2011. ready is defined as a 75 percent chance of will continue to struggle to obtain a post- a C or higher and a 50 percent chance of a Despite their low levels of college pre- secondary degree. B or higher in introductory college courses. paredness, many Detroit ninth graders Students are college ready in specific graduate from high school and enroll in The state of Michigan recently began subjects if they score 18 on English, 22 on an institution of higher education, a term matching its high school students to their reading, 21 on math, or 24 on science. used to describe 2- and 4-year, public and college enrollment records in the National private colleges and universities. Student Clearinghouse database. Spurred by the 2009 American Reinvestment and

Page 20 K - 12 Education State of the Detroit Child

Graduation Rates for Selected Student Groups:

100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% All Students 40% 30% 30% Black All Students 20% 20% Hispanic 10% 10% Female Male 0% White 0% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 by Race & Ethnicity by Sex

100% In 2007, Michigan began using a cohort Students with disabilites graduate at con- 90% method to calculate graduation rates. The sistently lower rates than other students 80% U.S. Department of Education recently facing specific learning challenges. Students 70% announced all states have moved to this with limited English proficiency had higher 60% cohort method. The cohort method tracks graduation rates than all Detroit students in 50% individual students who enter 9th grade 2010 and 2011, and economically disadvan- 40% All Students and determines whether they are “on- taged students outperform all students in 30% Students With Disabilities track” to graduate on time (in four years), 2011. 20% “off-track” but still in school intending Economically Disadvantaged 10% to graduate, or have dropped out of the Female students consistently graduate at 0% Limited English Proficiency cohort. The cohort four-year graduation higher rates than their male counterparts. 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 rate incorporates three kinds of students The large gap between male and female likely to be left out in other methods: stu- graduation rates narrowed between 2007 by Learning Challenge dents who transfer between public schools and 2010 before widening again last year. anywhere in Michigan, students who leave school (permanently and temporarily), and students who graduate later than their See “Considerations” on page 30 for more original classmates. The data presented detailed information about this data. here are four-year (on-time) graduation rates.

Hispanic students narrowed their graduation rate gap with Detroit students from other races/ethnicities between 2007 and 2011.

Page 21 K - 12 Education State of the Detroit Child

School Safety Indicators from a Survey of DPS Students 100%

90%

80% Students Receiving Free or Reduced Lunch Grades K - 12 70% Students in families at 135% of the poverty to provide all students, not just those who

60% line qualify for free lunch; families at 185% qualify, with free meals. of the poverty line quality for reduced- 50% price lunch. The share of Detroit students Prior to 2006, the Michigan Department

40% qualifying for free or reduced-price lunch of Education calculated free and reduced- has never dipped below 60% and has risen price lunch data. It is not clear which 30% steadily since the start of the recession in groups of students (adult education, early 20% 2007 to a high of 82.5% today. childhood education, K-12 etc.) are included in those pre-2006 MDE data. However, 10% Recognizing this fact, the U.S. Department from 2006 forward, CEPI separates free 0% of Agriculture made Detroit Public Schools and reduced-price lunch data by student 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 a pilot district in fall 2011 for a program type; here, K-12 student data are included. 100% Percentage of DPS Students:

who carried a weapon on school property on at least one day. 80% who did not go to school because they felt unsafe at school or on their way to or from.

who were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property one or more times. 60% who were offered, sold, or given an illegal drug by someone on school property. who were in a physical fight on school property one or more times. 40%

20% The biennial Youth Risk Behavior Survel- In response to questions concerning lance System (YRBSS) is a national school- school safety, DPS high schoolers noted based survey conducted by the Centers for a decline in instances where they were 0% Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in involved in a fight, were threatened or 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 cooperation with state, territorial, and local injured, or carried a weapon to school. The education and health agencies and tribal sale of illegal drugs and a general feeling governments. It provides a wealth of data of a lack of safety when traveling to and on health risk behaviors for 9th through from school increased between 2009 and 12th grade students at the national, state, 2011. 36.6 percent of student respondents and district level. For the city of Detroit, a were offered, sold, or given illegal drugs by sample of Detroit Public School students someone on school property. completed the in-depth and methodologi- cally sound survey instrument.

Page 22 Health & Safety State of the Detroit Child

Infant Mortality for Detroit, Wayne County & Michigan: 24 Infant Deaths per 1,000 Live Births, 1990 to 2010 Source: Michigan Dept. of Community Health, Infant Mortality Tables

Detroit Births by Quality of Prenatal Care, Preterm Births and Mothers who Smoke, 2008 to 2010 25 Source: D3 analysis of Michigan Dept. of Community Health 2008, 2009, and 2010 Birthfiles

Percent of Detroit Children with Elevated Blood Lead Levels, by Age, 2000 to 2010 26 Source: Michigan Department of Community Health Data Warehouse, Lead Specimen table, 2000-2010

Detroit Health Insurance Coverage by Age and Sex in 2011 26 Source: US Census Bureau, 2011 ACS, 1-year estimates (B27001)

Tobacco, Alcohol & Drug Use Among DPS Students, 1999 to 2011 27 Source: Results from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s online Youth Risk Behavior Survey (1999-2011) administered to high school students in Detroit

Youth Homicides in Detroit, 2008 to 2010 27 Source: D3 analysis of 2008, 2009, 2010 Death Files from Michigan Dept. of Community Health

Physical Activity & Eating Habits of DPS Students, 1999 to 2011 28 Source: Results from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s online Youth Risk Behavior Survey (1999-2011) administered to high school students in Detroit

Sexual Activity of DPS Students, 1999 to 2011 29 Source: Results from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s online Youth Risk Behavior Survey (1999-2011) administered to high school students in Detroit

23 Health & Safety State of the Detroit Child

Infant Mortality: Infant Deaths per 1,000 Live Births

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

199

201

200

199

200

200 200 200 200 199 200 200 200 199 199 199 199

200 200 200 200 199 200 200 199 199 199 199 199 200 200

199 199 199 200 200

199 199

2 4 8 9 3

2 4 8 9 3 5

7 6 5

7 6

9 2 8 7 3 6 5

9 2 8 7 3 6

1 4

By Geography By Geography & Race

Detroit While the infant death rate in Detroit has Detroit Digging a little deeper, a mother’s race fallen by 28 percent since 1990, there has plays a major role in infant mortality rates. Wayne County - not including Detroit Wayne County - not including Detroit been little change since 1995, holding In Detroit, Wayne County, and the state of State of Michigan around 15 deaths per 1,000 births. De- State of Michigan Michigan, infant mortality occurs less often troit’s rate also remains double that of the Black among white, non-Hispanic mothers. Infant rest of Wayne County and the state. White mortality among African Americans living in Detroit and the state has declined, yet The Annie E. Casey Foundation tracks the rate for those living in Wayne County a host of child related indicators across increased sharply between 2009 and 2010. states and major cities as part of its nation- This is repetitious of spikes seen in 1993 al Kids Count program. Reported statistics and 1994, as well as 1999-2000 and for 2009 (their most recent year available) 2001-2. Detroit’s and the state of Michi- ranked Detroit 48th out of 49 major cities gan’s African American populations for infant mortality. Its rate of 14.8 was have not experienced such variations. In exceeded only by Memphis, TN at 14.9. comparison, the African American infant mortality rate in Wayne County is almost 3 times that of white, non-Hispanics.

Page 24 Health & Safety State of the Detroit Child

Birth Indicators

Births to Mothers Births by Quality of Prenatal Care Preterm Births 100% 100% who Smoke

90% The percent figures 90% associated with the circle 80% and arrow are based on 80% 83.6% numeric change between 2008 and 2010. 70% 70%

60% 60%

50% 53.8% 50%

40% 40%

30% 30% 28.9% Mothers Mothers who 20% Inadequate Intermediate Adequate 20% Preterm Births who smoke don’t smoke 8.7% 1.7% 17.3% 16.4% 10% 10% 12.9%

2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010

-5.2% -2.5%

-13.6% -7.9%

The percent of mothers in Detroit who Though the percent of mothers who re- The percent of births in Detroit described The percent of new mothers in Detroit who received adequate prenatal care, increased ceived inadequate or intermediate care as preterm (less than 37 weeks of gesta- have smoked at any time during pregnancy by 11.5 percent between 2008 and 2010 decreased between 2008 and 2010 (-11.3 tion) have remained fairly consistent at is decreasing and is 4 percentage points according to the Kessner Index, a method percent and -2.8 percent, respectively), between 12 and 13 percent of the total. To below the state average - 16.4 and 20.8 of categorizing adequacy of prenatal care, nearly half of all mothers in Detroit did not contrast, the 2010 statewide average was percent, respectively. based on month of pregnancy care started, get adequate prenatal care in 2010 (46.2 9.8 percent. number of visits, and length of gestation, percent). The respective numeric change Breaking it down further, white mothers re- Additionally, the numeric change saw an percentages are included above. ported smoking at the highest rate (22.6%), 8.7 percent overall increase. followed by African Americans (17.6%), Latinos (12.2%) and Asians (3.8%).

Page 25 Health & Safety State of the Detroit Child

Children with Elevated Blood Lead Levels 100% 12.0% 0 to 5 years 90% Males 6 to 10 years Females 10.0% 80% 11 to 15 years

0 to 15 years 70% 8.0% 60%

50% 6.0% 40%

4.0% 30%

20% 2.0% 10%

0% 0.0% Under 6 6 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 75 years 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 years years years years years years years years and over

Long-term exposure to lead, a naturally The percent of children with elevated Health Insurance Coverage in 2011 occurring metal used in everything from blood lead levels continued to trend construction materials to batteries, can downward in 2010 for all age groups (2.3 Access to health insurance continued to The age group in greatest need of health- cause serious health problems, particularly percent for all children 0 to 15 years old). be a problem in Detroit in 2011, with 19.6 care coverage was 25 to 34 year old males. in young kids. Lead is toxic to everyone, The number of children tested over the percent of the total population lacking Nearly half (49.5 percent) of Detroit’s but unborn babies and young children are last decade remained relatively constant, coverage. young men reported living without insur- at greatest risk for health problems from implying that the declines in lead-poisoned ance, more than double the percentage of lead poisoning - their smaller, growing children are real. The overall percentage of uninsured males their female counterparts (23.7 percent). bodies make them more susceptible to (23.3 percent) was higher than that of Uninsured rates for young and middle- absorbing and retaining lead. See “Considerations” on page 30 for more females (16.2 percent). Additionally, males aged men in three other age categories detailed information about this data. had higher rates of no coverage than (18 to 24 years, 35 to 44 years, and 45 to 54 Unsafe levels of lead in the blood can lead females in each age category except 65-74 years) exceeded 30 percent in 2011. to a wide range of symptoms, from head- year olds. aches and stomach pain to behavioral problems and anemia. Lead can also affect a child’s developing brain, leading to learning difficulties and failure in school.

Page 26 Health & Safety State of the Detroit Child

Tobacco, Alcohol & Drug Use Indicators from a Survey of DPS Students Youth Homicides in Detroit 100%

90%

80%

70% 2008 2009 2010 44 Total 58 Total 42 Total 60%

50%

40% +31.8% Under 1 years 30% 1 to 4 years 20% 5 to 9 years -27.6% 10% 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 0%

1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 -4.5%

Percentage of DPS Students: Between 2008 and 2010, the youth homi- Whether accidental, assaultive, or due who have ever tried cigarette smoking. cide rate fluctuated, but saw an overall to intentional self-harm, 46 young De- who smoked a whole cigarette for the first time before age 13. decrease of 4.5 percent. Youth who are troiters (0 to 19 years old) died because murdered are significantly more likely to of firearms in 2010. who ever had at least one drink of alcohol. be older, with the 15-19 years age group who drank alcohol for the first time before age 13. comprising the bulk of cases. Between 2008 and 2010, a total of 167 who have ever used marajuana. people under the age of 20 died as a The vast majority of Detroit homicides result of gun violence. 13.7 percent of who have tried marajuana for the first time before age 13. involve firearms. Guns and gun violence all firearm-related deaths in 2010 were continue to be the prevalent issue in the classified as instances of intentional city. In 2010, firearms were the underlying self-harm or suicide. cause of 313 deaths in the city of Detroit. Between 2009 and 2011, students who Alcohol, drug, and tobacco use before the An overwhelming majority of those deaths have used marijuana jumped from 36.4 age of 13 has steadily declined among DPS (82.7 percent) were classified as assaultive percent to almost half of all student re- high school students between 1999 and homicides. spondents. In 2011, the percent of students 2011. who used marijuana (47.9 percent) at least once nearly equaled that of students who had tried smoking cigarettes (48.6 percent).

Page 27 Health & Safety State of the Detroit Child

Physical Activity Indicators from a Survey of DPS Students Eating Habits Indicators from a Survey of DPS Students 100% 100%

90% 90%

80% 80%

70% 70%

60% 60%

50% 50%

40% 40%

30% 30%

20% 20%

10% 10%

0% 0% 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

Percentage of DPS Students who DID NOT eat: Percentage of DPS Students: fruit in the last 7 days. who are overweight. green salad in the last 7 days. who described themselves as slightly or very overweight. potatoes in the last 7 days. who did not attend physical education classes in an average week. carrots in the last 7 days. who watched television 3 or more hours per day. other vegetables in the last 7 days.

Physical fitness continues to be an issue The percent of students who watched tele- The weekly diets of DPS high school- at every school. Each month local farm- for Detroit youth. Though an increasing vision for more than 3 hours has declined ers have improved in the last ten years. ers are identified to deliver fresh fruits number of students attended physical since 2005 (with a low of 44.4 percent in Students reported eating more fruits and and/or vegetables to each school in an education classes, the percentage of DPS 2011). However, as children increasingly vegetables in 2011 than in previous years. effort to support Michigan-based farm- high school students who are overweight turn to computers and other mobile media Even with this improvement in healthy ers and increase student exposure to increased slightly over the last decade platforms for entertainment, the decline eating habits, over 20 percent of students fresh foods. (with a high of 22.7 percent). in television viewership rates is to be had not eaten fruits or vegetables within a expected and does not translate to more week of taking the survey. In addition, the program delivers edu- time exercising, reading, or other healthier cational opportunities in the cafeteria, pursuits. The importance of healthy eating habits classroom visits by local farmers, and is well understood by the DPS Office of school garden opportunities. School Nutrition, which has initiated the Farm to School program, currently offered

Page 28 Health & Safety State of the Detroit Child

Sexual Activity Indicators from a Survey of DPS Students 100% In 2011, 59.8 percent of DPS high school 90% students surveyed by the CDC reported having sexual intercourse at least once. 80% 35.2 percent of these same students did 70% not practice safe sex, an increase from the previous survey year. 60%

50% The instances of youth having multiple partners or having sexual intercourse be- 40% fore the age of 13 have declined. Addition- 30% ally, students who had not received AIDS or HIV education did not climb above 20 20% percent between 1999 and 2011. 10% The Michigan Department of Community 0% Health provides the following data on 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 sexually transmitted diseases among high school-age (15 to 19 years) children in Percentage of DPS Students: Detroit.

who have ever had sexual intercourse. Chlamydia – The 15-19 years age group who had sexual intercourse for the first time before age 13. accounted for 44.4 percent of all chlamydia cases in Detroit. The total number of cases who have had sexual intercourse with four or more persons. (8,567) represented 44.1 percent of the who did not use a condom during last sexual intercourse. state’s total in that cohort. who were never taught in school about AIDS or HIV infection. Gonorrhea - The 15-19 years age group accounted for 37.0 percent of all gonorrhea cases in Detroit. The total number of cases (2,570) represented 60.5 percent of the state’s total in that cohort.

Page 29 Considerations State of the Detroit Child

Page 16 - Detroit Student Page 19 - Combined Results Page 21 - Graduation Rates Page 26 - Children with Enrollment by School from the 5Essentials Survey for Selected Student Groups Elevated Blood Lead Levels Governance in 2012

The most recent and available enrollment The University of Chicago Consortium on Michigan reports two kinds of gradua- The data reported in this graphic utilized a data are used in this graphic; spring 2012 School Research expanded its 5Essentials tion rates: district rates and building rates. blood lead level of 10 or more micrograms for public schools in Detroit and fall 2011 survey to other U.S. cities during the 2011- Students who show up for two or more per deciliter of lead in blood. This has been, for private schools and suburban schools. 2012 school year. 6th -12th grade students count days during their high school career until recently, the reference value to iden- Previously, the most recent data were fall and teachers in 183 Detroit schools and 6 are included in a school’s building gradua- tify children who have been exposed to 1999 for public schools in Detroit, fall 2001 suburban schools were surveyed dur- tion rate. Students who show up for one or lead and who require case management. In for private schools, and fall 2002 for subur- ing spring 2012. Those schools with more more count days during their high school 2012, the CDC lowered this to a level of 5 ban schools. than 50 percent of teachers or students career are included in a school district’s micrograms to identify children with blood responding received an overall score on a district graduation rate. lead levels that are much higher than most Michigan began tracking student address- scale of very weak (not organized) to very children’s levels. This new level is based es in the 2002-2003 school year. Over time, strong (well organized). The Michigan Department of Education on the U.S. population of children ages 1-5 more detailed student characteristics have (MDE) reports data by demographic and years who are in the highest 2.5% of chil- been linked to non-resident data. Thus, socioeconomic characteristics of students. dren when tested for lead in their blood. alternative education students are included In order to protect a student’s privacy, the This adjustment increases the percent of in the 2002-2003 data but can be filtered state does not report performance data for Detroit children 0-5 years with elevated out by 2011-2012. Detroit residents at- groups with fewer than 10 students. Thus lead from 2.3 percent to 13.0 percent. tending private schools in the suburbs are the graduation rate for all students built not included in this analysis; in 2011-2012 from this “subgroup” dataset is slightly dif- there were just over 400 such students. ferent than the graduation rate built from the school-level graduation dataset.

The MDE constructs its own measures of economic disadvantage (mostly from free and reduced price lunch data), students with disabilities (mostly from special education enrollments), and limited English proficiency (mostly from English Language Learner enrollments).

Page 30 Considerations State of the Detroit Child

Margins of Error & the American Community Survey (ACS)

Readers should note that the American The following visuals include data from the Community Survey (ACS) is a sample sur- ACS: vey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Because the data are compiled from a Family Economic Security - Page 8: sample of the entire population, the esti- Detroit Food Assistance Program Participa- mates produced by the ACS have associ- tion, 2007 to 2011. ated margins of error. For ease of reading and visualizing, ACS data presented in this Detroit Children Living Below the Poverty report are not shown with margins of error. Line in 2011. Interested readers should reference the ACS website for additional information. Change & Percent Change for Median Household & Family Income in Detroit, 1999 to 2011.

Family Economic Security - Page 9: Work Status in the Past 12 Months.

Family Economic Security - Page 10: Change in Median Monthly Housing Costs in Detroit, 2000 to 2011.

Detroit Households Spending 30% or More of their Income on Housing in 2011.

Vehicle Availability for Detroit Households in 2011.

Health & Safety - Page 26: Detroit Health Insurance Coverage by Age and Sex in 2011.

Page 31