Mughal-Afghan Relations in South Asia History and Developments Himayatullah Yaqubi National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad 2015 Mughal-Afghan Relations in South Asia History and Developments NIHCR Publication No. 174 Copyright 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing from the Director, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to NIHCR at the address below: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, New Campus, Quaid-i-Azam University P.O. Box 1230, Islamabad-44000. Tel: +92-51-2896153-54; Fax: +92-51-2896152 Email:
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[email protected] Website: www.nihcr.edu.pk Published by Muhammad Munir Khawar, Publication Officer Printed at M/s. Roohani Art Press, 35-E, Chughtai Plaza, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan. Price: Pakistan Rs. 600/- SAARC countries: Rs. 900/- ISBN: 978-969-415-115-1 Other countries: US$ 20/- For my parents and brothers Engineer Qaseemullah Yaqubi (Late), Dr. Hidayat Ullah Khan Contents Acknowledgement ix Illustrations xii Introduction xiii 1. Mughal-Afghan Relations in the Historical Perspective 1 Origin of the Afghans 3 Socio-Political Organization of the Afghans 7 Afghan Nobility in India 11 Emergence of the Mongols 12 Afghans and Mongols in India 19 Timur’s Indian Invasion and the Afghans 29 Establishment of the Afghan Lodhi Dynasty 32 2.