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IN the NEWS South Africa FOLLOW THE MAN WHO FOLLOWED HIS CONSCIENCE AMERICA Tills authorized eolleetorV video fea- uires aii r\rlnsKe itttmipw with N4?wm Mandela and ne1v<ir-erfieti-lk*lm'e footage, including comment* by: President Ce«r^<" Bti-.li Spike Lee Jaue. Fonda Robert DeNiru N.Y. Mayj|r David l>inkin< and more. Plus musical tribute* l>yi Stevif Jolinn| Aretha F Ladysmith Black and many A portion of the proeeeda from i'ach sale will In* donated to The I\el<?on Mandi'la Freedom Fund and the we^Jkly television program South Afriea Now Running time: *>(> minutes. Produced In \m- <iM§Si Attanltt, Recotdirtg Goip, ft Time Wmm Comfjaoj MAY-JUNE 1991 AMERICAS VOLUME 36. NUMBER 3 LEADING MAGAZINE ON AFRICA A Publication oithe ^REPORT African-American Institute The Update 5 African-American Institute Editor: Tunji Ijxrdner.jr. Chairman South Africa Maurice Tempelsman The ABCs of Apartheid 13 By Peter Tygesen President Vivian Lowery Derryck John Samuel: Ending Apartheid Education 18 By Margaret A. Novicki Publisher Namibia Frank E. Ferrari Bridging the Gap 23 Editor-in-Chief By Colleen lu>we Morna Margaret A. Novicki New Ghanaian Order Page 34 South Africa Production Editor The Pariah's New Pals 28 Joseph Margolis By Colleen Lowe Morna Assistant Editor Land and the Landless 31 Tunji Lardner. Jr. By Patrick Laurence Assistant Editor Ghana Russell Geekie Flt.-Lt. Jerry Rawlings: Constructing a New Constitutional Order 34 Contributing Editors By Margaret A. Novicki Michael Maren Andrew Meldrum Benin Daphne Topouzis A Victory for Democracy 39 Art Director By George Neavoll Kenneth Jay Ross A Vote for Democracy Msgr. Isidore de Souza: Building a New Benin 43 Advertising Office Page 39 By Margaret A. Novicki 212 949-5666. ext. 728 Nigeria Interns New Breed, Old Politics? 46 James D. Beaton By Obinna Anyadike Goncalo L. Fonseca Jessica M. Forsyth Kenya Khady Sene Daniel Levinson Wilk Sedition by Edition 49 By Lucy Hannan Africa Report (ISSN 0001-9836). a non-profit magazine of African affairs. Dances with State 53 is published bimonthly and is sched- uled to appear at the beginning of By Holly Burkhalter each date period at 833 United Nations Plaza, New York. NY. 10017. Editorial correspondence and adver- Somalia tising, inquiries should be addressed Starting from Scratch 56 to Africa Report, at the above address. Subscription rates: individ- Lawyer vs. the I-aw By Peter Biles uals. USA $24, Canada $30, air rate Page 49 overseas $48 Institutions. USA $31, Food Canada $37. air rate overseas $55. Second-class postage paid at New The Forgotten Famine 60 York, N Y. and at additional mailing By Nick Cater offices. POSTMASTER: If this maga- zine is undeliverable, please send address changes to Africa Report at Mozambique 833 UN Plaza. NY, NY 10017. Tele- Railway of Refuge 63 phone: (212) 949-5666. Copyright •£- 1991 by The African-American Insti- By Andrew Meldrum tute, Inc. Culture The Alphabet War 67 Photo Credits: By Denis Herbstein The cover photographs of stu- dents in South Africa were Book Reviews taken by Avigail Uzt, Dave Hart- South Africa as Seen by Journalists 70 man, and Steve Hilton-Barber 1 ttur> from Somalia By Jeremy Boraine of Impact Visuals. Page 67 MELILLA Tunis CEUTA Bamako ^r I Niamey GAMBIA- BURKINA FA5O GUINEA ) * ^Ouagadougou GUINEA-BISSA Bissau Conakry \--rL^ ^S~~~^X BENIN Freetown Porto Novo ETHIOPIA SIERRA LEONE tVOHV J j / NIGERIA COAST /GHANA(V S Lagos CENTRAL AFRICAN Addis Ababa REPUBLIC CAMEROON Bangu * /"SOMALIA EQUATORIAL GUINEA Yaounde Malabo UGANDA) I Kampala/ KENYA SAO TOME Ej>> ^•Libreville PRINCIPE^ r1 GABON ^ Brazzaville • Kinshasa SEYCHELLES IS Victoria o MAURITIUS Port Louii REUNION SWAZILAND Mbabane LESOTHO Maseru Copyright © 1984 by the African-American Institute, Inc IN THE NEWS South Africa: Reforms Yes, Contrition...Certainly Not Ever since South African President struction" is at the core of his reforms; ple in jail for longer, you could have F.W. de Klerk's historic address to Par- the latter and more delicate task of rec- shot many of them to death, but the liament in February, his promise of onciling a fragmented society rent asun- ideas for which they stood—that they major reforms, and ultimately the aboli- der by economic racism is proving wanted freedom in the land of their tion of apartheid, has triggered deep much more difficult. For. unlike the birth and a say over their own introspection about the morality of ready economic and legalistic indices of lot—could not be destroyed that way." apartheid. As a policy for four decades, apartheid that President dc Klerk is tin- Talking to The New York Times, it was convenient to make a case kering with, the more invidious legacy Prof. Sampie Terreblanche, a liberal for rcalpolitik without moralizing of apartheid poses stark moral choices. economist at Stellenbosch University, racism—it was after all the law. the most prestigious Afrikaans academ- But since the renunciation of ic institution, said, "It is a bizarre stale apartheid as national policy, the ruling of affairs. The unwillingness, the National Party has inevitably been unpreparedness of de Klerk and his forced to confront the moral dilemma it people to make a confession for the has wrought. Did apartheid fail because National Party and its guilt for this suf- it was unsustainable, or did it collapse fering. They are convinced about the under its own deadweight of evil? unworkability of apartheid, not about Whatever the answer, the exigency the immorality or exploitative character of survival has prompted the govern- of apartheid." ment to attempt to recast itself as the If the secular institutions of state benign catalyst of change in South have been somewhat reticent about Africa. The first move has been to proffering a full-blown apology, the redress the legalistic aspects of sectarian institutions, specifically the apartheid—Parliament has been given redoubtable Dutch Reformed Church, until June to pass legislation that will would seem to have undergone a "road scrap the more than 15,000 regulations to Damascus" experience. For decades, and 200 laws that have for 42 years The Dutch Reformed Church: "Some of us are sorry" the church provided ethical covering- been the legal armature for the So far, de Klerk and his National fire for the proponents of apartheid by grotesque society that apartheid has Party have strenuously tried to deflect invoking biblical justification for created. responsibility for the ethical dimen- eugenics—blacks were genetically In apartheid, there has been a perni- sions of apartheid. Their public position inferior, therefore it was morally right cious redistribution of resources; with has been that apartheid was devised that they should be treated as such. whites outnumbered five to one. 87 per- essentially by God-fearing men who are For all the moral anguish that some cent of the most fertile land has been now giving it up because of its imprac- members of the congregation might reserved exclusively for the 5 million ticality. and certainly not because it was have felt, the proselytisni of the church whites, leaving the remaining 13 per- morally wrong. But not all members of was a long time coming. For years the cent of mostly arid land for 30 million the party agree with that position. church was the sectarian custodian of blacks. Some 17 million blacks have Deputy Foreign Minister Leon Wesscls Boer bigotry and economic privilege. been arrested since 1948 for straying in February told a stunned Parliament And in the eyes of many blacks, this into white-held lands, another 3.5 mil- that "we now know that we hurt our fel- sudden epiphany, including the surpris- lion blacks have been forcibly dispos- low countrymen." Calling apartheid "a ing public apology from one of its high sessed of their homes. Forty thousand terrible mistake that blighted our land," priests last November, is a crock of South Africans have been driven into he said. "I am sorry for having been so belated platitudes. exile, and over 80.000 blacks have been hard of hearing for so long." Addressing a multiracial church detained. The net total, minus death and And a week after the president's conference in Rustenburg on behalf of misery, has been the patent failure of landmark address to Parliament, his Dutch Reformed Church and apartheid as a philosophy. Finance Minister Barend du Plessis, in Afrikaner brethren. Willie D. Jonker. a Recognizing this a year ago, de a prepared statement, gave a trenchant Stellenbosch theologian, confessed to Klerk announced that "the time for denunciation of apartheid and in the "my own sin and guilt, and my personal reconstruction and reconciliation |had) process a self-indictment of his party by responsibility for the political, social, arrived." The former task of "recon- saying, "You could have put more peo- economical and structural wrongs that AFRICA REPORT • May-June 1991 have been done to many of you." And restrictive and legalistic subterfuge to for forgiveness? Possibly. It would cer- in a formalized document known as the explain his position, saying that apolo- tainly be in their favor to do so, and it is Rustenburg Declaration, the church gies and analyzing the past could "go an integral part of any plan for national branded as sinful and evil "the heretical too far." reconciliation. "Just three words," says policy of apartheid which has led to But the issue refuses to be wished Rev. Beyers Naude, a Dutch Reformed extreme suffering for so many of our away. In a government white paper minister speaking to The New York land." It ended with a call on govern- issued recently,
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