DOCSLIB.ORG

Advancing Hypoxic Training in Team Sports: from Intermittent Hypoxic Training to Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Advancing Hypoxic Training in Team Sports: from Intermittent Hypoxic Training to Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092741 on 26 November 2013. Downloaded from Review Advancing hypoxic training in team sports: from intermittent hypoxic training to repeated sprint training in hypoxia Raphaël Faiss,1 Olivier Girard,2 Grégoire P Millet1 1Department of Physiology, ABSTRACT extended stay in altitude.6 By adding the stress of Faculty of Biology and Over the past two decades, intermittent hypoxic training hypoxia during ‘aerobic’ or ‘anaerobic’ interval Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of (IHT), that is, a method where athletes live at or near training (INT), it is believed that IHTwould potenti- Lausanne, Lausanne, sea level but train under hypoxic conditions, has gained ate greater performance improvements compared to Switzerland unprecedented popularity. By adding the stress of similar training at sea level. For long, erythrocytosis 2 ASPETAR—Qatar Orthopaedic hypoxia during ‘aerobic’ or ‘anaerobic’ interval training, was believed to be the primary factor benefiting and Sports Medicine Hospital, it is believed that IHT would potentiate greater putative sea-level performance improvement after a Research and Education fi 457 Centre, Doha, Qatar performance improvements compared to similar training suf cient (several weeks) hypoxic stimulus. at sea level. A thorough analysis of studies including IHT, However, IHT viewed this from a new perspective Correspondence to however, leads to strikingly poor benefits for sea-level with evidence that exercising even for a short period Professor Grégoire P Millet, performance improvement, compared to the same in hypoxia affects a large number of genes mediated Department of Physiology, 8 Faculty of Biology and training method performed in normoxia. Despite the by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and the exer- Medicine, Institute of Sports positive molecular adaptations observed after various IHT cise performance with muscular adaptations arising Sciences, University of modalities, the characteristics of optimal training (and not necessarily an improved oxygen carrying – Lausanne, Géopolis, Quartier stimulus in hypoxia are still unclear and their functional capacity).9 12 Nevertheless, in other IHT studies, Mouline, Lausanne 1015, translation in terms of whole-body performance any potentiating effect of hypoxia in addition to Switzerland; 313–16 [email protected] enhancement is minimal. To overcome some of the training was ambiguous. Although an inherent limitations of IHT (lower training stimulus due improvement in anaerobic performance after IHT – Received 11 June 2013 to hypoxia), recent studies have successfully investigated has been mentioned in four studies,17 20 it is note- Accepted 11 September 2013 a new training method based on the repetition of short worthy that these studies were ‘uncontrolled’, and (<30 s) ‘all-out’ sprints with incomplete recoveries in therefore the effects of training cannot be distin- hypoxia, the so-called repeated sprint training in hypoxia guished from those of hypoxia.13 As such, it seems (RSH). The aims of the present review are therefore that after decades of research, “IHT does not threefold: first, to summarise the main mechanisms for increase exercise performance at sea level in endur- interval training and repeated sprint training in ance athletes any more than simply training at sea normoxia. Second, to critically analyse the results of the level.”21 studies involving high-intensity exercises performed in Until now, only scarce literature has assessed the http://bjsm.bmj.com/ hypoxia for sea-level performance enhancement by potential benefits of altitude training in intermittent differentiating IHT and RSH. Third, to discuss the sports.16 22 23 Therefore, the relevance of altitude potential mechanisms underpinning the effectiveness of training in team-sport athletes for improving those methods, and their inherent limitations, along with players’ specific fitness (repeated sprint ability the new research avenues surrounding this topic. (RSA)) has not been scientifically sounded as yet. Team-sport players (eg, football) perform a large number of high-intensity actions, including numer- on September 25, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. INTRODUCTION ous sprints, often with incomplete recoveries, Prolonged altitude sojourns using the ‘live high- during the course of a game. As a consequence, train high’ or the ‘live high-train low’ models12 developing their ability to repeatedly perform have been increasingly used in athletes involved in intense exercise bouts for sustained periods is endurance and, more recently, in intermittent (eg, important for crucial match actions.24 For example, team and racket sports) disciplines in an attempt to failure to recover after a sequence of intense gain a competitive edge.23However, the question actions may leave the team more vulnerable defen- as to how effectively prolonged altitude exposure sively by decreasing the chances to reach passes or can improve athletic performance and its underpin- increasing the time to take up a defensive position ning physiological mechanisms and signalling path- (tackles). Sport-specific training methods for team ways remains contentious.45 sports using the stress of hypoxia as a strong add- Over the past two decades, intermittent hypoxic itional stimulus with specifically designed training Open Access training (IHT), that is, a method where athletes live models are arguably promising methods. For Scan to access more free content at or near sea level but train under hypoxic condi- instance, repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH), tions, has gained large popularity. Hence, IHT pre- defined as the repetition of several short (≤30 s) sents the advantages of minimal travel and relatively ‘all-out’ exercise bouts in hypoxia interspersed with low expense and causes limited disruption to the incomplete recoveries (exercise-to-rest ratio <1:4), To cite: Faiss R, Girard O, athletes’ normal training environment and lifestyle. could be considered as such a sport-specific training Millet GP. Br J Sports Med Another advantage is that it also avoids the deleteri- strategy. Although RSH could be considered as a – 2013;47:i45 i50. ous effect (decreased muscle excitability) of an form of IHT, its efficacy is presumably based on Faiss R, et al. Br J Sports Med 2013;47:i45–i50. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092741 1 of 8 Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092741 on 26 November 2013. Downloaded from Review different mechanisms than on the existing IHT methods (dis- contribution at the start of a sprint. If the increase in H+ accu- cussed below), therefore justifying the addition of the RSH mulation is also known to impair RSA, recent findings39 suggest modality in the altitude training nomenclature.25 that this fitness component is determined to a larger extent by The aims of the present review are threefold: first, to sum- the muscle energy supply (eg, short-term (<1 min) PCr resynth- marise the main mechanisms for INT and repeated sprint train- esis rate) than by the H+ removal. ing in normoxia (RSN). Second, to critically analyse the results In team sports, the clinical relevance of improving RSA is of the studies involving high-intensity exercises performed in debated,40 but it is a common belief that such adaptations hypoxia for sea-level performance enhancement by differentiat- would be beneficial for improved match-related physical per- ing IHT and RSH. Third, to discuss the potential mechanisms formance. For instance, the mean time recorded during an RSA underpinning the effectiveness of those methods, and their test predicts the distance of high-intensity running and the total inherent limitations, along with new research avenues surround- sprint distance during a professional football match.41 ing this topic. Furthermore, football players experience temporary fatigue A computer-based literature search was conducted in April during a game (eg, lower amount of sprinting, high-intensity 2013 using the PubMed electronic database using combinations running and distance covered after a sequence of repeated and of specific keywords: ‘altitude’, ‘hypoxic’, ‘training’, ‘intermit- intense actions), which may determine the outcome of crucial tent hypoxia’, ‘repeated sprints’, ‘interval training’, ‘exercise’ situations (eg, decreased technical and tactical behaviour and and ‘performance’. Recently, an international consensus group wrong cognitive choices).42 43 This suggests that improving RSA of the IOC26 underlined the further need “to study the effects would maximise team-sport physical performance and that it is of training in hypoxia and live high-train low modalities on per- important to better understand training strategies that can formance at sea level, low and moderate altitude using a enhance this fitness component. placebo-controlled double-blind design.” Well aware of the Although the brief description above of the main determi- methodological issues (ie, importance of ruling out placebo nants of INT versus RSN highlights that those training methods effects21 27) pertaining to the conclusion of some altitude train- aim at developing predominantly the aerobic pathway and RSA, ing studies, the present review is limited to studies including a respectively, the practical question of their optimal combination control (CON) group in their experimental design, allowing the in team sports is widely debated37 44 with two diverging effects of training and hypoxic stimulus to be clearly approaches45; that is, an integrative ‘mixed’
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Altitude Training Relevance and Limits
    SPORTS SCIENCE IMPROVING ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE WITH ‘LIVE HIGH - TRAIN LOW’ ALTITUDE TRAINING RELEVANCE AND LIMITS – Written by Paul Robach, France and Carsten Lundby, Switzerland Historically, altitude training has been aerobic performance in humans. This failure sport federations to build a substantial defined as the practice adopted by athletes prompted athletes and coaches to implement number of hypoxic facilities worldwide. who train for several weeks in an oxygen- altitude training camps with the objective After several decades and the involvement deprived environment (altitude training to acclimatise to competition at altitude. It of a large number of elite athletes who camp) in order to improve their endurance soon became apparent, however, that alti- sometimes set new world records after performance. By extension, altitude training tude training also could improve endurance returning from altitude, the key question refers to the use of natural or simulated performance upon return to sea level. The arises: does it really work? Unfortunately, altitude conditions during the course of rationale was that on the one hand, total red to date the majority of well-controlled the training process, at rest and/or during blood cell volume is a key factor for endurance scientific studies fail to demonstrate a exercise. Whatever the altitude training performance, as highlighted by experiments systematic positive effect of altitude training strategy, athletes exposed to altitude are incorporating blood manipulations. The on endurance performance in athletes. facing low-oxygen pressure (hypoxia), larger number of red blood cells an athlete Nonetheless, a common observation resulting in a lower blood and tissue has, the faster he will probably be able to is that some athletes do benefit from this oxygenation (hypoxemia).
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Activity at Moderate and High Altitudes. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Morbidit
    Arq Bras Cardiol CamposUpdate & Costa volume 73, (nº 1), 1999 Physical activity at high altitudes Physical Activity at Moderate and High Altitudes. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Morbidit Augusta L. Campos, Ricardo Vivacqua C. Costa Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil In recent decades, sports activities related to nature observed an increase of 5 to 10mmHg in the SBP and a re- have become increasingly popular. As more and more duction of 5mmHg in diastolic BP in 6 individuals during people look for ski resorts in mountainous regions or beco- exercise on a bicycle at a simulated altitude of 4,200m, when me involved with activities such as walking and/or moun- compared with that found at sea level. Malconian et al 11 tain climbing at moderate and high altitudes, diseases found a 10% reduction in the mean BP at maximal effort, in a related to this environmental stress become problems that simulated altitude of 8,848m, corresponding to the summit doctors have to face with an increasing frequency; they of Mount Everest, compared with the values found at sea need, therefore, to know these entities better. In addition, level. D’Este et al 12 performed a submaximal test on 10 nor- many athletic competitions are performed at altitudes above motensive individuals after acute exposure to 2,500m and 2,000 m, such as the Olympic Games of 1968 and the World did not find significant differences in the pressure response Cup Soccer Games of 1970, which took place in Mexico City, compared with the results of the test at sea level. Palatini et Mexico, at 2,240 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Inflammation, Peripheral Signals and Redox Homeostasis in Athletes Who Practice Different Sports
    antioxidants Review Inflammation, Peripheral Signals and Redox Homeostasis in Athletes Who Practice Different Sports Simone Luti 1 , Alessandra Modesti 1,* and Pietro A. Modesti 2 1 Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; simone.luti@unifi.it 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; pamodesti@unifi.it * Correspondence: alessandra.modesti@unifi.it; Tel.: +39-055-2751237 Received: 17 September 2020; Accepted: 27 October 2020; Published: 30 October 2020 Abstract: The importance of training in regulating body mass and performance is well known. Physical training induces metabolic changes in the organism, leading to the activation of adaptive mechanisms aimed at establishing a new dynamic equilibrium. However, exercise can have both positive and negative effects on inflammatory and redox statuses. In recent years, attention has focused on the regulation of energy homeostasis and most studies have reported the involvement of peripheral signals in influencing energy and even inflammatory homeostasis due to overtraining syndrome. Among these, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumour necrosis factor a (TNFa) were reported to influence energy and even inflammatory homeostasis. However, most studies were performed on sedentary individuals undergoing an aerobic training program. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to focus on high-performance exercise studies performed in athletes to correlate peripheral mediators and key inflammation markers with physiological and pathological conditions in different sports such as basketball, soccer, swimming and cycling. Keywords: cytokines; redox homeostasis; sport performance 1. Introduction In elite athletes, there is large disparity among the training protocols; the effects on oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory cytokines are still not well known.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Weeks of Hypoxia Training Improves Cutaneous Microcirculation in Trained Rowers
    Physiol. Res. 68: 757-766, 2019 https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934175 Four Weeks of Hypoxia Training Improves Cutaneous Microcirculation in Trained Rowers Zhijun MENG1,2, Binghong GAO3, Huan GAO4, Peng GE1, Tao LI4, Yuxin WANG4 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China, 2Center of Laboratory, Yunnan Institute of Sport Science, Kunming, China, 3School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China, 4Center of Competitive Sports, Shanghai Institute of Sport Science, Shanghai, China Received April 2, 2019 Accepted June 6, 2019 Epub Ahead of Print August 19, 2019 Summary Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China. E-mail: Hypoxia training can improve endurance performance. However, [email protected] the specific benefits mechanism of hypoxia training is controversial, and there are just a few studies on the peripheral Introduction adaptation to hypoxia training. The main objective of this study was to observe the effects of hypoxia training on cutaneous Elite athletes have utilized hypoxia training for blood flow (CBF), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), nitric oxide several years to improve performance (Dufour et al. (NO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Twenty 2006, Sinex and Chapman 2015). Hypoxia training is rowers were divided into two groups for four weeks of training, conducted by nitrogen dilution or oxygen filtration, either hypoxia training (Living High, Exercise High and Training simulating high altitudes with low oxygen. Athletes use Low, HHL) or normoxia training (NOM). We tested cutaneous many different methods of hypoxia training (Living High microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmeter and blood serum and Training High, Living Low and Training High, parameters by ELISA.
    [Show full text]
  • Altitude Training and Haemoglobin Mass from the Optimised Carbon Monoxide Rebreathing Method Determined by a Meta-Analysis
    Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092840 on 26 November 2013. Downloaded from Review Altitude training and haemoglobin mass from the optimised carbon monoxide rebreathing method determined by a meta-analysis Christopher J Gore,1,2,3 Ken Sharpe,4 Laura A Garvican-Lewis,1,3 Philo U Saunders,1,3 Clare E Humberstone,1 Eileen Y Robertson,5 Nadine B Wachsmuth,6 Sally A Clark,1 Blake D McLean,7 Birgit Friedmann-Bette,8 Mitsuo Neya,9 Torben Pottgiesser,10 Yorck O Schumacher,11 Walter F Schmidt6 For numbered affiliations see ABSTRACT Rusko et al7 have suggested that an exposure of end of article. Objective To characterise the time course of changes 3 weeks is sufficient at altitudes >∼2000 m, provided in haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) in response to altitude the exposure exceeds 12 h/day. Furthermore, Clark Correspondence to 8 Professor Christopher J Gore, exposure. et al have concluded, based on the serial measure- Department of Physiology, Methods This meta-analysis uses raw data from ments of haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and on other Australian Institute of Sport, 17 studies that used carbon monoxide rebreathing to recent altitude studies, that Hbmass increases at a PO Box 176, Belconnen, determine Hbmass prealtitude, during altitude and mean rate of 1%/100 h of exposure to adequate ACT 2617, Australia; [email protected] postaltitude. Seven studies were classic altitude training, altitude. eight were live high train low (LHTL) and two mixed Rasmussen et al,5 who were careful in the selec- Accepted 21 September 2013 classic and LHTL.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Exercise and Training at Altitudes: Physiological Effects and Protocols
    Revista Ciencias de la Salud ISSN: 1692-7273 [email protected] Universidad del Rosario Colombia Vargas Pinilla, Olga Cecilia Exercise and Training at Altitudes: Physiological Effects and Protocols Revista Ciencias de la Salud, vol. 12, núm. 1, enero-abril, 2014, pp. 115-130 Universidad del Rosario Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=56229795008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Artículo de revisión Exercise and Training at Altitudes: Physiological Effects and Protocols Ejercicio y entrenamiento en altura: efectos fisiológicos y protocolos Exercício e treinamento em altura: efeitos fisiológicos e protocolos Olga Cecilia Vargas Pinilla, Ft, MSc.1 Recibido: 17 de junio de 2013 • Aceptado: 19 de noviembre de 2013 Para citar este artículo: Vargas-Pinilla OC. Exercise and Training at Altitudes: Physiological Effects and Protocols. Rev Cienc Salud. 2014;12(1):115-30 Abstract An increase in altitude leads to a proportional fall in the barometric pressure, and a decrease in atmospheric oxygen pressure, producing hypobaric hypoxia that affects, in different degrees, all body organs, systems and functions. The chronically reduced partial pressure of oxygen causes that individuals adapt and adjust to physiological stress. These adaptations are modulated by many factors, including the degree of hypoxia related to altitude, time of exposure, exercise in- tensity and individual conditions. It has been established that exposure to high altitude is an environmental stressor that elicits a response that contributes to many adjustments and adaptations that influence exercise capacity and endurance performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Altitude/Hypoxic Training by Elite Athletes
    Review Article Application of altitude/hypoxic training by elite athletes RANDALL L. WILBER 1 Athlete Performance Laboratory, United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA ABSTRACT Wilber RL. Application of altitude/hypoxic training by elite athletes. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 271-286, 2011. At the Olympic level, differences in performance are typically less than 0.5%. This helps explain why many contemporary elite endurance athletes in summer and winter sport incorporate some form of altitude/hypoxic training within their year-round training plan, believing that it will provide the “competitive edge” to succeed at the Olympic level. The purpose of this paper is to describe the practical application of altitude/hypoxic training as utilized by elite athletes. Within the general framework of the paper, both anecdotal and scientific evidence will be presented relative to the efficacy of several contemporary altitude/hypoxic training models and devices currently used by Olympic-level athletes for the purpose of legally enhancing performance. These include the three primary altitude/hypoxic training models: 1) live high + train high (LH + TH), 2) live high + train low (LH + TL), and 3) live low + train high (LL + TH). The LH + TL model will be examined in detail and will include its various modifications: natural/terrestrial altitude, simulated altitude via nitrogen dilution or oxygen filtration, and normobaric normoxia via supplemental oxygen. A somewhat opposite approach to LH + TL is the altitude/hypoxic training strategy of LL + TH, and data regarding its efficacy will be presented. Recently, several of these altitude/hypoxic training strategies and devices underwent critical review by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for the purpose of potentially banning them as illegal performance-enhancing substances/methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Altitude Factsheet
    ALTITUDE FACTSHEET THE UNITED STATES OLYMPIC COMMITTEE Altitude and the Body At higher elevations (defined as >5,000 feet), oxygen molecules are more spread out than they are at sea level. As a result, you inhale and deliver less oxygen to working tissues per breath of air. This causes a cascade of events and takes time for the body to adapt to the new conditions. It decreases performance significantly at first, but over time Key Points altitude training can be beneficial for athletes if they Be prepared for the additional stress altitude can are competing in areas of high elevation or striving for place on the body before traveling to or competing specific training adaptations. at altitude. Make sure to: Over a period of time (depending on the person and 1. Be well rested and healthy (no cold or flu). the elevation), the body adapts to lower levels of 2. Know iron status and treat if iron deficient. oxygen by using less oxygen for the same amount of 3. Eat enough calories and carbohydrates to work. Altitude training also improves performance at support the additional stress of altitude. sea level. This can be especially beneficial for 4. Effectively manage training load by minimizing endurance sports, high intensity team sports, and high intensity training in the first few days at anaerobic sports like track sprinting or mogul skiing, altitude. especially if they compete at altitude. Effects of Altitude Exposure Effects of Acclimatization Initial Effects (within the first 72 hours) Following 2-3 weeks training at altitude é Iron needs
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT EFFECTS of INTERMITTENT HYPOXIC TRAINING on ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE by Sarah K. Teckman This Paper Reports a Study Testing
    ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF INTERMITTENT HYPOXIC TRAINING ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE by Sarah K. Teckman This paper reports a study testing the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on athletic performance. IHT is a training protocol that periodically administers hypoxic air to gain the physiological affects of high altitude. This study involved 12 college aged subjects and were administered the IHT, based on their group, for 15 minutes a day/five days a week/three weeks total. Athletic performance was measured using a VO2max test and an interval maximal running test. Both blood draws and lactate were taken to measure the effects of IHT. The four variables were taken pre and post IHT. Results were analyzed using a series of 2x2 (Group x Time) mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures on the second factor. VO2max values were non-significant, blood hemoglobin and interval maximal running times were trending towards significance, and blood lactate values were significant. This paper reports limitations, and future direction for this research. EFFECTS OF INTERMITTENT HYPOXIC TRAINING ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Kinesiology and Health by Sarah Kathleen Teckman Miami University Oxford, OH 2014 Advisor _____________________________ Mark Walsh Reader ______________________________ Ronald Cox Reader ______________________________ Thelma Horn 1 Table of Contents Page Number Chapter One: Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • The Effectiveness of the Po2 Aerobic Exerciser in Simulating High Altitude Training at Sea Level in Cross Country Runners
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Gar/ K. Sievers for the degree of Master of Science in Education presented on February 12, 1986. Title: The Effectiveness of the Po Aerobic Exerciser in 2 Simulating. HighAltitudeTraining._ at SeaLevel in Cross Country. Runners. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: y. J. V. D'hea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness,if any,of the Po2 Aerobic Exerciser in simulating high altitude training in cross country runners living at sea level. Procedures: This study was conducted during the 1982 winter term at Oregon State University. Four cross country runners of the Oregon State University varsity team volunteered to serve as subjects. For the eight-week test period the subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group and control group. During all long distance training runs, the experimental group wore the Po2 Aerobic Exerciser. During the eight-week test period, both groups followed identical progressive overload training programs. Monday through Friday morning each subject ran 5 milesat a 6:00to 6:15 pace. On Monday, Wednesday, and Friday afternoons,theyran 7 miles at 5:30 pace.Sunday Friday afternoons,theyran 7 milesat 5:30pace. Sunday calledfor a 12 to 15-milerun at a 6:00 to 6:15pace. Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday afternoon, all subjects participated in an anaerobic (interval) workout. Testing was done on a preand post research design. Physiological testswere: theBalke submaximaltreadmill test to measure changesin Vol max, and a blood chemistry test for possible changesin red blood cell and hemoglobin count which would reflect the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological Implications of Altitude Training for Endurance Performance
    BrJ7 Sports Med 1997;31:183-190 183 Physiological implications of altitude training for Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsm.31.3.183 on 1 September 1997. Downloaded from endurance performance at sea level: a review Damian M Bailey, Bruce Davies Summary decreases in absolute training intensity,'0 de- Acclimatisation to environmental hypoxia initi- creased plasma volume," depression ofhaemo- ates a series of metabolic and musculocardio- poiesis and increased haemolysis,12 increases in respiratory adaptations that influence oxygen sympathetically mediated glycogen depletion transport and utilisation. Whilst it is clear that at altitude,'3 and increased respiratory muscle adequate acclimatisation, or better still, being work after return to sea level.'4 In addition, born and raised at altitude, is necessary to there is a risk of developing more serious medi- achieve optimal physical performance at alti- cal complications at altitude, which include tude, scientific evidence to support the poten- acute mountain sickness, pulmonary oedema, tiating effects after return to sea level is at cardiac arrhythmias, and cerebral hypoxia. 5 present equivocal. Despite this, elite athletes The possible implications of changes in im- continue to spend considerable time and mune function at altitude have also been resources training at altitude, misled by subjec- largely ignored, despite accumulating evidence tive coaching opinion and the inconclusive of hypoxia mediated immunosupression." findings of a large number of uncontrolled In general, altitude training has been shown studies. Scientific investigation has focused on to improve performance at altitude, whereas no the optimisation of the theoretically beneficial unequivocal evidence exists to support the aspects of altitude acclimatisation, which in- claim that performance at sea level is improved.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Altitude Training and Its Effects on the Human Body By: Haley Vissers
    Altitude Training and its Effects on the Human Body By: Haley Vissers A Master’s Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Clinical Exercise Physiology Dr. Kenneth Ecker______________ 1/29/15_____________________ University of Wisconsin River Falls 2014 1 Table of Contents Chapter I. INTRODUCTION…….…………………………………….3 Purpose………………………………………………………3 Delimitations………………………………………………...3 Definitions…………………………………………………...4 II. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………...6 Classifications of Altitude…………………………………...6 A. High Altitude……………………………………6 B. Very High Altitude………………………….......6 C. Extreme Altitude………………………………...7 Immediate Physiological Changes at Altitude………………7 Long-term Changes at Altitude…………………………….10 Altitude Sickness…………………………………………..12 A. Acute Mountain Sickness………………………...13 B. High Altitude Cerebral Edema……………………15 C. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema…………………17 Other Conditions Occurring at Altitude……………………18 III. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY……………………………..19 Altitude Training…………………………………………...21 A. Live High-Train High…………………………….22 B. Live High-Train Low……………………………..23 C. Intermittent Hypoxic Training……………………24 IV. RECOMMENDATIONS……….…………………………26 Recommendations…………………………………………26 Summary…………………………………………………...26 REFERENCES…………………………………………….28 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The effect of altitude on the human body, especially in relation to training, is gaining more popularity than ever. The many physiological effects of altitude on the body are being investigated much more thoroughly than previous research, especially in athletes who train and compete at altitude (7.8,11,13,14,21,22,31). Along with the physiological changes that are happening in the body in response to altitude, there have also been a lot of studies done on different types of altitude training (8,13,14,23). Altitude training has become popular in the last few decades, and it does not seem to be losing any momentum.
    [Show full text]