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The Effect of Sprint Interval Training and Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Efficiency and Economy in Healthy Subjects

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The Effect of Sprint Interval Training and Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Efficiency and Economy in Healthy Subjects THE EFFECT OF SPRINT INTERVAL TRAINING AND INTERMITTENT HYPOXIC EXPOSURE ON EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS Rebekah Joy Turner B.S., California State University, Sacramento, 2005 THESIS Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in KINESIOLOGY (Exercise Science) at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SPRING 2011 © 2011 Rebekah Joy Turner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii THE EFFECT OF SPRINT INTERVAL TRAINING AND INTERMITTENT HYPOXIC EXPOSURE ON EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS A Thesis by Rebekah Joy Turner Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Roberto Quintana __________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Daryl Parker ____________________________ Date iii Student: Rebekah Joy Turner I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Dr. Daryl Parker Date Department of Kinesiology iv Abstract of THE EFFECT OF SPRINT INTERVAL TRAINING AND INTERMITTENT HYPOXIC EXPOSURE ON EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS by Rebekah Turner Introduction VO2max, efficiency and economy play important roles in endurance performance. These improvements have been elicited separately through endurance and sprint interval training (SIT) and intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE). However, there is limited data of the interaction of SIT and IHE on endurance performance. Therefore the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of IHE, SIT, and a combination of IHE/SIT on VO2max and submaximum energy costs. Methods 20 healthy male subjects (age: 26 ± 4yrs, ht: 179 ± 7cm, wt: 85 ± 18kg, VO2max: 52.32±14.32ml/kg/min) were split into 4 groups for a 2 wk training study. The 4 groups consisted of a normoxic control group (NC) (n=5), a normoxic training group (NST) (n=5), an intermittent hypoxic control group (IHC) (n=5) and an intermittent hypoxic training group (IHST) (n=5). All volunteers spent ~ 10 days within 12 day period in a hypoxic enclosure. The IHE and normoxic conditions were blinded to the participants. The intermittent hypoxic and normoxic groups were exposed for 3 hours to a simulated v altitude of 90.34 ± 1.35 mmHg and ~149 mmHg PiO2, respectively. The training groups performed 6 SIT sessions on a cycle ergometer over a 2 wk period. Each SIT session included 4-7 x 30 second all out sprints with a resistance of 7.5% of body weight. Hypoxic or normoxic exposure was conducted immediately after each SIT session. Pre and post maximal (incremental ramp @ 35watts/min) and submaximal cycle ergometer tests (60 min @ 10% below ventilatory threshold) were conducted 1 wk before and after the last IHE or normoxic exposure. The following variables were measured: VO2max, gross efficiency (GEF), net efficiency (NEF) and economy (EC). A mixed model repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between IHE, SIT and IHST. Results Post intervention, there were no significant effects between the 4 groups for VO2max (p=0.307), GEF (p=0.207), NEF (p=0.349), and EC (p=0.349). There was a significant (~6%) increase in GEF due to training (Pre: 14.3%, Post: 15.2%, p=0.029). While the change was not significant, NEF (increase 1.3%, p=0.068) and EC (increase 3.3%, p=0.14) did tend to increase due to training. The significant change in GEF was the result of a significant (~7%) decrease in kcals/min (Pre: 11.3 kcal/min, Post: 10.5kcal/min, p=0.031) due to training. vi Conclusions Two weeks of IHE, SIT or IHST does not have a significant effect on VO2max, GEF, NEF or EC. Therefore, 2 wks of IHE to a simulated altitude of ~4000 m or a combination of the two training interventions are ineffective in improving VO2max or submaximum energy costs in males with above average fitness. However, sprint interval training is effective in increasing gross efficiency during submaximal exercise. _______________________, Committee Chair Dr. Roberto Quintana _______________________ Date vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. Quintana, thank you for the ideas and brainstorming sessions, which formed the final study. Your excitement about environmental research is infectious and I thoroughly enjoyed the involved research and literature. I am grateful for the experience and knowledge I gained as your student and GA. The lab is my second home and I love it. The opportunities you offered me lecturing, SHAPE testing etc were priceless. I feel very well prepared to work in any exercise physiology lab. Thank you. Dr. Parker, though I never stepped foot in your office your advice and help were invaluable. Thank you for the Roy rides. Those discussions helped me organize thoughts and problems with my thesis when I had spent too much time sitting at the computer. You are always willing to go the extra mile to help us students, and those coming into the graduate program will be lucky to have you as an instructor and advisor. Anyone who thinks they can make it through the process of designing and carrying out a thesis without help is a fool. I am so grateful to my friends and family for their support and patience over the last few years. Roy, I could never have done this without you. Thank you so much for your friendship and calm, levelheaded advice. Jamie, John and Erica you guys not only helped with testing and logistics but were there as workout buddies when I needed to take out frustration in a healthy way. Max and Rick, even as undergraduates you went above and beyond to help the struggling graduate students in the lab. Thank you for your help. Best for last, mom, dad and Seth I love you. Thank you for always having faith for me when mine failed. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments..................................................................................................... viii List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................... 3 Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 4 Definition of Terms........................................................................................... 4 Limitations .........................................................................................................6 Delimitations ......................................................................................................6 Assumptions .......................................................................................................6 Hypotheses .........................................................................................................7 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................. 8 Efficiency and Economy ................................................................................... 8 Training Protocols – changes in submaximal exercise metabolism ................. 9 Endurance Training ..............................................................................10 High Intensity Training ........................................................................12 Sprint Interval Training........................................................................14 Altitude – Physiological Effects ......................................................................17 Metabolism and Altitude..................................................................................20 Exercise and Altitude .......................................................................................22 Summary ..........................................................................................................26 ix 3. METHODS ........................................................................................................... 27 Subjects ............................................................................................................27 Experimental Design ........................................................................................28 Graded Exercise Testing (GXT) .....................................................................28 Submaximal Test .............................................................................................30 Training Sessions .............................................................................................30 Hypoxic Chamber ...........................................................................................32 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................33 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 34 Resting Oxygen Consumption .........................................................................35 Maximal Exercise ............................................................................................36 Submaximal Exercise.......................................................................................36 5. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................49
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