Kingsley Amis's Lucky

Home , David Storey, Kingsley Amis, Lucky Jim

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim: A Parody on Changing Social Order in Post War England Tanu Bura Research Scholar, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana (Ambala) Dr. Ramandeep Mahal, Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana (Ambala)

Abstract

The 1950s, a period following the Second World War, was actually the beginning of an era which extends to date when class identity by virtue of birth and upbringing in England was overcome by individual achievement and social mobility between class levels. Importance of class identity is diminishing in all modern societies where access to education becomes the prime reason for social mobility. Amis in his works generally deals with the restructuring of British society post World War II. One of the effects was seen in the English education system where educational opportunities were opened to the youth of the working and middle classes. The advent of provincial universities and the declining influence of the culturally elite led to social friction between both the classes. During the 1950s England actually witnessed a period of prosperity which percolated to an emerging middle- class and also (to a certain extent) the working-class. Expanding higher educational opportunity suddenly gave a jump to the social mobility of these classes. This period has actually quite a few authors who emerged and expounded narratives which were effective in describing the social effect that this war had upon society. The expression "Angry Young Man" was not used or related to the gathering until after John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger had been distributed. However a portion of the essayists who are regularly related with the term achieved lime light as a result of the quickness of their works being distributed. Amis can be described as one of them. This work of his represents the conflict inside the then scholarly world and elaborates on the social and political air of the College through it in comic terms.

Keywords: England, social, class, mobility.

Introduction:

Kingsley Amis is the part of the group that was called “Angry young men.” The name was given and cemented by the critics who thought that all the writers of the group wrote about same problems of the society and showcased anger towards the prevailing conditions and all the writers associated with the movement propounded a “particular view of England and Englishness often characterized as regressive and reactionary” (Leader, Movement 247). It is an important point to note that “none of the writers was happy with the group label, though all the four , to the varying degrees, played some part in promoting it” (Leader, Movement 247). In fact, the work of these writers is reactionary to the social values of the time where “the culture of wealthy minority section of the population was projected as the ‘standard’ or ‘true’ culture” (Nayar 5). The culture of the middle class and lower classes was considered deviant and Kingsley Amis belonged to the lower middle class. His father was a humble clerk. So through his writings he shows his anger towards the higher sections of the society and subsequently by parodying their practices legitimizes the culture of his own class.

Amis’s work deserves attention as a serious study of the British Academic World of the time narrated with a comic overtone. Jim Dixon, a freshly inducted lecturer is on probation in a British University. He moves from one awkward situation to another involving fellow functionaries and students all leading to comic misadventures. His appointment is in constant peril, at times because of his own

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

misdeeds. Lucky Jim entertains due to these disastrous but amusing situations. A drunk Dixon’s lecture on ‘Merrie England’ is one of the comical high points of this work. Study of changing structure in society and resulting class conflict reflected in the parody of events in Kingsley Amis ‘Lucky Jim’ in the back drop of this period is actually the aim of this paper .

Presentation

Following the war social change in Great Britain became apparent and the evolving of equal society became visible. The Labour Party came to power in 1945 giving birth to a Welfare State where social security, pensions, joblessness benefits and free National Health Service were introduced. Radical changes in the Education system also were brought where welfare schooling and state funded higher education gave more opportunities to poorer students of the working classes. The 1944 Education Act was intended to open universities to all and provide educational opportunities to the underprivileged. A great world power of yesteryear decided to restructure its society, in which the class system would become a thing of the past. A number of working and middle class students were admitted leading to the expansion of the English University system. A lot of such students found themselves rubbing shoulders with an unfamiliar social class where they felt alienated. This is the scenario our protagonist Jim Dixon found himself in this particular book of Amis. It is pertinent to mention her that Amis at the time of publication of Lucky Jim was “was a 31-year-old junior lecturer in an obscure provincial university” (Leader, Friendship 30) which gives autobiographical veracity to the novel.

In brief the endeavours of a working-class Medieval History teacher, Jim Dixon inside the scholarly world dominated by the so called exclusively placed Elite and the resulting social tensions dominate the narrative. He succeeds in getting a decent position at a common college which results in him committing unintended social errors leading to a progression of numerous conflicts with his seniors. After the fiasco at the gathering he addressed in an inebriated state, he loses his scholarly position. He being true to the title of the work is eventually ‘ Lucky’ to find a generously compensated occupation as a secretary. Towards the conclusion of the novel, he also weds Christine the lady whom he adores.

His ability to move into the scholarly world from humble beginnings rubbing shoulders with the so called learned elites is the central theme in this work. He begins his profession with a great deal of downsides, like low finances and lack of scholarly aptitude .His choice of subject was actually based upon choosing an easier option rather than as a matter of interest.

Inside this system, this paper attempts to discuss about the socio political attempts at levelling the playground for the lower social classes and the circumstance of low class scholastics in England after the war. Through Jim's character, this investigation advances the issues in connection between the expansion of advanced education in England of that period and the attempt to resolve the class-based imbalances.

Angry Young Men:

A new age group of writers became famous in the ’fifties and were known as ‘The Angry Young Men’. These people emerged from working-class or lower-middle-class backgrounds and were educated in universities but declined to use their education to become part of the routine socialistic elite. Their writing style was not traditional and was dubbed realistic and reflected disdain towards the existing elite classes also displaying the anxiety of the working and lower middle class after the war. General dissatisfaction in the efforts of the welfare state to eliminate social inequality and distaste for the profit motive was also a central theme in their works.

The way of thinking of the Angry Young Men:

They had a place with the gathering of essayists whose birthplace was in Great Britain around the 1950’s and shared a similar humble social background. This gathering challenged the citadel of upper

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

class British society which dominated the norms and the behaviour of that particular period. It was these young writers fresh from their institutes who actually were grouped together and termed as the ’Angry Young Men’ by the scholars in their own right though most of them belonged to the from the lower half of English society. They are remembered for their disdain towards the upper half and their writings are generally remembered for their anti-establishment and angry views. John Wain, Kingsley Amis, John Braine, Alan Sillitoe, David Storey are a few of the numerous authors classified as the Angry Young Men of that period.

Their background was generally modest and their being able to use that particular period for scholastic advancement caused a unfounded bias against the educated elite and this was reflected in their writings. Though they were now of better means and also had an improved status in society but the resentment towards upper classes continued to reflect tin their writings.

The dominant character in most works is a young man who is at odds of the society he has been promoted to and is a part of. The resentment for the wealthy and privileged remains ingrained in their mind. These wealthy people were ‘paragon [s] of virtue in the western civilization” (Pal 198). The Angry Young Men as a movement tried to deconstruct the virtues that were associated with the upper classes. The plots normally point to dissent and rejection of the newer environment. Still the way of bailing out Jim remained a marriage to a beautiful young lady of high society. Thus, adding the prefix ‘Lucky’ to him as a title to this work.

As per Prokop , “the youngster will not get one of the fruitful careerists inside English society and attempts to battle against its most exceedingly terrible qualities spoke to fundamentally via careerism, hypocrisy, bogus profound quality, shocking by his own realistic means”(1).

A common characteristic of their lives is that toward the end they acknowledge the very same estimations of society they were censuring and dismissing. It is interesting to note that by the time they were successful these Angry Young Men actually ended up adapting the same characteristics of high society which they actually criticised and achieved fame. This method of dissent actually appears much more grounded than the Beat Age of USA where furious younger authors challenged traditional society with unruly trials with sexual liberation, psychedelic drugs and rejecting economic materialism. The Angry Young Men of Britain chose to remain within the norms of acceptable society and restrain their dissent to just literary works.

The new age of essayists grabbed the eye of people in general in the 'fifties.’ In fact, publication of Lucky Jim in England can be compared to the Publication of Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe which was “a game changer in the field of African studies” (Pal, Prodigal 149). Though Luck Jim is in no way as influential as Achebe’s canonical text, yet “it offered some hope in terms of political commitment” (Hutton 53). An Emerging new section of society upward bound due to educational opportunities offered in the new Social setup needed a new voice which can be associated with these angry young men. Their familial background also brought a new wave of opinions and views which due to social bias were at times resentful and aggressive. Over the time these writers emerged as “respectable, reliable, properly qualified wordsmiths” (qtd. in Pal, Disease 3) who depicted a culture that was not considered as mainstream culture.

As indicated by Brannigan, “The gathering of artists known as the Movement and the journalists who were named by the media the Angry Young Men.” (3). Salwak and Koger accept that , “The Angry Young Men originated from regular workers or lower-white collar class foundations and went to colleges yet would not become customary highbrow men of honor” (7). Salwak further comments that, “Their style was particularly not quite the same as the style of the pre-war exploratory books and their method of composing were called practical or presence of mind” (22). Further as indicated by Salwak:

Other than this adjustment in style, they managed: the social disappointments and goals of numerous individuals of that time, including a worry for the state of the working and lower white collar classes after the war; a discontent with the way that the Welfare State had not come too far enough in wiping

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

out outstanding class benefits and disparities; an understood analysis of the British class structure; a dislike for the benefit rationale; a joke of the old bases of profound quality and of any sort of generous living; and a despising of all types of self importance. (23)

As a junior History instructor at a common Redbrick University Jim feels out of the place. It is an occupation that he needs to keep, for survival but is on the other hand an appointment he detests. He is surrounded by individuals of the fraternity whom he actually dislikes. He desperately needs to make sure that he does not get into an awkward situation which would lead him to being expelled during the crucial period of his two-year probation. That is the primary reason why he attempts to be on the right side of his superior, Professor Welch, despite the fact that he is a symbol of everything Dixon loathes. Welch is self opinionated dull and pompous. Dixon needs to actually conceal his inner feelings for outward appearances.

Malcolm Bradbury watches: “In many respects the book is a traditional romantic comedy”. Jim as a:

innocent, trapped in someone else’s culture, who always sees that the emperor wears no clothes, receives the comedy’s ancient blessing, good luck and good fortune… Jim is a meritocratic who is lifted by social opportunity out of his familiar Culture into one he cannot accept or indeed understand. (320)

As indicated by Blamires, “Jim Dixon, 'the legend' of Amis' tale, immediately became viewed as an 'original furious youngster of fiction” (220)

Review

Lucky Jim actually brought Amis into the forefront of the literary scene of that time and gave him that instant limelight and renowned elevating him above other Angry Men of that period. Jim Dixon’s battle and rebellion against the moderate foundation and conventions of scholastic England is both interesting and comical.

Besides throwing light on the class conflict and change in social patterns, it also is an interesting insight into the character of an unconventional hero. Walter Allen depicted the ‘new saint’ in his survey of Lucky Jim:

He is intentionally, even scrupulously, clumsy. His face, when not vacant, is set in a growl of irritation. [… ] He is inconsistent with his traditional college degree, however he comes for the most part from a well known college.(52-3).

Kingsley Amis through this work earned his spurs as one of the leading ‘Angry Young Men’ and this parody of false reverence of the white collar class in this work came to be one of the essential signatures of his career of the 1950s. Jim Dixon is a junior speaker of medieval history at a common college and he battles to retain his designation. Jim detests teaching and is not interested in his subject. He seems to be more interested in ingesting lager and mingling with the pretty young ladies of the institute. Jim dislikes his senior Welch, and unfortunately being on the Professor’s right side is an important factor on his holding onto his job in the coming year. This is the simple reason that Jim tries to establish a decent relationship with Professor Welch despite being unhappy with him. Unfortunately he ends up getting involved in one social fiasco or the other creating impediments on the path of a smooth relationship. He is also temporarily involved with the unstable Margaret Peele who is an associate of the professor.

Jim is engaged with many awkward situations throughout the entire academic year and is eventually expelled from his post on account of his atrocious behaviour and actions. So as the name goes Jim is lucky to be offered a well paying job in London and develops a permanent relationship with his lady love Christine whom he cherishes.

Lucky Jim as a representation of British Society

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

Amis acknowledges the assessments that the novel Lucky Jim had been a class-cognizant novel and that it depicted social changes attributed to the social changes in war ravaged England. Amis said that "the social component in what I compose has to a great extent been created by analysts” (68). Patrick Swinden claims that, “the focal character Jim Dixon communicates the essayist's own disappointment and inconvenience with the world” (195). There is also a point of view that Amis’s approach to characters is more of imagination and inventiveness rather than pragmatism as labelled by many a literary analysis. It is further a point of argument about the level of social component present in this work. The portrayal of the class framework and the interactions between Jim with the rest of the characters specifically his personal views and evaluations is actually a reflection of society of that period and the essential purpose of this examination.

That Jim has a working class background and has picked up his education through a Welfare grant is a prominent feature of conflict in this novel. The class framework becomes obvious by his scorn for Academia as a whole and his dislike for scholastic work. He in fact hates Medieval History the subject he has supposed to have specialized in and is especially fond of ingesting brew hardly a respectable pastime for a higher class educationist.

Two of England’s most comical novels written are Amis’s Lucky Jim and P. G. Wodehouse’s Brinkley Manor/Right-Ho, Jeeves. The two novels have almost nothing in common except Gussie Fink-Nottle’s drunken awarding of the prizes at Market Snodsbury Grammar School and Dixon’s drunken “Merrie England” address at the end of Lucky Jim. Both Gussie and Jim imbibe alcohol to give them courage to face the ordeal of addressing an audience. Amis probably needs to give Wodehouse credit for the idea of having a character deliver a speech while intoxicated and making it one of the most comical highlights of his works. One can easily compare him to Wodehouse because both were class depictions of that time. Here lies the difference wherein Amis was more into projection of underclass resentment Wodehouse chose a gentler path. While it is quite clear that the British gentry went downhill in terms of status after the First World War. Wodehouse still projected Bertie Wooster the Woolly- headed upper class gentleman as an amiable soul though well heeled and an elite as somebody one took an immediate liking. There was no controversy connected to strains of social class and in fact Jeeves his man was more intelligent and informed.

Amis himself calls attention to that, “the British pronunciation consistently recommends one's topographical which the social beginning is most importantly. Jim's level northern complement and his monetary circumstance the two of them put up to the supposition that he doesn't originate from the centre or the high society.” (9) Jim has difficulty balancing his expenses and setting up financial priorities. His expenses on brew and cigarettes over take expenses on essential necessities. He in fact has difficulty procuring a new pair of pants after damaging the one in use. Amis cited that, “the incongruity is that, unfilled lager bottles speak to Jim's just certain technique for setting aside cash” (155). The average types of working class diversion, for example, school balls, are an exercise in futility and useless expenditure for Jim.

The Welch family consider themselves as higher in the local scholastic circle. Mr. Welch is at a senior position in the History Department at the commonplace college. Mrs. Welch's occupation isn’t refereed to on this novel; however it is obvious that she has a better source of income than her husband. They have two children of whom Bertrand is a pompous, self opinionated snob who actually hides under the farce of being an artist for art’s sake. He looks down upon Jim and is habitual to monopolise conversations and dominate gatherings. Amis’s presentation of the Welchs is as snobbish show offs who are constantly projecting themselves on a higher sophisticated plane which is actually a farce considering their modest scholarly achievements. This causes Jim to dislike them and their put on airs and sham but he is restrained to react because of the support he needs from Professor Welch to retain his job.

This resentment emerges at times in the narrative and adds to the twists and turns of this story. The Bertrand and Jim struggle eventually ends with Jim emerging triumphant by winning over of Christine and the change of direction towards the end. Jim’s relationship with Margaret can be termed as awkward and uneasy. She is from a higher social status and indicates this with her flashy

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

conduct also though might wanting to be increasingly alluring and engaging, never succeeds and just can't understand it. Margaret wears refined garments – particularly the semi velvet shoes – and applies makeup too vigorously (Amis, p. 43), but needs refinement. This is a similar trait she shares with the Welches who also make attempts to be viewed as increasingly refined.

Her attempts to control and dominate Jim are distinctively visible in their interaction. At the ball, when Gore-Urquhart shows up on the scene, Margaret grovels upon him (Amis, p. 121) and her general conduct is fairly base.

Christine's uncle Gore-Urquhart is definitely a symbol of a privileged lifestyle and is no doubt upper class. He is old school and his propriety in conducting himself perplexes Jim because of neverbeen acquainted to a man of quality of that kind. This was apparent at the ball when Gore Urquhart stood up when others joined him at his table. Jim is fascinated by Urquhart’s lack of airs and distancing himself from the phony aspects of social distinction. He is basically a wealthy arts patron and humane and understanding and somehow has a feeling in depth for Jim’s emotions and cynicism of the snobbish atmosphere of the so called scholarly world. There is one all the more intriguing thing about Gore-Urquhart: he has a solid Lowland-Scottish pronunciation (Amis, p. 109). This is indicative that despite of the fact that Gore-Urquhart is an individual from the high society he needs to be recognized by the English high brow society. Jim encounters Urquhart at Welch's gathering of refined and educated gentry at the week end where party-melodies, play recitations are part of the social distractions (Amis, p. 23). The Welch’s attempt to flaunt their social and intellectual status is on display and a few columnists are also expected at this gathering. Jim who is socially gauche is ill at ease at such occasions and is is involved only because of his compulsion to please Welch and hold on to his employment. His ability to sing melody or read music is doubtful and he is in it this whole gathering for reasons mentioned above and at hearts of heart yearns for an alcoholic refreshment to build up courage to face this predicament. Jim's associate Margaret is too stressed to even consider accompanying him to the bar and leaving the gathering. However Jim persists and ends up getting drunk without ant thought about the repercussions. The distinction between the “straightforward” Jim (in the gathering) and the so called “advanced” Welch’s is evident and perfectly clear during this gathering.

Right from the beginning Jim accepts the fact that he should attempt his best to retain his post at the college as he has no likelihood of landing another position, however he cannot hide the fact that he hates his job and his boss. Later in the work Jim openly acknowledges his dislike for Welch and his overbearing family and is vocal on this issue (Amis, p. 227). The Professor in his study of British History glorifies the triumphs of medieval England and tends to live on the past pinnacles of the British Empire. His general feelings for the past historic achievements of England are not shared by Jim who a represents the changing social scenario of the 1950s and rather dwells in those present times.

His lack of dedication to his so called subject of calling is visible when on his dismissal from the college he just collects some references and notes and ignores tomes connected to medieval History (Amis, p. 230). In fact Jim clarifies and confides in his colleague Beesley the reason for his choice of medieval history as a subject for higher education was connecting it to the easiest way of obtaining a college degree. It wasn’t surprising that the publishing of Lucky Jim antagonised W. Somerset Maugham who considered it, “such an assault on the college establishment was without a doubt rude and merited the analysis. The circumstance or conditions mirrors the truth of the British post-war instructive framework, when the less splendid understudies were admitted to college and along these lines could get a degree, despite the fact that they didn't merit it. Jim’s partner Beesley is disappointed with this circumstance and scrutinizes the specialists, which lean toward amount to quality”(170). This was not only an analysis of the lower quality of the understudies and their poor accomplishment in the field of higher education, the portrayal of Welch as a head of educational division speaks volumes about the quality of the existing so called educated elite. Jim himself contemplates on the state of affairs and wonders about how Welch with no illuminating qualities is able to achieve the leadership of the History department.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

The various methods adopted by Amis to belittle the white collar scholarly establishment class are incongruity and parody. There are numerous models which can be found all through the content. The way Bertrand is mocked for his loud pretentious behaviour due to his assumed superiority resulting from a privileged birth and upbringing. Jim’s relationship with Urquhart is actually based upon a common feeling of contempt for the so called strictures of polite society. In fact the doctor is quite enamoured by this frank young man that he decides to offer employment to him. Jim’s dislike for Welch and his making faces throughout the work and especially in context with the Professor is primarily to illustrate that unhappiness. The scene when Jim meets Welch before the library door, which the Professor can't open, is amazingly strange. Furthermore, Jim watches the remaining parts of an egg-yolk on Welch's tie, which adds to the image of Welch's ungainliness and idiocy (172).

The Movement creators communicated their abhorrence for things foreign and such sentiments can be seen in Lucky Jim. Morrison clarifies that, ‘little Englandism’ because of the post-war socio-political atmosphere, when the British Empire steadily disintegrated and the administration concentrated principally on the recuperation from the Second World War” (60). Jim holds in contempt the way that Welch’s children have French names just because of a feeling that this makes them special and socially superior. It is referred to in the novel that, “when the perusing of an Anouilh's play is on the program at the Welch’s specialty end of the week, Jim needs to suffer it and later on asks why French and not an English writer were picked” (44).

Post war England was passing through a social change of which Jim Dixon’s education was a result. As mentioned earlier He emerged as a lecturer through these changes in educational policies to help the lower classes and was aided by welfare and grants. He was casual in his attitude and wasn’t too keen on his subject medieval History. He was despite hating his superiors and the system just carrying on because of not being able to find anything better to do. His resentment and unhappiness towards Professor Welch and his family was the bone of contention and is actually the central theme of social conflict in this work. The “lucky” part is his able to find a superior calling and finding love with Christine. What makes this particular novel interesting and readable is Amis’s comical undertone which keeps us amused and engaged.

This new age of Scholars with modest backgrounds were propelled into the educated classes and were known as the "Angry Young Men". England was gradually recovering from the Second World War and the Government reinventing itself with new social systems favouring the underprivileged .Government used welfare and grants to expand the net of education bringing in deserving students from lower classes. The old school educationists and upper class intelligentsia contended that college standards were falling and the new alumni were selfish and ungrateful, despite that the Labour Government continued these steps which were really a social-change enactment. The post-war economy was in shatters. As per Marwick, “England had huge obligations and the time of gravity was not finished at this point. Joblessness arrived at a pinnacle of 800,000 of every 1947 and apportioning endured up to the 1950s” (19). Kingsley Amis accepts that, “Irate men just as others had barely any chances to land positions in the post-war time and that is the reason Jim remains at the college – essentially in view of monetary need” (26).

The epic Lucky Jim definitely mirrors the post-war social structure in Britain in spite of Amis's obliquely but not directly projecting it. The Division of society into social classes and their attributes can be shown by the characters of Jim Dixon (lower class), the Welch’s and Margaret (upper middle or working class), and Gore-Urquhart (high society or elite). These systems of class distinction are apparently visible in the interactions of Jim, the Welch family, Margaret and Urquhart in the context of the scholarly world.

The Scrutiny of Dissent in Lucky Jim

The subject of whether Jim is really an irate man is in reality based on his unhappiness with Professor Welch and the socially alien system he has to fall in line with in order to retain employment. Despite the fact that Jim is neither interested in the subject he teaches nor has a liking for his students or colleagues he still needs his emoluments as jobs in post war England were scarce. The entire Welch

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

family and their superior social airs is a major factor for Jim’s contempt and despise of the scholarly class. Unfortunately his circumstances of being dependant on Professor Welch to retain employment are his major cause for angst. Outrage with the prevailing system and social set up is the most prominent emotion of the ‘furious youngsters’ of that time including Jim. The annoyance and discord in Jim’s social struggle emerging every now and again can be termed as a class opposition and is in concordance with Collins English Dictionary's definition that the ‘furious youngsters’ expressed “threatening vibe towards the built up conventions and administering components” of Britain (Collins dictionary.com). Jim’s displeasure is chiefly aimed at the Welch’s who insist on clinging to obsolete social conventions and exaggerated snobbish qualities solely to keep up a show of high economic wellbeing and status. This social dissent expressed is the central theme of Lucky Jim.

REFERENCES

1. Allsop, Kenneth. The Angry Decade: A Survey of the Cultural Revolt of the Nineteen- Fifties.1958. London: Peter Owen Limited, 1964. Print. 2. Amis, Kingsley. Lucky Jim. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 1984. Print. 3. Barnhart, Robert K, ed. The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. New York:HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. 4. Blamires, Harry. 1986. Twentieth-Century English Literature. London: PalgraveMacmillan. Print. 5. Blanden, Jo, and Stephen Machin. “Educational Inequality and the Expansion of UK Higher Education.” Scottish Journal of Political Economy 51.2, 2004: 230-249. 6. Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1984. Print. 7. Socialism and the Intellectuals. London: Fabian Society, 1957. Print. 8. Boliver, Vikki. “Expansion, Differentiation, and the Persistence of Social Class Inequalities in British Higher Education.” High Education 61.3 (2010): 229-242. 9. Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern British Novel. London: Penguin Books.1994. Print. 10. Brannigan, John. Literature, Culture and Society in Postwar England, 1945-1965.Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. 2002. 11. Eastman, John K. “Dissimilar Discourses: The Realism of Amis’s Conversations in Lucky Jim.” Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 2 (1989): 43-51. 12. Hutton, Alexander. “Literature, Criticism and Politics in Early New Left, 1956-62.” Twentieth Century British History 27.1 (2016): 51-75. 13. Leader, Zachary. “Movement Fiction and Englishness.” The Cambridge Quarterly 42.3 (Sept.2013): 247-268. 14. “Friendship, Social Class and Art in Powell and Amis.” Essays in Criticism 63.1 (2013): 29-50. 15. Nayar, Pramod K. An Introduction to Cultural Studies. New Delhi: Viva Vooks, 2008. 16. Pal, Virender. “Unlearning at White Settlers’ Schools; Erasure of Identity and Shepherding the Indian into Christian Fold: A Study of Shirley Sterling’s My Name is Seepeetza.” Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 9.1 (2017): 195-2015. 17. “The Prodigal Sons of Africa Proselytized to Christianity: Cultural Renegades and Apostates in Achebe’s Novels.” Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 10.2 (2018): 148- 157. 18. “Disease, Dislocation and Deprivation in Louise Erdrich’s The Birchbark House: Exposing the White Lies of Civilizing Discourse. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 11.2 (July-September 2019): 1-11. 19. Prokop, Vladimír. Overview of 20th century world literature. Sokolov: O.K. - Soft. 2003. 20. Salwak, Dale and Grove Koger.. “Kingsley Amis” in Notable British Novelists,Volume 1. Carl Rollyson (Ed.). Pasadena: Salem Press, 2001 pp. 6-20. 21. Spencer, Stephanie. Gender, Work and Education in the 1950s. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005 22. Swinden, Patrick. The English Novel of History and Society, 1940–80. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 1984. 23. Wilson, Edmund. The Bit between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950-1965. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1966. Print.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 828-836

24. Womack, Kenneth. Postwar Academic Fiction. New York: Palgrave.2002. 25. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York. East West Press Pvt. Ltd., 2009. Print. 26. Taylor, John Russel. Anger and After: A Guide to the New British Drama. 1962. London: Methuen, 1969. Print.