sign in sign up
<<
Home , Rhododendron, Rhododendron maximum

SUMMER 2004, VOLUME 5, ISSUE 3

NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE SOCIETY

Native Plant to Know

Rosebay

by Kevin Kavanagh

Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest, tucked away inside the Nantahala National Forest RANTON of ’s Appalachian G

Mountains, is one of those RIGITTE North American pil- B grimages that all botanists should make at least once in ILLUSTRATION BY their lives.As a graduate student in for- est ecology, I had read about it in the scientific literature, one of the best examples of an old-growth ‘cove’ forest on the continent: massive tulip (Lirio- dendron tulipifera) more than 500 old, east- ern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) rivalling their large elliptic forming a delicate pat- Appalachian chain.Although hardy in eastern their west-coast tern against the bright yellows of overstorey Canadian gardens, Rhododendron maximum rainforest cousins tulip trees in peak autumn coloration.Along does not penetrate naturally into Canada. in size and age, mountain streams, the trails wove in among While there are historical accounts from and, along the expansive rhododendron thickets that in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova streams, dense under- places more than 10 metres (30 feet) over- Scotia, none of them, to my knowledge, have storey stands of rosebay head on gnarled stems (trunks!), the largest of been authenticated. (Rhododendron maximum) forming a dark which were close to 30 centimetres (one foot) In its native range, rosebay rhododendron canopy overhead. in diameter. (also known as great-laurel or great rhododen- To call it a canopy is not embellishment. I set The range extends from dron) thrives along cool, moist streams in the up my tent under - not beside - a tangled grove State and New England southward to northern shade of hemlocks and a rich myriad of hard- of rosebay rhododendrons that rose close to and , principally in the woods. More rarely, it will mix with other rho- seven metres (about 20 feet) high, mountain systems that comprise the dodendron species on moist, exposed, high

Continued on page 12 The Blazing Star is... From the Editor…

The Blazing Star is published quarterly The North American Native Plant Society NANPS and the preservation of our native (April,August, November, February) by would like to welcome a new board member, flora by joining the Board of Directors. the North American Native Plant Society Jenn Reader, an ecologist specializing in flora Our annual plant sale was the usual great (NANPS). Contact [email protected] for identification (that could come in handy dur- success despite cool damp weather. We appre- editorial deadlines and for advertising ing field trips!) and native plant community ciate the contribution of all volunteers – thank rates. The views expressed herein are those assessment. Her impressive list of credentials you to everyone who participated and every- of the authors and not necessarily those includes volunteering as an ecological con- one who came out to shop.A special note of of NANPS. sultant in a protected dry tropical forest in gratitude to Constance Gardner who gener- The North American Native Plant Society Ecuador. ously contributed a carload of native to is dedicated to the study, conservation, Of course we still need more board mem- our sale. cultivation and restoration of North bers.Anyone is welcome to stand for election Monica Dennis, with the help of Donna America’s native flora. at the upcoming annual general meeting.All McGlone and many other board members, you need is enthusiasm about native plants. organized the spring tour to the Kawarthas. Spring 2004 Please consider making your contribution to Many thanks for a job well-done. Volume 5, Issue 3

Editor: Irene Fedun Production: Bea Paterson ELVEY K C

© North American Native Plant Society M

Images © the photographers and illustra- ARCIE D tors, text © the authors.All rights reserved.

North American Native Plant Society, formerly Canadian Wildflower Society, HOTOGRAPH COURTESY is a registered charitable society, no. P 130720824. Donations to the society are tax-creditable in Canada. Shining Woods and Environs Trip

NANPS Membership: CAN$10/ within SATURDAY,SEPTEMBER 25, 2004 lives, botanizes, birds and gardens in the vicin- Canada, US$10 year outside Canada (NANPS Members only) ity. Our tour will also include a visit to other After a wildly successful spring trip to visit a areas of interest in Norfolk County, in the Please make cheques and money orders native plant cottage garden and prairie restora- heart of Ontario's Carolinian Zone. Due to payable to North American Native Plant tion in the Kawarthas, NANPS is offering a fall the environmental sensitivity of the woods, Society and mail to P.O. Box 84, Station D, trip to celebrate our 20th Anniversary. numbers will be limited. Book early to reserve Etobicoke, Ontario M9A 4X1. Join us for the first-ever public tour of your your spot! Telephone: (416) 631-4438. E-mail: society's remarkable and fragile nature reserve We will be leaving by chartered bus (large, [email protected]: www.nanps.org. in Norfolk County. Through the generosity of with water closet) from the parking lot of the an anonymous donor, the society purchased Toronto Botanical Garden, at the southwest Board of Directors: the land in 1994, to preserve its rare Carolin- corner of Leslie Street and Lawrence Avenue Honorary President: James A. French ian species including Canada's only indige- East in Toronto. The bus leaves at 8 AM sharp. President: Deborah Dale nous - the "Cucumber Tree", For further information, e-mail excur- Vice President: Darcie McKelvey (Magnolia acuminata). [email protected]. Tom Atkinson will answer Treasurer: Kathy Edgar The tour leader will be Mark Bacro who your inquiries. Please be brief and specific. Secretary: Barb O’Malley Grif Cunningham Irene Fedun NANPS 20th Anniversary AGM Martin Field Feng Gao SATURDAY,OCTOBER 2, 2004 – 10AM – 4PM Memorial Conservation Awards, our fall plant Miriam Henriques Markham Civic Centre sale, seminars and speakers, including former Howard Meadd Highway 7 and Warden president Larry Lamb.A limited number of Jenn Reader Markham, Ontario $40 tickets for a special luncheon in honour Cornelius Sommer The North American Native Plant Society of the society’s founders are now available. (formerly the Canadian Wildflower Society) Reserve your seat by contacting will be celebrating its 20th Anniversary start- [email protected] please bring ing this fall. Join us for a special event to be your extra native plants to sell. held in Markham where it all began. High- Join us to celebrate two decades of lights include presentation of the Paul McGaw commitment to native plant conservation.

2NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 Sowing the

by Irene Fedun bricks around the outside shelf, added clay a sharp-shinned hawk bathing in the pond, a as a low-nutrient substrate and finally, fox drinking from it and fireflies hovering Although developers are continually seeking dumped sand along the sides and bottom as around it at night. new ways to carve up the wilderness around a growing medium for marginal and aquatic A bird-watcher and -gazer since him, Howard Meadd quietly goes about the plants. Apart from the few ornamental grass- childhood, Howard’s reasons for growing work of preserving his own wild haven in es Howard put in early on and now wants to native plants are two-fold. He loves the Scarborough, Ontario. remove, his pond is home to a constantly plants and the whole process of watching On 1/10 of a hectare (1/4 acre) just min- changing palette of native flowering plants: them grow from seed. But he also loves the utes from Highway 401, Howard grows over bright yellow marsh marigold (Calthra wildlife native vegetation attracts. He reports 250 native plant species, many of them start- palustris), blue flag (Iris versicolor), great having observed 30 different species of but- ed from seed. Though he deplores the devel- blue lobelia (Lobelia syphilitica), hairy wil- terflies in his yard and 80 species of birds. opment – the kind of short-sighted thinking low-herb (Epilobium hirsutum), Joe-pye- Not to mention the dragonflies and other that decimated nearby Collins Woods to weed (Eupatorium maculatum), the low- insects. build Collins Woods Homes – Howard res- growing sweet gale (Myrica gale) and The animals recognize Howard’s efforts to cues as many plants as he can before the white water lily (Nymphaea odorata). The make his property as friendly as possible and bulldozers move in. only disappointment so far has been cardinal they reciprocate. In his early days there, He takes pleasure in the wild areas that (Lobelia cardinalis) which did not sur- Howard would watch birds alight upon a seem secure for now, like the woodlot across vive the winter. dead elm tree (Ulmus sp.) left standing in his the street where toothworts (Dentaria spp.), Howard will continue to add plants and backyard and deposit their droppings full of baneberries (Actaea rubra) and purple make modifications to the pond. The origi- into the bed below. Thanks to the birds trilliums (Trillium erectum) grow. In his nal waterfall is no longer functioning he now has American mountain ash (Sorbus neighbourhood he carefully collects seeds to because he had to lower the water level. He’d americana), hobblebush (Viburnum lan- give away (the NANPS Seed Exchange is one love to reinstate the little falls since song- tanoides), alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus lucky recipient) or start in pots for future birds (even the migrants) liked to shower in alternifolia), choke cherries (Prunus virgini- outplanting into his garden. He readily the splashing water. But now that he has ana) and serviceberries (Amelanchier spp.). Squirrels bring in butternuts (Juglans cinerea) and other nuts and plant them too. His parcel of land is large enough that Howard can indulge his affection for trees and as well as his passion for perenni- als (feelings happily shared by his wife). He recently obtained a hackberry (Celtis occiden- talis) from the NANPS sale, a good choice for the city since it is tolerant of pollution. Many other native trees dot his backyard including a black cherry (Prunus serotina) that has seen EADD

M better days but still produces enough to feed local birds and eastern tiger swallowtail OWARD H . The basswood (Tilia americana) produces lots of so the love it, and squirrels strip the bark to make their nests. The old white spruce (Picea glauca)

HOTOGRAPH COURTESY finally fell down last year during a wind P storm. Howard plans to use the branches to Bur Reed and Yellow Pond Lily make a tepee for his kids. Not that Howard is a purist. He leaves the admits that he wants to have anything native young children running around (Ethan is 4, full-grown Siberian crabapple ( bacca- that grows in his bioregion. Ian is 2 and the youngest, Erin, is three ta) in his front yard well enough alone, Upon moving into his home nine years months) Howard has added sand to the knowing that birds appreciate it as a perch ago (when he and his wife Elaine were only pond to make it more of a marsh and less of and nesting location, and animals eat the contemplating starting a family), Howard a potential hazard for his kids. His children fruit. But, he has started a planting on the immediately created a small pond in his are fortunate (although too young to know east side of the crabapple, on the edge of his peripherally-wooded backyard. He dug a it) that this little wetland forms part of their property, that includes a redbud (Cercis hole less than a metre (two feet) deep, in an universe. When the pond was installed, canadensis) started from seed from Edwards approximate two-by-five metre oval (seven garter snakes moved into Howard’s back- Gardens in Toronto, a mapleleaf viburnum feet by 16 feet), put in a rubber liner, put yard. Over the years his family has observed (Viburnum acerifolium) with Rouge River

NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 3 Valley seed, a pawpaw (Asimina triloba) from the NANPS Plant Sale and a small witch- hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). With this odd tree/shrub combination, Howard plans to create a hedge. At the road’s edge is one of Howard’s early

endeavours, a native prairie planted because, EADD Howard claims, he didn’t want to be mowing M

the ditch. It’s a perfect place for a prairie, OWARD H sunny and sandy (the region was originally a barrens much like High Park in Toronto). The seed source of many of the plants here is the Ojibway Prairie in Windsor, Ontario: tall HOTOGRAPH COURTESY

sunflowers (Helianthus giganteus), tall core- P opsis ( tripteris), culver’s root Howard Meadd’s prairie garden by roadside (Veronicastrum virginicum), moun- tain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) and over the winter. so as his own native plants multiply. others. To those he added purchases from He continues to experiment, establishing Despite the tree-felling and earth-flatten- the NANPS Plant Sale and rescues from the all manner of native plant communities. A ing development around him, Howard neighbourhood: the incredibly tall cup plant woodland garden incorporates trees and maintains his own little wilderness, modestly (Silphium perfoliatum) whose leaves cup shrubs as well as familiar spring ephemerals contributing to the preservation of our around the stout stalk and collect rainwater such as bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), native flora. for small birds and insects to drink, sky blue, spring beauty (Claytonia virginica) and New England and heath asters (Aster laevis, Irene Fedun is the editor of the Blazing Star. mitrewort (Mitella diphylla). In a boggy sec- A. novae-angliae and A. ericoides), and clasp- tion near the house Howard grows enor- ing-leaved dogbane (Apocynum sibiricum) mous ostrich ferns (Matteuccia which sends out runners everywhere like Calendar of Events struthiopteris), Virginia waterleaf common milkweed ( syriaca) and (Hydrophyllum virginianum) and Elliott’s is similarly difficult to control. Other plants goldenrod (Solidago elliotii) which was come from up north like the wavy-leaved October 1-3, 2004 "growing just up the block". Beneath the aster (Aster undulatus), uncommon in GARDENS OF DIVERSITY, downspout, the rich blue bottle gentian Ontario. Many of the over 100 plants here GROWING ACROSS CULTURES (Gentiana andrewsii) has settled in happily. were started from seed. American Community Gardening Although none of his neighbours have Of course, when he first started growing Association Conference followed his example, no one has com- native plants Howard knew nothing about Toronto, Ontario plained about Howard’s wild yard. And the stratifying seeds. After some less-than-satis- Visit www.communitygarden.org for details. city crews have learned not to mow the ditch factory results, he got advice from Martin in front of his property. Galloway, host of HGTV’s Secret Life of October 2, 2004 His established gardens need little care – Gardens and read Lorraine Johnson’s book NANPS 20TH ANNIVERSARY AGM after the first season Howard does not water on propagation entitled 100 Easy-to-Grow Markham Civic Garden Centre, them, although weeding is necessary. Alien Native Plants for Canadian Gardens Markham, Ontario plants like garlic mustard (Alliaria officianalis), (Random House, 1999). Now he has germi- For further information see ad must be controlled, if not eradicated. This on page two of this newsletter. nation success with most of the plants he year, he’s going to try and smother it with sows. One difficult-to-germinate plant, black branches from the white spruce. October 5-7, 2004 snakeroot (Cimicifuga racemosa), has never Watchful of the changes in the wilderness 1ST DRY PRAIRIE CONFERENCE grown for him despite repeated efforts. community around his home, Howard knows Sebring, Florida Howard keeps most of his seeded pots on when natural systems are being disrupted and Sponsored by the Florida Center his back deck even through the winter. The does what he can to correct abuses. Centennial for Environmental Studies – only problem he’s encountered is that squir- Creek, which once flowed on the opposite side http://www.ces.fau.edu/fdpc/. rels will spread the seeds around by running of the street, is now only an intermittent over the pots. And they do find the nuts – stream due to construction of subdivisions. October 13-16, 2004 but they often bury them somewhere in the 31ST NATURAL AREAS CONFERENCE The Toronto Region Conservation Authority garden and forget about them. Moisture-lov- Emerging Issues: Possibilities and Perils has built a small wetland (with dams includ- ing plants such as spicebush (Lindera ben- Chicago, ed) as a storm control measure at one end and zoin) are the ones that require a bit more For more info: planted a few natives. Howard has started care. Howard places the seeds in a plastic bag http://64.92.126.53/03conference/2004conf.htm. adding to the planting and will continue to do with moist soil and leaves them in the fridge

4NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 Georgia Acid Lovers

by Kay E. Stephenson smaller.Also known as sorrel-tree, sour gum, edge of a wooded area. Expect properly sited or elk tree, its are an important source plants to reach a height and spread of eight In the Piedmont Plateau of north and cen- of in some areas.A slow grower, sour- feet (2 1/2 metres) or more. Especially in tral Georgia, between one-third and one-half wood is native throughout the south, south- warm climates, it is important to ensure the of the soils are clayey, with the balance consist- east, mid-Atlantic and eastern mid-west plants are shaded from afternoon sun. ing of gray sand. More importantly, the states. quercifolia is native to only a underlying rock causes the soil to be acidic.A small region of the southeast, but adapts well OAKLEAF HYDRANGEA test of the acidity of lawns in Georgia con- Oakleaf hydrangea’s pale gray-green leaves to gardens outside its range, even as far north ducted in 1984 found that 30% had a pH of emerge in early spring, and are soon followed as Ontario. However, Michael Dirr, a well- 5.4 or below (strongly acidic), 28% were by large, creamy, cone-shaped flower clusters. known horticultural author from the Univer- between 5.5 and 5.9 (moderately acidic) and (Unlike with some such as H. sity of Georgia, tells us to expect some dieback only 42% fell in the range of 6.0 and above macrophylla, the soil pH does not affect the and winter kill of flower with extended (slightly acidic). Natural soil acidification has colour of the flowers.) As the blossoms age, temperatures of minus 20 degrees F (–29C). been accelerated by acid rain. It is clear why they shift from light pink through rosy tones MOUNTAIN LAUREL LATIFOLIA learning about acid-loving plants is a smart to a final tan. These clusters hang onto the This shrub can be difficult to trans- investment here. plant well into late fall and early winter. The plant, but once established in a proper site SOURWOOD OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM leaves, large and, obviously, reminiscent of oak with moist well-drained acid soil (4.5 to 5.5 In 2004, the member- pH) and part shade to full sun (consider a ship of the Georgia north or east-facing slope, which limits the Native Plant Society afternoon sun for southern climates), mature (GNPS) chose sour- plants can reach five to 12 feet 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 wood as the plant of metres) tall with a similar spread. the year.A small to One of the more picturesque names for this medium-sized tree, evergreen shrub is calico bush. It has pink- sourwood provides edged white blossoms produced in terminal multi-season interest. clusters four to six inches (10 to 15 centime- After the usual tres) across, creating an image reminiscent of spring show of flow- calico fabrics. ering trees and Mountain laurel is extremely toxic in all its shrubs, sourwood parts to humans and livestock and other ani- offers its pretty sum- mals. In fact, one study suggests that when mer blooms – cas- eaten by pheasants the poison is communicat- cades of white ed to those who feed on the birds. bell-shaped flowers. PIEDMONT RHODODENDRON CANESCENS These flowers give There are 13 species of

Oxydendrum ORDELL C native to Georgia.Additionally, due to overlap arboreum one of its ARIA of distribution and blooming season, we see many common M many interspecific hybrids along with intro- names, the lily-of-the- gression. (Introgression occurs when a hybrid valley tree. One of the back breeds with one parent species only first trees to begin the resulting in plants that generally look like one

fall colour show, it HOTOGRAPH COURTESY P species but have some genes of the other). continues to offer Sourwood This can make species identification a chal- interest well into the lenge. winter.Attractive One of our most stunning natives is pied- fruit, which matures during September and leaves, turn to rich , purples and bur- mont azalea (Rhododendron canescens). The October, remain on the tree to disperse seed gundies in late fall and often remain on the earliest- blooming of the native azaleas from the open throughout the winter. plant through November and early December. (March and April), this deciduous shrub is Sourwood possesses a distinctive bark that is In winter, as the blossoms and foliage finally well-known for its vivid display of pink or gray, tinged with red, deeply fissured, with fall, the branch structure is accented by white, fragrant, clustered blooms. It is some- narrow, scaly ridges especially at the base. colourful exfoliating bark. times misnamed as wild honeysuckle, but our Though the tree has been known to reach 60 If planted in moist, well-drained, acid soil piedmont azalea has little in common with the feet (18 metres), and one rare specimen found in part to full shade, these plants are drought- west-coast native.You may also find this plant in 1982 in Vinton County, was measured tolerant once established. They work well in a listed as the Florida pinxter azalea, and though at 75 feet (23 metres), generally it is much shrub border, as a specimen or massed at the

NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 5 typically considered a southern species, it is hardy enough to see wider landscape use. Commonly available from native plant nur- , this showy plant is often rejected by other nurseries in the belief that gardeners will not purchase deciduous azaleas. Rhododendron canescens makes a spectacu- lar show in early spring. The leaves sprout but the blooms appear when the leaves are still a quarter of their mature size.A mature plant can be expected to grow to 10 feet (three metres) and more with an upright habit. Rich, moist, acid soil in light shade but with some ORDELL

direct sun, or high filtered shade (under tall C

trees, at the forest edge and on stream banks), ARIA offers the ideal environment. M When attempting to rescue these plants, it is important to know that the root system is not deep, but includes many far-reaching lat- HOTOGRAPH COURTESY

eral runners. Saving as many of these runners P as possible is critical to success.Also, local Mountain Laurel () experts recommend soaking the plants overnight in a tub of water to counteract shock, and reducing the foliage by one-third hill that was covered in the one- to two-foot entrance for insects. Inside the flower, small prior to transplanting. This can be done by (30-60-centimetre) tall plants under high hairs "direct" the insects (usually bees) where clipping every third in the cluster or by dappled shade. For the home landscape, to go, but some never make it out. If they removing the tips of all leaves – a daunting ensure well-drained acid soil – down to 4.5 pH manage to follow the hairs they are sent process with larger plants. – and at least partial sun. through a very narrow passage, where they are Pretty, bell-shaped, green-cream to pinkish coated in before exiting the plant. LOW-BUSH BLUEBERRY VACCINIUM PALLIDUM flowers appear in early spring.Around the Here in Georgia where the plant is protect- Hillside or low-bush blueberry grows natu- same time, an important pollinator in our ed, we need a special permit to rescue them rally throughout the eastern and north-cen- region, the southeastern blueberry , when they are threatened by development.A tral United States and Ontario, and the fruit is appears.A local botanist tells me that this bee good deal of debate has arisen around meth- valuable food for many small birds and mam- "pollinates 100% of Carolina jessamine ods for digging then up.According to orchid mals. Though the berries are sweet and can be () and a wide variety expert and GNPS member David Mellard, used in pies and jellies, they ripen over a long of other native plants. Since the drastic decline "When rescuing C. acaule, the one thing you period of time, making collection in quantity of wild and domesticated honeybees, those should do is leave your shovel at home. Like a chore. Native Americans dried the berries plants in my yard that bloomed before the ear- the spokes of a wheel, the roots of C. acaule and pounded them together with strips of liest blueberries don't get pollinated." (In grow horizontally in the decaying pine duff venison to season their pemmican. some regions of the United States up to 90% microclimate." Using your hands it is easy to I recently rescued a number of these plants of the honeybee population is gone due pri- locate the roots – up to 18 inches (45 centime- from a site under development in Snellville, marily to the introduction of a parasitic mite. tres) from the centre. Slide a three-pronged Georgia. Like the piedmont azalea, this low- The use of pesticides and, in the Southwest, trowel under the roots and loosen them. Once growing shrub sends out many longer runner invasion by African species have contributed they are loosened, you should again use your roots. It is important to preserve as much of to the decline.) hands to move under the root system and gen- this root system as possible. Despite care in tly lift. (Editor’s note: Never dig plants out of PINK LADY’S SLIPPER collection and the overnight soaking method the wild unless they are threatened with mentioned above, by day two I was doubtful A dramatic native orchid is the pink lady’s slipper or moccasin flower, found in acid destruction and always obtain permission from that any of the shrubs would survive. So, I the property owners and the proper authorities.) pruned the plants hard and they have all re- woods, often near pines. It prefers full shade to partial sun with moist, very acidic soil. As for creating the proper environment to sprouted.A tip for novices: do not give up eas- receive these plants, David adds "probably the ily. Vaccinium pallidum can be pruned Blooms first appear in mid-spring and can continue for over a month. The common most important thing is to plant the roots severely, so that a few stems and no leaves are horizontally on the surface, cover them with left and they will come back quickly.A few names given to C. acaule by the natives and white settlers offer clues to the unusual shape compost, and – this is critical - water them months later mine are shaping up as healthy with vinegar (two ounces of vinegar per gal- specimens. of the dark pink flower which has a deep cleft in the centre. The cleft is actually a one-way lon of water or 6 millilitres to 3.8 litres) The site of this rescue included a dry sandy throughout the growing season." Failure to

6NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 transplant successfully is typically due to two Alberta it is "vulnerable". It is still quite Kay E. Stephenson is a transplant to Georgia factors: root damage and planting in a soil that numerous in where it has from the St. Lawrence River valley. She serves on is insufficiently acidic. In the past, many been adopted as the state wildflower. The the board of the Georgia Native Plant Society believed that lady’s slippers needed to be dug myth that it is illegal to harvest or dig these where she combined her passion for plants with with lots of soil to capture required micro- flowers in that state persists – a good thing her experience in high-tech marketing and a organisms not present elsewhere. However, since this has most likely contributed to the desire to learn about natives, and turned her more recent research has shown that the nec- security of the population. hand to public relations for the society. essary micro-organisms bond to the roots, so This article just skims the surface of acid- bare root collection works fine. loving plants in Georgia.A dip into the Oke- The Georgia Native Plant Society has active con- The pink lady’s slipper can be found in the fenokee Swamp would yield roughly 600 servation, restoration and education programs, foothills and mountains of Alabama, Georgia, species of plants thriving in an extraordinarily and only takes plants from the wild that are , adjacent , and acid environment, with an average pH value of threatened with destruction. Some plants are North Carolina, north and west to Alberta. 3.7. This unique ecosystem has been designat- sold and the proceeds sponsor scholarships and The Conservation Status Rank for this stun- ed a National Wilderness Area and remains research targeted at native plant preservation. ning orchid varies from state to state or one of the oldest and best-preserved freshwa- Many of the rescued plants are donated to pub- province to province. In Georgia it is classified ter wetland areas in America. lic restoration projects. as "uncommon but not rare" whereas in

New & Noted

Trees of the Carolinian Forest: A Guide to history is sometimes heartbreaking to read: Biotic Forest Communities of Ontario Species, Their Ecology and Uses "During the nineteenth century it is probable by Norman Duncan Martin and Norma M. by Gerry Waldron (Erin, Ontario: Boston that every accessible mature hemlock in the Martin (Belleville, Ontario: Commonwealth Mills Press, 2003, 275 pages, p.b., $24.95 zone was destroyed solely for its bark" (from Research, 2001, 195 pages, p.b., $10 plus $2 CDN, $19.95 US, ISBN 1-55046-404-3) which tannin was extracted).Waldron then p&h, ISBN 0-9688513-0-4) gives a useful synopsis of how the Carolinian Gerry Waldron has earned his star status in Zone became known as such and discusses Not everyone will be captivated by a sen- Ontario’s botanical circles as the discoverer of some of the confusion related to terminology, tence such as, "Most of the down wood in this three tree species previously unknown in concluding, "if I were king, I would dictate the transect is white pine and red oak of the previ- Canada. (His most recent coup was finding, use of Deciduous Forest Region instead of ous seral stage." But for those who have a keen with Lindsay Rodger and John Ambrose, Carolinian Zone….I wouldn’t be surprised if interest in succession in Ontario, there’s a lot swamp cottonwood, Populus heterophylla,in you disagreed." What follows in this first sec- of information in this compact book, which is Lambton County.) tion of the book is a discussion of plant com- based on the authors’ life study of the In this extraordinary book Waldron shares munities and some of the challenges of province’s forest dynamics. Basic communi- his extensive knowledge of the Carolinian for- restoration in the Carolinian Zone. ties are identified, divided into upland com- est of southern Ontario—a region that II is set up like a field guide, devot- munities such as poplar-birch, jack pine, and extends from Windsor to Toronto. His writing ing two pages each to 73 Carolinian tree sugar maple-beech, and bottomland commu- achieves that elusive of qualities, managing to species, from black ash to witch-hazel.Along nities such as black spruce-tamarack, black be both rigorously precise and poetically with drawings (leaf, twig, flower, fruit and ash-silver maple, and white cedar.A basic expansive. His enthusiasm for the subject mature form) and a range map, the descrip- description of these communities’biotic com- comes through on every page, whether he’s tion for each species includes introductory position is provided, with an emphasis on tree discussing a deep cultural veneration of trees text and sections on habitat; wildlife value; species, breeding birds, and small mammals, ("Trees germinate in our subconscious, grow wood; propagation, culture and use; prob- and with reference to shrubs, herbs, insects, through our memories and emerge as charged lems; description; quick check; and largest and fungi. Finally, there’s an analysis of succes- symbols in dreams and art.") or the allelo- Ontario specimen. Peppered throughout are sion. Serious students of Ontario’s forests will pathic effects of black walnut ("One odd thing personal observations. find much of interest in this book’s charts, is that walnut seedlings are susceptible to the The colour photo insert is one of the most tables, graphs, photographs, and descriptions. juglone of their parent, which seems as coun- useful I’ve ever seen—how handy to have (Available from Suite 1107, 2 South Front terproductive as eating your young."). sample leaves from four Populus species Street, Belleville, Ontario K8N 5K7.) The book is divided into two sections. The together in one photo for comparison, and the first part provides a fascinating discussion of samaras of five different ashes, and acorns of the history of the Carolinian Zone, going back 10 different oaks, all in a row! thousands of years through glaciation and This book is a gem. Reviews by Lorraine Johnson plant migrations, then through human impact on the region. Not surprisingly, the

NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 7 Shoreline Restoration in the Kawarthas

by Kristie Virgoe lines.Although re-vegetation using native Coboconk’s Lion’s Park and native grass plants is the primary focus in shoreline species were seeded as well. Shrubs and forbs Only one and a half hours east of Toronto is restoration work, some areas may require used included red osier dogwood (Cornus a beautiful region known as the Kawartha additional support from environmentally stolonifera), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), Lakes.A chain of 15 lakes, they are part of the friendly structures. ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), flowering Trent Severn Waterway system and are naviga- Early in 2003, the City of Kawartha Lakes raspberry (Rubus odoratus), pussy willow ble from east to west via a series of locks oper- presented a challenge to Kawartha Conserva- (Salix caprea), pearly everlasting (Anaphalis ated by Parks Canada. These lakes are a tion’s Shoreline Naturalization Program: margaritacea), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia significant cog in the economic engine of the recreate a healthy shoreline in the village of hirta), and wild bergamot (Monarda fistu- area since clean water, a healthy environment Coboconk. In this small community the losa).When compiling the species list, we con- and good fishing are the main attractions for beaches had been closed for several years run- sidered the merits of each plant.Willows were those who vacation or live here permanently. ning due to high Due to proximity to heavily populated areas, e-coli readings in the pressure from developers for increased the water. It was urbanization is great. Lakeshore residents easy enough to commonly approach landscaping with an determine the urban perspective, so that natural shorelines cause.A large pop- become lawns with retaining walls. ulation of Canada A shoreline encompasses the area upland geese, sometimes from the water’s edge and out into the lake. over 100 birds, This strip, referred to as the ribbon of life, is stayed in the area vital to the health of a lake ecosystem. Seventy for the entire sum- percent of all animals depend on healthy mer defecating on shorelines for access to water, natural corri- the shore and in dors and habitat. In addition, 90% of all the water. The aquatic life depends on a natural healthy geese were attract- shoreline for some part of their life cycle. ed to the mani- As shorelines become more populated by cured lawns humans, much of the native vegetation is lost. because they pro- Unfortunately this exposes the soil to erosion, vide an easy food as the root systems of turf grass do not extend source.What’s

as deep as the root systems of native shrubs, more, geese feel ANDIC wildflowers, grasses and trees. The pesticides secure in open M

and fertilizers used on these lawns eventually areas with low ATALIE N work their way into our lakes. Pesticides often vegetation where kill off valuable aquatic insects, the food there is no place source for many fish. The nutrients in fertili- for predators to zers, especially phosphorous and nitrogen, hide. The area in HOTOGRAPH COURTESY increase the growth of aquatic weeds such as question offered P Eurasian water milfoil (Mirophyllum these birds a buffet A community planting day at Coboconk Lion’s Park Beach in June, 2003. spicatum) and tape grass (Vallisneria ameri- that stretched 180- cana). One pound of phosphorous in the metre (200 yards) water can produce over 200 kilograms (500 long and spanned the entire depth of the park chosen for their strong root systems that stabi- pounds) of aquatic vegetation. These plants (up to 20 metres or 22 yards in some places). lize soil. Dogwoods and other berry-produ- can choke a waterway, degrade habitat, dimin- Our Shoreline Naturalization team devised cing plants provide food for songbirds and ish water quality and decrease property values a site plan that incorporated native wildflow- other wildlife.Wildflowers such as black-eyed very quickly. ers and shrubs within a five-metre (16-foot) Susans create an aesthetically pleasing display The Kawartha Region Conservation Autho- buffer strip stretching along the shoreline. of colour for area residents to enjoy. rity is responsible for over 350 kilometres (200 Buffer strips along lakeshores and wetlands The project progressed during the spring miles) of shoreline along the Trent Severn enhance wildlife habitat and protect water and early summer with the assistance of vol- Waterway.We educate landowners through quality by reducing soil erosion, filtering out unteers from local schools, the community on-site consultations, information workshops sediments in runoff water and absorbing and interest groups such as the Norland Hor- and the creation of demonstration sites. These excess nutrients before they reach the water. In ticultural Society, the Coboconk Girl Guides sites display different shoreline naturalization addition, a natural vegetation buffer creates a and the Victoria Land and Water Stewardship techniques and promote the reintroduction or less desirable habitat for the geese. Over 750 Council.Within weeks, residents were addition of native plants along fragile shore- plants were installed for the buffer strip in expressing their satisfaction with the project.

8NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 Fewer geese were observed in the area. E-coli tation is blocked by the structure. The wall to a natural state. readings of the water were consistently within eventually collects enough water that it starts One of the goals of the Shoreline Natural- the guidelines set by the health unit. Residents to erode.At Riverview Lion’s Park the erosion ization Program is to encourage landowners and visitors to Coboconk were once again able is extensive and poses a threat to spawning to use native plants by showing them how to enjoy the beach area without risk of illness fish. beautiful and functional they can be.Water- due to poor water quality. This project involved the establishment of a ways provide an effective corridor for the Delighted with our success in Coboconk, in five-metre (five-yard) wide buffer strip that spread of seeds, so the more we replace our fall 2003 we identified a potential demonstra- stretches 200 metres (220 yards) along the native flora with non-native plants, the more tion site in the community of Bobcaygeon, at shore. Students from Lindsay Collegiate Voca- likely those plants will out-compete our native the western point of the lock station. The site tional Institute, Sir Sandford Fleming College stock.While the flowers of our native beauties consisted of mowed lawn with a few scattered and area residents have planted over 800 may not be as large or colourful as many trees. This gave fishermen and boaters easy native shrubs and wildflowers. Involving the introduced or hybridized flora, native plants access to the shoreline.Without deep root sys- youth fosters community pride and a sense of are experts at dealing with the weather and tems in place to support the partially exposed soils, the heavy traffic along the shoreline only increased the erosion that was already taking place. Concerns about the effects of this ero- sion on water quality and wildlife habitat were high. Since many fish spawn within the ribbon of life, eroding soils can be a death sentence to the next generation of aquatic life.As loosened soils fall away from the shoreline they can cover the vulnerable eggs and suffocate them before they have a chance to hatch. To limit erosion, more than 600 shrubs and IRGOE wildflowers were planted with the help of vol- V

unteers from Sir Sandford Fleming College RISTIE Ecosystem Management program. The plant- K ing was completed last October and overwin- tered with minimal losses. Many of the shrubs and flowers are already in bloom, and a num- HOTOGRAPH COURTESY ber of baby snapping turtles have been seen in P the area, indicating that wildlife is using the Coboconk Lion’s Park Beach in early July, 2004. site.We hope the plantings around the lakeshore will decrease the compaction of soil (caused by people walking or mooring their ownership as well as providing them with a growing conditions that the Canadian climate boats along the shoreline) as well as improv- unique learning environment. throws at them. They don’t require fertilizers ing water quality and wildlife habitat. Tourists I opted for fruiting plants or plants that will to grow or special sprays to keep the bugs and fishermen are still visiting the area but attract butterflies.While the park does not away. In addition, homegrown plants are they no longer trample the banks to gain offer swimming facilities, many residents exactly what local wildlife need. The colours, access to the water. This is important to spend time there watching birds and other berries, and scents are perfect for attracting improving the condition of the shoreline.As wildlife. The fruiting shrubs such as service- our birds, insects, and other wildlife. Some the roots of the native plants become estab- berry (Amelanchier alnifolia),American elder- plants, such as cattails (Typha spp.), even lished over the next few years, the soils will berry (Sambucus nigra) and highbush improve water quality by absorbing pollutants become more stable. cranberry (Viburnum trilobum) will provide from the water. Overall, native plants improve Our latest demonstration site is Lindsay’s food for songbirds and small mammals, while the health of our environment. Riverview Lion’s Park along the Scugog River. butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa), grey- Here the usual problems exist: drastic erosion headed coneflower (Ratibida pinnata) and Kristie Virgoe is the Shoreline Naturalization and loss of habitat. But this site also poses a wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) will pro- Co-ordinator for the Kawartha Region safety hazard. The removal of native vegeta- vide habitat for butterflies and other insects. Conservation Authority. She is excited about tion that was replaced by a mowed lawn pro- What makes the Lindsay site particularly the community education opportunities of moted erosion. Historic attempts to halt the exciting is that it will link up with another the shoreline restoration program and can erosion included the construction of a log demonstration site further upriver. Nayoro be reached at 705-328-2271 or wall. Unfortunately, time has shown us that Park is scheduled for restoration this fall, [email protected]. hardened shorelines (shorelines with impervi- allowing us to return some 400 metres (440 ous edges) will eventually fail because precipi- yards) of continuous Scugog River shoreline

NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 9 The Ethics of Plant Rescue

by Moralea Milne pal grounds) with often expensive and hard- listed species. Both species are indicative of an to-find native plant material. The participants uncommon vernal wetland ecosystem.A few The Victoria Native Plant Study Group all carefully followed the rules laid out by the of the plants collected were: broad-leaved or (VNPSG) has been at the forefront of the developers and stayed well out of covenanted Pacific stonecrop (Sedum spathufolium), Men- plant rescue movement in British Columbia. areas, glad to know some of the site's natural zies’larkspur (Delphinium menziesii), satin- By negotiating with developers we save native beauty and plant community were protected. I flower (Sisyrinchium douglasii - now plants, even some quite rare ones, from sure did give a moment’s pause to wonder where Olsynium), Hooker’s and nodding onion eradication under the blades and tracks of the many birds displaying territorial behav- (Allium acuminatum and A. cernuum), hood- land-clearing machinery.You must be a mem- iour throughout the site would be nesting that ed ladies’tresses (Spiranthes romanzoffiana), ber of our organization to participate in the year. However, there was a beautiful intact site fairy-slipper (Calypso bulbosa), white fawn- rescues.As more people hear about the rather across the road they could migrate to and I lily (Erythronium oregonum), camas (Camas- new concept of harvesting native plants from ignored the obvious - that site would already sia spp.), western buttercup (Ranunculus sites that are earmarked for immediate devel- have its full complement of birds asserting occidentalis), harvest brodiaea (Brodiaea coro- opment, they join our group and we benefit their territories. naria), chocolate lily (Fritillaria affinis), rusty- haired and tufted saxifrage (Saxifraga rufidula and S. cespistosa), small-flowered fringecup (Lithophragma parviflorum), two-coloured lupine (Lupinus bicolor), broad-leaved and pretty shootingstar (Dodecatheon hendersonii and D. pulchellum), tomcat clover (Trifolium willdenowii), monkey flower (Mimulus spp.), Puget Sound gumweed (Grindelia intergrifolia), various native grasses such as wild-oat grass (Danthonia califor- nica) and Roemer’s fescue (Festuca roemeri), ferns such as Indian’s dream pod fern (Aspido- ILNE

M tis densa) and goldenback fern (Pentagramma triangularis) and many unidentified mosses, ORALEA

M lichens and fungi. There were large numbers of virtually all of these plants. Some sharp- eyed members harvested white-top aster (Aster curtus), designated red-listed*** in British Columbia. HOTOGRAPH COURTESY P All those species… it begs the question, Harvest brodiaea (Brodiaea coronaria) in its native habitat. what did we miss? What rare jewels were not apparent to our non-expert eyes? Mill Hill Park was recently inventoried by Hans Roe- from increased membership and the atten- Early in 2003 a friend and I bid on the con- mer, a provincially renowned botanist, and he dant annual fees. The rescued plants are used tract to remove broom (Cytisus scoparius) found many more species and occurrences of in our gardens or donated to restoration pro- from the covenanted areas on the now-devel- rare plants than were previously thought to jects throughout the Victoria area. Sometimes oped site. Through this work we learned that exist there. It is logical to assume the same the seeds and cuttings are used to propagate the area across the road, the back side of Mill would be true at the adjacent site. more plants in nurseries and further the Hill Capital Regional District Park, was also This past year brought a shift in my percep- native plant gardening movement. These all about to be developed. I consulted with the tions. I felt increasingly sickened by the seem to be activities that we can and should developers and found they were amenable to destruction and plunder of this hugely pro- support. plant rescue operations at the new site.VNPSG ductive, rich, rare association of ecosystems. membership grew as word of the wealth of When someone declared they felt like "a kid in BUT I WONDER... Spring 2002 and 2003 saw a huge plant plant material at this site filtered through the a candy store", I really started to wonder at the rescue operation at what came to be known native plant enthusiast community. appropriateness of what we were doing. This as the Langvista sites in Langford, British This site was so amazing; everyone com- was no candy store that could be restocked Columbia. Early spring 2002 found me an mented on the abundance and diversity of with old favourites. It took many thousands of eager participant. I was delighted to save plant material. There were a few blue-listed** years to produce the assemblage of plants and native plants from certain obliteration and Isoetes nuttallii (Nuttall’s quillwort) and liter- animals at this site. Nothing we attempt in our provide my own property (and a native plant ally thousands of Allium amplectens (slimleaf lifetimes could replace the astonishing envi- garden I was attempting to create on munici- onion), only recently declassified as a blue- ronment that was lost.

10 NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 When I consider the number of people who made repeated trips to the Langvista/Mill Hill site to rescue plants, I wonder what could have been accomplished had that same time and energy been directed towards saving the site. I have heard the developers were willing to sell the land to Capital Regional District Parks. What if we had worked with all three levels of government, non-governmental organiza- tions and CRD Parks? Could we have pre- served this immensely rich and biodiverse community for future generations?

Garry oak or white oak (Quercus ILNE garryana) ecosystems are considered one of M

the three most endangered in Canada. Only a ORALEA tiny fraction remains, and through our igno- M rance and inactivity we let an irreplaceable remnant be destroyed. Perhaps if we had not been so focused on "rescuing" individual HOTOGRAPH COURTESY plants we could have rescued an entire ecosys- P tem.What good are the plants that we saved really? They have become mere gardening Broad-leaved stonecrop or Sedum spathulifolium material rather than part of a dynamic ecosys- tem. Is that a worthwhile trade? habitat or other requirements are such that Moralea Milne is quietly working to restore Since last spring I have not participated in they are vulnerable to further disturbance. Regional Park in Metchosin, British further "plant rescue" opportunities. I feel Species that are generally suspected of being Columbia. She is a graduate of Restoration of ambivalent about the value and appropriate- vulnerable, but for which information is too Natural Systems Program at the University of ness of this activity. Should we focus our limit- limited to allow designation in another cate- Victoria. ed resources on plant rescue? Or would the gory, are included in this category. This article was reprinted with permission from enthusiastic members of the plant rescue *** Red List – the ranking system that designates the Victoria Naturalist, January/February 2004, but corps harness the power of their combined species as endangered, threatened or being modified due to space considerations. energies to the preservation of endangered considered for such status because they run ecosystems? Does the immediate gratification the risk of extirpation or extinction. of "owning" rescued plants outweigh the long and sometimes arduous struggle to protect and preserve our natural heritage? Does the JOIN NANPS diplomacy involved in securing plant rescue options on a site preclude the ability to fight Your donations and membership dollars help NANPS to study, conserve, cultivate and restore for the preservation of that site? Is there even 's native flora. Members receive our quarterly newsletter, the Blazing Star, and are an organization that is working to prioritize eligible for NANPS-sponsored excursions and the Seed Exchange. NANPS is a registered charita- the acquisition of the last relics of our Garry ble organization (no. 130720824) founded in 1984. Donations to the Society are tax-creditable oak ecosystems? in Canada. Tax receipts will be issued for donations of $10 or more. Perhaps if I could be sure that we had ___ $10 / 1 calendar year (Jan.–Dec.) explored all possible avenues to protect and ___ $20 / 2 years preserve every remaining significant Garry ___ $30 / 3 years ( ___ send me a free copy of Growing Canada’s Floral Emblems oak and associated ecosystem site, then "plant as a bonus for my 3-year membership) rescue" operations would be worthwhile ___ $250 Sustaining Membership (includes a Canadian tax credit for $150 endeavours.At the moment I find myself sit- and a 10-year membership) ting on the fence of indecision, staring at the crossroads of choice and asking myself this NAME: ______question: if there is only a limited time left, ADDRESS: ______what do I want to leave as my legacy? ______PHONE: ______** Blue List – the provincial ranking system in FAX: ______British Columbia that designates species as EMAIL: ______sensitive or vulnerable and "at risk" but not Please make cheque payable to the NANPS and mail to Box 84, Station D, yet endangered or threatened. Populations of Etobicoke, Ontario M9A 4X1. For info, call (416) 631-4438; e-mail [email protected]. these species may not be in decline, but their

NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004 11 Continued from page 1 that can damage the fine shallow root mass. Propagating Rhododendron Rhododendrons hate having the soil worked elevation sites where the resultant vegetation around their base as this damages the fine maximum from seed community is known as a ‘heath bald’. rootlets. In the wild, rosebay rhododendrons The smooth leaves (among the largest of prefer the slopes adjacent to mountain by Tom Atkinson ([email protected]) eastern rhododendron species at 20-25 cen- streams, but they do not appreciate getting timetres or eight inches long) are arranged in soggy wet feet. Good drainage is important. All ericads, such as rosebay rhododendron, a whorl at the end of each branch.As a That said, if planted under or among other have minute seeds, produced in great number. broadleaf evergreen, its leaves remain year trees and shrubs (especially maples), R. maxi- Germinate them thus: round.Among rhododendron species its mum will need supplemental watering during • Moisten shredded peat moss leaves are the first to droop and curl up tightly dry spells to successfully compete with the when the temperature drops below 0C (32F), established and often aggressive root systems • Place it in a shallow tray a strategy to prevent moisture loss in the leaf of the larger trees. Transplanting in spring is • Sprinkle the seed onto the surface of the tissue.As the temperature rises above freezing optimal. If the plant is container-grown, moist peat again, the leaves unfurl and look striking in loosen up the soil ball slightly and soak it for a • Mist seed with a water sprayer the winter garden. couple of hours before planting to ensure that Another attractive feature of this species is the plant is fully hydrated. • Cover the tray with plastic wrap its superior cold . Many authorities Although at home in a woodland setting, • Place the tray in a room in the house where it rate it hardy to -40C/F and it has easily sur- rosebay rhododendron can also grace the will get light, but not direct sunlight (under a vived a -30C (-22F) temperature in my Toron- shrub-border, adding texture year-round. chair or a bench near a window works well) to garden with no visible foliar damage. Its And, despite its potential to achieve substan- • In two-three weeks, you will see minute preferred sheltered, streamside habitat sug- tial sizes in the wild, it rarely exceeds two to green appear on the peat: each dot is a poten- gests that high humidity is beneficial to this three metres (six to 10 feet) in cultivation. tial rosebay rhododendron! species so placing it out of windy and exposed This may make it the ideal choice for the gar- locations is important. It is very shade-toler- dener who has been too intimidated to try a • As the seedlings grow, loosen the plastic wrap ant and can survive and even flower (lightly) broad-leaved evergreen rhododendron, espe- and pull it higher under the canopies of many forest species. It cially in northern growing zones. The chal- • When the seedlings are perhaps five milli- looks its best in partial sun along the edge of a lenge is finding R. maximum in nurseries. It metres (.2 inches) high, poke a few pin holes woodland garden, although exposures to has never found favour with landscaping in the wrap: this is the start of hardening off strong sun at mid-day in summer and strong enthusiasts because it lacks the flower profu- the seedlings late-winter sun are best avoided, especially in sion of its cousins such as R. catawbiense. R. • As seedlings get bigger and touch the cover northern climates where the ground can maximum can most reliably be found in spe- lift it up and make holes bigger freeze for six or more weeks. Exposure to late cialty nurseries featuring native plants. Grow- winter sun will significantly warm the leaves, ing this species from seed is practically an art • Keep the seedlings in this tray through the causing moisture loss, and when the roots are and should be attempted only if you have summer and the next winter frozen, the plant is robbed of its ability to patience. • Overwinter in a room that gets cold, down to replenish moisture to its leaves. This explains Whether or not you choose to grow rosebay 0C (32F) or -5C (23F) why rhododendrons in northern gardens are rhododendron, a trip to a natural site to see its • Next year, transfer some seedlings to a gar- more frequently killed by winter desiccation midsummer bloom or its evergreen foliage in den bed with acid soil than the absolute low temperatures they expe- the depth of winter is highly recommended. It rience. In cold climates, artificial shading in will buoy the spirits of any plant enthusiast. • Always hedge your bets: keep some seedlings winter from southern exposures can make a in pots and in a cold room ‘til they are 10-20 big difference in rhododendron survival. Kevin Kavanagh is the Director of the Canadian centimetres (four-eight inches) high before The flowers are subtle, ranging from faint Biodiversity at Risk Program at World Wildlife outplanting pink (almost white) to, more rarely, a deep full Fund Canada. An avid gardener, Kevin has natu- pink. The colour is always darker in the buds ralized his backyard in Toronto and is designing a just prior to opening.While most rhododen- new garden at his drons flower in spring or early summer in cottage in the heart advance of stem and leaf development, the of Carolinian Canada. flowers of rosebay rhododendrons open in Rhododendrons and mid- to late July, with the result that they are native plants, espe- somewhat hidden among the newly expanded cially trees and vegetative growth. shrubs of the south- Rhododendron maximum is a member of eastern United States, the diverse heath family, , and has fill much of the space similar cultural requirements to others in this in both gardens. group.Acidic soil rich in leafy organic matter (especially decayed oak and pine needles) is best.A layer of leaf litter in winter is important By appointment to minimize the number of freeze/thaw cycles

12 NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY SUMMER 2004