210 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
(impulse) (neuron) (spinal cord and brain) neuroglia (support) neuroglia
٧- ١ شکل دماغ
1012 211 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
(axons)
(NEURON STRUCTURE)
cell body
Cell body perikaryon Soma
٧-٢ شکل دنيوران جوړښت
centrioles
granules basal body nissl substance 212 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Endoplasmic Reticulum
neurotransmitters neurofibrils microtubules microfilaments neurofibrils
microtubules
substantia (pigmented granules) nerumelanin nigra
lipofuscin
cell body neuritis Dendrites Axons
cell body Dendrites nissle dendrites dendrites granules dendrites
cell body 213 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
axon nissle granuls (axon and dendrites) axon cell body dendrites cell body MAP-2 dendrites dendrites nissl granules axon cell body cell body initial segments axon hillock hillock
Schwann cells (sheath)
Schwann cells
Schwann cell ٧- ٤ شکل Schwann cells mesaxon 214 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
(mesaxon)
mesaxon myelin sheath schwann cells myelin sheath neurolimmal sheath neurilemma Schwann cell sheath myelinated axons (myelin sheath) axons
Schwann cells myelin sheath myelin 215 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
node of Ranvier myelin sheath
(nodes of Ranvier) (Internode) unmyelinated axons myelin sheath mesaxon Schwann cells Schwann
cell body collaterals
telodendria
boutons terminal boutons of terminaux
synapse ganglions synapse 216 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
dendrites 6,8,3 (nerve fibers)
cell body cell bodies cell bodies 120µm cell body 5µm ٧-٨ شکل داکسون او cell body نيوران ارتبات multipolar neurons (bipolar neuron)
unipolar neuron bipolar neuron
(pseudounipolar neuron)
٧-٩ شکل دنيوران مختليف ډولونه 217 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
cell bodies cell bodies cell body stellate neuron pyramidal neuron
nissle Nissl substances substances
golgi Type-I golgi type-II cell body microneurons
(myelin sheath) (myelinated and unmylinate neurons)
dendrites
dendritic field dendrites dendritic fields dendrites
synapses 218 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
axon hillock action action potential potentials unmyelinated (voltage sensitive channels)
(axoplasmic flow)
(axoplasmic flow)
(0.1-2mm ) (slow transport) rapid transport (100-400mm/day)
vesicles
polio virus
DENDRITES a MAP-2 microtubules dendrites
dendrites b spine apparatus actin filaments dendrites c dendrites d 219 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
stellate cells dendritic fields pyramidal neuron dendritic field cerebellum golgi dendritic fields dendritic tree 80% neuron
synapses dendrite dendrites Dendrites 1,5,3
(SYNAPSE) synapse synapse axodendritic synapse synapse dendrites synapse cell body axosomatic synapse Axoaxonal synapse synapse initial segments
thalamus dendrites presynaptic dendro-dedritic dendro-axoonic synapses synapse cell body cell body (somato-somatic synapse)
synaptic Bag bouton (Single bulb-like end) 220 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
synapse dendrites dendrite (serial synapse) bouton (complex synapse neuroglial cells synapse) cerebellum synaptic glomeruli lateral geniculate body olfactory bulb (synapses) synaptic cartridge o synapse presynaptic postsynaptic
presynaptic bouton axo-dendritic synapse o dendrite synaptic bag postsynaptic process synaptic cleft (cleft) o cleft (granular)
presynaptic postsynaptic
synaptic webs
221 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
presynaptic postsynaptic o (active zone) synapse (neurotransmission)
synaptic vesicles presynaptic bouton o
tubules microtubules synaptic vesicles Postsynaptic o postsynaptic presynaptic endoplasmic reticulum spectrin F-actin
NEUROTRANSMITTERS synapse synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters neurotransmitters (nerve terminals) (impels) synaptic cleft depolarize postsynaptic neurotransmitters postsynaptic presynaptic neurotransmitters postsynaptic hyperpolarization membrane 222 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
synaptic cleft
action potential
voltage
neurotransmitters synaptic cleft neurotransmitters postsynaptic membrane
depolarization postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitters synapse hyperpolarization noradrenaline acetylcholine neurotransmitters adrenaline cholinergic adrenergic neurotransmitters neurotransmitters histamine dopamine neurotransmitters serotonin synapses glycine aspartate glutamate Gama-amino butyric acid(GABA) neurotransmitters synopses neurotransmitter synapse synapse dendrite synapses neuromediators neurohormons neuromediation synapse 223 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
CSF(cerebro spinal fluid) synaptic synapse neuromodulators neurotransmitters neurotransmitters peptides cholecystokinin somatostatin vasoactive intestinal polypeptides(VIP) substance P 3,1,9 (CCK) synapse synapse neurotransmitters neurotransmitters Acetyl choline Glutamine Serotonin
Noradrenaline Adrenalin Dopamine GABA glycine
Synapses
(neurotransmitters)
synapse
synapses postsynaptic presynaptic ultrastructure
224 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
type-1 synapses 1 synaptic cleft presynaptic 30nm type- II synapses 2
20nm synaptic cleft synapses
(neurotransmitters)
retina synaptic ribbon
spine apparatus
(electrical synapses) neurotransmitters neurotransmitters
4nm connexins
nexin gap junction (spinal cord and Brain)
225 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
hippocampus
Grey and white matter
(white matter) (Grey matter) cell bodies grey matter unmylenatid fibres dendrites myelinated fibres white matter (white and grey matter) myelin grey matter white matter brain spinal cord neuroglia brain stem(medulla oblongata, pons and med brain) grey matter spinal cord cerebrum cerebellum grey matter grey matter white matter (cortex) 226 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج nuclei (grey matter)
nuclei cell bodies grey matter nuclei cell bodies ganglion nuclei cell bodies ganglion
nerve plexuses cell bodies ganglionated plexuses grey matter (bundle) nuclei nerve tract 227 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
lemnisci fasciculi funciculi
(cerebellar and cerebral hemispheres) brain stem peduncle (nerve peripheral nerves fibres)
5,10,3 neuropil neuroglial
peripheral nerves
nerve fibres spinal cord a motor fibres efferent fibres grey matter brain stem spinal cord cell bodies afferent b fibrs sensory fibers 228 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
ganglion cell bodies Afferent ganglia spinal cord (dorsal nerve root) unipolar unipolar ganglions
afferent nerve fibre
afferent fibres dendrites
axis cylinder myelin sheath axis cylinder axolemma
nodes node of Ranvier internode myelin sheath Schwann cell segment neurilemma
endoneurium (CT) endothelial cells fibroblasts Fasciculi macrophages perineurium 229 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
unmyelinated fibers myelinated fibers
Type –A 30-120m/sec 1-2µm myelinated Type-A
Gamma( Aᵞ) delta(Aδ) alpha(Aα) Type-A
Motor type- A fibers Aα Aᵞ Aδ
Sensory type A fibers encapsulated receptors Aα
(primary sensory afferent) (secondary efferent) 230 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Nociceptors thermo receptors Aδ
په محيطي عصبي سيستم کې دعصبي تارونوطبقه بندي .)٧- ٢ چارټ(
Afferent)دCNS په Efferent)دمحيط په فرعي ډولونه ډولونه لور( لور( دپوست له A Alpha (α) To extrafusal muscle fibers encapsulated R ،بندونواوعضالتو له دواړه ډولونوته (Delta(δ thermoreceptors او nociceptors. Group I,II) Gamma(ᵞ) To intrafusal muscle fibers له جلد،غړو B Preganglionic اودعضالتودمنضم نسج autonomic له free nerve ending څخه (group III) C Postganglionic Interoceptive fibers او autonomic thermoreceptors او nociceptor څخه (Group iv) Type-B 3µm 4-30m/sec myelinated fibers preganglionic autonomic efferent fibers
(group III) Type- C unmyelinated type-B type –A 0.5-4µm 0.5-4m/sec postganglionic autonomic 231 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
(pain) (nociceptors fibers from connective tissue of muscles) (group-iv) thermo receptors (cutaneous nerve) dorsal root unmyelinated
ventral N roote myelinated unmyelinated autonomic nerve fibers preganglionic nerve
myelin sheath
major dense line period line
minor dense line intra-period line
(incisures of Schmidt lanterman) 232 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Schmidt laterman cleft
i period line perineural ii perioxonal space space intraperiod line
Nodes of Ranvier myelin
(internode)
node of Ranvier
N of R internode 233 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
150- 1500µm node Node of Ranvier node (jump) saltatory conduction node
unmyelinated neurons saltatory axolemma
(node of Ranvier) paranodal bulb myeline sheath node bulb
node gap substance
node of Ranvier paranodal (axolemma)
myelin glycosphingolipid phospholipid cholesterols 234 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
1µm 1.5µm (unmyelinated)
(long internode) nodes
internode
oligodendrocytes myelination
PNS- node glial cells CNS compound node CNS=central PNS=peripheral nerve system nerve system
Blood nerve barrier blood nerve barrier (capillaries) tight junction endothelium 235 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
perineurium
Schwann cells
10,6,9,3
(DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION OF NEURON) (distal) (proximal) cell body
(granules) neurofibrils (staining)
macrophage 236 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Proximal cell body retrograde degeneration cell body chromatolysis (cell body) cell body nissl substance cell body chromatolysis cell body reverse
237 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
synapse trans neuronal degeneration cell body
cell body nodes distal
F
synapse G,H
I J
(regeneration) scar tissues 238 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
(Peripheral nerve ending) efferent afferent afferent efferent neuromuscular junction 3,1,5 neuromuscular junction
Sensory Receptors
(receptors)
(cutaneous receptors) a exteroceptors exteroceptive receptors proprio-ceptors proprioceptive receptors b 239 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
interocetors interoceptive receptors c carotid carotid body sinus d nociceptors (special sense receptors) e (taste) (smelling) (hearing) (vision)
exteroceptors
Mechanoceptors a
fast adapting slow adapting
chemoreceptors b buds carotid body retina cones rods photoreceptors c
thermoreceptors d
osmotic pressure osmoreceptors e 240 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
polymodal receptors somata spinal ganglia neuronal receptors
synapse epithelial receptors olfactory epithelium
olfactory nerve
neuronal receptors
(electrical depolarization action potential potential) 241 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
EXTEROCEPTIVE RECEPORS (free nerve ending)
(FNE)
retina
fast adapting (hair follicles) mechanoceptors
FNE nociceptors thermorecptors sebaceous gland lanceolate ending 242 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Tactile corpuscles(of meissner) dermal papillae slow adapting mechanoceptors 30µm 80µm corpuscle corpuscle
unmyelinate myelinated corpuscle
Lamellated corpuscles(of pacini) tactile corpuscles 0.5mm 2mm
fast adapting mechanoreceptors LC (vibration) corpuscles corpuscle
(lamellae) bulbe (type A) Pacinian corpuscle
Bulbous corpuscles(of Krause) 50µm
regenerating degenerating
Tactile Menisci(Markel cell receptors) (Markel cell) stratum spinosum 243 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Markel cells slow tactil menisci adopting mechanical receptors Markel cell receptors hair follicle
Ruffini Endings
(gums) glans penis fibrocellular slow adapting ruffini endings unmyelinated cutaneous mechanoreceptors golgi tendon organs
Ruffini endings markel discs a (slow adapting mechanoreceptors) pacinian corpuscles b (rapidly adapting mechanorceptors) thermoreceptors nociceptors c (dermis) ruffini endings pacinian corpuscles d
pacinian corpuscles (vibration ) ruffini ending 244 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
meissner’s Merkel cell receptors ruffini ending pacinian corpuscle e corpuscle
afferent f (substance P) peptides
Proprioceptive receptors Golgi Tendon organ tendons neurotendinous organ of golgi corpuscle 100µm 500µm tendons myelinated
tendon
golgi tendons organs proprioceptive slow adapting mechanichal receptors ligaments
ligaments Muscle spindles
muscle spindle (external capsule)
extrafusal fibere intrafusal fibers spindle intrafusal fibre intrafusal fibers 245 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
fibroblasts spindle intrafusal fibers fiberd nuclear chain fiber muscle spindle gamma neuron intrafusal fibers (primary and secondary) (ventral grey column) rapid primary never ending secondary adapting mechanical receptors slow adapting
intrafusal fibers (muscle spindle)
intrafusal fiber endomysium extrafusal fibers
Bag1 intrafusal fiber
Bag2 extrafusal fibers Intrafusal fibers
intrafusal Fiber primary flower (secondary) annulospiral ending intrafusale fibers spray ending
(unmyelinated) intrafusal fibeers 246 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
intrafusal fiber gamma efferent a
intrafusl fibers gamm-efferents b
p2 end plate extrafusal fibers alpha-fibers delta-efferent c intrafusal fiber
p1 myelinated intrafusal finbers
(type I) slow myelinate ruffini ending adapting
(type II) fast adapting pacinian corpuscle myelinated (type III) neurotendinuos organ of golgi
(type IV) 6,10,3 247 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
(NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION)
somatic efferent
motor unite
myoneural junction neuromuscular junction
٧- ٢٢ شکل neuromuscular junction په ګوته کوي 248 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
en plaque ending motor end plate neuromuscular
exon terminal sole plate sole plate motor end plate
‘En grappe’ ending
en grappe ending Trail endings
muscle intrafusal trail ending En grappe spindle
motor end plate motor end plate axolemma sole plate sarcolemma 40nm sarcolemma basal lamina sarcoplasm axoplasm motor end plate cleft sarcolemma primary cleft secondary cleft subneural cleft sole plate 249 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
presynaptic bouton acetylcholine vesicles neurotransmitter’s depolarization sarcolemma acetylcholine acetyl choline receptors sole palate (acetyl choline esterase)
Nerve endings on smooth muscle myocyte unmyelinated axolema sarcolemma
neurotransmitters myocyte catecholamine(nor adrenalin) neurotransmitters sympathetic catechol amine monoamine oxidase sympathetic acetyl choline parasympathetic acetyl choline noradrenalin autonomic non-cholinergic non-adrenergic purine( adenosine neurotransmitters triphosphate)
(inhibitory) 250 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
3,1,5 adipose tissue myoepithelial cell (secretory endings)
GANGLIA
ganglion cell bodies ganglia ganglia autonomic ganglia Dorsal nerve root ganglia dorsal nerve root ganlia spinal ganglia cranial nerve ganglia ganglia unipolar bipolar cranial nerve(vestibulo-cochlear )
brain steam ganglia
autonomic ganglia
(preganglionic and postganglionic) preganglionic 251 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج spinal brain steam cell body cell body postganglionic synapse postganglionic cord autonomic ganglia autonomic ganglia autonomic ganglia cell bodies postganglionic postganglionic ganglia multipolar autonomic ganglia parasympathetic sympathetic (sympathetic trunk) Sympathetic ganglia Parasympathetic ganglia
Ganglia heamatoxylin-eosin ganglia ganglia ganglia
capsular cell cell body capsular cells endoneurium
ganglion ganglia
autonomic ganglia silver stain sensory ganglia ganglia ganglia multipolar unmyelinated ganglia 252 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Capsular cells autonomic nerve ganglia endoneurium ganglia nissle substances parasympathetic catecholamine sympathetic ganglia neurotransmitters acetylcholine ganglia 1,10,3
NEUROGLIA
(sporting tissues or stroma)
parenchyma (brain and spinal cord) neuroglial cells i
ependymal cells ii CSF Schwann cells iii peripheral glia lemnocytes satellite cells capsular cells iv capsular gliocyte ganglia v neuroglia
Neuroglia 253 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Macrglia protoplasmic astrocyte Fibrous astrocyte astrocytes i oligodendrocytes ii
microglia microglia ectoderm neural tube macroglia mesoderm neuroglia
15 neuroglia neuroglia neuroglia 254 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
Astrocyte
٧- ٢٤ شکل د neuroglia مختليف حجرات په ګوته کوي . 255 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
gliosomes
white matter Fibrous astrocyte grey matter protoplasmic astrocytes fibrous astrocyte protoplasmic astrocyte fibrous (intermediate astrocyte) node of Ranvier protoplasmic astrocyte gap astrocytes astrocytes junction synapse’s calcium channels neurotransmitters BBB(blood brain barrier) Astrocytes
(glia limitans externa) basal lamina
Oligodendrocytes body
(myelination)
Oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes
node of Ranvier axolema 256 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج immunocytochemical
oligodedrocyte
Microglia (bodies) neuroglial (capillaries) (mesodermal origin) neuroglial monocytes grey matter white matter
phagocytosis
neuroglia neuroglia i ii
iii neurotransmitter’s synapses
BBB iv microglia
oligodendrocyte v 257 اوم څپرکې عصبي نسج
1,5,3 CSF edpendymal vi