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The GEF in the South China Sea and Adjacent Areas

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The GEF in the South China Sea and Adjacent Areas The GEF in the G E F South China Sea I M P A C T and Adjacent Areas EVALUATION Volume 1: Evaluation Report OCTOBER 2012 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY EVALUATION OFFICE Impact Evaluation: The GEF in the South China Sea and Adjacent Areas October 2012 EVALUATION REPORT NO. 75 This report was presented to the GEF Council in November 2012. © 2013 Global Environment Facility Evaluation Office 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Internet: www.gefeo.org Email: [email protected] All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the GEF Council or the governments they represent. The GEF Evaluation Office does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the GEF concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The GEF encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. ISBN-10: 1-933992-49-2 ISBN-13: 978-1-933992-49-5 Credits Director of the GEF Evaluation Office: Robert D. van den Berg Impact Evaluation Team Leader: Aaron Zazueta, Chief Evaluation Officer, GEF Evaluation Office Task Manager: Aaron Zazueta, Chief Evaluation Officer, GEF Evaluation Office Editing and design: Nita Congress Cover photo: Artisanal and commercial fishers in Vietnam share the same resources in the South China Sea, by Aaron Zazueta, GEF Evaluation Office Evaluation Report No. 75 A FREE PUBLICATION Contents FOREWORD ...........................................................................VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................IX ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... X 1. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................. 1 1.1 Findings and Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................................13 2. EVALUATION APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ..................... 18 2.1 Purpose, Objectives, and Key Questions ......................................................................................................18 2.2 Conceptual Framework .....................................................................................................................................19 2.3 Tools and Approaches .......................................................................................................................................23 3. GEF INTERNATIONAL WATERS APPROACH AND PORTFOLIO IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ..................................................... 28 3.1 Strategic Approach to International Waters ................................................................................................28 3.2 Transboundary Dimensions of Coastal and Marine Concerns ..............................................................29 3.3 The GEF Portfolio in the South China Sea ..................................................................................................31 4. REGIONAL TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ..................... 37 4.1 Trends in Marine-Related Economic Sectors ..............................................................................................37 4.2 Trends in Environmental Pressures and Conditions .................................................................................41 4.3 Trends in Environmental Drivers ...................................................................................................................47 5. REGIONAL CONTEXT OF GEF SUPPORT .............................. 50 5.1 Early Environmental Initiatives and Actor Interactions ...........................................................................50 5.2 Country Approaches to Regional Environmental Concerns ...................................................................54 5.3 Regional Environmental Architecture ..........................................................................................................60 iii 6. CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF REGIONAL GEF SUPPORT ......................................................................... 62 6.1 Building on Existing Initiatives .......................................................................................................................62 6.2 Innovative Approaches ......................................................................................................................................69 6.3 Support to the Regional Environmental Architecture ..............................................................................72 6.4 Processes Facilitating Regional Collaboration and Trust .........................................................................76 6.5 Trade-offs between Country Priorities and Regional Concerns .............................................................79 7. COORDINATION WITHIN THE GEF PARTNERSHIP .................. 83 7.1 Coherence of GEF Support...............................................................................................................................83 7.2 Strategic Partnerships .......................................................................................................................................84 7.3 Low Level of Coordination: Factors and Implications ..............................................................................88 8. SUPPORTING THE COUNTRY ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR ADDRESSING TRANSBOUNDARY CONCERNS ......................... 90 8.1 National Context ................................................................................................................................................90 8.2 GEF Support at the National Scale .................................................................................................................92 8.3 GEF Support at the Local Scale .......................................................................................................................94 8.4 Foundational Contributions at the National Scale .....................................................................................96 8.5 Foundational Contributions at the Local Scale ...........................................................................................97 9. IMPACT AT THE LOCAL SCALE ...........................................105 9.1 Mangroves ..........................................................................................................................................................107 9.2 Coral Reefs .........................................................................................................................................................110 9.3 Seagrass Beds .....................................................................................................................................................112 9.4 Land-Based Sources of Pollution ..................................................................................................................114 10. ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS ........... 117 10.1 Benefits ................................................................................................................................................................117 10.2 Mitigation ...........................................................................................................................................................118 10.3 Costs and Risks .................................................................................................................................................121 11. BROADER ADOPTION: MECHANISMS AND FACTORS AFFECTING PROGRESS TO IMPACT .................................... 124 11.1 Broader Adoption at the Local and National Scales ............................................................................... 125 11.2 Broader Adoption at the Regional Scale ......................................................................................................133 12. IMPACT MONITORING AND REPORTING ............................. 137 12.1 Data Collection ................................................................................................................................................ 138 12.2 Data Compilation and Analysis ....................................................................................................................141 12.3 Reporting and Use ............................................................................................................................................145 iv IMPACT EVALUATION: THE GEF IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ADJACENT AREAS BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................................149 BOXES 6.1 Regional Planning Instruments and the GEF’s Role in Implementation ..............................................63 6.2 PEMSEA Network of Local Governments ...................................................................................................65 6.3 Addressing the Scale Dimension of Regional Environmental Concerns ..............................................71
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