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Analyse De La Politique Du Sport Au Liban (1991/2012) Nadim Nassif

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Analyse De La Politique Du Sport Au Liban (1991/2012) Nadim Nassif Analyse de la politique du sport au Liban (1991/2012) Nadim Nassif To cite this version: Nadim Nassif. Analyse de la politique du sport au Liban (1991/2012). Education. Université de Grenoble, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013GRENS029. tel-01062233 HAL Id: tel-01062233 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062233 Submitted on 9 Sep 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE Présentée pour l’obtention du Doctorat en STAPS de l’Université de GRENOBLE Ecole Doctorale Ingénierie pour la Santé, la Cognition et l’Environnement (EDISCE) Laboratoire SENS (Sport et Environnement Social / EA 3742) Université Joseph Fourier - GRENOBLE I ANALYSE DE LA POLITIQUE DU SPORT AU LIBAN, 1991-2012 Par Nadim NASSIF Sous la direction du Professeur Michel Raspaud Thèse soutenue le Mercredi 23 Octobre 2013, à 14h00, à l’amphi B à l’UFR-APS Membres du jury: Mme Monia LACHHEB, maître assistante à l’Université de La Manouba, Tunisie. M. Malek BOUHAOUALA, maître de conférences à l’Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1. M. Sébastien FLEURIEL, rapporteur, professeur à l’Université Lille 1. M. William GASPARINI, president du jury, rapporteur, professeur à l’Université de Strasbourg. M. Michel RASPAUD, directeur de la thèse, professeur à l’Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1. 2 Ecole Doctorale Ingénierie pour la Santé, la Cognition et l’Environnement (EDISCE) Laboratoire SENS (Sport et Environnement Social / EA 3742) Université Joseph Fourier - GRENOBLE I ANALYSE DE LA POLITIQUE DU SPORT AU LIBAN, 1991-2012 Par Nadim NASSIF Sous la direction du Professeur Michel Raspaud Thèse soutenue le Mercredi 23 Octobre 2013, à 14h00, à l’amphi B à l’UFR-APS Membres du jury: Mme Monia LACHHEB, maître assistante à l’Université de La Manouba, Tunisie. M. Malek BOUHAOUALA, maître de conférences à l’Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1. M. Sébastien FLEURIEL, rapporteur, professeur à l’Université Lille 1 M. William GASPARINI, président du jury, rapporteur, professeur à l’Université de Strasbourg. M. Michel RASPAUD, directeur de la thèse, professeur à l’Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1. 3 Cette thèse est dédiée à ma cousine Reem El Khoury Tambe, qui a lutté avec le plus grand courage et la plus grande dignité contre le cancer, maladie à laquelle elle a succombé le Vendredi 20 Janvier 2012. Reem, journaliste et professeur de français, voulait corriger mes erreurs d’orthographe et de grammaire une fois que j’aurais terminé mon travail. J’espère que de là où elle se trouve, elle est fière de ce que j’ai tenté d’accomplir. N.N 4 TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION 7 PREMIERE PARTIE : Revue de littérature 12 Présentation 13 Chapitre premier. Politique sportive nationale 16 Chapitre deuxième. Politique sportive liée à des jeunes pays ayant acquis leur indépendance 27 Chapitre troisième. Politique sportive locale 37 Chapitre quatrième. Le sport, identité et politique internationale 44 Chapitre cinquième. La femme et le sport 53 Chapitre sixième. Le sport, société divisée et intégration 59 DEUXIEME PARTIE : Cadre théorique et Problématique 72 Cadre théorique 73 L’institution 75 L’institution sportive 78 Les organisations sportives 81 Problématique 85 Le Liban géopolitique, historique, social et communautaire 87 L’influence des différentes communautés religieuses 91 TROISIEME PARTIE : Hypothèses et méthodologie 98 Hypothèses 99 Méthodologie 104 QUATRIEME PARTIE : Présentation des résultats et discussion 110 Chapitre premier : Structuration, rôles et objectifs des différents acteurs du système sportif libanais 112 I-A- Début du mouvement sportif libanais 114 I-B- Le sport libanais pendant la guerre civile de 1975 à 1990 117 I-C- Le sport au Liban de 1991 à 2009 120 5 I-D- Le sport au Liban depuis 2009 152 Chapitre deuxième : Mode de financement du système sportif libanais 195 II-A- Mode de financement du sport libanais de 1933 à 2000 196 II-B- Mode de financement du sport libanais de 2000 à 2009 213 II-C- Mode de financement du sport libanais depuis 2009 238 CONCLUSION 253 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 258 RECAPITULATIF DES SCHEMAS ET TABLEAUX 276 SCHEMAS 277 TABLEAUX 279 6 INTRODUCTION 7 Le Liban moderne a vu le jour après des siècles de conflits internes et externes. Les invasions successives1 sur son territoire et les différentes religions qui constituent sa mosaïque sociale ont pu paver la voie à une nation moderne au passé culturel très riche. Mais ce passé a également contraint les Libanais à construire une République à l’équilibre fragile. La force des différents occupants2 fut de réussir immanquablement à tirer profit des conflits civils interlibanais3. A cause des disparités et des dissensions résultant de la diversité religieuse sur le territoire, les forces étrangères réussissaient presque toujours à provoquer un conflit interne pour ensuite jouer les réconciliateurs en parvenant à unir les belligérants autour d’un accord de paix qu’ils avaient auparavant concocté. C’est lourd de cet héritage de faiblesses internes et de dépendance presque naturelle par rapport au pouvoir externe que l’indépendance du Liban fut proclamée en 1943. Pour comprendre la complexité de la scène Libanaise, il est important d’avoir une vue générale de l’histoire de ce pays. En 1943, l’indépendance libanaise fut déclarée, puis reconnue par le gouvernement français en exil à Londres en 1944. La République créée par les Libanais consistait en fait en un partage équitable du pouvoir entre les différentes communautés. Le président de la République serait un chrétien maronite, le Premier ministre un sunnite et le président de la Chambre un chiite. Les autres communautés (druzes, chrétiens orthodoxes, catholiques, arméniens) se sont vues octroyer un quota de personnel politique pour les représenter au sein du gouvernement4. A l’époque, les hommes politiques libanais pensaient que ce compromis était essentiel pour la stabilité politique du pays. Pour les citoyens d’une « démocratie moderne », les postes de responsabilité doivent être occupés par des personnes compétentes choisies pour leurs capacités à prendre en charge la gestion de la chose publique, et non pour leur appartenance ethnique ou religieuse. Le partage religieux et communautaire instauré dans le système démocratique libanais peut donc être perçu comme étant un arrangement constitutionnel illogique et pervers, même s’il peut être justifié dans une société aussi complexe que la société 1 Kamal Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon. Worcester and London: Ebenezer Baylis and Son, The Trinity Press, 1965, pp. 3-120. 2 Kamal Salibi, A House Of Many Mansions. The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1993, pp. 200-216. 3 Farid El Khazen, The Breakdown Of The State In Lebanon. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1999, p. 247. 4 The Lebanese Constitution, translated by Gabriel M. Bustros B.Sc. (Econ). London, ‘Bureau of Lebanese and Arab Documentation’, 1973. 8 libanaise. En effet, il est presque impossible de trouver dans une autre région du monde un pays aussi réduit – 10 452 km carrés – et qui abrite dix-huit religions différentes. Néanmoins, tous ces efforts tendant à mettre en place un équilibre entre les différentes composantes de la société n’ont pas réussi à effacer les tensions qui ont mené à plusieurs reprises à des conflits majeurs. De fait, la situation économique et politique a souvent été instable. Pour ce qui est du sport, la « morale » voudrait tant au Liban que dans le monde, que ce domaine ne soit pas lié à la politique. Toutefois, et comme l’a maintes fois démontré l’histoire sportive du XXe siècle, le sport a de tout temps été le miroir de la situation politique et socio-économique d’un pays donné5. Et cela est d’autant plus vrai au Liban6. Ainsi, et même si officiellement il n’y a pas de répartition communautaire au sein des différentes fédérations, des clubs et du ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports, il existe sans nul doute des compromis qui sont faits afin que puisse régner un climat « pacifié » à l’intérieur des organismes de sport. A titre d’exemple, il est communément admis que si certaines fédérations sont majoritairement composées de musulmans, les suppléants devront être chrétiens7. Ces « arrangements » officieux sont très souvent réalisés « sous la table », l’objectif principal étant de permettre à chaque composante d’obtenir une part du « gâteau » communautaire. Et cela a pour effet de favoriser le clientélisme, le manque de professionnalisme, l’absence de transparence, la corruption et les divisions religieuses au sein du sport libanais8. Cette thèse fait suite à celle de de George Nseir9, pionnière dans le domaine du sport et de l’environnement social au Liban, dont l’objet de recherche et l’orientation théorique focalisaient sur l’influence du communautarisme sur les pratiques et identités sportives au Liban. Bien qu’il porte également une analyse sur l’emprise du communautarisme sur le sport libanais, le principal axe de recherche de ce travail, est, d’analyser la politique sportive au Liban entre 1991, date de la 5 Alfred Erich Senn, Power, Politics and the Olympic Games. Human Kinetics, 1999, pp.49-287. 6 Pierre Blanc, Le sport au Liban : un révélateur de la société. Les Cahiers de Confluences, décembre 2004, pp. 159- 161. 7 - Pierre Blanc, ibid. - Leah Boukhater, Basket au Liban. Outre terre, Revue Française de Géopolitique, n° 8, 2004, pp. 129-130. - Entretien effectué le 18 Février 2003 avec Georges El-Hajj, responsable du Squash dans le club « Escape », à Beyrouth, Liban.
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