Human rights news in professional and citizen media Comparative content analysis of Global Voices, The Guardian and Al - Jazeera

Master Thesis

Student: Vaida Razaityte Professor: Anna Roosvall Master’s programme in Media and Communication Studies The Department of Media Studies Stockholm University 18 August 2017

Abstract

The thesis aims to analyse how human rights issues are reported by different types of transnational media channels – professional and citizen. More specifically, the human rights related articles published during 2016 in citizen media website Global Voices and two mainstream media channels – The Guardian and Al-jazeera English are analysed in a quantitative way and compared. The key focus of the analysis is drawn on theories about human rights representation in media, continuum of professionalism in the period of digitisation and globalisation of news. The quantitative content analysis helped to determine that there are more similarities in human rights representation in terms of content of information, than in the tools which are chosen to present human rights.

Keywords: human rights news, network journalism, professionalism, citizen journalism, digitalisation, globalisation.

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Contents INTRODUCTION ...... 6 Research aim and questions ...... 7 Expected outcome and limitations ...... 8 Structure of thesis ...... 9 THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 10 Human rights and media representation ...... 10 The continuum of professional journalism in the face of digitalisation ...... 13 Globalisation and human rights news ...... 16 METHODS AND MATERIAL ...... 20 Quantitative content analysis ...... 20 Pilot Study ...... 20 Material ...... 21 Sampling ...... 23 Coding procedures and data analysis ...... 24 Validity and reliability ...... 27 RESULTS ...... 28 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 44 REFERENCES ...... 49 APPENDICES ...... 55

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List of figures Figure 1: Sampling scheme

Figure 2: The proportion of analysed articles which were published in Al-jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian during 2016.

Figure 3: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the major issue in Al-jazeera’s articles published in 2016

Figure 4: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the reason of the first topic in Al-jazeera’s articles published in 2016

Figure 5: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the major issue in Global Voices’ articles published in 2016

Figure 6: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the reason of the first topic in Global Voices’ articles published in 2016

Figure 7: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the major issue in The Guardian’s articles published in 2016

Figure 8: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the reason of the first topic in The Guardian’s articles published in 2016

Figure 9: the distribution of hyperlinks which are used to extend the human rights stories by Al-Jazeera

Figure 10: the distribution of hyperlinks which are used to extend the human rights stories by Global Voices

Figure 11: the distribution of hyperlinks which are used to extend the human rights stories by The Guardian

List of tables Table 1: the symmetric measures of significance between first and second human rights topics discussed in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Table 2: the cross-tabulation between first and second human rights topics discussed in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Table 3: the Chi-Square test of geographic and thematic distribution in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Table 4: the symmetric measures of significance between geographic and thematic distribution in the articles by Al- Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Table 5: The cross-tabulation results of regions’ representation by different news websites 4

Table 6: the distribution of scales in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Table 7: the distribution of different forms which represent human rights issues in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Table 8: the distribution of actors/sources which represent human rights issues in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Table 9: the distribution of Human Rights instruments used in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Table 10: the distribution of illustrations which are used to complement human rights stories in the articles by Al- Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Abbreviations

AJE – Al-Jazeera English

EU – European Union

GV – Global Voices

HRW – Human Rights Watch

TG – The Guardian

UDHR – Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UN – The United Nations

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INTRODUCTION

Over the centuries, a concept of “human rights” was reconsidered many times through different angles until it settled in one of the most leading international documents – the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948). According to Hans Ingvar Roth (2016), UDHR is a document which promotes “global ethics that is more or less accepted as the obvious moral lingua franca in the world <...> [which] stands as a role model for successful intercultural communication concerning ethics” (Roth, 2016, p. 95).

Another approach to this document emerged in relation to the establishment of transnational and international organisations which supervise that globally shared values would be implemented by different governments committing themselves to follow the same norms. Hence the idea behind UDHR was that it should serve as a legal basis beyond the nation states, as a “pillar” for individuals in unbalanced power relations with their governments. Consequently, the issues related to human rights were most of the times analysed through fundamental principles of philosophy, law or politics (Armaline, Glasberg, & Purkayastha, 2015; Fields, 2009).

However, by the end of the 20th Century, researchers of other disciplines, such as sociology and anthropology expressed a critique on international human rights representations as being far too formalized. Their idea was to expand the focus on human rights with social aspects, to “investigate the social life of rights <...> how real people in real socio-cultural contexts come to interpret and to interact with state mechanisms and state policy”, and to fulfil the gap between policies and social practices (Armaline et al., 2015, p. 8). Also, the critique targeted the limited capacities of states “to protect and provide for the human rights in the face of other interests” (Armaline et al., 2015, p. 45), for example, economic interest. Hence, the attention on society, as a compiler of different social situations connected to human rights, became stronger, while before, the power over human rights construction was mobilised by the government, and legal institutions. This approach helped to activate the human rights discourse in wider environments - from politics to society.

At the same time, the role of media in human rights discussions emerged – not only because of the increasing academic interest in the ways media cover human rights issues (Ovsiovitch, 1993; Bailliet, 2013; Brooten, 2015; Balabanova, 2015; Sampaio-Dias, 2016), but also due to intensive public debates how media could contribute or be used in order to influence the human rights situation around the globe (Sampaio-Dias, 2016; Jansen, Pooley, & Taub-Pervizpour, 2011). However, it would not be fair to state that media concern about human rights on the global level was a result of the digital interconnectedness. Looking back to history, political movements of human rights emerged in the late 1960s, during a “show time” of the localized mass media which demonstrated interest in covering transnational events (Volkmer, 2012) but the capacity to reach, collect and distribute the information from certain parts of the world was more limited than it is now.

The Internet contributed to the formation of “global public sphere” which means an increasing reflective engagement in de-territorialized public discussions about issues happening in the world 6

(Volkmer, 2012), especially, when it comes to human rights. The list of communicators and the forms of media expanded (Peters & Broersma, 2013; Charles & Stewart, 2011; Haak, Parks, & Castells, 2012; Allan, 2013). Hence, neither human rights nor media are static objects of analysis – they are influenced by political, economic and social dynamics.

In terms of media, the emergence of the digital era and increasing global interconnectedness (Volkmer, 2014) has also challenged the traditional principles of journalism in several ways. The Internet encouraged to transform media from technological, economical, social and managerial perspectives (Küng, Picard, & Towse, 2008). More specifically, it reorganized the audience, content, news selection, as well as contributed to polarization of opinions and fragmentation of knowledge (Tewksbury & Rittenberg, 2012)

Some of the academic conclusions claim that professional media is currently in crisis (Charles & Stewart, 2011). According to Peters & Broersma (2013), “mainstream audiences are on the decline, and professional authority, credibility and autonomy are eroding” (p. 1). In addition, professional journalism receives criticism because it represents an “elitist, the technocratic conception of democracy which prioritises the role of political elites and experts and disregards participatory, citizen-based models” (Waisbord, 2013, p. 106). Within this “media-scape” (Appadurai, 1990), researchers have started to focus more actively on the emergence of citizen journalism and its relationship to professional media. All these conditions, related to globalisation and digitalisation, encourage analysing the human rights representation in the diverse media.

Research aim and questions

Regarding the academic discussions of online media development and the increasing interest in the human rights issues, the thesis aims to identify and understand how human rights are represented in professional and citizen online media. Therefore, the following research question is proposed for the analysis:

RQ: What are the similarities and differences of human rights representation in professional and citizen media?

In order to specify the angles through which human rights news will be analysed in different types of media, the following sub-questions are presented:

Sub-Q 1: Are there any significant patterns of thematic and geographic interaction in human rights representation? 7

Sub-Q 2: In which textual forms are certain human rights issues mostly reported by authors?

Sub-Q 3: Whose voice is represented in human rights news of different media?

Sub-Q 4: How often are human rights issues represented in relation to the Human Rights Instruments (e.g. local/national/international declarations, conventions, reports)?

Sub-Q 5: What other digital tools are used in order to supplement the textual information about human rights issues?

As we can see from the list of proposed sub-questions, the similarities and differences in human rights representation will be analysed through five different perspectives. First of all, the thesis explores whether different type of media has a transnational approach to the human rights issues (sub-q 1), as it is often discussed in the scholarly literature (Volkmer, 2014; Sampaio-Dias, 2016). This sub-question is also helpful to map the tendencies of thematic and geographic representation, which means that it might help to reveal whether certain human rights issues are tendentiously related to some parts of the world, or other way around. Second, the study analyses the balance between facts, opinions and witnessing in human rights news (sub-q 2). These forms of news reporting are often brought in comparative analysis by the media researchers who problematize the development of digital journalism (Meikle & Redden, 2011; Charles & Stewart, 2011; Peters & Broersma, 2013). Third, human rights in media could be discussed in various ways, depending on who is talking or is interviewed about the issues (Hall, 1997; Sampaio-Dias, 2016). Therefore it is expected to be useful to determine whose voice is represented in media (sub-q 3). Fourth, the concern about Human Rights Instruments (sub-q 4) is inspired by legal basis of international documents which was established in order to protect citizens from violations that could be committed by their states (Armaline et al., 2015). Therefore, the thesis analyses how much importance is given to these documents while discussing human rights issues in different types of media. Finally, the attention is drawn to the additional digital tools which are used to supplement online articles about human rights (sub-q 5). According to Tewksbury & Rittenberg (2012), the analysis of explicit attributes, that are used to extend information, allows to understand what type of interactivity or information channels various media promote. Overall, such analysis helps researcher to “conceptualize differences and similarities among media” (Tewksbury & Rittenberg, 2012, p. 107).

Expected outcome and limitations

As mentioned earlier, the study attempts to locate professional and citizen media within human rights discussions, while in the past, they were most of the times addressed separately and in broader thematic contexts. Even though digitalisation of media might have highly contributed to the formation of transnational news, it is still assumed that the place of media origins might have influence on news representation (Robertson, 2015). Consequently, digitally based citizen media 8 channel might share uneven similarities and differences with professional media which emerges from different parts of the world. Therefore, the thesis compares citizen media website – Global Voices (GV) with two professional media websites - The Guardian (TG) and Al-Jazeera English (AJE). All three media channels share the common interest to the transnational issues (see more in the chapter Methods and Material) but derive from different geographical locations – TG is based in the United Kingdom, AJE in Qatar, while GV is based in the Netherlands but its newsroom is located in the online space (see more in the chapter Methods and Material). Nonetheless, all three media channels consider human rights news as separate news category, to which editors relate the stories by using “human rights” tags or archiving news in the “human rights” subpages on their websites.

The overall goal of the research is to advance knowledge about human rights representation in digital media. The results will contribute to journalism studies by analysing contextual situations where different types of professional and citizen media actively address human rights issues in their agendas. It will deepen a discussion on human rights communication which is a part of the broader fields, such as social science or humanities.

Despite significant contributions to the related fields, the study faces several limitations. For example, the time frame of the study is limited to one year – 2016, which let to observe only the current situation of human rights news but not the changes in representation. Moreover, the study does not consider the fast evolution of technologies which could be used in reporting and could reshape moral principles of human rights and journalism. The thesis is also limited by the certain media cases which are studied in the empirical part. Lastly, the comparative analysis is made only in a quantitative way, which means that the qualitative features of human rights representation are not revealed in this work.

Structure of thesis

The thesis is constructed as follows. In the chapter, Literature and theory review, the horizontal angles, such as media role in representing human rights, the continuum of professionalism in digital journalism and the globalisation of human rights news will be analysed in relation to the previous academic works. The chapter Material and methods presents vertical angles - the motivation behind the selection of material and methods, as well as how the empirical research is conducted. The chapter Results introduces the major findings on how human rights issues are represented in the selected professional and citizen media. Finally, in the Discussion and Conclusions part, the results are related to the previous research and theory, and the final insights, how the goal is reached and what questions remained for the future research, are shared.

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THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

In the previous chapter, a central research question was proposed after a brief introduction of the research gap. Continuing further, this chapter explains the major concepts, theories and scientific works which will be helpful for conducting the empirical part. In order to structure theory and literature review, it is important to specify that the research gap derives from three theoretical angles. The first sub-chapter discusses the relation between human rights and media representation. The second sub-chapter targets the similarities and differences of professional and citizen media. Therefore, based on the previous research, it discusses whether there is a clear distinction between these two types of journalistic activities and if it is, what key points matter the most in the digital age (Waisbord, 2013; Peters & Broersma, 2013; Charles & Stewart, 2011). Lastly, the research gap is related to the idea that human rights is usually considered as a global project (Armaline et al., 2015). Therefore, the third sub-chapter draws attention to globalisation processes of news and how could they influence media content related to human rights (Berglez, 2008; Robertson, 2015; Hopper, 2007; Romano, 2010; Rantanen, 2005).

Human rights and media representation

The first sub-chapter presents the latest research and perspectives on human rights issues, and their representation in media. This will serve as the basis for conducting further analysis. In order to develop a discussion regarding the main characteristics of human rights news, first, it is useful to focus on the core concept of human rights.

Although 70 years have passed since the adoption of UDHR, many academics, activists, politicians, and lawyers in different parts of the world still struggle to define the term and what elements should or should not be included in the concept of “human rights” (Renteln, 1988; Dembour, 2010; Fields, 2009; Brinkmann, 2011). The basis for such debates is grounded in rapid changes in political, economic and social environments. For example, a range of rights which could be included in the declaration has expanded. To mention some of them, attention to the issues of people with disabilities, the fight for equality when it comes to LGBTQ+ rights, or for freedom of speech including access to the Internet, has increased over the past years.

The academic literature generally relates human rights to the ideas of power relations. Brinkmann (2011) states that “human rights in a sense are struggles against domination” (Brinkmann, 2011, p. 195). Similarly, Armaline et al (2015) assert that human rights are “an expression of shifting power relationships in a process” (Armaline et al., 2015, p. 77). Fields (2009) suggests that if human rights are related to power struggles and violations, there are always those who are “offending” and those who are “offended”. Nonetheless, shifting power relations between aggressors and victims make human rights dynamic due to varying social practices over time and space (Fields, 2009).

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In terms of scope, the media scholars discuss that human rights promote shared values between countries which leads to the development of a “global state project” (Armaline et al., 2015, p. 45). The global scope of human rights makes them homogeneous and normative which means that human rights are applied to and owned by every human being because of being human (Renteln, 1988). In other words, human rights by some of the authors are considered as universal (Fields, 2009). On the other hand, some contra-arguments exist that universality of human rights could not be implemented because of existing diversity of cultures which promote some of the rights more than others, or conceive the same rights in different ways (Renteln, 1988; Fields, 2009).

Finally, Dembour (2010) systematically summarize four schools of thought regarding how human rights could be represented: 1) "natural scholars" conceive of human rights as given; 2) "deliberative scholars" as agreed upon; 3) "protest scholars" as fought for, 4) "discourse scholars" as talked about (Dembour, 2010, p. 1). All these different authors show a great variety of angles through which human rights can be analysed and defined. On the other hand, it also signalises that interpretation and comprehension of human rights cannot be unified by one definition; therefore it is necessary to be aware of environment and external factors that might shape the understanding of human rights by different actors.

Given the context of media research, there is still a lack of consistent definition of “human rights news” which could be used as a tool for media content analysis. Some of the attempts are discussed further in this section.

“Human rights news” is rarely defined by academics as a separate term, but is rather characterised through broader descriptions. For example, Matthew Powers (2016) splits the phrase into two parts and explains them through Foucault’s discourse approach. According to the author, “human rights” discourse contains several ideals, for example, “legal conventions, political rhetoric or social movement activism, which are sometimes in tension. These various ideals generate debates about the “true” meaning of human rights, which differ from legal interpretations that use international laws to define human rights norms” (Powers, 2016, p. 315). “News” in Power’s article is determined as “information and/or commentary on contemporary affairs in which one or more actors identify an issue related to human rights” (Powers, 2016, p. 315).

Sampaio-Dias (2016) acknowledge human rights as norms which extend the nation state or cultural frame. She writes:

“Human rights are defined as norms inherent to all human beings regardless of nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status, and are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. The principles of universality, inalienability, indivisibility, and equality are the cornerstone of international human rights law, and states must assume obligations and duties to respect, protect, and to fulfil these human rights” (Sampaio-Dias, 2016, p. 2).

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Therefore, following her definition, “human rights news” could be defined and recognized as news about meeting these norms successfully or unsuccessfully and about the role of different actors, for example, society, lawyers or government.

It could also be argued that human rights news is all published or broadcasted news items which contain the phrase or are categorised as “human rights” or its synonyms (Ovsiovitch, 1993), (Bailliet, 2013), (Balabanova, 2015), (Sampaio-Dias, 2016). Josh Klein (2011) observed that until the middle of 1970s, the phrase “human rights” was almost not used in the headlines of US press, radio and television. The situation dramatically changed and reached its peak by the end of 20th Century. However, after the millennium, the phrase became unpopular again in the media discourse. The author assumes that the intensive usage of human rights discourse might have come back during and after the “Arab spring”.

However, there are various criterions how are issues selected and categorized as human rights news. Several authors highlight that newsworthiness aspects limit the range of topics that are discussed under the “umbrella” of human rights in media. To illustrate this aspect, in one of the first studies of this topic, Ovsiovitch (1993) discovered that conflicts and crisis are two major criteria that bring human rights issues to the pages of the American press. He also noticed that some of the issues are tendentiously concentrated within space. The dominant pattern in American press was that most of human rights violations are usually happening in Latin America and Eastern Europe (Ovsiovitch, 1993).

Referring to newsworthiness, Ella McPherson (2012) conducted qualitative research aiming to answer the question: which human rights related information becomes news? During interviews with Mexican journalists, she identified several tendencies including that human rights news firstly is about violations rather than protection, and that the selection is usually based on traditional journalistic norms connected to actuality, unexpected angles, importance to the public as well as closeness in terms of space and time. Similar factors were observed by Balabanova (2015) and Sampaio-Dias (2016) who emphasise not only journalistic criteria such as newness or proximity but also the financial constraints that might have effects on the human rights representation in media.

One more major concern is related to the role that media plays in representing human rights issues. First, media itself is a human right which is expressed in UDHR (1948, Article 19). According to the organization Reporters Without Borders, the existence of independent media is considered as essential element for democracy (Reporters Without Borders, 2017). Secondly, media is an active player in human rights issues. After conducting in-depth analysis of human rights coverage and journalistic work in Portuguese public television, Sampaio-Dias (2016) summed up three major roles in human rights reporting conceived by the journalists and editors. These are – truth-seeking, providing the audience with the variety of perspectives and voices, and promoting certain values in order to avoid “violation of rights or a social injustice” (Sampaio-Dias, 2016, p. 185). Balabanova (2015) discusses media roles in human rights from a theoretical point of view which derive from traditional journalism theories. However, she also highlights the roles, such as raising awareness, setting the agenda for public discussion, documenting human rights violations and calling for action. 12

The continuum of professional journalism in the face of digitalisation

This sub-chapter reviews a range of approaches to professional and citizen journalism before and after digitalisation of media. It also discusses whether professional and citizen journalism could only be analysed in the opposing positions, when they both share online sphere.

The roots of professional journalism could be found in the 19th Century’s Anglo-American media. However, different authors disagree whether this journalism tradition later became a role model for other media systems. Hallin and Mancini (2004), for example, tried to prove that models from Western Europe and North America dominate globally and function as a starting point from which the level of professionalism is measured. But ten years later, several scholars constructively criticize the homogeneous approach on Western media. The media systems are revisited resulting with the idea to specify hierarchical clustering of different models by northern, southern, western and central perspectives (Brüggemann, Engesser, Büchel, Humprecht, & Castro, 2014). However, these authors later admit that it is not enough for expanding approach on media systems beyond Western world, therefore the additional dimensions are required to be assessed, which are “Internet access, social media, and press freedom” (Brüggemann, Engesser, Büchel, Humprecht, & Castro, 2014, p. 1062).

Waisbord (2013) sees professionalism as “a narrative that reveals how journalism intersects with economic, political, social and cultural forces that shape media systems” (Waisbord, 2013, p. 4). Working with media education, he experienced that the ethics of information gathering and distribution varies a lot within different countries. Therefore, it would be unfair to consider Western media model as homogeneously dominant. Hence, he deconstructs media systems as the complex phenomenon which leads to the varying types of professionalism. Furthermore, Waisbord (2013) explains that professionalism is “guided by the ideals of objectivity, neutrality and facticity” (Waisbord, 2013, p. 16). The list of values is expanded by Ivor Gaber (2011) who discusses “seven pillars of journalistic wisdoms” (Gaber, 2011, p. 38) that consist of objectivity, truth, impartiality, balance, bias, independence and accuracy. These ethical ideals distinguish professional journalism from unprofessional and they could be handed over through the special education (Peters & Broersma, 2013; Waisbord, 2013) which makes journalism a profession. However, later we will learn that digitalisation of media has challenged these pillars and encouraged to find a compromise with so-called unprofessional media which is usually created by active citizens.

In order to understand the boundaries of professional journalism, it could be also useful to analyse the situations when professional journalism is seen on decline. Meikle and Redden (2011) argues that traditional media environment is highly influenced by new media technologies, which affect the “content, distribution channels, geographical constrains, production values, business models, regulatory approaches and cultural habits in unexpected ways” (Meikle & Redden, 2011, p. 1). The professional journalists claim that the decline of first-person witnessing in their reports is related to the “incessant drive to exploit the speed and access afforded by new digital technologies” (Allan, 2013, p. 178). Also, it is related to deteriorated economic situation which reduce the quality of foreign news because of lacking resources to work on the field. As the consequences, many media 13 scholars mark 21st Century as the breaking point for professional journalism which is very often defined as crisis (Meikle & Redden, 2011; White, 2011) or even the end of journalism (Charles & Stewart, 2011).

Researchers attempt to prove such professional media ‘diagnosis’ by arguing about transformation of media environment, new principles in journalistic work, fragmentation of information and participation of audience in the news production (Meikle, Redden, 2011; Charles and Stewart, 2011; Waisbord, 2013). McChesney (2011) identifies crisis in terms of “the corruption of journalism, the decline of investigative reporting, the degeneration of political reporting and international journalism, the absurd horse race coverage of campaigns, the collapse of local journalism, the increasing prevalence of celebrity and scandals” (cited in Meikle, Redden, 2011, p. 54). Some other major fears are concerned with declining credibility of public information. The definition “fake news” (Cooke, 2017) comes into use, especially during and after the latest US presidential elections (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017). Studying current journalism, it is important to be aware of these factors – media content might be not always valid, as well as its existence on the digital platforms is temporary and provisional.

Interestingly, other authors evaluate the same features of changing journalistic environment in a more positive way. For example, Haak et al. (2012) discuss how digital age formed networked journalism and what advantages did it bring. Their core idea is that journalism now is facing “an explosion” which is determined by different features such as networking, crowd-sourcing, data visualisation, visual presentation, transparency, automatically generated content and globalisation processes. The authors also emphasize merging practices of data collection and news production which leads to the notion of “networked journalism”. It is described as “a diffused capacity to record information, share it, and distribute it <...> The actual product of journalistic practice now usually involves networks of various professionals and citizens collaborating, corroborating, correcting and ultimately distilling the essence of the story that will be told” (Haak et al., 2012, p. 2297).

In theory, citizen journalism is often linked to the “web-based practices whereby ‘ordinary’ users engage in journalistic practices such as current affairs-based blogging, photo and video sharing, and posting eyewitness commentary on current events” (Goode, 2009, p. 2). Citizen journalism is not the only term to describe such journalistic activities with bottom-up perspective. Singer (2011) also suggests “user-generated content” and “participatory journalism” to the terminology. She chooses the later one because “it captures the idea of collaborative and collective” (Singer, 2011, p. 2). The emergence of citizen journalism was not only determined by the struggles or, as others state, expansion of professional media and accessibility to the digital sphere. The studies, which analyse the relation of professional and citizen journalism, often focus on the online media cases than community newspapers (Lewis, Kaufhold, & Lasorsa, 2010, p. 166) which confirms that emergence of citizen journalism is tightly related to digitalisation of media.

The increasing interest of citizens to participate in the information gathering and distribution processes was also influenced by certain political events. Citizen journalism arose during the Arab 14

Spring, Iranian Green movement, or Occupy Wall Street movement. The events were actively reported by ordinary people via different types of media, such as social networks (Twitter, Facebook), blogs, or other platforms (Peters & Broersma, 2013). One of the biggest impacts that the internet and citizen reporting made on traditional journalism, according to Brooten (2015), is reducing the “blind spots” in some of the world regions, from which the stories are told in rather tendentious ways. She writes: “In reporting on human rights abuses, these tropes consistently construct Third World victims as miserable and seemingly unable to help themselves, justifying the intervention of benevolent, paternalistic outsiders. These Orientalist frames are common and the focuses of much research, yet the internet and social media have helped to challenge them at least somewhat” (Brooten, 2015, p. 132). According to Allan (2013), it is impossible to determine the relative success of citizen participation in this context. However, active participation of citizens in media, according the researcher, has “the potential to empower ordinary people renewing their efforts to extend democratic change of human rights” (Allan, 2013, p. 121).

As the evidence, different citizen media platforms occurred, providing space to raise public debates about human rights situation and report about the witnessed violations that do not always get attention from the mainstream media. On the other hand, Goode (2009) critically approaches the characteristics of citizen journalism by saying that not every time citizen media should be positioned as alternative to mainstream, because sometimes their agendas match. Also, the methods that both of them use, could be interrelated (Goode, 2009), or hybrid (Chadwick, 2013). For example, professional journalists use social media posts, video material of citizens (Romano, 2010), or in other way, citizen journalists use techniques of professional journalism. Such processes, nonetheless, transforms seven pillars which were mentioned earlier. Gaber (2011) offers a compromise by arguing that both professional journalists and bloggers should admit their subjective backgrounds and to be fair about their work. Other pillars, such as accuracy, thoroughness, verification, transparency and accountability should be also applicable for both professional journalists and bloggers working in the digital space where the facts could be easily checked (Gaber, 2011). Still, as Goode (2009) also notices, citizen participation in journalism is seen rather flat – the content is made by people to people. She sees the lacking inclusion of vertical communication that power-holders have. On the other hand, the vertical conversation is often reflected in professional media therefore, public elites are not always concerned about being an active subject of citizen communication, since the credibility of citizen journalism is always questioned (Goode, 2009). The hybridization of media in the digital sphere makes to reconsider whether power relations between professional and citizen journalism are clear.

Overall, the media researchers emphasize three dominating approaches to the relation between professional and citizen journalism on philosophical and practical level. First approach does not consider citizen journalism as a part of journalism at all. The main argument is that citizen journalism is lacking professional competence. Second approach stands for unprofessional work and the fragmented participation. The editors who wanted to integrate citizen voice in their local media struggled to find regular and reliable reporters. Third approach treats citizen journalism as an “extension of traditional journalism” (Lewis et al., 2010, p. 171). However, in this thesis, citizen 15 media is seen as a distinct platform which tells a story from the society’s perspective. In other words, it is considered as media organization which has a virtual newsroom with the editors, and regularly reporting activists who use journalistic tools to collect the information from the social media, blogs, or events where the journalists hardly could attend.

To sum up, scholarly literature offers a variety of approaches how to position professional and citizen journalism in digital sphere. There is evidence that digitalisation of media might have contributed to the transformation of professionalism by encouraging such processes as hybridity of journalistic ideals, media technologies and content creators. Therefore, the border line between professional and citizen journalism became thinner than it was before digitalisation. However, the hierarchy of power-holders which are represented in these two types of media is still present.

Globalisation and human rights news

The key idea of the final sub-chapter is to critically discuss the globalisation processes in media, which are often taken for granted, especially when it comes to the bigger media organisations that have capacities to cover events from different parts of the world. Also, as stated in the previous sections – human rights are initially considered as a ‘global state project’ (Armaline et al., 2015), therefore, this part will also analyse to what extent human rights news could be considered as global, according the academic literature.

As Rantalen (2005) emphasize, the media role in globalisation discussions is always re-occurring but actual methodology how to analyse globalisation in media is lacking. Therefore, she suggests a “global mediagraphy” tool which is based on Appadurai’s theory of scapes. Rantalen (2005) explains that global mediagraphy could be used to analyze the migration of people, information through technology, markets and “the distribution of the electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information and to images created by these media” (Rantanen, 2005, p. 13). Following Rantalen’s (2005) ideas, media globalisation is tightly related to the comprehension of time, place and space which are inter-connected. The increasing capacity to transfer media messages in a shorter time between distant places opens a possibility to create new spaces for communication (Rantanen, 2005).

In general, media channels are stuck in different spaces between the nation-states and global sphere. The primary approach towards different media channels is that they all emerge from the certain geographical, socio-economic or political contexts and could be referred to the different media systems (Hallin & Mancini, 2004, 2012). According to Hallin and Mancini (2004), three major models emerge from Western Europe and North America media systems – Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist, North/Central European or Democratic Corporatist and North Atlantic or Liberal model (Hallin & Mancini, 2004, pp. 67–68). However, applying these models to the media which is beyond the Western part of the world is not very effective. As Katrin Voltmer observes, most of these “other” countries have similarities with Polarized Pluralist media and politics system,

16 however, it would not be fair to generalise the rest of the world under the one model (Hallin & Mancini, 2012, p. 225). Additionally, Marwan M. Kraidy challenges the nation-state approach while comparing media systems and brings up the idea of the “transnational system” which especially recognizable in the Middle East region. He explains: “Contemporary Arab media consist of an unevenly integrated regional (pan-Arab) market, superimposed onto national systems and increasingly integrated into the global media market, although in many respects distinct from both” (Hallin & Mancini, 2012, p. 177). These differing aspects usually are related to the wealth of the country, the regional political interference, the size of population, media organisational model and others.

However, Hallin’s and Mancini’s media systems are limited not only by the factors that they should derive from democratic environments and are attached to certain geographic areas, but also, these systems dismiss the emerging media models which have roots in digital environment and are based on participatory journalism, for example. In such cases, it could be presumed that digital setting reduces the impact of political systems and geographical areas for media’s content.

As mentioned earlier, digitalisation highly contributed to the global interconnectedness. Globalisation processes are often related to the expansion of political and economic networks beyond the borders of nation-states (Hopper, 2007; Armaline et al., 2015) but it does not neglect other areas but rather interact with them. The global aspects also occur when we discuss the standardization of goods, the homogenization or heterogenization of cultures, the question of identity and others (Hopper, 2007; Mattelart, 2009). Giddens (1990) approaches globalisation as “the intensification of world-view social relations, which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away or vice versa” (Giddens, 1990, p. 64). Media is one of the actors which contributes to creating these links that foster interconnectedness and accessibility to information (Rantanen, 2005).

The emergence of digital networks highly contributes to the increase of transnational public communication as well as the establishment of ‘global public sphere’ (Volkmer, 2014). Berglez (2008) explains the relation between those global networks and public spheres: “if globalisation is defined by ongoing relations between regions and people, generated by capital, trade, human mobility and technology, then global journalism ought to be kind of journalistic practice which makes it into every day routine to investigate how people and their actions, practices, problems, life conditions etc. in different parts of the world are interrelated” (Berglez, 2008, p. 846). The global appearance of news in media could be implemented in several ways – connecting situations across space or space through certain issues. In the context of human rights, the first scenario focuses on how global media channels relate certain practices of human rights with different parts of the world (heterogeneous approach). While the second scenario rather homogenizes human rights by presenting them as static norms that different countries have to follow. However, according to Rantanen (2005), these scenarios “are not mutually exclusive” (Rantanen, 2005, p. 116), usually, it is possible to find both of them in the same media.

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The criticism which derives from the global media practices could be explained through the representation theory which is constituted of “embodying of concepts, ideas and emotions in a symbolic form which can be transmitted and meaningfully interpreted” (Hall, 1997, p. 10). There are at least three approaches towards representation: 1) reflective representation of the real world; 2) intentional representation when the author impose the meaning and 3) constructive representation when concepts and signs are organized in a certain manner which create certain meaning (Hall, 1997, p. 25). Even though, it is difficult to accurately determine why a certain approach is used by studying only the content of media but it is important to pay attention where the global practices are emerging from, in what way social connections are interlinked and how the content is interpreted.

The studies of global Western news channels show that sometimes global angle is still rooted in the “set of geopolitical concerns, primarily debated in terms dictated by political elites within certain nation-states” (Dencik, 2013, p. 132). The critical inquiry of global news is also conducted by Robertson (2015) who expands the research material with different Western and non-Western media organisations (BBCW, AJE and RT) that represent the political crisis in the Middle East and at the same time approach Europe as a space in their news agenda. The outcome of the study shows that there is no unifying representation of the same events or topics. Therefore, for media research which involves the globalisation aspects, it is recommended to pay attention to the narrator – who is telling a global story and whose perspectives are reflected, as well as in which position the storyteller situates himself (Robertson, 2015). These examples partly confirm that so-called “global media channels” do not share the same global setting. Therefore, some obstacles occur in defining what the global media channel is – whether it is a channel characterized by the interest to the foreign issues, no matter on which scope something is happening, by the coverage of local or national issues which would be relevant to the whole world (addressing global audience), or by attempts to disconnect from the geographical roots and make connections of different issues in different parts of the world.

Comparing these three approaches of media connections with the space whether it is national, transnational or global, the most accurate way to define media in the digital world is by using the term “transnational”, because it does not deny the relations to nation-states where some of the media channels emerge from but also, it does not overwhelmingly represent the global scale. Lastly, the term transnational media could be also applied for such media channels which derive from the digital sphere and are generated by the authors from different parts of the world. In the human rights context, “transnational” gives more freedom for interpretation how human rights are experienced, practiced or reflected in different parts of the world.

Applying the approach of transnationalism to human rights news study, it should be possible to determine the connectivity of different issues, actors, locations and communicative space on the certain time period. Furthermore, this framework leads to understanding how similarly or differently human rights are mediated by different types of media.

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Given the ongoing reconsiderations of human rights concept, the establishment of “human rights news” as a certain news category, the fluidity of professional journalism and emergence of citizen media, the question arises of how these matters correspond with each other. If human rights are considered as a set of moral aspirations (Ingram, 2009), (Roth, 2016), media content could be seen as sort of reflector which mediates, documents and debates current social practices that are experienced by different individuals or groups. Therefore, analysing how human rights are represented in media would lead to knowledge of what social practices of human rights catch different media’s attention and in what ways they are communicated to the public. The following chapter presents the investigated material and methodology which is used in order to analyse human rights in professional and citizen media.

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METHODS AND MATERIAL

In the previous chapters, the thesis developed theoretical discussions on the interaction between human rights and media, the globalisation of human rights news and the relation of professional and citizen media within digital age. These topics serve as the basis for the empirical research. This section presents the main methodological tools which are used in order to quantitatively analyse how human rights are represented in professional and citizen media. In addition, the chapter explains the choice of material, sampling techniques and the procedures which are applied to code and process data.

Quantitative content analysis

The quantitative content analysis is chosen in order to study the representation of human rights issues by different types of media in a systematic and objective way (Neuendorf, 2002). There are at least two approaches to the quantitative content analysis and its potential. One is emerging from Riff, Lacy, & Fico (2014) book which asserts that quantitative content analysis is widely used to understand what influence media messages have on the behaviour or attitudes of the audience, whether it is ordinary people, academics or government. While studying the media effects, it is also important to acknowledge the limitations. Riff (2014) claims that direct influence of media is not obvious anymore, media rather affects the knowledge about specific topics, than how people should think or act regarding the given information. This argument could be strongly supported by the scholars who focus on media transformation within the digital era, including such features, such as media convergence, fragmentation of audience and the emergence of citizen participation (Allan, 2013), (Tewksbury & Rittenberg, 2012), (Peters & Broersma, 2013).

On the other hand, there is an older approach by Hansen (1998) who suggests that the quantitative analysis of media content helps to systemize qualitative approaches to media representation of different topics: “The purpose of the method is to identify and count the occurrence of specified characteristics or dimensions of texts, and through this, to be able to say something about messages, images, representations of such texts and their wider social significance” (Hansen, 1998, p. 95). Hansen’s definition is focusing more on the text construction and the interpretative deliveries rather than actual media influence on the audience. It also highlights the importance of theories which creates the need to analyse the content quantitatively and help to discuss the social significance of the statistical results. In order to compare different media representation of human rights topics, Hansen’s approach to the quantitative content analysis is applied in the research.

Pilot Study

Before designing this research model, the pilot study was conducted in order to test different methods and the effectiveness of the topic. The main focus was on the journalistic principles and 20 techniques that citizen journalists use while reporting about human rights issues. For the small analysis, the quantitative content analysis and qualitative interviews were combined which later provided valuable insights, even though the sample was too small to generalize results. The first part helped to identify the major trends, how the articles are constructed, for example, what sub- topics, sources, illustrations, human rights documents or other elements citizen journalists use in their texts. The second part supported the pilot study with the deeper insights by citizen journalists who shared not only the ideas how do they construct stories but also what challenges citizen journalism experience recently. Thus, mixing two different types of methods were drawn on Creswell’s idea of complementation (Creswell, 2014), as well as it provided with the basis for the broader research. The general differences between the pilot study and the thesis is that the later one does not carry the qualitative analysis; it rather focuses on the quantitative outcome of comparing different aspects of professional and citizen media representation of human rights news.

Material

The research material for this study is collected from three different online news websites which tend to cover events on a transnational scale and have a special focus on human rights issues in their daily agenda, as it was explained in the introduction. These are a citizen news platform GV and professional news websites TG and AJE. The channels, as well as results of analysis are introduced in alphabetic order to avoid hierarchical impression of representation when it comes to the level of professionalism, geographical/political domination and etc.

Al-Jazeera English

AJE presents themselves as “truly global network” launched in 2006, which “provides a voice for the voiceless in some of the most unreported places on the planet” (Al-jazeera, n.d.). The coverage of events during the “Arab Spring” let AJE enter the ‘playground of global media giants’. However, the organization took a different path from Westernized global corporations and rather became a contra-flow to them. In the in-depth analysis of AJE, Figenschou writes: “In its ambitious editorial agenda, AJE states that it aims to challenge the dominant Western news flows, challenge power elites, and report international news from a southern, grass-roots perspective” (Figenschou, 2013, p. 16). The organisation is also sometimes called “counter-hegemonic media” (Robertson, 2015, p. 13). AJE uses localized global news as one of the main tools which help to promote and draw global attention on Arabic world issues (Figenschou, 2013), (Robertson, 2015). Some other authors call this channel – transnational (Volkmer, 2014) due to its aim to inform Arabic diaspora and break the silence of information to the global audience about Arabic region. On the other hand, the channel is often criticized by lacking the regional perspectives and authenticity (Bailliet, 2013). In fact, AJE firstly is a television channel but as most of the current televisions, AJE has also its presence on the

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Internet as news website which is in focus of this study. The past research shows that AJE had a special focus on human rights issues since the establishment of the channel but it did not separate human rights news from other news at least until 2012 when Bailliet (2013) conducted her study. She had to collect her material via search system which might not have represented all articles related to human rights on AJE’s website. In 2017, human rights news has a separate page on the website which makes them more accessible for analysis.

Global Voices

The citizen platform GV could be considered one among a few “lone wolves” – the citizen media who intend to bring local stories on the global spotlight. The platform was launched in 2005 and it unites volunteers from all around the world reporting about various issues that gain less attention of the mainstream media. The main focus of this platform is on “border-less” coverage of “marginalized and misrepresented communities” who express their voices on social media, blogs, or independent press (Global Voices, n.d.). Based in the Netherlands, GV cannot be considered as tightly related to certain geographical location because its concept is to cover online reports by activists, bloggers from developing regions: “The organization translates and lists blogs and in particular provides advocacy for blogs from countries where governments practice censorship” (Volkmer, 2014, p. 69). Berkman Klein Center describes Global Voices as “online citizen media community dedicated to amplifying independent online voices from outside North America and Western Europe” (Berkman Klein Center, n.d.). The interest to human rights issues is not documented elsewhere in the literature, however, the website itself signalize the high concern of this topic by archiving human rights stories under the separate category of news. The GV website is considered as one of the most illustrative examples how citizen media is conceived in this study. Given the global outreach, emergence from the digital environment, active community and the lack of academic analysis of this participatory media, the platform is chosen for the comparative analysis together with two professional media organizations.

The Guardian

Started as a newspaper in the 19th Century, The Guardian had its first steps in the digital era in 1994 (GNM archive, 2002). The transformation to online space, in the Guardian’s case, is seen as a replacement of traditional journalism, according to Brian McNair (Meikle & Redden, 2011, p. 38). However, despite the changes in journalistic environment, The Guardian’s political view has remained – they present themselves as a platform for “voices of the left” (GNM archive, 2002). Based in the United Kingdom, The Guardian covers the worldwide stories with the support of the globally spread network of journalists. There is not much research on human rights representation

22 by The Guardian news website, however, the potential to analyse this topic is high because such stories are categorized under the separate tag, which makes the material easily accessible.

Sampling

The articles are collected by applying two criterions: 1) the texts should be referred to human rights news category by each media organization, and 2) they should be published in 2016. The necessary items were found in the archives under the “human rights” category of each news website. The small struggle occurred with AJE’s archive which offers online articles for only three months’ term. However, after contacting the staff, they provided with the links to all articles which were published under “human rights” category in 2016. In total, 3223 articles (GV – 609, TG– 888, AJE - 1476) were collected that correspond to both criterions.

Given a large amount of material, it was decided to reduce it by employing systematic random sampling (Neuendorf, 2002, p. 84) in a circular manner. More explicitly, the articles which were published on every 6th week are selected from all three websites, for example, 1st week of January, 2nd week of February and so on. When the sampling reaches 5th week, then the selection starts from the first week again, as it is shown in figure 1:

Figure 1: Sampling scheme

This sampling technique offers a possibility to extract one week from each month, without excluding 5th week which occurs only two times per year. On the other hand, it also has a few limitations, for example, some of the tendentious coverage of specific events could be missed. Also, marking weeks in a different manner might provide with a different collection of articles.

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After the first stage of sampling, 635 articles were extracted, including 142 from GV, 170 from TG and 323 from AJE. Since the study focuses on the relative comparison of the human rights coverage in different media, it was decided to reduce the amount of AJE articles, which was overwhelmingly large while comparing it to the other media. Therefore, additional sampling was applied which contained two steps. Firstly, since AJE is a hybrid media, which publishes news in different media formats, such as television and news texts, all internet pages which function as the presentation of TV programmes, or interactive pages of AJE, were eliminated from the list (29 articles). Secondly, every second article starting with the second, fourth and further was also eliminated from the list. Finally, the sample was reduced to 458 articles (GV – 142, TG – 170, AJE- 146).

Coding procedures and data analysis

This section describes the coding procedures of the quantitative content analysis in order to make the study repeatable for the other researchers. Moreover, the explicit instructions might help to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the research for the future improvements.

The quantitative content analysis design is inspired by the media researcher Sampaio-Dias (2016) who focused on the human rights reporting by Portuguese public television. Despite a few ideas which were implemented in this study, there are many more differences that will be explained while reasoning the choice of different categories and variables.

The analysis is conducted by following the coding sheet (Appendix 1) which was established during the pilot study and later improved. The coding sheet consists of three levels. The first level is named “Article characteristics”. It focuses on the general features of the publications that are the most noticeable for readers. For example, a title, a date of publishing, a topic and a geographical location. The second level, “General story characteristics”, opens a possibility to capture the form of the media text, the main actors of the story and the usage of the Human Rights instruments. The third level, “Additional tools”, analyse how the illustrations and hyperlinks are used in order to extend the story.

The coded data is processed with the statistics programs SPSS with the aim to identify the most common trends of the representation of human rights news, to find relations between the specific elements (Riff et al., 2014) within one media organization and to compare the results with other media organizations. In the following, some of the categories are described, emphasizing the characteristics which could help to code in the most accurate way.

Article characteristics

The major article characteristics include the human rights topics, their geographical distribution and the scope of the represented issues. Starting with the first one, there are many ways how to systemize human rights coverage in media. For example, Sampaio-Dias (2016) categorized the topics (armed conflict/war, disaster, economy and politics, and social issues), types of rights (civil, 24 political and economic, social and cultural rights, and collective rights) and established 20 possible variables that could provide with the information what was the focus within each human rights topic (Sampaio-Dias, 2016, pp. 85–89). The other example of categorization is from HRW organization (Human Rights Watch, 2016). It separates human rights topics into 15 smaller categories which describe the type of rights more specifically, including children, disability, or refugee rights. Comparing different approaches, it was decided to follow categories suggested by HRW because they focus on complexity and variety of human rights cases. Additionally, the list was adjusted with the topics that emerged while conducting the pilot study of citizen media. Finally, 23 categories were set (Appendix 1, Variable 4) with the awareness that the list might be provisional and extended.

In order to understand in which context human rights are discussed in the media and given the idea that sometimes the issues could be exposed in relation to other human rights issues, the coding sheet request to mark a first and second human rights topics (Appendix 1, Variables 4 and 5). The first category could be identified by answering the question – what is happening in the story? The second category indicates an interaction among different topics and could be identified by answering – what is presented as the main reason for what is happening in the story? These two human rights topics are also inter-related because the second signalizes which human rights issues motivated to bring the first human rights topic in the public debate.

After determining the major topics of human rights, the coder is requested to record all countries (Appendix 1, Variable 6) that are mentioned in the article. For this category, several rules are applied. For example, the countries could be expressed not only in a direct but also indirect way, such as “Asian countries”, “P5+1” countries”, “Latin America” etc. These geographical descriptions would be considered as “mentioned countries”. However, when the text discusses nationalities of people or presents the consolidation of countries as it would be the organization (The United Nation, European Union, and other), then such variations are not included in the category of the countries. The category of regions (Appendix 1, Variable 7) is indicated as the consequence of variable 6 where all countries are recorded. The distribution of regions is illustrated more precisely in the map (Appendix 1.2), which is created, combining the approaches of the UN (United Nations, n.d.) and the World Bank (The World Bank, 2016) on the allocation of world regions. Finally, Variable 8 (Appendix 1, Variable 8) measures the scale of the issue in relation to the geographical references. They are divided into four levels: local/national, interregional, trans-regional and global. The local and national levels are presented together because analysing human rights news through the globalization perspective, it is expected to differentiate the scale of events only on the larger extent.

General story characteristics

The second part, general story characteristics, aims to understand in what form and which constructive elements the authors use to represent human rights issues in different types of media. First, the coding sheet requests to determine the form which the author choose to report about the event (Appendix 1, Variable 9), whether s/he reports as the primary source of the human rights 25 related issues, or s/he presents facts or more in-depth reportage about the specific issue, or s/he shares the opinions, reactions about the event or public phenomenon. These forms might not completely represent the ordinary genres of traditional journalism; however, it rather draws distinctions between the different stands of authors who represent human rights issues on media.

The actors/sources (Appendix 1, Variables 10-20) in this research are the people or organizations which are quoted directly or indirectly in the text. The list of possible variables is also not limited. Therefore, the additional actors/sources that occur while conducting research are placed in the category “other” which will be discussed more explicitly in the section of results. In order to indicate the actors/sources in the most accurate way, several rules are also established, as it was in the case of countries:

• Government – this category is marked when the spokespersons from the local, national or international institutions are quoted in the text. Such institutions which have inter- governmental status, for example, the United Nations or European Parliament, are referred to this category. • NGO – the institutions or organizations which promote human rights and describe themselves as non-governmental. • Law enforcement specialists/institutions – this category includes the representatives from courts, police or other similar institutions. The major difference between NGO’s and law enforcement institutions is that former ones do not only promote the human rights related laws but also, they supposed to guard and provide the punishment if they are not followed. • Education representatives are meant to be teachers, professors, researchers, and others that are related to the certified education activities. • Activists – for this category, the activists are considered those who participate in the demonstrations, are presented as the activists of a certain values or ideas, however, it does not include people who are active online – for them the separate variable is created. • Ordinary people – these actors are presented as the voice of the society, they do not carry a status of expert or references to any groups or organizations. They supposed to be interviewed directly. • Digital activists – this category covers the active people who discuss the human rights issues online or promote action online. Citizen journalists are also considered as digital activists. • Religion representatives/organizations – this category includes the officially and publicly recognized religious groups and their members. Nowadays, there are a lot of debates how to treat radical groups which announce their activities in relation to religion. In this study, such groups are rather referred to “other”. • Health specialists/organizations – here only the professionals are included, while the volunteers working with the humanitarian aid would be considered as activists or NGO if they would be a part of the specific organization. • Other – all the rest, which have not been proposed as possible actors/sources, are marked under this category with the note of possible type.

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Additional tools

The third part supplements the analysis with the additional tools which the authors use additionally to the text – the illustrations and hyperlinks. In the case of illustrations (Appendix 1, Variables 22- 28), the coder has to mark all the illustrations that s/he indentifies in the text while in the case of hyperlinks (Appendix 1, Variables 29-36), the coder is requested to count a number of different types of hyperlinks.

The overall goal of the coding is not to determine whether the text presents true or false, it rather focuses how text is constructed – what actors it contains, how they interact within the text, and what interpretative content occurs from their interaction (Silverman, 2015, p. 277). This constructive approach helps to evaluate news texts as media products which represent topics in an authentic manner.

Validity and reliability

In order to justify the sampling validity, the sampling error was measured by using online tool on DSS research website. With the sample of 458 articles which are extracted from the total of 3223 articles, it is expected to reach about 95% of confidence level with the sampling error nearly +/-2.9 % (DSS Research, n.d.). After sampling the material, the coding sheet was adjusted which consists of 36 variables which cover different aspects of human rights representation in media. Each text was coded quantitatively by using the instructions which were established during the pilot study and later developed during the different stages of the research. In order to test the functionality of the coding sheet, 50 articles were coded by two independent coders. The test version of coded material was not used for the analysis; however, the insights about the coding process were used to improve the coding sheet. Also, aiming at the better accuracy and reliability of results (Neuendorf, 2002, p. 112), the material was coded twice by the author of the thesis. In order to make the research process replicable, the coding instructions are presented in the previous section.

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RESULTS

This section presents the major findings which emerge from the quantitative content analysis of the articles which were published under human rights news category during 2016 on three different media websites - GV, TG and AJE. The overall goal is to understand, to what extent professional and citizen media differ or are similar when they report about human rights.

In order to reach balanced distribution among the articles, several sampling techniques were applied (see ch. Methodology). In total, 458 articles were analysed while approximately every third represented different news website (Appendix 2, Figure 2). However, it is important to remind that AJE coverage of human rights issues was double than the analysed sample. It is assumed that proportionally reduced sample should not highly influence the results because the sample itself is big enough to compare it with other media channels.

The comparative analysis covers the following aspects: thematic and geographic representation will show which issues and parts of the world receive the biggest or the weakest media attention when it comes to the human rights. The relation of thematic and geographic distribution reveals, how different media associate certain issues with locations and on which scale they are discussed – national, interregional, trans-regional or global. The scale analysis is specifically relevant in order to determine in which context different media tends to represent human rights issues, whether they are the matter of a certain group of locally concentrated actors or global players. A form of representation will briefly measure the balance between first-person experience reporting, fact reporting and sharing the opinions or reactions to certain events or issues. This aspect is useful in order to confirm or contradict theoretical assumptions which claim that citizen media is rather opinionated which makes it less trustworthy in comparison to professional media. Actors/sources will provide with the information about who is talking about human rights issues in different media texts. This will signalize by whom human rights are represented whether they are elites – official representatives from the government, courts, universities, or ordinary people and activists. The use of Human Rights Instruments will help to understand the importance of these documents while discussing the related issues publically on media. Finally, in order to comprehend the digital impact on human rights representation, the tendencies of text illustrations and references (hyperlinks) to other information sources were analysed. The findings of each aspect are presented in the relevant subchapters.

Themes and geography (sub-q 1)

The first sub-question aims to answer: “Are there any significant patterns of thematic and geographic interaction in human rights representation?”. In order to present the results related to this question, I will first overview the thematic, then geographic dispersal of different media channels and lastly analyse the relationship between these two types of distributions.

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Human rights topics

Given the previous observations in the pilot study, it was noticed that articles usually cover more than one human rights issue. Therefore, it was decided to code first and second dominant human rights topic. The first topic reflects the central issue which is presented in the article, while the second topic reveals the inter-relations with other issues. The analysis shows that AJE (Figure 3) most actively reported about arms (13.7%) and migration issues (13%) as the first dominant topic. The website also was quite often publishing articles about the general evaluation of human rights situation (10.3%) around the world or in certain countries. The least attention was given to data privacy (0.7%), LGBTQ+ rights (0.7%) and education issues (0.7%).

16 13.7 Al-jazeera - HR 1 (%) 14 13 12 10.3 10 8.9 8 6.2 6.2 6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.4 4 2.7 2.7 2.1 2.1 1.4 2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0

Figure 3: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the major issue in Al-jazeera’s articles published in 2016

Analysing the coding of the second human rights topic (Figure 4), AJE articles most of the times did not have one (36.3%). However, among the rest of the articles who did have the second human rights topic, arms (11%), torture and imprisonment (10.3%), elections/change of political power (10.3%) and crimes against humanity (9.6%) were the most popular ones.

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40 36.3 35 Al-jazeera - HR 2 (%) 30 25 20 15 11 9.6 10.3 10.3 10 4.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 5 1.4 2.1 0.7 1.4 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 0

Figure 4: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the reason of the first topic in Al-jazeera’s articles published in 2016

From the first glance, it is visible that the topic of arms was mostly observed in AJE articles under human rights news category as both – the central issue and the trigger to raise other human rights related topics. However, most of the times, AJE reported about one human rights topic at the time without relating it to others which encourage the discussion whether human rights topic occurs because of the current events or because of other factors, such as changes in the policies, intensive public debates or other.

GV’s thematic analysis (Figure 5) shows that the channel covered all human rights topic, however, the issues related to freedom of speech and expression could be considered as the most important for this news website. About fifth of all articles (21.1%) were focused on this human rights issue. Other highlighted human rights issues were gender issues (12.7%), activism (10.6%) and migration (6.3%).

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25 21.1 20 Global Voices - HR 1 (%)

15 12.7 10.6 10 5.6 6.3 6.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 5 2.1 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.1 2.8 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.7 1.4 0

Figure 5: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the major issue in Global Voices’ articles published in 2016

Considering the reasons, for which GV discuss various human rights issues (Figure 6), it is seen that citizen news website mostly bring different human rights topics on their agenda when there is an occurrence of activism (21.1%), or someone is tortured or imprisoned (19.7%) or censored (7%). More than a sixth part (17.6%) of all GV articles does not relate a central human rights issue to any other topics which is about two times less than in AJE’s case.

25 21.1 19.7 20 17.6 Global Voices - HR 2 (%) 15 10 7 4.9 5.6 4.9 3.5 5 2.1 2.8 0.7 1.4 0.7 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.4 0.7 0

Figure 6: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the reason of the first topic in Global Voices’ articles published in 2016

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Articles found in TG (Figure 7) under human rights news category have actively reported about four topics – activism (11.2%), freedom of speech and expression (11.2%), torture and imprisonment (11.2%) and general evaluation of human rights (11.2%). A bit less attention was dedicated to the topics of crimes against humanity (7.6%) and LGBTQ+ rights (7.6%). It is interesting that all the topics, mentioned above, were covered by TG in a very balanced way. On the other hand, such topics as a business (0.6%), humanitarian crises (0.6%) and terrorism (0.6%) received very little attention. Also, one article did not address any human rights issue, even though it was referred to this news category.

The Guardian - HR 1 (%) 12 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 10 7.6 7.6 8 5.3 6 4.7 4.1 3.5 3.5 4 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.4 1.8 1.8 2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0

Figure 7: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the major issue in The Guardian’s articles published in 2016

Analysing second human rights topic (Figure 8), it occurred that more than a quarter (27.6%) of TG‘s articles did not have a second human rights topic in the texts. Among the rest of choices, torture and imprisonment (13.5%) and elections/change of political power (14.1%) received a lot of attention from media and triggered discussion about other human rights issues.

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The Guardian - HR 2 (%) 30 27.6 25 20 14.1 15 13.5 10 7.6 5.3 5.3 6.5 5 3.5 2.4 3.5 3.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.2 0

Figure 8: The distribution of human rights topics which represent the reason of the first topic in The Guardian’s articles published in 2016

In order to discover whether there are any relations between first and second human rights topics, these variables were cross-tabulated. After that, the results of AJE, GV, and TG were compared. Due to the fact that both human rights variables – first and second topic - contained many categories, the contingency coefficient was measured which is an alternative instead of Chi-square test. As we can see in the table (Appendix 2, table 1), the contingency coefficient signalise strong relation between first and second human rights topic in all three news websites - AJE - .872, GV- .891, TG - .874 (when 1 indicates a high level of association and 0 – no level of association between rows and columns).

Given the significant level of cross-tabulation, it is seen that in all three cases, the results are very significant (p – .000). That leads to the in-depth analysis of cross-tabulation results (Table 2). The whole table is not included in the thesis, neither in the appendix due to its large size. However, major findings are illustrated in the narrowed table and discussed in the following.

AJE GV TG HR1*HR2 Cases Cases of HR1*HR2 Cases Cases of HR1*HR2 Cases Cases of (N) total AJE (N) total GV (N) total TG (%) (%) (%) Migration*0 10 6.8 Freedom of 14 9.9 General evaluation 9 5.3 expression and of HR*elections speech*torture, imprisonment Arms*0 9 6.2 Activism*torture, 8 5.6 Freedom of 7 4.1 imprisonment expression*torture,

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imprisonment General 7 4.8 Gender 6 4.2 Torture, 7 4.1 evaluation of issues*activism imprisonment*0 HR*0 Arms*Crimes 5 3.4 Activism*torture, 6 3.5 against imprisonment humanity Other*0 6 3.5 ...... Total: 93 63.7 Total: 117 82.4 Total: 128 72.4 Table 2: the cross-tabulation between first and second human rights topics discussed in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

The cases when the first human rights topic is related to the second one are not very common in three media websites. Most of the times the human rights issues are presented alone without any references to the other issues. For example, in AJE‘s case, we may see that three of four of the most frequent relations are when there is only one human rights issue discussed in the article. The most significant case in AJE‘s content is when the topic about arms is discussed due to issues of crimes against humanity (3.4%). This proportion of association is the biggest within AJE‘s news, however, it is very low in comparison to other channels.

Given the GV‘s situation, it occurs that the human rights topics are quite often interlinked. The top three cases are when freedom of expression is presented in relation to the torture and imprisonment (9.9%), activism is also brought into news due to the torture and imprisonment (5.6%) and gender issues are discussed because of the activism (4.2%).

Finally, TG analysis shows that this website has more similarities with GV than AJ – they more often associate two human rights topics and two cases even matches with GV, only the proportions differ - freedom of expression is presented in relation to the torture and imprisonment (4.1%), as well as activism (3.5%).

Summing up the cross-tabulation results, AJE prefers discussing single human rights topic per article and their thematic focus highly differs from GV and TG, which on the other hand share a mutual interest in the human rights topics and their relations. However, the analysis shows that GV is the most active in associating several human rights topics in the article (82.4%) in comparison to TG (72.4%) and AJE (63.7%).

Geographic distribution

Aiming to determine the geographic coverage of human rights topics by each news website, these variables were cross-tabulated and compared. After conducting Chi-Square tests and measuring the significance level (Appendix 2, Table 3 and 4), we can see that there is a strong relationship between geographic coverage and news websites (Phi - .892; Cramer’s V - .631; p – .000).

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These results lead to the analysis of the extensive data on geographic coverage by AJE, GV and TG. The table (Appendix 2, Table 5) shows that in 2016, the Middle East and North Africa region was largely represented throughout all three news websites (12,7%), as well as South Asia (5,9%) and Sub-Saharan Africa region (5%). However, if we analyse and compare news websites separately, we encounter a different situation. Reporting about human rights issues, AJE mostly focused on the Middle East and North Africa region (19,9%), North America (9,6%) and South Asia regions (8,2%). Other regions which were commonly covered in relation to the human rights issues were Sub- Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. When it comes to trans-regional and global levels, the involvement of Western Europe, the Middle East and North Africa and Eastern Europe as well as the relation between North America and Middle East and North Africa was discussed in AJE’s articles.

Given the results of GV’s analysis, we may see that Middle East and North Africa was also mostly represented in the articles (12%) together with South Asia (10,6%) and Central America (7%). Among the other exposed regions there were South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and North America in relation to Middle East and North Africa.

Lastly, the TG analysis shows that the articles on human rights issues mostly covered Western Europe (10%), Middle East and North Africa (7,1%) and Southeast Asia (5,3%) regions. Among the other important regions in the news coverage, there was the relation of Western and Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa and the relation between North America and the Middle East and North Africa.

In conclusion, all three media websites tend to refer human rights issues to one and the only region - the Middle East and North Africa which is the most often discussed by all of the websites. This result is not very surprising since 2016 was a year when a lot of attention was drawn to this region because of the conflicts in Syria which caused a lot of human rights violations. However, it does not show in which scale human rights issues are highlighted when they are related to one or more regions, therefore the scale of representation is analysed and discussed in the following section.

Scale of representation

In addition to geographic distribution, the scale of representation was measured (Table 6). This variable helps to reveal on which scale different media channels tend to discuss various human rights topics.

AJE GV TG Scale Frequency Proportion of Frequency Proportion of Frequency Proportion of (N) AJE (%) (N) GV (%) (N) TG (%) No regional 0 0 0 0 1 0.6 attachment Local/national 61 41.8 70 49.3 52 30.6 Interregional 20 13.7 11 7.7 12 7.1 Trans-regional 25 17.1 37 26.1 43 25.3 Global 40 27.4 24 16.9 62 36.5 Total 146 100 142 100 170 100 35

Table 6: the distribution of scales in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Following the figures presented in the table 6, it occurs that almost all human rights cases were represented in relation to different geographical levels by three media channels. The local/national level was mostly represented by AJE (41.8%) and GV (49.3%), while TG mostly focused on global cases (36.5%). However, TG analysis shows that scale distribution is very balanced in the articles – about two thirds of the articles were discussing human rights issues on global (36.5%) and local/national (30.6%) levels and about a quarter of articles were covering events on the trans- regional level (25.3%). The interregional scale was least represented by all three news websites.

Exploring the results on the deeper level, the discussion develops on which specific human rights topics fall into the most common scales of different media websites. For this cross-tabulation, the scale and the first human rights topic was included. The explicit tables are not presented in thesis due to its large size but it could be provided, if requested. Instead, the results are presented in the textual form.

Looking at the general representation of different human rights topics and scales in analysed articles, we can detect that three the most common ways to represent human rights issues. In the following there are the most common combinations mentioned:

- When the human rights issue is referred only to one scale o local/national: activism (4.4%), gender issues (3.5%), crimes against humanity (2.2%) o global: LGBTQ+ issues (2.2%) - When the human rights issue is referred to two different scales o local/national and trans-regional: arms (2.2% / 2.8% - accordingly), ethnicity/race (2.2% / 2.2%), freedom of speech (5.5% / 3.3%) o trans-regional and global: migration (2% / 3.3%) o local/national and global: general evaluation of human rights (3.3% / 2.6%) - When the human rights issue is referred to three different scales: o local/national, trans-regional and global: torture, imprisonment (3.9% / 2% / 2%)

Overall, the local/national scale is the most common while discussing human rights issues in media. From the 458 analysed articles 40% were referred to the local/national scale, global – 27.5%, trans- regional - 22.9% and inter-regional – 9.4%.

In order to compare different types of media, the relations between scales and human rights topics in AJE, GV and TG are discussed. The percentage illustrates the proportion of topic occurrence under certain scales within particular media website. The figures are relatively small due to the large share of topics and scales which go to the each website.

Under AJE’s local/national scale, torture and imprisonment (6.2%), ethnicity/race issues (4.1%), crimes against humanity (3.4%) and general evaluation of human rights (3.4%) are the most

36 common topics. While AJE’s global scale mainly covers migration issues (8.2%), general evaluation of human rights (3.4%), arms (2.7%) and elections related issues (2.7%).

In comparison, GV’s local/national scale highlights freedom of speech (9.9%), gender issues (8.5%) and activism (6.3%). Meanwhile, GV’s trans-regional scale represents freedom of speech (4.9%), ethnicity issues (4.2%) and migration (3.5%).

Lastly, TG’s global scale highlights LGBTQ+ rights (5.9%) and crimes against humanity (4.1%). TG’s local/national scale sheds a light on freedom of speech (5.3%), general evaluation of human rights (5.3%), activism (4.7%) and torture and imprisonment (2.9%). Finally, TG’s trans-regional scale is focused mainly on torture, imprisonment (5.3%) and freedom of speech (3.5%).

These complex relations between different scales and human rights issues show a variety of ways, how the same topics could be approached by different media. For example, freedom of speech often occurs on local/national and trans-national scales in both professional (TG) and citizen (GV) media. Activism is another topic which is similarly represented on the local/national scale by TG and GV, while two professional media - TG and AJE - share the common tendency of representing torture and imprisonment as the local/national issue. Considering the differences between three media channels in representing human rights topics, we may notice that ethnicity/race issues is a local/national issue by AJE and trans-regional issue for GV.

Form of representation (sub-q 2)

Moving on to the second sub-question, the thesis analyses the form of representation in different media websites. This part aims at determining the balance between facts, experience and opinions in media texts related to human rights issues.

Primary source Facts reporting Opinion, reactions Other Total Count Row N % Count Row N % Count Row N % Count Row N % Count Row N % 9 6,2 % 146 100 % AJE 108 74.0% 29 19.9% 0 0.0% 17 12,0 % 142 100 % GV 57 40.1% 62 43.7% 6 4.2% 6 3,5 % 170 100 % TG 127 74.7% 29 17.1% 8 4.7% Table 7: the distribution of different forms which represent human rights issues in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

The general analysis shows (Table 7) that AJE and TG mainly focus on facts’ reporting in their texts about human rights. This form of reporting covers almost ¾ of their texts (TG – 74.7%, AJ – 74.0%), while GV has a balanced distribution between facts’ and opinions’ reporting. However, opinions and reactions are a bit more often (43.7%) found under human rights news category than facts. Reporting as the primary source is not very common among all three media channels, though the most active is GV. There are quite a few articles which were coded under the category “other” in GV and TG. These articles maintain other forms of representation – weekly overviews, editorials about

37 changes within media channel, live reporting or open letters written by interest groups. These forms were not clearly determined as potential in advance, therefore it fell to the category “other”.

Relating different forms and human rights topics represented by media websites, we may see the general tendencies that fact reporting is the most common form of discussing human rights through all media websites (63.8%). It mainly represents such topics as activism, arms, children rights, crimes against humanity, data privacy, rights of people with special needs, environment, ethnicity/race issues, freedom of speech, health, humanitarian crises, LGBTQ+ rights and others. Exceptionally, opinionated texts are published when it mostly comes to business and gender issues.

AJE’s facts reporting mostly covers migration issues (11.6%), arms (9.6%), torture, imprisonment (6.8%), children rights (4.8%) and religion (4.8%), while opinions are shared mainly about general evaluation of human rights (4.8%) and arms (3.4%).

Given GV’s case, opinions are usually shared about freedom of speech (9.9%), gender issues (8.5%) and activism (4.2%). Facts reporting cover freedom of speech (7.7%), activism (3.5%), arms (3.5%), ethnicity/race issues (3.5%) and migration (3.5%) issues. Primary source reporting occurs when activism (2.8%) and freedom of speech (2.8%) are discussed.

TG’s analysis shows that in most of the cases they report facts about freedom of expression (8.8%), torture, imprisonment (8.8%), activism (7.6%), LGBTQ+ rights (7.1%), crimes against humanity (6.5%), general evaluation of human rights (5.9%), gender issues (4.7%) and arms (4.1%). Opinions - when there is something happening related to torture, imprisonment (2.4%).

The general analysis of human rights representation in media shows that the related topics are most of the times represented as facts; however, it is not always the case when we look closely at the different media websites. There are more thematic similarities between GV and TG when it comes to facts reporting than with AJE. But besides this category, the rest of reporting varies a lot between different media websites.

Actors/sources (sub-q 3)

The third sub-question seeks to explore which actors or sources are talking about human rights in different media texts. The total number of actors/sources is bigger than the number of articles because each article had more than one actor/source cited. Therefore, the proportions are measured between every actor/source separately.

AJE GV TG Count Total Count Row N Total Count Row N Total Row (%) (N) (N) (N) % (N) (N) % (N)

Government 83 56.8% 146 62 43.7% 142 99 58.2% 170 NGO 80 54.8% 146 56 39.4% 142 97 57.1% 170 Mainstream media 47 32.2% 146 85 59.9% 142 35 20.6% 170

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Law enforcement specialists / 35 24.0% 146 30 21.1% 142 70 41.2% 170 institutions

Education representatives 42 28.8% 146 28 19.7% 142 39 22.9% 170 Activists 14 9.6% 146 44 31.0% 142 34 20.0% 170 Ordinary people 47 32.2% 146 22 15.5% 142 32 18.8% 170 Digital activists 8 5.5% 146 100 70.4% 142 8 4.7% 170

Religious organizations / members 0 0.0% 146 4 2.8% 142 2 1.2% 170

Health specialists / institutions 8 5.5% 146 3 2.1% 142 9 5.3% 170

Other 17 11.6% 146 22 15.5% 142 16 9.4% 170 Table 8 the distribution of actors/sources which represent human rights issues in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

If looking at each website’s profile (Table 8), we may see that AJE mainly cite government (56.8%) and NGO (54.8%). It means that about every second article related to human rights have these actors/sources included. The least attention is given to the voice of religious organisations, digital activists and health specialists. GV analysis shows that they mostly represent digital activists (70.4%) in their texts. A little bit less but still a lot of attention is given to the mainstream media reports (59.9%) and the government (43.7%). As well, as in AJE’s case, GV almost do not represent religious organisations and health specialists when the article is related to human rights. Finally, TG mainly quotes the government (52.8%), NGO (57.1%) and law institutions (41.2%). As in AJE’s case, TG does not often focus to the positions of health specialists, digital activists and religious organisations.

Comparing actors/sources that appear in media texts talking about human rights issues, we see strong tendencies of least and often represented actors/sources. However, unlike others, GV includes digital activists and mainstream media as important sources of information, while TG has their special interest in the position of law institutions. A short remark should be also made about the category “other” which contains quite a high amount of cases which were not identified as possible variables in advance. These were artists, military, entrepreneurs, terrorist groups and celebrities of popular culture who were coded under “other” category.

Human Rights Instruments (sub-q 4)

As emerged in the previous section, there is only TG which draws a lot of attention to the position of law institutions when it comes to the human rights topic. However, it is interesting to know whether Human Rights Instruments, are in use when media reports about the issues.

None of them International Regional / Both Total national Count Row N % Count Row N % Count Row N % Count Row N % Count Row N %

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AJE 122 83.6% 16 11.0% 8 5.5% 0 0.0% 146 100 % GV 88 62.0% 31 21.8% 14 9.9% 9 6.3% 142 100 % TG 120 70.6% 22 12.9% 25 14.7% 3 1.8% 170 100 % Table 9: the distribution of Human Rights instruments used in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

The analysis of Human Rights Instruments usage in AJE, GV and TG show (Table 9) that they are not very widely used in texts related to human rights issues. Most articles in all three news websites (AJE – 88.3%, GV – 62.0%, TG – 70.6%) did not have any reference to the documents, such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the reports from international or national non- governmental organisations or other. But if considering the cases, when Human Rights Instruments were included, then GV was the most active in relating the issue to either international (21.8%), regional/national documents (9.9%) or both (6.3%) Human Rights Instruments. Evaluating the use of different types of Human Rights instruments separately, we can see that international documents, as mentioned before, were mostly used in GV texts, while regional/national – in TG’s (14.7%).

Additional tools to complement the story (sub-q 5)

The final subchapter of results focuses on additional tools – illustrations and hyperlinks that are very often used in digital media in order to complement or extend the story. What particular tools are used to represent human rights and what type of information is chosen to add something to the main issues?

Illustrations

AJE GV TG Count Row N % Total Count Row N % Total Count Row N % Total Social media 7 4.8% 146 74 52.1% 142 10 5.9% 170 posts Quoting boxes 40 27.4% 146 115 81.0% 142 25 14.7% 170 Graphs 2 1.4% 146 0 0.0% 142 6 3.5% 170 Single pictures 137 93.8% 146 136 95.8% 142 165 97.1% 170 Audio records 0 0.0% 146 5 3.5% 142 2 1.2% 170 Videos 106 72.6% 146 39 27.5% 142 14 8.2% 170 Other 5 3.4% 146 1 0.7% 142 0 0.0% 170 Table 10: the distribution of illustrations which are used to complement human rights stories in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

The absolute “leader” among the illustrations in all three news websites is pictures – they are used almost in every text related to human rights issues (AJE – 93.8%, GV – 95.8%, TG – 97.1%). The

40 other popular tendencies occurred – videos were very actively used in AJE (72.6%) and quoting boxes in GV (81%).

The other interesting phenomenon is an integration of social media posts in the articles. GV was the most active in comparison to the others – every second publication (52.1%) had the social media posts as illustrations. However, coding social media posts was a challenge because of the hybrid media technologies. For example, social media post may have contained video, audio or image material. The priority was given to the fact that the illustration derives from the social media; therefore, the content of the post was not assessed.

Given the least popular illustrations, we can see that graphs and audio records are not common in these articles as the illustrations. Regarding the graphs, GV did not use any to illustrate the information, as AJE has not integrated audio records in the articles at all, while others did it for several times.

Hyperlinks

The analysis of hyperlinks was conducted in order to understand what information sources are chosen in order to extend the human rights stories. AJE has three favourite sources to which they link their stories related to human rights issues – other news websites (30%), their own website’s content (28%) and the pages of NGO (20%). From the other side, the news website never refers their articles to the pages of crowd-sourced information (0%) and barely makes links to the online campaigns (2%), social media (3%) or the pages of the governmental institutions (5%).

AJE

3% 2% 0% hyp_soc 12% hyp_othern

30% hyp_own hyp_gov 20% hyp_ngo hyp_camp hyp_crowd 5% 28% hyp_other

Figure 9: the distribution of hyperlinks which are used to extend the human rights stories by Al-Jazeera

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As in AJE’s case, GV (Figure 10) also extends their stories with the material from the other news websites (37%). However, they prefer social media references rather than information of NGO (12%) or their own content (10%). GV show low interest in making references to the campaigns’ websites (2%) and the websites of governmental institutions (3%).

GV

hyp_soc 6% 2% 9% 21% hyp_othern hyp_own hyp_gov 12% hyp_ngo hyp_camp 3% 10% 37% hyp_crowd hyp_other

Figure 10: the distribution of hyperlinks which are used to extend the human rights stories by Global Voices

TG links (Table 11) most of their information to the previous articles published on their website (60%) which is a remarkably big proportion in comparison to AJE and GV. Similarly, to the other websites, hyperlinks to the crowd-sourced pages (1%), campaigns (1%), and governmental institutions’ websites (2%) are not very common in TG’s articles about human rights issues.

TG

1% 1% hyp_soc 5% 4% 12% hyp_othern 15% hyp_own 2% hyp_gov hyp_ngo hyp_camp hyp_crowd 60% hyp_other

Figure 11: the distribution of hyperlinks which are used to extend the human rights stories by The Guardian 42

The analysis of hyperlinks shows of different media websites shows that there is a reliable trust of the content from other mainstream media and NGO’s because both professional and citizen media tend to link their human rights stories to this content on different levels. But also, there is a very strong tendency in professional media to connect different stories published on their own website which is not that common in citizen media. On the other hand, citizen media relies on social media content way more often the professional media. Finally, we may notice that there are relatively high proportions under category “other”. As in previous cases, it shows that some of the potential hyperlinks were not predicted in advance, for example, the links to the pages of events or uploaded documents.

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The previous chapter presented the major findings of quantitative content analysis of two professional and one citizen news websites which actively report about human rights issues. The comparison of different types of media was conducted in relation to the thematic and geographic representation of human rights, the representation of different actors/sources, the form, the use of human rights instruments and digital tools, such as illustrations and hyperlinks in online media texts.

Before discussing what the sense of these findings is, it is useful to remind about the main aim and theoretical, as well as methodological approaches applied in this study. The research question that was proposed for this study was:

What are the similarities and differences of human rights representation in professional and citizen media?

This particular questioned was raised because of the several current tendencies that were found in the academic literature and previous research. First of all, there is a growing media and academic interest in human rights topics (Ovsiovitch, 1993; Bailliet, 2013; Brooten, 2015; Balabanova, 2015; Sampaio-Dias, 2016). Second, the professional media environment is intensively effected by digitalisation processes resulting in the emergence of various journalistic content creators and the transformation of norms, as well as forms of reporting (Peters & Broersma, 2013; Charles & Stewart, 2011; Haak, Parks, & Castells, 2012; Allan, 2013). Finally, the digital capacities to connect the world and its citizens, encourage discussing whether the interconnectedness is also visible in the issues that matter the most and in the ways we communicate (Volkmer, 2014). These theoretical angles where analysed in the quantitative way, in order to systemize and compare qualitative features of human rights representation in digital media (Hansen, 1998).

In order to understand and identify the essential similarities and differences in professional and citizen media representing human rights issues, it was decided to analyse five questions:

Sub-Q 1: Are there any significant patterns of thematic and geographic interaction in human rights representation?

Sub-Q 2: In which textual forms are certain human rights issues mostly reported by authors?

Sub-Q 3: Whose voice is represented in human rights news of different media?

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Sub-Q 4: How often are human rights issues represented in relation to the Human Rights Instruments (e.g. local/national/international declarations, conventions, reports)?

Sub-Q 5: What other digital tools are used in order to supplement the textual information about human rights issues?

The following discussion will rely on these questions which lead towards the main research question. After the discussion part, the overall evaluation will be presented whether the theoretical and methodological frameworks were useful to analyse the proposed topics and what is the potential for the future research within this field.

Which human rights matter the most in media?

The previous academic discussions on human rights representation in media were usually focusing on different human rights groups, for example armed conflict, disaster, economy and politics, social issues (Sampaio-Dias, 2016) or economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights (Armaline et al., 2015). In this study, the idea was to conduct analysis of rights in the more detailed manner which provided the information about the different characteristics and thematic focus in various types of media.

First of all, the interest of academic literature was concentrated on how different human rights issues enter the media stage (McPherson, 2012; Ovsiovitch, 1993), or in other words, in what cases they attract media’s attention? The answers from the previous studies were usually straight forward that conflict, violence, proximity, unexpected angles and financial constrains make human rights issues newsworthy. The current study revealed a part of these factors. Mostly, it showed that violence and conflict are the reasons why certain issues are in the spotlight of different media. This pattern was re-occurring in all three investigated websites – most of the times various human rights issues were discussed because of the recent imprisonment or torture.

Proximity, on the other hand, could be rather considered as a criterion that professional media tend to apply, for example, AJE which is based in the Middle East and North Africa region mostly covered those issues which were geographically related, but also included a lot of news from North America and South Asia. While TG based in UK mostly concentrated on the Western Europe region. GV had a very wide geographical appearance in the human rights news – from Central America to South Asia, including the Middle East and North Africa.

If we compare these results to the previous research, there are a lot of similarities regarding AJE. Robertson (2015) studied how AJE reported during the period of the Arab Spring. Her results showed that in addition to its local focus on the current issues, AJE managed to cover news from every continent. The media channel seems to be proving Figenschou’s analysis that AJE has always a Southern perspective on the issues. This study also showed that the Middle East angle was usually incorporated when it comes to trans-regional and global issues. However, what is different that most of the times AJE used to report human rights issues on the local/national level which shows their settled concentration on the specific parts of the world. 45

In GV’s case, there is a variety of places that are covered in their news agenda, but again, local/national perspective is dominating, which is not very different what Berkman Klein Center had observed – GV is mainly focusing to the regions which are beyond the Western world and bringing the stories from their local/national perspectives. Despite focusing on their own region of origins, TG has also an interest to the human rights issues in the Middle East and North Africa and South Asia but firstly on the global level and then on local/national and trans-regional levels. That also confirms their representation as the media channel bringing worldwide stories. Other criterions for newsworthiness, such as unexpected angles and financial constrains were not very visible from the study.

At the beginning, the thesis was actively engaged in different approaches to the human rights concept. The empirical part allows comparing which topics are high in the agenda of different media organisations. The content analysis showed that AJE, GV and TG are interrelated by their interest to the human rights issues. For example, AJE lifts up such topics such as arms, migration or general evaluation of human rights situation. These topics are very relevant to the investigated time period of 2016 when the global attention was focused on the Syrian crises, the intensive migration of refugees. Also, many fundamental discussions occurred regarding the general evaluation of human rights in different countries due to the complexity of the crises which involved many other countries. In such context, human rights issues such as data privacy, LGBTQ+ rights or education was far in the periphery of the AJE channel’s agenda.

GV demonstrated its interest mostly to the freedom of speech and expression, as well as to gender issues, activism and migration. The least surprising result was that their major focus was on freedom of speech and expression, because digitally based channel is concerned about border-less communication and voices of online space (Global Voices, n.d.). TG analysis surprises the most among other channels by the representation of human rights issues related to the activism, freedom of speech and torture/imprisonment while the topics like business, humanitarian crises and terrorism is not exposed in their agenda. Their intensive interest in activism could be rooted in the leftist ideological direction which they highlight in the description of the website (GNM archive, 2002). However, regarding their origins in the capitalist society and the active actions of terrorism in the past years, it is surprising that these topics are almost not reflected in relation to the human rights issues. But on the other hand, that could also mean that these topics were discussed from the different angles.

Given the legal background of human rights, it was also interesting to determine whether human rights documents were considered as relevant in order to tell human rights related stories. Surprisingly, the majority of human rights news did not have any references to the human rights instruments included. Therefore, it would be not fair to state that human rights news are about legal conventions (Powers, 2016), they are rather about social movements (Powers, 2016) or norms that are successfully or unsuccessfully met (Sampaio-Dias, 2016) (see the chapter Results, the section Human rights topics). However, it is important to mention that this study did not researched on the positive or negative dynamics of human rights; the level of success within different norms’

46 implementation is discussed rather generally as a potential possibility what could be measured. After discussing the most significant characteristics of articles in professional and citizen media, we can now move on to the general story characteristics that represent different tools and techniques that media uses in order to represent human rights issues.

Interaction of professional and citizen media tools

In the “Literature and Theory” chapter the concept of “networked journalism” was introduced in relation to the current journalistic practices in the digital age (Haak et al., 2012). This concept covered the way that media gathers information, presents it through form and visualisation. These aspects were reviewed in the empirical part which strives for determination of essential similarities and differences of human rights representation in citizen and professional media.

Considering the forms, in which human rights issues were represented, we can see that the facts- based reporting is dominating in AJE and TG which is predictable because of their professional media background. On the other hand, these channels also provide the opportunity to learn the perspectives of individuals or interest groups who share their opinions. The fact that professional media channels dedicate a decent part of the news flow to the opinions and discussions shows their engagement in creating the space for “global public” debates (Volkmer, 2014) and commitment to democratization of human rights issues (Romano, 2010). The results of GV analysis show the balanced representation of opinions and facts in their content. From one side, GV as citizen media platform serves for reflecting on a variety of voices and opinions but relatively big proportion of facts-based material also might show the intensive focus on accurate representation of human rights issues and intentions to be considered as a part of journalistic environment. In order to learn whether there is some basis for claiming the professionalism in citizen media, it is necessary to analyse media content not only in the quantitative way but also to combine it with the qualitative methods. Another issue with this specific part, is that the assessment of representation form is measured under the certain time period but not compared with other times, therefore, it is not possible to describe how the balance of facts/opinions/and reporting as a primary source varies in digital age in comparison to earlier times.

The other important part of media comparison is knowledge about the actors which are represented in the human rights stories or sources that provide necessary information. Interestingly that the government is among the mostly represented parties in human rights news, which is especially uncommon to discover when it comes to the citizen media that often is aligned to the voice of voiceless. On the other hand, the involvement of non-elitist power-holders such as NGO’s or digital activists, then the situation becomes balanced enough to state that all three investigated media websites attempt to keep the balance between power-relations over the human rights representation. However, when it comes to the sectors of religion or health, they commonly experience the lack of representation in all three websites.

47

Here it is relevant to discuss transparency of information which is usually assured via hyperlinks in the digital media (Tewksbury & Rittenberg, 2012). Also, the concept of networked journalism now makes more sense because the use of hyperlinks shows how much inter-dependant media websites are on each other. For example, AJE mostly links their information to other news websites, their own or NGO’s. GV, next to the information from other news websites, it also actively includes the information from social media and their own media. Finally, TG is mostly concerned to relate the topics with the information that TG’s journalists covered earlier. From these insights it is possible to draw some assumptions that AJE and GV share more similarities and interest in networking than TG. One of the reasons could also be the long lasting history based on traditional principles and norms of journalism.

The traditionalism of TG also occurs when we analyze the frequency of different illustrations in media texts related to human rights. TG is the most active in illustrating human rights stories with the pictures, however, they barely not use the new media tools which increase the interactivity in communication. A little bit different situation is with AJE, which in addition to the pictures, often includes videos to the stories. However, the main leader of networked journalism in terms of hyperlinks and illustrations, is GV which incorporate actively the pictures, quoting boxes and social media posts in their human rights stories.

Conclusions and feature research

Overall, the study aims to understand what similarities and differences the professional and citizen media share in representing human rights issues in the digital sphere. The previous studies were usually suggesting the separate analysis, while this one attempts to combine various perspectives on human rights representation in the professional and citizen media. Having both types of journalism in comparative study allow comparing them and evaluating whether there any significant line between these two types of media activities. The analysis showed that citizen journalism shares a lot of similarities with different professional media when it comes to the choice of newsworthy news, the scope on which human rights are mainly represented, the importance of human rights instruments and hyperlinks. Such features suggest that digitalisation of media blurred the border lines between professional and citizen media. But it also signalise of the strong pattern that citizen journalism is more featured as network journalism than the others.

However, in order to provide stronger arguments the extensive research is needed. The study focus on the quantitative features of the representation, but as stated in the very beginning, qualitative features could enhance the quality of analysis and help to answer a broader list of questions how human rights are represented in professional and citizen media.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Coding Sheet for the Quantitative content analysis

ARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS

V1 Article identification number:

V2 Date:

V3: Title:

V4 First human rights topic (choose one):

Activism (1) Education (8) LGBTQ+ rights (15) Arms (war and conflict) (2) Environment (9) Labour rights (16) Business (3) Ethnicity / race issues, rights of Migration, refugees, asylum seekers indigenous people(10) (17) Children rights (4) Freedom of speech and expression, Religion (18) access to Internet, communication (11) Crimes against humanity Gender issues (12) Terrorism / counterterrorism (19) (genocide, execution, killing) (5) Data privacy (6) Health (13) Torture, imprisonment (20) Rights of people with Humanitarian crises (14) Other (21) special needs(7) Elections, change of General evaluation of human rights political power (22) situation (many or none of specific topics mentioned) (23)

V5 Second human rights topic:

V6 All countries mentioned:

V7 To which regions human rights issue(s) are referred (if there is more than one, record, using “,” – ex.: 2, 6, 8)?

North America (The Western Europe(4) Eastern Europe(7) North Asia (Russia)(10) United States and Canada)(1) Central America (incl. Middle East and North Central Asia (former South/East Asia (11) Mexico and Caribbean) (2) Africa(5) Soviet Union territories in Asia) (8) South America(3) Sub-Saharan Africa (6) South Asia(9) The Pacific (Australia, New Zealand)(12) No region is referred(13) See the map in Appendix 1.2 55

V8 Scale of the issue(s):

Local/National (1) Interregional (2) Trans-regional (3) Global (4)

GENERAL STORY CHARACTERISTICS

V9 Form of representation:

• Self-experience reporting (as primary source) (1) • Facts reporting (2) • Sharing the opinion, reaction (3) • Other (4)

V10-20 Actors/sources of the story

V10 Government V16 Ordinary people (population, society, citizens) Yes (1) / No (0) Yes (1) / No (0) V11 NGO V17 Digital activists (people sharing opinion online, Yes (1) / No (0) netizens, social media users) Yes (1) / No (0) V12 Mainstream media V18 Religious organizations Yes (1) / No (0) Yes (1) / No (0) V13 Law enforcement specialists / V19 Health specialists / organizations institution (court, lawyers, police) Yes (1) / No (0) Yes (1) / No (0) V14 Education representatives (universities, V20 Other institutes) Yes (1) / No (0) Yes (1) / No (0) V15 Activists Yes (1) / No (0)

V21 Are there any references to International or Regional Human Rights Instruments (declarations, conventions, other documents)?

International (1) Regional/national(2) Both (3) None of them (0)

ADDITIONAL TOOLS

V22-28 Illustrations:

V22 Social media posts V26 Audio records, Podcast (uploaded in Yes (1) / No (0) Soundcloud, Mixcloud or alternative websites) Yes (1) / No (0) V23 Quoting box V27 Videos (uploaded in Youtube, Vimeo, other) Yes (1) / No (0) Yes (1) / No (0) V24 Graphs V28 Other Yes (1) / No (0) Yes (1) / No (0) 56

V25 Single pictures (including images, drawings, but not as a part of posts in social media) Yes (1) / No (0)

V29-36 Hyperlinks (count how many of each was in the article):

V29 To social media websites (Facebook, Twitter, V33 To the websites of NGO Youtube, blogs) V30 To the other news/multimedia websites V34 To the websites of campaigns V31 To their own website V35 To the crowd-sourced websites (citizen media, Wikipedia, Amazon, etc.) V32 To the websites of local, international or global V36 Other (also, if the link is not working) governmental institutions

Appendix 1.1: Coding Sheet Explanation

V1 Article identification number – it consists of the abbreviation of news websites (GV – Global Voices, TG – The Guardian, AJ – Al-jazeera), and the number of in a row. For example, GV_11, TG_7, AJ_30.

V2 Date – The date format is Month/Day/Year

V3 Title – The headline of the article

V4 First human rights topic – identify first dominating topic regarding the headline, the first paragraph, or the whole text. First human rights topic could be determined by answering the questions – what is happening in the story?

V5 Second human rights topic, issue – identify second dominating topic regarding the headline, the first paragraph, or the whole text. The human rights topic could be determined by identifying – what is presented as the main reason that something is happening in the story?

Example for V4 and V5:

“Iranian Couples Are Increasingly Living Together Outside of Marriage

<...>

Since co-habitation outside of wedlock is often kept secret from traditional Iranian parents, women could also become less willing to seek familial support even if they were being subjected to mental and physical abuse by their partners.

Under Iranian Sharia law, men and women are required to register their marital union. Those who choose not to do so are considered by the state as living in sin and committing adultery, an offense punishable by death.” (Global Voices, 29 Feb 2016)

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Considering the given passage, the first human rights topic is ”Gender issues (12)” because the text discusses about the major trends of marriage of men and women. The second human rights topic is “Religion (18)” because the text draws relation between this trend and why it is kept in secret – due to Sharia law which is based on religious principles.

V6 All countries mentioned – record all the countries, regions, or allies mentioned in the article. NOTE: some of the texts mention a nationality of the person; however, it is not recorded as the country.

V7 To which regions human rights issue(s) is (are) referred? - Select from the table relevant regions, also, check the map, if it is not clear. Record all regions in one line separating them by coma sign.

V8 Scale of the issue(s):

• Local/National – if one country or a part of the country is mentioned; • Interregional – if some of the countries are mentioned within the same region; • Trans-regional – If the countries are mentioned from two different regions; • Global – if the countries are mentioned from three and more different regions.

V9 A role of the author:

• How to identify a primary source? The author uses a pronoun “I”, tells a story what happened, shares experience, feelings of himself and people he met, or heard about. An article written as a primary source might remind ethnographic study. • How to identify a news story? The author tells a story by using various sources, facts, statements • How to identify an opinion or reactions of events, phenomenon? The article presents focus on the assessment of the event or phenomenon, by using informal, subjective language. • Other – articles which do not fit to the categories mentioned above.

V10-20 Actors/sources of the story – Actors / sources of the story are the ones who are notified by direct or indirect quotation or identified in the text as sources. Code “yes”, if the particular actor or source is mentioned, or quoted in the text.

V21 Are there any references to International or Regional Human Rights Instruments (declarations, conventions)? – Look for the names of declarations, conventions or other documents,which relate to human rights, in the texts and determine which category they belong:

• International – includes the instruments that are applied to more than one region (see the map of the regions); • Regional/National – includes the instruments that are applied for a specific region, country or smaller geographical unit. 58

• Both • None of them

V22-28 Illustrations - Code “yes”, if you recognize any of these elements

V29-36 Hyperlinks (how many of each was in the article) – open all hyperlinks that you find in the text written by the author, except the hyperlinks which are in the quoting boxes or social media posts., because it is not possible to know whether the hyperlink was inserted by the journalist or by the speaker / social media user. If it is not clear what kind of source it is, use “Google” in order to search a name of the website, or “translator”, if there is a language barrier. Count how many hyperlinks could be referred to each category.

Appendix 1.2: Map of the world regions

59

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Appendix 2: Results

Figure 2: The proportion of analysed articles which were published in Al-jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian during 2016.

Articles about human rights issues

37% 32%

31% AJE GV TG

Table 1: the symmetric measures of significance between first and second human rights topics discussed in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Symmetric Measures

Approximate Media outlet Value Significance

Al-Jazeera Nominal by Nominal Contingency Coefficient .872 .000

N of Valid Cases 146

Global Voices Nominal by Nominal Contingency Coefficient .891 .000

N of Valid Cases 142

The Guardian Nominal by Nominal Contingency Coefficient .874 .000

N of Valid Cases 170

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Table 3: the Chi-Square test of geographic and thematic distribution in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2- sided) Pearson Chi-Square 364.676a 268 .000 Likelihood Ratio 413.121 268 .000 N of Valid Cases 458 a. 385 cells (95.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .31.

Table 4: the symmetric measures of significance between geographic and thematic distribution in the articles by Al-Jazeera, Global Voices and The Guardian

Symmetric Measures Value Approximate Significance Nominal by Nominal Phi .892 .000 Cramer's V .631 .000 N of Valid Cases 458

Table 5: The cross-tabulation results of regions’ representation by different news websites

Regions * Media outlet Crosstabulation

% within Media outlet

Media outlet

Al-jazeera Global Voices The Guardian Total

Regions 0 0.6% 0.2%

1 9.6% 0.7% 1.8% 3.9%

1, 11 0.7% 1.4% 2.4% 1.5%

1, 2 2.1% 3.5% 0.6% 2.0%

1, 2, 5 0.7% 0.2%

1, 2, 3 1.4% 1.4% 0.6% 1.1%

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1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 0.6% 0.2%

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11 0.6% 0.2%

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11 0.6% 0.2%

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 0.7% 0.2%

1, 2, 3, 5, 9 0.7% 0.2%

1, 2, 4, 5, 11 0.6% 0.2%

1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9 0.7% 0.2%

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 12 0.6% 0.2%

1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10 0.6% 0.2%

1, 2, 9, 11 0.7% 0.2%

1, 3 0.7% 0.2%

1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12 0.7% 0.2%

1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 0.6% 0.2%

1, 3, 4, 7 0.7% 0.2%

1, 3, 5, 12 0.7% 0.2%

1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 12 0.7% 0.2%

1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12 0.6% 0.2%

1, 3, 5, 6, 9 0.7% 0.2%

1, 3, 6, 7 0.6% 0.2%

1, 3, 9, 11 0.7% 0.2%

1, 4 2.4% 0.9%

1, 4, 10 0.7% 0.6% 0.4%

1, 4, 10, 11 0.7% 0.2%

1, 4, 12 1.2% 0.4%

1, 4, 5 0.7% 2.4% 1.1%

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1, 4, 5, 11 0.6% 0.2%

1, 4, 5, 6 1.8% 0.7%

1, 4, 5, 6, 7 0.7% 0.2%

1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 0.6% 0.2%

1, 4, 5, 7 1.4% 0.6% 0.7%

1, 4, 5, 7, 10 0.6% 0.2%

1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11 0.7% 0.2%

1, 4, 5, 8 0.6% 0.2%

1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 0.7% 0.2%

1, 4, 6 1.2% 0.4%

1, 4, 7 0.7% 0.7% 0.4%

1, 4, 7, 10 0.6% 0.2%

1, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12 0.7% 0.2%

1, 4, 9 1.2% 0.4%

1, 4, 9, 11 0.7% 0.2%

1, 4,7 0.7% 0.2%

1, 5 4.1% 2.8% 2.9% 3.3%

1, 5 9 0.7% 0.2%

1, 5, 10 1.4% 0.7% 0.6% 0.9%

1, 5, 10, 11 0.7% 0.2%

1, 5, 6, 9 0.7% 0.2%

1, 5, 6, 9, 11 0.6% 0.2%

1, 5, 8, 10 1.4% 0.4%

1, 5, 9 0.7% 0.2%

1, 5, 9, 10, 11 0.6% 0.2%

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1, 6 0.7% 0.7% 0.4%

1, 7 0.7% 0.2%

1, 7, 10 0.7% 0.2%

1, 9 1.4% 1.4% 0.9%

1,11 0.7% 0.2%

1,5, 6, 10, 11 0.7% 0.2%

10 2.1% 1.2% 1.1%

11 4.8% 9.2% 5.3% 6.3%

11, 12 0.6% 0.2%

11, 4 0.7% 0.2%

12 0.7% 0.7% 4.1% 2.0%

13 1.8% 0.7%

2 0.7% 7.0% 2.4% 3.3%

2, 3 0.7% 0.2%

2, 3, 4, 11 0.7% 0.2%

2, 3, 4, 6, 11 0.6% 0.2%

2, 3, 4, 7, 9 0.7% 0.2%

2, 3, 6, 11 0.6% 0.2%

2, 3, 6, 7, 8 0.6% 0.2%

2, 3, 9, 11 0.7% 0.2%

2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 10, 11 0.7% 0.2%

2, 4, 5, 6, 9 0.6% 0.2%

2, 5, 6, 9, 12 0.7% 0.2%

2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 0.7% 0.2%

2, 6, 9, 11 0.6% 0.2%

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2, 8 0.7% 0.2%

2, 9 0.6% 0.2%

2,4, 5, 7 0.7% 0.2%

3 0.7% 5.6% 2.0%

3, 4 1.4% 0.6% 0.7%

3, 4, 6 0.7% 0.2%

3, 5, 6, 9, 11 0.6% 0.2%

4 2.1% 1.4% 10.0% 4.8%

4, 10 0.6% 0.2%

4, 11 0.7% 0.2%

4, 11, 12 0.6% 0.2%

4, 5 2.1% 4.1% 2.2%

4, 5, 10 0.7% 0.6% 0.4%

4, 5, 6 0.7% 1.8% 0.9%

4, 5, 6, 7 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7%

4, 5, 6, 7, 9 0.6% 0.2%

4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 0.7% 0.2%

4, 5, 7 4.8% 0.7% 1.2% 2.2%

4, 5, 7, 10 0.6% 0.2%

4, 5, 7, 11 0.7% 0.2%

4, 5, 7, 9 0.7% 0.2%

4, 5, 7, 9, 10 0.7% 0.2%

4, 5,7 0.7% 0.2%

4, 6 1.4% 1.2% 0.9%

4, 6, 7 1.4% 1.2% 0.9%

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4, 6, 9, 11 0.6% 0.2%

4, 7 0.7% 2.1% 4.7% 2.6%

4, 7, 10 0.6% 0.2%

4, 7, 12 0.6% 0.2%

4, 9 0.6% 0.2%

4,5 0.6% 0.2%

5 19.9% 12.0% 7.1% 12.7%

5, 10 0.7% 0.6% 0.4%

5, 11 0.7% 0.7% 0.4%

5, 12 0.7% 0.2%

5, 6 1.2% 0.4%

5, 6, 11 0.6% 0.2%

5, 6, 9, 11 0.6% 0.2%

5, 9 0.7% 1.4% 0.7%

5, 9, 11 0.7% 0.2%

5,7, 10 0.6% 0.2%

6 6.8% 4.9% 3.5% 5.0%

6, 12 0.6% 0.2%

6, 7, 12 0.6% 0.2%

6, 9 0.7% 0.2%

7 2.7% 3.5% 1.2% 2.4%

7, 10 0.6% 0.2%

7, 8 0.7% 0.2%

7, 8, 10 0.6% 0.2%

8, 10 0.7% 0.6% 0.4%

67

8, 12 0.6% 0.2%

9 8.2% 10.6% 5.9%

9, 11 0.7% 0.6% 0.4%

9, 12 0.7% 0.2%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Appendix 3: List of articles

Al-jazeera

ID Date URL Title 1/5/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/01/ru A rupture in Europe, but whose politics will prevail? AJ_1 pture-europe-politics-prevail-160103102851922.html 1/5/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/palestinian- Palestinian circus performer jailed 'for no reason' AJ_2 circus-performer-jailed-reason-160105074825472.html 1/5/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/turkey-frees- Turkey frees Vice News reporter after 131 days in jail vice-news-reporter-131-days-jail- AJ_3 160105165633184.html 1/6/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/01/isr Israel's six-state reality AJ_4 ael-state-reality-160104113512447.html 1/6/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/01/ob Why Obama's gun control efforts will fail ama-gun-control-violence-oregon- AJ_5 160106092701013.html 1/6/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/struck-sex- Fresh abuse allegations against UN peacekeepers in CAR AJ_6 abuse-allegations-car-160106042447336.html 1/7/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/01/ki Kim Jong-un: What we know about the North Korean leader AJ_7 m-jong-north-korean-leader-160104121310318.html 1/7/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/01/ A refugee New Year in a Greek anarchist shelter refugee-year-greek-anarchist-shelter- AJ_8 160106093252497.html 1/7/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/state- State of emergency in US city after water poisoned AJ_9 emergency-city-water-poisoned-151229165652041.html 1/7/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/01/b Bhutan's children get their own parliament AJ_10 hutan-children-parliament-160106134410027.html 1/7/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/thousands- Thousands of Uzbek Muslims jailed for 'extremism' uzbek-muslims-jailed-extremism- AJ_11 160107110149439.html 1/8/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/survival- Survival in Madaya: 'We are living on water and salt' AJ_12 madaya-living-water-salt-160108074059437.html 1/8/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/syrians- Syrians say world has forgotten them as winter sets in AJ_13 world-forgotten-winter-sets-160108115722751.html 1/8/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/releases- US releases last Kuwaiti detained in Guantanamo AJ_14 kuwaiti-detained-guantanamo-160108141208337.html 1/9/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/israeli-police- Israeli police kill Tel Aviv assailant in shoot-out AJ_15 kill-tel-aviv-assailant-shootout-160109035326476.html 1/10/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/coalition- Coalition denies using cluster bombs in Yemen AJ_16 denies-cluster-bombs-yemen-160110090459852.html 1/10/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/01/el- El Chapo proves Mexico is failing AJ_17 chapo-proves-mexico-failing-160110094046031.html 2/8/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/01/di The case of the disabled professor imprisoned in India sabled-professor-imprisoned-india- AJ_18 160131074213153.html 2/8/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/33-refugees- At least 33 refugees drown off Turkish coast AJ_19 drown-turkish-coast-160208130920304.html 2/8/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/israeli- Israeli Knesset to vote on divisive NGO bill AJ_20 knesset-vote-divisive-ngo-bill-160208133954001.html

68

2/9/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/02/c Cubans stranded in Central America try to reach the US ubans-stranded-central-america-reach- AJ_21 160202134603642.html 2/9/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/isr Israeli Labor Party adopts the apartheid mantra aeli-labor-party-adopts-apartheid-mantra- AJ_22 160209082608251.html 2/9/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/syrian- UN urges Turkey to open border for Syrian refugees AJ_23 refugees-turkey-open-border-160209131028173.html 2/10/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/icc ICC must look into Egypt's role in Gaza atrocities -egypt-role-gaza-atrocities-palestine-sisi- AJ_24 160209091937256.html 2/10/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/02/lif Life by Latin America's largest open-pit coal mine e-latin-america-largest-open-pit-coal- AJ_25 160201114829811.html 2/11/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/m The Mubarak mirage ubarak-mirage-egypt-tahrir-arab-spring- AJ_26 160207053435738.html 2/11/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/bl Why does what bleeds lead? eeds-leads-italian-student-killed-cairo- AJ_27 160211074247258.html 2/11/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/activists- Beyonce and Jennifer Lopez urged to boycott Israel AJ_28 urge-beyonce-lo-boycott-israel-160211180621283.html 2/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/ira Iran 37 years later: Any hope for reforms? AJ_29 n-37-years-hope-reforms-160210082641602.html 2/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/indonesia- Indonesia: Same-sex symbols on messaging apps targeted AJ_30 sex-symbols-apps-targetted-160212052136149.html 2/13/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/reports-eu- Reports: EU poised to restrict passport-free travel poised-restrict-passport-free-travel- AJ_31 160213054446456.html 2/13/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/palestinians- Palestinians in Gaza mass for rare Rafah border opening gaza-mass-rare-rafah-border-opening- AJ_32 160213123700969.html 2/14/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/isr Israel: This isn't how you defend democracy ael-defend-democracy-knesset-members-palestinians- AJ_33 160214094237757.html 3/21/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/thousands- Thousands of Palestinian children injured in conflict palestinian-children-injured-conflict- AJ_34 160321063755667.html 3/21/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/mentally-ill- Mentally-ill Indonesians locked up and shackled AJ_35 indonesians-shackled-160321084735162.html 3/22/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/ Syrian Kurds celebrate Newroz amid tensions syrian-kurds-celebrate-newroz-tensions- AJ_36 160322042547378.html 3/22/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/c Canada and the Aboriginal mental health crisis anada-aboriginal-mental-health-crisis- AJ_37 160317100523366.html 3/23/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/p Palestinian Syrians: Twice refugees AJ_38 alestinian-syrians-refugees-160321055107834.html 3/23/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/c Will Colombia's child soldier recruiters face justice? olombia-child-soldier-recruiters-face-justice- AJ_39 160323055437408.html 3/23/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/argentina- In Argentina, Obama addresses US 'dirty war' role obama-addresses-dirty-war-role- AJ_40 160323221314967.html 3/24/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/rights- Rights groups blast Egypt's civil society 'persecution' groups-blast-egypt-civil-society-persecution- AJ_41 160323210400571.html 3/24/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/03/isr Israel-Palestine: The delusion of a two-state solution ael-palestine-delusion-state-solution- AJ_42 160324132044351.html 3/24/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/argentina- Argentina rights groups angry with Obama memorial visit rights-groups-angry-obama-memorial-visit- AJ_43 160324133617607.html 3/25/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/egypt-shirt- Egypt's 'T-shirt detainee' freed from jail AJ_44 detainee-freed-jail-160325032206718.html 3/25/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/ The week in pictures: From Brussels to Holi AJ_45 week-pictures-brussels-holi-160325105643128.html AJ_46 3/26/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/m Old Main prison: A tour through American prison history 69

ain-prison-tour-american-prison-history- 160316075700938.html 3/27/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/h Hospitals targeted across South Sudan AJ_47 ospitals-targeted-south-sudan-160304160408373.html 3/27/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/03/ra The Radovan Karadzic verdict will change nothing dovan-karadzic-verdict-change-bosnia-serbia- AJ_48 160327093504907.html 4/25/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/04/ho What's really holding back reconstruction in Nepal AJ_49 lding-reconstruction-nepal-160424075649714.html 4/25/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/tamir-rice- Tamir Rice shooting: Cleveland reaches $6m settlement shooting-cleveland-reaches-6m-settlement- AJ_50 160425135421832.html 4/26/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/png-top- PNG top court says Australia asylum camp is illegal court-australia-asylum-camp-illegal- AJ_51 160426084610384.html 4/26/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/amnesty- Amnesty decries Egypt's detention of 300 people decries-egypt-detention-300-people- AJ_52 160426184630627.html 4/27/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/israel-army- Israel army kills Palestinian siblings in 'attack' AJ_53 kills-palestinian-siblings-attack-160427100604751.html 4/27/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/bulgarian- Bulgarian town bans women from wearing full-face veils town-bans-women-wearing-full-face-veils- AJ_54 160427172412993.html 4/28/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/egyptians- Egyptians and Libyan traffickers killed in dispute AJ_55 libyan-traffickers-killed-dispute-160428101222998.html 5/1/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/hindu-man- Hindu tailor hacked to death in Bangladesh AJ_56 hacked-death-bangladesh-160430131514299.html 5/1/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/05/w Women of Palestine in their Israeli jails AJ_57 omen-palestine-israeli-jails-160501060423689.html 5/31/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/unhcr-2500- UNHCR: 2,500 refugees drowned on way to Europe in 2016 AJ_58 refugees-drowned-europe-2016-160531104504090.html 6/2/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/05/ris The rise of 'everyday freedoms' in China AJ_59 e-everyday-freedoms-china-160530105056898.html 6/3/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/amnesty- Amnesty accuses Gambia government of brutal repression AJ_60 gambia-160601175047272.html 6/3/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/06/ The week in pictures AJ_61 week-pictures-160603102835355.html 6/4/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/blacklists- UN blacklists Arab coalition for child deaths in Yemen arab-coalition-child-deaths-yemen- AJ_62 160603093544870.html 6/4/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/macedonia- Who are Macedonia's 'I Protest' demonstrators? AJ_63 protest-demonstrators-160604153228127.html 6/5/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/rodrigo- Rodrigo Duterte: Shoot a drug dealer, get a medal duterte-shoot-drug-dealer-medal- AJ_64 160605140900213.html 6/7/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/malawi- Malawi failing to protect albino community: Amnesty failing-protect-albino-community-amnesty- AJ_65 160607121919448.html 6/9/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/06/ex Execution of Nizami bodes ill for Bangladesh's future ecution-nizami-bodes-ill-bangladesh-future- AJ_66 160606122512879.html 6/10/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/identity- Identity of 'smuggler' extradited to Italy questioned smuggler-extradited-italy-questioned- AJ_67 160609130949682.html 6/10/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/rwandan-fm- Rwanda's Louise Mushikiwabo denies rights-abuse claims mushikiwabo-denies-claims-rights-abuses- AJ_68 160610055651511.html 6/11/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/05/ar Will the Arab Winter spring again in Sudan? AJ_69 ab-winter-spring-sudan-160531082228922.html 6/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/pakistan- Pakistan: Laws fail to check violence against women AJ_70 laws-fail-check-violence-women-160611045032781.html 7/11/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/07/str Structural racism in the US won't diminish with time uctural-racism-won-diminish-time- AJ_71 160711065351686.html 7/11/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/07/ Protests in Kashmir despite curfew AJ_72 protests-kashmir-curfew-160711064139162.html AJ_73 7/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/lawyers- US army whistleblower Chelsea Manning attempted suicide confirm-chelsea-manning-attempted-suicide- 70

160712055644219.html AJ_74 7/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/syria-isil- Syria: ISIL-held Raqqa hit by deadly air strikes held-raqqa-hit-deadly-air-strikes- 160712131209936.html AJ_75 7/13/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/egypt- Egypt sentences police officers over detainee's death sentences-police-officers-detainee-death- 160712190016764.html AJ_76 7/13/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/debate- UN debate: Candidates for top job debate on live TV candidates-top-job-debate-live-tv- 160713012200827.html AJ_77 7/13/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/kashmiri- Kashmiri doctors lament injuries by pellets in protests doctors-lament-injuries-pellets-protests- 160712201432612.html AJ_78 7/13/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/israeli- Israeli demolitions displace dozens of Palestinians demolitions-displace-dozens-palestinians- 160713124336539.html AJ_79 7/14/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/deadly-air- Deadly air strikes across Syria as ceasefire dissolves strikes-syria-ceasefire-dissolves-160713193700103.html AJ_80 7/14/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/kuwait-sets- Kuwait sets minimum wage for domestic workers minimum-wage-domestic-workers- 160714143830769.html AJ_81 7/15/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/romania-38- Romania: 38 held on suspicion of enslaving young men held-suspicion-enslaving-young-men- 160715041605604.html AJ_82 7/15/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/alton- Alton Sterling: Funeral held in US state of Louisiana sterling-funeral-held-louisiana-160715081331969.html AJ_83 7/17/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/india-shuts- India shuts down Kashmir newspapers amid unrest kashmir-newspapers-unrest-160717134759320.html AJ_84 8/15/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/08/li Living with Down's syndrome in Kinshasa, DRC ving-syndrome-kinshasa-drc-160811090938621.html AJ_85 8/15/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/syrian-girl10- Syrian girl undergoes surgery after being shot evacuated-surgery-shot-160814180328421.html AJ_86 8/16/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/turkey-eu- Turkey to EU: No refugee deal without visa-free travel refugee-deal-visa-free-travel-160816101936490.html AJ_87 8/16/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/syria-civil- Syria's civil war: Russian jets bomb rebels from Iran war-russian-jets-bomb-rebels-iran- 160816091400652.html AJ_88 8/18/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/duterte- Duterte slams 'stupid' UN criticism of his war on drugs slams-stupid-criticism-war-drugs- 160817162503684.html AJ_89 8/18/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/18000-died- Almost 18,000 died in Syria's prisons: Amnesty syria-prisons-amnesty-160818051435301.html AJ_90 8/18/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/italy-set- Italy to set up camp for refugees shut out by the Swiss camp-refugees-shut-swiss-160818110337920.html AJ_91 8/18/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/man-killed- Man in US killed in suspected 'anti-Arab hate crime' suspected-anti-muslim-hate-crime- 160816191517636.html AJ_92 8/19/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/08/d US drone revelations: Meaningful or business as usual? rone-revelations-meaningful-business-usual- 160818072236723.html AJ_93 8/20/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/german- German minister proposes partial burqa ban minister-proposes-partial-burqa-ban- 160819130010768.html AJ_94 8/20/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/08/ The week in pictures week-pictures-160819132659967.html AJ_95 8/21/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/dr-congo- DR Congo puts fighters on trial for civilian massacres puts-fighters-trial-civilian-massacres- 160820160714182.html AJ_96 8/21/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/rights- Rights groups say Israel behind death threats campaign groups-israel-death-threats-campaign- 160818095638509.html AJ_97 8/21/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/rights-group- Rights group accuses Mexican police of malfeasance accuses-mexican-police-malfeasance- 160821083821980.html AJ_98 9/26/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/08/d DRC: Mobile courts deliver justice to remote areas rc-mobile-courts-deliver-justice-remote-areas- 160830120805662.html AJ_99 9/26/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/egypt-170- Egypt: 170 bodies found so far in refugee boat disaster 71

bodies-refugee-boat-disaster-160926101331817.html AJ_100 9/27/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/germancy- Germany: Dresden mosque bombed in 'xenophobic' attack dresden-mosque-bombed-xenophobic-attack- 160927154141837.html AJ_101 9/28/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/09/16 Kashmir and the myth of indivisible India 0926090854867.html AJ_102 9/28/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/09/ Educating girls in South Sudan educating-girls-south-sudan-160927081830159.html AJ_103 9/28/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/09/ Jets pound Aleppo in government push to take city attacks-intensified-aleppo-160928073950672.html AJ_104 9/29/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/09/isr Israel's war on peaceful activism ael-war-peaceful-activism-160926122110106.html AJ_105 9/29/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/bangladesh- Bangladesh accused of 'kneecapping' opposition members accused-kneecapping-opposition-members- 160929110934409.html AJ_106 9/29/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/09/cr 'Massive crisis' as 1.5m expected to flee Iraq's Mosul isis-15-million-expected-flee-mosul- 160928191736825.html AJ_107 9/30/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/bulgaria- Bulgaria parliament bans full-face veils in public parliament-bans-full-face-veils-public- 160930114855429.html AJ_108 10/2/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/09/d Dalits and Aboriginals: Rebuilding India and Australia alits-aboriginals-rebuilding-india-australia- 160928153557057.html AJ_109 10/31/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/tent-cities- Tent cities rise in Paris after 'Jungle' evacuation rise-paris-jungle-evacuation-161030074232527.html AJ_110 10/31/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/turkey- Turkey detains Cumhuriyet editor in chief Murat Sabuncu detains-cumhuriyet-editor-chief-murat-sabuncu- 161031052448605.html AJ_111 10/31/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/10/p Prepare the gallows: Sierra Leone and the death penalty repare-gallows-sierra-leone-death-penalty- 161025080542700.html AJ_112 10/31/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/hrw-boko- HRW: Boko Haram refugees in Nigeria raped by officials haram-refugees-nigeria-raped-officials- 161031161725738.html AJ_113 11/1/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/10/s Separated: Deported mothers and their American children eparated-deported-mothers-american-children- 161028110139078.html AJ_114 11/1/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/turkey- Turkey detains top staff of Cumhuriyet daily detains-top-staff-opposition-cumhuriyet-daily- 161101043111174.html AJ_115 11/2/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/10/d Deported mothers fight to reunite with their children eported-mothers-fight-reunite-children- 161031112509464.html AJ_116 11/2/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2016/10/al- Why Al Jazeera purchased rape videos in India jazeera-purchased-rape-videos-india- 161024081358345.html AJ_117 11/2/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/10/lif Life on the Pine Ridge Native American reservation e-pine-ridge-native-american-reservation- 161031113119935.html AJ_118 11/3/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/11/f Foreign students targeted by UK anti-migrant policies oreign-students-targeted-uk-anti-migrant-policies- 161102130654314.html AJ_119 11/3/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/10/fe #FeesMustFall: Decolonising education esmustfall-decolonising-education- 161031093938509.html AJ_120 11/4/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/11/s Syrian refugees: Between war and crackdown in Lebanon yrian-refugees-war-crackdown-lebanon- 161102173130178.html AJ_121 11/5/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/petar- Petar Nizamov: Vigilante 'migrant hunter' of Bulgaria nizamov-vigilante-migrant-hunter-bulgaria- 161105110101596.html AJ_122 11/7/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/investigates- UN to probe US air raid that killed women and children deadly-afghanistan-air-strikes-161106205207528.html AJ_123 11/8/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/11/af Afghans weigh in on US presidential candidates ghans-weigh-presidential-candidates- 161106034333699.html AJ_124 11/9/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/11/di A dismal day for human rights in the US 72

smal-day-human-rights-161109050745872.html AJ_125 11/10/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/china-police- China police official Meng Hongwei to head Interpol official-meng-hongwei-head-interpol- 161110100157925.html AJ_126 11/10/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/11/f The foul stench of fascism in the US oul-stench-fascism-161110100340474.html AJ_127 11/11/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/fire-kills- Fire kills factory workers in India's Sahibabad factory-workers-india-sahibabad- 161111072912321.html AJ_128 11/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/11/af Africa's challenge to the ICC rica-challenge-icc-161109120331097.html AJ_129 11/13/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/rohingya- Three Rohingya villages burned in Myanmar: HRW villages-burned-myanmar-hrw-161113085745561.html AJ_130 11/13/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/11/c After Charlotte: A community striving to heal and unite harlotte-community-striving-heal-unite- 161106110538292.html AJ_131 12/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/dam- Dam destruction major victory for Mohawk tribe destruction-major-victory-mohawk-tribe- 161212081029824.html AJ_132 12/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/killings-land- Killings of land rights activists tripled in 2016 rights-activist-2016-161212113104129.html AJ_133 12/12/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/india- India activists seek justice for wrongful convictions activists-seek-justice-wrongful-convictions- 161211122910436.html AJ_134 12/14/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/qatar- Qatar introduces changes to labour law introduces-labour-law-161213073333258.html AJ_135 12/14/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/h The Hope School for refugees in Skaramagas camp, Athens ope-school-refugees-skaramagas-camp-athens- 161210123732097.html AJ_136 12/14/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/bi Is Big Brother coming to Germany? g-brother-coming-germany-161213062129779.html AJ_137 12/14/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/12/ro Why are Roma blamed for Europe's rejection of refugees? ma-blame-europe-rejection-refugees- 161214082111342.html AJ_138 12/14/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/south-sudan- UN: South Sudan on brink of ethnic civil war brink-ethnic-civil-war-161214104548897.html AJ_139 12/15/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/senators- Senators: Duterte impeachable over claims of killings duterte-impeachable-claims-killings- 161215084952188.html AJ_140 12/16/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2016/12/duterte- Duterte's drug war: Death toll goes past 6,000 drug-war-death-toll-6000-161213132427022.html AJ_141 12/16/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/12/ob Obama v Trump on Guantanamo and torture ama-trump-guantanamo-torture- 161215090224679.html AJ_142 12/17/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/bye-america- 'Bye bye America': Duterte threatens US troops pact duterte-threatens-pact-aid-161217040226819.html AJ_143 12/17/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/public- Public hearings of torture victims broadcast in Tunisia hearings-torture-victims-broadcast-tunisia- 161217053845264.html AJ_144 12/18/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/12/tr Trumping it up: Neoliberalism on steroids umping-neoliberalism-steroids-161215144834626.html AJ_145 12/18/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/12/ca Casey report: The problem is more than integration sey-report-problem-integration-161218090805524.html AJ_146 12/18/2016 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/refugees- 2016: Refugee arrivals fall as deaths hit record mediterranean-161218084101126.html

Global Voices

ID Date URL Title GV_1 1/4/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/04/as-us-steps-up- As US Steps Up Deportations, Advocates Push for Refugee deportations-advocates-push-for-refugee-status-for- Status for Central Americans central-americans/ GV_2 1/5/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/05/online-cultural- Online Cultural Hub ‘Voces Étnicas’ Seeks to Revitalize hub-voces-etnicas-seeks-to-revitalize-indigenous- Indigenous Customs in Mexico customs-in-mexico/ GV_3 1/5/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/05/an-indigenous- An Indigenous Toddler Was Murdered in Cold Blood, but

73

toddler-was-murdered-in-cold-blood-but-brazil-barely- Brazil Barely Took Notice took-notice/ GV_4 1/5/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/05/inside-ethiopias- Inside Ethiopia's Self-Defeating Crackdown on Oromo self-defeating-crackdown-on-oromo-musicians/ Musicians GV_5 1/5/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/05/starving-to-death- Starving to Death: Images from Madaya, Syria, You Don't images-from-madaya-in-syria-you-dont-want-to-see/ Want to See GV_6 1/6/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/06/pakistanis-weigh- Pakistanis Weigh In on Saudi Arabia and Iran's Diplomatic in-on-saudi-arabia-and-irans-diplomatic-break-up/ Break-Up GV_7 1/7/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/07/japan-and-south- Japan and South Korea's Historic ‘Comfort Women’ Deal korea-historic-comfort-women-deal-angers-surviving- Angers Surviving Victims victims/ GV_8 1/7/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/07/street-art-urges- Street Art Urges Hong Kongers Not to Turn a Blind Eye to hong-kongers-not-to-turn-a-blind-eye-to-missing- Missing Booksellers booksellers/ GV_9 1/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/01/10/russian-ebola-civic- ‘Russian Ebola': Civic Project Tracks Russians’ Deaths in Police project-tracks-russians-deaths-in-police-custody/ Custody GV_10 2/8/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/08/unbelievable-saudi- Unbelievable: Saudi Arabia's Vice Police Arrests a “Female” arabias-vice-police-arrests-a-female-mascot/ Mascot GV_11 2/9/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/09/artists-and- Artists and Activists Unite in Support of Russia’s ‘Good activists-unite-in-support-of-russias-good-people/ People’ GV_12 2/9/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/09/a-good-day-for-the- ‘A Good Day for the Internet Everywhere': India Bans internet-everywhere-india-bans-differential-data-pricing/ Differential Data Pricing GV_13 2/9/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/09/iranian-couples- Iranian Couples Are Increasingly Living Together Outside of are-increasingly-living-together-outside-of-marriage/ Marriage GV_14 2/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/10/macedonias- Macedonia's Former Prime Minister Threatens Revenge in former-prime-minister-threatens-revenge-in-troubling- Troubling Speech speech/ GV_15 2/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/10/the-youtube- The YouTube Women: Delivering Hard-Hitting Digital Video women-delivering-hard-hitting-digital-video-activism/ Activism GV_16 2/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/10/chinese- Chinese Authorities Pressured a Bangladesh Art Summit Into authorities-pressured-a-bangladesh-art-summit-into- Censoring a Tibet Exhibit censoring-a-tibet-exhibit/ GV_17 2/11/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/11/troubling-rise-of- The Troubling Rise of Internet-Related Arrests in Cambodia internet-related-arrests-in-cambodia/ GV_18 2/11/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/11/an-lgbt-blog-is- An LGBT Blog Is Suspended Over Mention of Cuba’s 1960s- suspended-over-mention-of-cubas-1960s-era-labor- Era Labor Camps camps/ GV_19 2/11/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/11/privatization-of-pia- The Complicated Mess That Is Pakistan International Airlines’ crisis/ Privatisation GV_20 2/12/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/12/italys-gesture-of- Italy's Gesture of ‘Respectful’ Self-Censorship for Iran Ends respectful-self-censorship-for-iran-ends-up-offending- Up Offending Italians italians/ GV_21 2/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/13/a-colombian- A Colombian Official Takes Short-Lived Legal Action Against a official-takes-short-lived-legal-action-against-a-journalist- Journalist Over His Tweets over-his-tweets/ GV_22 2/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/13/malaysian-police- Malaysian Police Threaten Internet Users for Sharing Clown threaten-internet-users-for-sharing-clown-memes-of- Memes of Prime Minister prime-minister/ GV_23 2/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/13/wall-of-kindness- Finally, a Wall to Unite People, Not Divide Them iran-china-pakistan/ GV_24 3/22/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/22/cubans-cast-a- Cubans Cast a Critical Glance on Obama's Havana Tour critical-glance-on-obamas-havana-tour/ GV_25 3/22/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/22/indian-migrant- Indian Migrant Worker Arrested in Saudi Arabia For worker-arrested-in-saudi-arabia-for-denouncing-working- Denouncing Working Conditions on Facebook conditions-on-facebook/ GV_26 3/22/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/22/european-union- European Union Signs Controversial Deal to Deport Refugees signs-controversial-deal-to-deport-refugees-to-turkey/ to Turkey GV_27 3/23/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/23/netizen-report- Netizen Report: Congo Shuts Down All Communications on congo-shuts-down-all-communications-on-election-day- Election Day 2/ GV_28 3/24/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/24/albanian-activists- Albanian Activists Rally Against a ‘Concrete’ End for Tirana's rally-against-a-concrete-end-for-tiranas-last-public-park/ Last Public Park GV_29 3/24/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/24/mexican- Mexican Government Hopes to Counter Violence Against government-hopes-to-counter-violence-against-women- Women With Gender Alerts with-gender-alerts/ GV_30 3/25/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/25/justice4morocco- #Justice4Morocco: Human Rights Defenders’ Trial Postponed human-rights-defenders-trial-postponed-again/ Again GV_31 3/26/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/26/justicefortonu- #JusticeForTonu Goes Viral After Bangladeshi College 74

goes-viral-after-bangladeshi-college-students-rape-and- Student's Rape and Murder murder/ GV_32 3/26/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/03/26/donald-trumps- Donald Trump’s Anti-Refugee Style of Politics Comes to Hong anti-refugee-style-of-politics-comes-to-hong-kong/ Kong GV_33 4/25/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/25/a-university- A University Professor Is Hacked to Death, Another Victim of professor-is-hacked-to-death-another-victim-of-deadly- Deadly Intolerance in Bangladesh intolerance-in-bangladesh/ GV_34 4/25/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/25/journalist-zoran- Journalist Zoran Božinovski's Supporters Fear Extradition to bozinovskis-supporters-fear-extradition-to-macedonia- Macedonia Puts Him at Risk of Torture puts-him-at-risk-of-torture/ GV_35 4/26/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/26/xulhaz-mannan-an- Xulhaz Mannan, an LGBT Activist in Bangladesh, Is the Latest lgbt-activist-in-bangladesh-is-the-latest-victim-in-a-string- Victim in a String of Brutal Killings of-brutal-killings/ GV_36 4/26/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/26/french-activists- French Activists Say If You Are Harassed or You See say-if-you-are-harassed-or-you-see-harassment-on-the- Harassment on the Street, Speak Up street-speak-up/ GV_37 4/27/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/27/macedonian- Macedonian Protesters ‘Congratulate’ Pardoned Ex-Interior protesters-congratulate-pardoned-ex-interior-minister- Minister at Her PhD Graduation at-her-phd-graduation/ GV_38 4/27/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/27/mexicos- Mexico’s Controversial ‘Telecom Law’ Is Now in the Supreme controversial-telecom-law-is-now-in-the-supreme-courts- Court’s Court court/ GV_39 4/27/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/27/arrests-add-fuel-to- Arrests Add Fuel to Anti-Impunity Protesters’ Fire in anti-impunity-protesters-fire-in-macedonia/ Macedonia GV_40 4/28/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/28/the-fight-to- The Fight to Control the Narrative in Burundi's Crisis control-the-narrative-in-burundis-crisis-2/ GV_41 4/29/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/29/meet-the-anti- Meet the Anti-Discrimination Non-Profit Behind the Jamaican discrimination-non-profit-behind-the-jamaican-version- Version of a ‘Privilege Walk’ of-a-privilege-walk/ GV_42 4/29/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/29/tackling-child- Tackling Child Marriage in India, One Wedding Tent at a Time marriage-in-india-one-wedding-tent-at-a-time/ GV_43 4/29/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/29/south-sudan-is-a- South Sudan Is a Dangerous Place to Work as a Journalist dangerous-place-to-work-as-a-journalist/ GV_44 4/29/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/04/29/fighting-fear-and- Fighting Fear and Hopelessness From House Arrest in hopelessness-from-house-arrest-in-macedonia/ Macedonia GV_45 5/1/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/05/01/tajikistans- Tajikistan's Prostitutes Are Punch Bags for the Government prostitutes-are-punch-bags-for-the-government/ GV_46 5/30/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/05/30/russian-citizen- Russian Citizen Imprisoned for Filming Police Detaining Hijab- imprisoned-for-filming-police-detaining-hijab-wearing- Wearing Women in Tajikistan women-in-tajikistan/ GV_47 5/31/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/05/31/four-years-and-an- Four Years and an Impeached President Later, Paraguay's impeached-president-later-paraguays-curuguaty- Curuguaty Massacre Is Still in the Shadows massacre-is-still-in-the-shadows/ GV_48 5/31/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/05/31/hindu-religious- Hindu Religious Leader Tells Child Marriage Critics in Trinidad leader-tells-child-marriage-critics-in-trinidad-tobago-to- & Tobago to ‘Mind Your Own Damn Business’ mind-your-own-damn-business/ GV_49 5/31/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/05/31/europe-expects- Europe Expects Big Progress From Angola Following big-progress-from-angola-following-prisoners-liberation/ Prisoner’s Liberation GV_50 6/1/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/01/colombia-city- Colombia City Combines Gardening and Hip Hop to Revive combines-gardening-and-hip-hop-to-revive-community/ Community GV_51 6/1/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/01/spains-archbishop- Spain's Archbishop of Valencia and His Crusade Against the of-valencia-and-his-crusade-against-the-gay-empire/ ‘Gay Empire’ GV_52 6/1/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/01/cambodias- Cambodia's Government Mistakes Singapore for Libya in government-mistakes-singapore-for-libya-in-video- Video Warning Against ‘Excessive Civil Rights’ warning-against-excessive-civil-rights/ GV_53 6/1/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/01/ugandan-man- Ugandan Man Arrested Over T-Shirt Featuring Opposition arrested-over-t-shirt-featuring-opposition-leader/ Leader GV_54 6/2/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/02/azerbaijan-khadija- Azerbaijan: Khadija Free, But Other Political Prisoners Await free-but-other-political-prisoners-await-their-turn/ Their Turn GV_55 6/2/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/02/islamic-councils- Islamic Council's Endorsement of ‘Light’ Domestic Violence endorsement-of-light-domestic-violence-doesnt-go-over- Doesn't Go Over Well With Pakistani Women well-with-pakistani-women/ GV_56 6/2/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/02/cambodias-black- Cambodia’s ‘Black Monday’ Campaign Seeks Freedom for monday-campaign-seeks-freedom-for-detained-human- Detained Human Rights Activists rights-activists/ GV_57 6/4/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/04/threats-of-criminal- Threats of Criminal Charges Do Not Deter Macedonia's charges-do-not-deter-macedonias-colorful- ‘Colorful Revolutionaries’ revolutionaries/ 75

GV_58 6/5/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/05/india-moves- India Moves Against Illegal Immigration from Bangladesh, against-illegal-immigration-from-bangladesh-plans-to- Plans to Seal Border in Assam seal-border-in-assam/ GV_59 6/7/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/07/indias-anti-african- India’s Anti-African Racism Is Once Again in the Spotlight racism-is-once-again-in-the-spotlight-after-a-congolese- After a Congolese Man’s Beating Death mans-beating-death/ GV_60 6/8/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/08/surrounded-by- Surrounded by Rubble, This Flower Seller's Dreams Are on rubble-this-flower-sellers-dreams-are-on-hold-in-syria/ Hold in Syria GV_61 6/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/10/tanzanian-man- Tanzanian Man Could Face Three Years’ Jailtime for could-face-three-years-jailtime-for-insulting-the- “Insulting” the President on Facebook president-on-facebook/ GV_62 6/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/10/hungarian-think- Hungarian Think Tank Finds Suspicious Device in Office, tank-finds-suspicious-device-in-office-raising-fears-of- Raising Fears of State Surveillance state-surveillance/ GV_63 6/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/10/us-church- US Church Members Stage Roadside Vigil Amid Outrage Over members-stage-roadside-vigil-amid-outrage-over- Japanese Woman's Murder japanese-womans-murder/ GV_64 6/11/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/11/health-in- Health in Venezuela Remains in the Hands of its Citizens venezuela-remains-in-the-hands-of-its-citizens-2/ GV_65 6/11/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/11/quarry-workers-in- Quarry Workers in Myanmar Suffer Health Problems, No myanmar-suffer-health-problems-no-compensation/ Compensation GV_66 6/11/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/06/11/pakistani-senator- Pakistani Senator Threatens Activist With Rape on Live threatens-rape-activist-live-tv/ Television GV_67 7/11/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/11/dozens-killed-after- Dozens Killed After Indian Forces Crackdown on Protests in indian-forces-crackdown-on-protests-in-kashmir/ Kashmir GV_68 7/12/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/12/imprisoned-in-iran- Imprisoned in Iran for Posting Jokes on Facebook, A for-posting-jokes-on-facebook-a-computer-engineer- Computer Engineer Awaits His Appeal Verdict awaits-his-appeal-verdict/ GV_69 7/12/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/12/our-strength-as- ‘Our Strength as Women Lies in the Differences Among Us': women-lies-in-the-differences-among-us-the-central- The Central American Feminist Symposium american-feminist-symposium/ GV_70 7/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/13/playing-for-change- ‘Playing for Change’ Promotes Peace and Inclusion Around promotes-peace-and-inclusion-around-the-world- the World Through Music through-music/ GV_71 7/14/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/14/ethiopia-locks- Ethiopia Locks Down Digital Communications in Wake of down-digital-communications-in-wake-of- #OromoProtests oromoprotests/ GV_72 7/15/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/15/yet-another- Yet Another Environmental Activist Is Murdered in Honduras. environmental-activist-is-murdered-in-honduras-when- When Will It End? will-it-end/ GV_73 7/16/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/16/the-plague-of- The Plague of Human Trafficking Reaches Trinidad & Tobago human-trafficking-reaches-trinidad-tobago/ GV_74 7/17/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/17/how-a-stolen- How a Stolen Student Parliament Is Macedonia's Political student-parliament-is-macedonias-political-crisis-in- Crisis in Microcosm microcosm/ GV_75 8/15/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/15/will-a-buenos-aires- Will a Buenos Aires Subway Station Take the Name of a LGBTI subway-station-take-the-name-of-a-lgbti-figurehead/ Figurehead? GV_76 8/15/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/15/after-landmark- After Landmark Ruling in Belize, Human Rights Groups Hope ruling-in-belize-human-rights-groups-hope-the- the Caribbean Tide Is Turning Towards LGBT Equality caribbean-tide-is-turning-towards-lgbt-equality/ GV_77 8/15/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/15/online-petition- Online Petition Against Russia's Draconian Anti-Terror Laws against-russias-draconian-anti-terror-laws-tops-100k- Tops 100K Signatures signatures/ GV_78 8/16/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/16/global-voices- Global Voices Partners With India-Based Video Volunteers partners-with-india-based-video-volunteers/ GV_79 8/16/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/16/jalaur-mega-dam- Jalaur Mega Dam in the Philippines Threatens to Displace in-the-philippines-threatens-to-displace-indigenous- Indigenous Peoples in Panay Island peoples-in-panay-island/ GV_80 8/17/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/17/its-no-mean-feat- It's ‘No Mean Feat’ Being a Female Human Rights Activist in being-a-female-human-rights-activist-in-timbuktu-says- Timbuktu, Says Psychologist Fatoumata Harber psychologist-fatoumata-harber/ GV_81 8/17/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/17/disappointed- ‘Disappointed’ Activists Criticize India's ‘Iron Lady’ for Daring activists-criticize-indias-iron-lady-for-daring-to-end-her- to End Her 16-Year-Long Hunger Strike 16-year-long-hunger-strike/ GV_82 8/18/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/18/snapchat-filters- Snapchat Filters Allow Sexual Assault Survivors in India to allow-sexual-assault-survivors-in-india-to-share-their- Share Their Stories Anonymously stories-anonymously/ GV_83 8/19/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/19/when-they-took- ‘When They Took Me Inside’ Syria's Saydnaya Prison, ‘I Could 76

me-inside-syrias-saydnaya-prison-i-could-smell-the- Smell the Torture’ torture/ GV_84 8/20/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/20/the-week-that-was- The Week That Was at Global Voices Podcast: The Status Quo at-global-voices-podcast-the-status-quo-has-got-to-go/ Has Got to Go GV_85 8/20/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/20/nine-years-on- Nine Years on, Turkey Blames Gulenists for Murder of Ethnic turkey-blames-gulenists-for-murder-of-ethnic-armenian- Armenian Journalist journalist/ GV_86 9/26/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/26/animations-tv- Animations, TV Shows, and Personal Testimonies Help shows-and-personal-testimonies-help-colombians- Colombians Understand the (Possible) End of Conflict understand-the-possible-end-of-conflict/ GV_87 9/26/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/26/what-will-happen- What Will Happen to Colombia's Youth in the Aftermath of to-colombias-youth-in-the-aftermath-of-war/ War? GV_88 9/26/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/26/jordanian- Jordanian Authorities Impose Media Gag After Writer's Killing authorities-impose-media-gag-after-writers-killing/ GV_89 9/26/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/26/two-years-and-still- Two Years and Still No Justice, but Mexico Has Not Forgotten no-justice-but-mexico-has-not-forgotten-ayotzinapas- Ayotzinapa's Students students/ GV_90 9/27/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/27/artist-draws- Artist Draws Attention to the Plight of Child Laborers and attention-to-the-plight-of-child-laborers-and-young- Young Women in Myanmar women-in-myanmar/ GV_91 9/28/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/28/the-week-that-was- The Week That Was at Global Voices Podcast: We, the at-global-voices-podcast-we-the-people/ People GV_92 9/28/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/28/fidencio-sanchezs- Fidencio Sanchez’s Inspiring Story Highlights the Best of inspiring-story-highlights-the-best-of-social-media-and- Social Media—and the Plight of Latino Immigrants the-plight-of-latino-immigrants/ GV_93 9/28/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/28/vietnamese-land- Vietnamese Land Activist Cấn Thị Thêu Has Braved Violence, activist-can-thi-theu-has-braved-violence-arrest-and- Arrest and Prison prison/ GV_94 9/29/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/29/mexicos-attorney- Mexico's Attorney General Secretly Purchased Costly general-secretly-purchased-costly-spyware-again/ Spyware (Again) GV_95 9/29/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/29/i-am-lucky-to-have- I Am Lucky to Have a Syrian Passport a-syrian-passport/ GV_96 9/29/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/29/kuwait-detains- Kuwait Detains Activist Sara Al-Drees for Insulting the activist-sara-al-drees-for-insulting-the-countrys-ruler/ Country's Ruler GV_97 9/30/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/30/netizen-report- Netizen Report: Swiss Citizens Say Yes to Surveillance swiss-citizens-say-yes-to-surveillance/ GV_98 9/30/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/30/an-iranian- An Iranian-Canadian Academic Is Released, but Iran's canadian-academic-is-released-but-irans-larger- Crackdown on Women's Rights Activists Continues crackdown-on-womens-rights-activists-continues/ GV_99 9/30/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/09/30/in-defense-of-my- In Defense of My Right to Abortion in Macedonia right-to-abortion-in-macedonia/ GV_100 10/1/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/10/01/colombians-clash- Colombians Clash Online, Hoping to End the Country's Armed online-hoping-to-end-the-countrys-armed-conflict/ Conflict GV_101 10/2/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/10/02/gv-face-after-more- GV Face: After More than Five Decades of War, Colombians than-five-decades-of-war-colombians-mull-the-meaning- Mull the Meaning of Peace of-peace/ GV_102 10/2/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/10/02/polish-pro-choice- Polish Pro-Choice Protest Movement Prepares Nationwide protest-movement-prepares-nationwide-strike-on-black- Strike on “Black Monday” monday/ GV_103 10/2/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/10/02/the-women-who- The Women Who Resisted Uruguay’s Dictatorship Get a Film resisted-uruguays-dictatorship-get-a-film-honoring-their- Honoring Their Heroism heroism/ GV_104 10/31/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/10/31/timbuktu-where- Timbuktu, Where There's ‘Justice for Monuments, but Not theres-justice-for-monuments-but-not-for-raped- for Victims of Rape’ women/ GV_105 10/31/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/10/31/morocco-protests- Protests Erupt in Morocco Following Fish Vendor's Brutal fish-vendors-death/ Death in Garbage Compactor GV_106 10/31/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/10/31/stand-with- ‘Stand with Standing Rock': Demonstrators in the US Rail standing-rock-demonstrators-rail-against-the-dakota- Against the Dakota Access Pipeline access-pipeline/ GV_107 11/1/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/01/australian- Australian Government Plans Lifetime Visa Ban for Asylum government-plans-lifetime-visa-ban-for-asylum-seekers- Seekers Arriving by Boat arriving-by-boat/ GV_108 11/2/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/02/these-are-the- These Are the Stories of Teachers Who Resist Violence in stories-of-teachers-who-resist-violence-in-northern- Northern Paraguay paraguay/ GV_109 11/3/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/03/indian-shooter- Indian Shooter Heena Sidhu Says ‘No’ to Iran's Hijab Rule, heena-sidhu-says-no-to-irans-hijab-rule-and-social- and Social Media Rallies Behind Her 77

media-rallies-behind-her/ GV_110 11/3/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/03/in-oman- In Oman, Independent Media Suspended Until Further independent-media-suspended-until-further-notice/ Notice GV_111 11/3/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/03/my-life-for-iran- ‘My Life for Iran': The 4th Anniversary of Iranian Activist the-4th-anniversary-of-iranian-activist-sattar-beheshtis- Sattar Beheshti's Death death/ GV_112 11/3/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/03/everything- Sleeping or Dead – Part 1: “Everything Screams Death” screams-death/ GV_113 11/4/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/04/demystifying-social- Demystifying Social Media Censorship — in Arabic, Spanish media-censorship-in-arabic-spanish-and-english/ and English GV_114 11/4/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/04/pro-kurdish-partys- Pro-Kurdish Party's Leaders Arrested in Turkey Amid leaders-arrested-in-turkey-amid-strengthening- Strengthening Crackdown crackdown/ GV_115 11/6/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/06/singapores-iconic- Singapore’s Iconic Buildings Turn Purple in Support of buildings-turn-purple-in-support-of-persons-with-special- Persons With Special Needs needs/ GV_116 11/6/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/06/this-museum-in-a- This Museum in a Protest Camp Documents the Struggles of protest-camp-documents-the-struggles-of-lumad- Lumad Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines indigenous-peoples-in-the-philippines/ GV_117 11/8/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/08/melbourne-locals- Melbourne Locals Welcome Syrian Refugees With Open welcome-syrian-refugees-with-open-arms-and- Arms—and Butterflies butterflies/ GV_118 11/9/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/09/who-is-duterte- Who Is Duterte? Into the Deep Podcast into-the-deep-podcast/ GV_119 11/9/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/09/theres-a-scary- There's a Scary Pattern of Phony Facebook Posts Used as an pattern-of-phony-facebook-posts-used-as-an-excuse-to- Excuse to Attack Hindus in Bangladesh attack-hindus-in-bangladesh/ GV_120 11/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/10/turkey-continues- Turkey Continues to Arrest Kurdish Politicians, Restrict to-arrest-kurdish-politicians-restrict-internet-use/ Internet Use GV_121 11/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/10/nationalists-and- Nationalists and Populists in Serbia and Macedonia Celebrate populists-in-serbia-and-macedonia-celebrate-trumps- Trump's Victory victory/ GV_122 11/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/10/after-three-years- After Three Years, Thousands of Haiyan Survivors in the thousands-of-haiyan-survivors-are-still-homeless/ Philippines Are Still Homeless GV_123 11/10/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/10/withdrawal-of- Withdrawal of Large Currency Bank Notes Creates Panic in large-currency-bank-notes-creates-panic-in-india/ India GV_124 11/12/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/12/braving- Braving Crackdowns by India, These Young Kashmiri crackdowns-by-india-these-young-kashmiri-volunteers- Volunteers Keep Neighbourhoods Safe keep-neighbourhoods-safe/ GV_125 11/12/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/12/sleeping-or-dead- Sleeping or Dead – Part 2: Aghiad's Blue Jacket part-2-aghyads-blue-jacket/ GV_126 11/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/13/in-paraguay-many- In Paraguay, Many of the Country's Poorest Girls Undergo of-the-countrys-poorest-girls-undergo-slavery-just-to- Slavery Just to Receive an Education receive-an-education/ GV_127 11/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/11/13/two-slain-youth- Two Slain Youth Become Tragic Symbols of Ongoing Police become-tragic-symbols-of-ongoing-police-brutality-in-sri- Brutality in Sri Lanka lanka/ GV_128 12/12/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/12/military-trial-of- Military Trials of Journalists Cast Light on the Taboo of journalists-cast-light-on-the-taboo-of-criticizing-the- Criticizing the Army in Tunisia army-in-tunisia/ GV_129 12/12/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/12/these-short-films- These Short Films by Young Cambodian Men Aim to Stop by-young-cambodian-men-aim-to-stop-sexual- Sexual Harassment harassment/ GV_130 12/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/13/the-high-cost-of- The High Cost of Algeria's Crackdown on Speech: Life and algerias-crackdown-on-speech-life-and-freedom/ Freedom GV_131 12/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/13/syrian-media- Syrian Media Activist: ‘It Is Terrible and Scary, Aleppo Has activist-it-is-terrible-and-scary-aleppo-has-become-a- Become a Horror City’ horror-city/ GV_132 12/13/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/13/native-american- Native American Pipeline Resistance at Standing Rock pipeline-resistance-at-standing-rock-resonates-around- Resonates Around the Globe the-globe/ GV_133 12/14/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/14/mexico-reportedly- Mexico Reportedly Moves Ahead With Controversial moves-ahead-with-controversial-pipeline-despite- Pipeline, Despite Moratorium moratorium/ GV_134 12/14/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/14/belarus-moves-to- Belarus Moves to Block Tor in Fight Against Online block-tor-in-fight-against-online-anonymity/ Anonymity GV_135 12/14/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/14/little-dolls-from-a- Little Dolls From a Vietnamese Prison Carry a Big Message vietnamese-prison-carry-a-big-message/ 78

GV_136 12/15/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/15/controversial- Controversial Legislation in Bangladesh Highlights the legislation-in-bangladesh-highlights-the-complexity-of- Complexity of Child Marriage child-marriage/ GV_137 12/15/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/15/gambians-fear- Gambians Fear President Jammeh Is ‘Putting the Lives of president-jammeh-is-putting-the-lives-of-citizens-at-risk- Citizens at Risk’ With His Rejection of Election Results with-his-rejection-of-election-results/ GV_138 12/16/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/16/student-leaders- Student Leaders Spark Hope for Change on Iran’s National spark-hope-for-change-on-irans-national-student-day/ Student Day GV_139 12/16/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/16/lebanon-deports- Lebanon Deports Prominent Unionist, Testing Migrant prominent-unionist-testing-migrant-workers-resolve/ Workers’ Resolve GV_140 12/17/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/17/a-ceremony-of- A Ceremony of Reconciliation in Colombia Shows How Peace reconciliation-in-colombia-shows-how-peace-is-made-by- is Made by People, not Treaties people-not-treaties/ GV_141 12/18/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/18/is-nepal-no- Is Nepal No Country for Women? country-for-women/ GV_142 12/18/2016 https://globalvoices.org/2016/12/18/remembering- Remembering Castro’s Commitment to Healthcare and castros-commitment-to-healthcare-and-beating-ebola-in- Beating Ebola in Africa africa/

The Guardian

ID Date URL Title TG_1 1/4/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/04/lib- Lib Dems and Labour urge Cameron to withdraw Saudi Arabia dems-and-labour-urge-cameron-to-withdraw-saudi- support arabia-support TG_2 1/5/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/05/minis Minister defends UK's approach to Saudi human rights record ter-defends-uks-approach-to-saudi-human-rights-record TG_3 1/5/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/uk- Law firm referred to disciplinary tribunal over Al-Sweady news/2016/jan/05/law-firm-leigh-day-solicitors- inquiry disciplinary-tribunal-al-sweady-inquiry TG_4 1/5/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/05/journ Journalist Ruqia Hassan murdered by Isis after writing on life alist-ruqia-hassan-killed-isis-raqqa-syria in Raqqa TG_5 1/6/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/06/guate Ex-Guatemalan officials arrested over civil war killings and mala-arrests-human-rights-abuse-civil-war-killing abuses TG_6 1/6/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/06/sri- Sri Lanka accused of allowing continuing human rights abuses lanka-accused-human-rights-abuses-mathripala-sirisena TG_7 1/6/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/j Free speech, even when grossly offensive, has to be an/06/free-speech-charlie-hebdo-pastor-grossly- defended offensive TG_8 1/6/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/06/no- No extending abortion act to Northern Ireland, first female extending-abortion-act-to-northern-ireland-first-female- leader says premier-arlene-foster-court-ruling-rape TG_9 1/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- UN human rights chief urges Yemen to rethink exclusion of development/2016/jan/08/yemen-un-george-abu-al- country official zulof-exclusion-country-official-unhcr TG_10 1/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/08/raif- Raif Badawi supporters to give petition to Saudi embassy in badawi-supporters-to-give-petition-to-saudi-embassy-in- London london TG_11 2/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/08/thous Thousands of academics demand inquiry into Cairo death of ands-of-academics-demand-inquiry-into-cairo-death-of- Giulio Regeni giulio-regeni TG_12 2/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- Defence lawyers begin summing up in Hissène Habré war development/2016/feb/08/hissene-habre-war-crimes- crimes trial trial-defence-lawyers-begin-summing-up TG_13 2/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/08/un- UN report: Syrian government actions amount to report-syrian-government-actions-amount-to- 'extermination' extermination-crime-humanity TG_14 2/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Pride marches around the world - in pictures professionals-network/gallery/2016/feb/08/pride- marches-around-the-world-in-pictures-lgbt TG_15 2/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/australia- Let Them Stay: renewed protests around Australia over news/live/2016/feb/08/let-them-stay-renewed-protests- planned removal of asylum seekers – live around-australia-over-planned-removal-of-asylum- seekers-live TG_16 2/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- Peru sex worker's campaign trail: 'I'll put order in the big 79

development/2016/feb/08/peru-sex-worker-angela- brothel that is congress' villon-campaign-trail-ill-put-order-in-the-big-brothel-that- is-congress TG_17 2/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/australia- Philip Ruddock, father of the House, to retire at next election news/2016/feb/08/philip-ruddock-father-of-the-house- and take UN role to-retire-at-next-election-and-take-un-role TG_18 2/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/09/rebec Rebecca Masika Katsuva obituary ca-masika-katsuva-obituary TG_19 2/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable- Critics fear RSPO's stricter palm oil standards will create two- business/2016/feb/09/palm-oil-stricter-standards-rspo- tier system next-deforestation-human-rights-boots-ferrero-danone TG_20 2/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/09/bahra Bahrain's UK-funded police watchdog fails to investigate ins-uk-funded-police-watchdog-fails-to-investigate- torture claims torture-claims-mohammed-ramadan TG_21 2/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Bisi Alimi on LGBT rights in Nigeria: 'It may take 60 years, but professionals-network/2016/feb/09/bisi-alimi-on-lgbt- we have to start now' rights-in-nigeria-it-may-take-60-years-but-we-have-to- start-now TG_22 2/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/09/no- Scrutiny concerns as Poland's new government legislates rest-for-polish-mps-as-new-government-legislates-round- round the clock the-clock TG_23 2/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/australia- George Brandis says Peta Credlin 'never a candidate' for sex news/2016/feb/09/george-brandis-says-peta-credlin- discrimination commissioner never-a-candidate-for-sex-discrimination-commissioner TG_24 2/10/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/10/roma Romanian court makes history with ruling over communist- nian-prison-governors-conviction-for-crimes-against- era crimes humanity-upheld TG_25 2/10/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/feb/10/poll- Poll finds most Britons reject UN panel finding on Julian finds-most-britons-reject-un-panel-finding-on-julian- Assange assange TG_26 2/10/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Is the world finally waking up to intersex rights? professionals-network/2016/feb/10/intersex-human- rights-lgbti-chile-argentina-uganda-costa-rica TG_27 2/10/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Six countries making progress on LGBT rights professionals-network/2016/feb/10/lgbt-rights-six- countries-progress TG_28 2/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/11/egypt Egypt is committed to investigating torture -is-committed-to-investigating-torture TG_29 2/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/feb/11/no-10- No 10 faces legal challenge over ministerial code rewrite legal-challenge-ministerial-code-rewrite-international- law TG_30 2/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- 'In Guatemala to be a feminist is not welcomed, a lesbian, professionals-network/2016/feb/11/guatemala-feminist- even less so. I am a lesbian feminist' lesbian-sandra-moran TG_31 2/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- 'These are our rights': Ghana's LGBT community finally finds development/2016/feb/11/these-are-our-rights- Solace paralegals-empowering-lgbt-ghana TG_32 2/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/11/repor Report on Syria conflict finds 11.5% of population killed or t-on-syria-conflict-finds-115-of-population-killed-or- injured injured TG_33 2/12/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/feb/12/she Fifa presidential candidate Sheikh Salman signs human rights ikh-salman-signs-human-rights-pledge-fifa-russia-qatar- pledge world-cups TG_34 2/12/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/12/russia Fresh attack on Russian opposition leader amid crackdown -mikhail-kasyanov-putin on critics TG_35 2/12/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Trans rights: Meet the face of Nepal's progressive 'third professionals-network/2016/feb/12/trans-rights-meet- gender' movement the-face-of-nepals-progressive-third-gender-movement TG_36 2/13/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/uk- Peter Tatchell: snubbed by students for free speech stance news/2016/feb/13/peter-tatchell-snubbed-students-free- speech-veteran-gay-rights-activist TG_37 2/14/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/14/busin Businessmen held in UAE were tortured into confessions, essmen-uae-tortured-into-confessions-un-report says UN repor TG_38 2/14/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Fighting for the right to love - your #LGBTChange heroes professionals-network/2016/feb/14/fighting-for-the- right-to-love-your-lgbtchange-heroes TG_39 3/22/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/22/hypo Hypocrisy over Cuba’s human rights record crisy-over-cubas-human-rights-record

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TG_40 3/22/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector- Schoolkids challenge charities' 'undignified' images of network/2016/mar/22/schoolchildren-campaign-stop- children charities-emotive-images-advertising TG_41 3/23/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/mar/23/refuge Refugee crisis: human rights chief hits out at Cameron and e-crisis-human-rights-uk-criticism-david-cameron- May theresa-may TG_42 3/23/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/us- 'Obama put Castro on the carpet': Cuban Americans' verdict news/2016/mar/23/obama-put-castro-on-the-carpet- on watershed visit cuban-americans-verdict-on-watershed-visit TG_43 3/23/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar Undercover police spied on me. Who else did they do it to? /23/police-abuses-brought-to-light-undercover-officers- spied-on-me TG_44 3/24/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/mar/24/me Medical experts call for global drug decriminalisation dical-experts-call-for-global-drug-decriminalisation TG_45 3/24/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/mar/24/fro From cannabis cafes to death row: drugs laws around the m-cannabis-cafes-to-death-row-drugs-laws-around-the- world world TG_46 3/24/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/24/occu UN rights council to vote on list of firms that trade in pied-territories-un-vote-list-firms-trade-palestinian-israel occupied territories TG_47 3/24/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/20 The Russia-Georgia war: why the ICC is launching war crimes 16/mar/24/the-russia-georgia-war-why-the-icc-is- probe launching-war-crimes-probe TG_48 3/24/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/24/100- 100 writers call for release of Turkish journalists on eve of writers-release-turkish-journalists-espionage-trial espionage trial TG_49 3/24/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/24/preg Australian woman jailed for sedition in Singapore over fake nant-australian-woman-jailed-for-sedition-in-singapore- news stories over-website TG_50 3/24/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/mar/24/dut Duty of care for disabled people in UK not being met, say y-of-care-for-disabled-people-in-uk-not-being-met-say- peers peers TG_51 3/25/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/25/turki Turkish journalists face secret trial for revealing arms sh-journalists-can-dundar-erdem-gul-secret-trial- deliveries to Syria revealing-arms-deliveries-syria TG_52 3/26/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/26/chin Chinese activist's family 'taken away' over letter calling for Xi ese-activists-family-taken-away-over-letter-calling-for-xi- Jinping to quit jinping-to-quit TG_53 4/25/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/commentisfree/pi Steve Bell on Theresa May and the EU referendum – cartoon cture/2016/apr/25/steve-bell-on-theresa-may-and-the- eu-referendum-cartoon TG_54 4/25/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/25/uk- UK must leave European convention on human rights, says must-leave-european-convention-on-human-rights- Theresa May theresa-may-eu-referendum TG_55 4/25/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2016/ap Jeremy Hunt attacks 'intransigent' junior doctors' leaders - r/25/eu-referendum-gove-boris-johnson-brexit-fightback- Politics live politics-boris TG_56 4/25/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/culture/video/2016/apr/2 Patrick Stewart sketch: what has the ECHR ever done for us? 5/patrick-stewart-sketch-what-has-the-echr-ever-done- - video for-us-video TG_57 4/25/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/25/ther Theresa May shows Michael Gove to the other exit on the esa-may-michael-gove-exit-tory-leadership-human-rights right TG_58 4/25/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/video/2016/apr/25/t Theresa May: Britain should leave European convention on heresa-may-britain-should-leave-european-convention- human rights – video on-human-rights-video TG_59 4/26/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/26/norw Norway launches appeal against Anders Breivik’s human ay-launches-appeal-against-anders-breiviks-human-right- rights decision decision TG_60 4/26/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr Theresa May’s plan to trash European human rights law is /26/theresa-may-trash-european-convention-human- posturing nonsense rights-eu TG_61 4/26/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/26/ther Cabinet rift widens over European convention on human esa-may-criticised-over-call-to-leave-european- rights convention-on-human-rights TG_62 4/27/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran- North American professors' plea to President Rouhani: the blog/2016/apr/27/iran-president-rouhani-open-letter- full letter prisoners-urgent-need-medical-care-tehranbureau TG_63 4/27/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/27/uks- UK's most vulnerable and dangerous inmates live side by side most-vulnerable-and-dangerous-inmates-live-side-by- in solitary side-in-solitary

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TG_64 4/27/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/ Mexican newspaper reporter and broadcaster shot dead apr/27/mexican-newspaper-reporter-and-broadcaster- shot-dead TG_65 4/27/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2016/ap EU referendum: Gove snubs May by dismissing call to leave r/26/eu-referendum-frank-field-speech-be-labour- ECHR - Politics live second-longest-suicide-note-says-frank-field-politics-live TG_66 4/27/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/apr/27/civilians Number of civilians killed or injured by explosives rises 50% -killed-injured-explosives-rises-turkey-yemen in five years TG_67 4/28/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/apr/28/uk- UK nominees for judge at European court of human rights nominees-for-judge-at-european-court-of-human-rights- revealed revealed TG_68 4/28/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- 'I want to help the LGBT community in Bangladesh make professionals-network/2016/apr/28/i-want-to-help-the- their voices heard' lgbt-community-in-bangladesh-make-their-voices-heard TG_69 4/28/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/28/china China passes law imposing security controls on foreign NGOs -passes-law-imposing-security-controls-on-foreign-ngos TG_70 4/29/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/29/app Appeal court rejects government challenge in Poundland eal-court-rejects-challenge-in-poundland-case case TG_71 4/29/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/29/bangl 81-year-old Bangladeshi-British editor held on 'farcical' adeshi-british-editor-held-on-farcical-charges-son-says charges, son says TG_72 4/29/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/29/angol Eight years for falling asleep in a parked car: welcome to as-punitive-prison-system-rafael-marques-de-morais Angola's penal system TG_73 5/1/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/may/01/lib- Lib Dem and lawyers back Sadiq Khan dem-and-lawyers-back-sadiq-khan TG_74 5/1/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/01/child Child refugees in camps from Lesbos to Calais need more -refugees-in-camps-from-lesbos-to-calais-need-more- help help TG_75 5/1/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/may/01/john- John RWD Jones obituary rwd-jones-obituary TG_76 5/31/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/31/ra Rana Plaza collapse: workplace dangers persist three years na-plaza-bangladesh-collapse-fashion-working-conditions later, reports find TG_77 5/31/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/31/phili Philippine president-elect says 'corrupt' journalists will be ppine-president-elect-says-corrupt-journalists-will-be- killed killed TG_78 5/31/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/ Russia must pay editor for breaching her freedom of may/31/russia-must-pay-editor-for-breaching-her- expression rights freedom-of-expression-rights TG_79 6/1/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/uk- Public need answers in 'shocking' MI6 rendition scandal, says news/2016/jun/01/mi5-chief-right-to-be-disgusted-over- senior Tory mi6-role-rendition-blair TG_80 6/1/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/01/haiti- UN response to Haiti cholera epidemic critics signals cholera-epidemic-united-nations-letter 'potential breakthrough' TG_81 6/2/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jun/02/chinese Chinese minister vents anger when Canadian reporter asks -foreign-minister-canada-angry-human-rights-question about human rights TG_82 6/2/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/jun/02/gener Generation revolution: how Egypt’s military state betrayed ation-revolution-egypt-military-state-youth its youth TG_83 6/3/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/uk- Norfolk coast watch puts people smuggling on radar news/2016/jun/03/norfolk-coast-watch-people- smuggling-dymchurch-chichester-coastguard TG_84 6/3/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- Hissène Habré's conviction the first step on a longer road to development/2016/jun/03/hissene-habre-crimes- justice for Chad against-humanity-chad-justice TG_85 6/5/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/05/kill- Kill drug dealers and I'll give you a medal, says Philippines drug-dealers-medal-philippines-president-rodrigo- president duterte TG_86 6/5/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- Protecting those who work to defend the environment is a development/2016/jun/05/world-environment-day- human rights issue protecting-activists-human-rights-issue TG_87 6/7/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/07/un- UN human rights chief flags up claims of abuse of those human-rights-chief-claims-abuse-fleeing-falluja-iraq- fleeing Falluja civilians TG_88 6/7/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/07/rights Rights groups condemn removal of Saudi Arabia from UN -groups-condemn-removal-of-saudi-arabia-from-un- blackli blacklist TG_89 6/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/08/childs 'I want to rescue my dad': children's heartbreak for the -heartbreak-li-heping-human-rights-lawyer-china- lawyers China has taken away superhero TG_90 6/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/08/un- Eritrea has committed widespread crimes against humanity, 82

commission-eritrea-international-criminal-court-hague says UN TG_91 6/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/j Does the government want the BBC to be a state un/08/does-the-government-want-the-bbc-to-be-a-state- broadcaster? broadcaster TG_92 6/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/ Brexit would fail mental health patients. They must vote on 08/brexit-would-fail-mental-health-patients-they-must- 23 June vote-on-23-june TG_93 6/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jun/08/mar Martha Spurrier, head of Liberty: ‘Human rights will be the tha-spurrier-head-liberty-human-rights-act-fight fight of our generation’ TG_94 6/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/08/my- My friend Li Heping, a man China thinks is 'more dangerous friend-li-heping-the-man-china-thinks-is-more- than Bin Laden' dangerous-than-bin-laden TG_95 6/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/ British complicity in torture still needs to be smoked out, for 09/british-complicity-torture-mi6-rendition-decision-not- the victims’ sake to-charge-uk-example TG_96 6/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/09/irelan UN calls on Ireland to reform abortion laws after landmark d-abortion-laws-violated-human-rights-says-un ruling TG_97 6/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/09/unacc Unaccompanied child refugees' suffering on route to Europe ompanied-child-refugees-suffering-laid-bare-sweden- laid bare human-rights-watch-report TG_98 6/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng- The disappeared: faces of human rights activists China wants interactive/2016/jun/09/the-disappeared-faces-human- to silence rights-activists-china-silence TG_99 6/10/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable- Vulnerable and exploited: 7 things we learned about migrant business/2016/jun/10/vulnerable-exploited-7-things-we- labour in palm oil learned-about-migrant-labour-in-palm-oil TG_100 6/10/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jun/10/what- What has the EU ever done for my … rights? has-the-eu-ever-done-for-my-rights TG_101 6/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jun/11/sri- British Tamil 'tortured and detained' during Sri Lanka lanka-british-tamil-velauthapillai-renukaruban-tortured- wedding trip wedding TG_102 7/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/11/armed Armed with smartphones and memes, Zimbabwe's -with-smartphones-and-memes-zimbabwes-protesters- protesters find their voice online find-their-voice-online TG_103 7/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/11/husba Husband of Chinese legal assistant Zhao Wei questions nd-of-chinese-law-graduate-zhao-wei-questions- whether she has been set free whether-she-has-been-set TG_104 7/12/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/nauru- Nauru opposition MP secretly granted NZ citizenship flees to opposition-mp-secretly-granted-nz-citizenship-flees-to- Wellington wellington TG_105 7/13/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/13/i- 'I couldn’t crack up': Nauru opposition MP recounts his couldnt-crack-up-nauru-opposition-mp-recounts-his- dramatic escape to New Zealand dramatic-escape-to-new-zealand TG_106 7/13/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/13/hundr Hundreds 'disappeared' by security forces in Egypt, says eds-disappeared-security-forces-egypt-amnesty-report Amnesty TG_107 7/14/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- 'Fake calm' in Burundi as tension threatens return to violence development/2016/jul/14/fake-calm-in-burundi-as- tension-threatens-return-to-violence TG_108 7/14/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/australia- Refugee artist's blank postcards send message about news/2016/jul/14/sha-sarwari-australia-refugee-artists- attitudes to asylum seekers blank-postcards-attitudes-asylum-seekers TG_109 7/15/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/15/freed- 'Freed' Chinese human rights activist Zhao Wei still missing, chinese-human-rights-activist-zhao-wei-still-missing-says- says husband husband TG_110 7/17/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/17/bahrai Bahrain court orders Shia opposition group to be dissolved n-al-wefaq-shia-opposition-group-sunni TG_111 8/15/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/15/guat Human rights lawyer's home ransacked in Guatemala in emala-human-rights-laywer-attack-ramon-cadena-ramila latest string of attacks TG_112 8/15/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Human rights activists are being portrayed as terrorists and professionals-network/2016/aug/15/activists-terrorists- foreign puppets foreign-puppets-mohammad-halabi TG_113 8/15/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/15/turke Can Dündar announces he is stepping down as editor of y-can-dundar-stepping-down-editor-opposition-paper- Turkish paper cumhuriyet TG_114 8/15/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/ Boris Johnson urged to question Bahrain ambassador about aug/15/boris-johnson-urged-to-question-bahrain- press freedom ambassador-about-press-freedom TG_115 8/15/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug My activist partner is on death row in Ethiopia. The UK needs 83

/15/activist-andargachew-tsege-eprdf-death-row- to intervene ethiopia-kidnap TG_116 8/16/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2016/aug/1 How to tell a shining knight of a lawyer from an ambulance 6/how-to-tell-a-shining-knight-of-a-lawyer-from-an- chaser? ambulance-chaser-phil-shiner TG_117 8/16/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/aug/1 South Africa four years on from the Marikana mine massacre 6/south-africa-four-years-on-from-the-marikana-miners- – in pictures massacre-in-pictures TG_118 8/17/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/17/arge Judge opens investigation into death of Spanish poet ntina-judge-investigation-federico-garcia-lorca-spain Federico García Lorca TG_119 8/17/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable- On corporate human rights, Australia's actions speak louder business/2016/aug/17/on-corporate-human-rights- than words australias-actions-speak-louder-than-words TG_120 8/18/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/audio/2016/a Internet access is now a basic human right: part 4 - Chips ug/18/internet-access-now-a-human-right-part-4-chips- with Everything tech podcast with-everything-tech-podcast TG_121 8/18/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncov Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire ering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau TG_122 8/19/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/19/ Internet access is now a human right? We've got a podcast internet-access-is-now-a-human-right-weve-got-a- series for that podcast-series-for-that TG_123 8/19/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/19/bulk- Bulk data collection vital to prevent terrorism in UK, report data-collection-vital-to-prevent-terrorism-in-uk-report- finds finds TG_124 8/19/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug Theresa May promised to tackle corporate atrocities. Now /19/theresa-may-tackle-corporate-atrocities-human- she must keep her word rights TG_125 8/21/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/aug/20/sho The expensive ‘Italian’ shoes made for a pittance in east es-uk-high-street-made-for-a-pittance-eastern-europe- European sweatshops sweatshop TG_126 9/26/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Out of sight: the orphanages where disabled children are professionals-network/2016/sep/26/orphanage-locked- abandoned up-disabled-children-lumos-dri-human-rights TG_127 9/27/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- Mining in Malawi brings forced evictions and ruined crops, development/2016/sep/27/mining-malawi-brings-forced- report says evictions-ruined-crops-human-rights-watch-report-says TG_128 9/27/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep First the UK deports people, then it denies them justice /27/deport-first-out-of-country-appeal-jamaica-mass- deportations-home-office TG_129 9/27/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/27/china China labor activists sentenced for helping workers in wage -labor-activists-sentenced-for-helping-workers-in-wage- dispute dispute TG_130 9/28/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global/2016/sep/28/alep Aleppo hospitals are latest casualty in attacks by the Syrian po-hospitals-are-latest-casualty-in-attacks-by-the-syrian- regime regime TG_131 9/28/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Architecture and prisons: why design matters professionals-network/2016/sep/28/architecture-and- prisons-why-design-matters TG_132 9/29/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/sep/29/g4s- G4S equality helpline contract raises serious concern, high equality-helpline-contract-raises-serious-concern-high- court told court-told TG_133 9/29/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/sep/29/europe European court of human rights dismisses Omagh bombing an-court-human-rights-omagh-bombing-appeal- appeal northern-ireland-michael-mckevitt-liam-campbell TG_134 9/29/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- Children bear brunt of alleged chemical weapon attacks in development/2016/sep/29/sudan-children-babies- Sudan, says Amnesty alleged-chemical-weapon-attacks-amnesty TG_135 9/30/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/s Media freedom groups welcome resolution to protect ep/30/media-freedom-groups-welcome-resolution-to- journalists protect-journalists TG_136 10/1/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable- Inside corporate America's stand against transgender business/2016/oct/01/north-carolina-hb2-law- discrimination transgender-issues-corporate-businesses-protest TG_137 10/31/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/30/turke Turkey shuts 15 media outlets and arrests opposition editor y-shuts-media-outlets-terrorist-links-civil-servants-press- freedom TG_138 11/1/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/01/russi Russian dissident Ildar Dadin accuses prison staff of torture an-dissident-ildar-dadin-accuses-prison-staff-torture- death-threat 84

TG_139 11/2/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/02/iran- Former Iranian prosecutor sentenced to 135 lashes for saeed-mortazavi-former-prosecutor-sentenced-135- corruption lashes-corruption TG_140 11/2/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/02/nort Northern Irish women 'treated as second-class citizens' over hern-irish-women-second-class-citizens-abortions-nhs- abortions supreme-court-told TG_141 11/2/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/02/amn Amnesty staff blocked from Moscow office after officials seal esty-staff-blocked-from-moscow-office-after-officials- premises seal-building TG_142 11/4/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/05/austr Australia should go to Papua and see the human rights alia-should-go-to-papua-and-see-the-human-rights- situation for itself situation-for-itself TG_143 11/4/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/turki Turkish opposition condemns arrest of Kurdish officials sh-opposition-condemns-arrest-of-kurdish-officials TG_144 11/4/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/auth Author Leïla Slimani urges Moroccans to rebel against or-leila-slimani-moroccans-rebel-against-medieval-laws- 'medieval' laws human-rights TG_145 11/7/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- African nations attempt to suspend UN's LGBT rights monitor development/2016/nov/07/african-nations-attempt- suspend-un-united-nations-lgbt-rights-monitor-vitit- muntarbhorn TG_146 11/7/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/australia- The marriage equality plebiscite is not just unnecessary, it's news/2016/nov/07/the-marriage-equality-plebiscite-is- positively sadistic not-just-unnecessary-its-positively-sadistic TG_147 11/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/09/call- Call for release of Ethiopians arrested after their relatives for-release-of-ethiopians-arrested-after-their-relatives- protested in Australia protested-in-australia TG_148 11/8/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/08/uk- UK opposes African move to block UN's LGBT rights opposes-african-move-to-block-uns-lgbt-rights-champion champion TG_149 11/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/us- Barack Obama must fulfil his pledge to close Guantánamo news/2016/nov/09/barack-obama-must-fulfil-his-pledge- Bay now to-close-guantanamo-bay-now TG_150 11/9/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/09/qatar Qatar World Cup 2022: Amnesty hits out at UK silence on -world-cup-2022-amnesty-hits-out-at-uk-silence-on- human rights human-rights-during-visit-greg-hands TG_151 11/10/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/10/liberi Africa leads outcry over setback for feminism after Trump a-president-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-hillary-clinton-defeat- victory donald-trump-women-rights-equality TG_152 11/10/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/australia- Push to weaken Racial Discrimination Act opposed by ethnic news/2016/nov/10/ush-to-weaken-racial-discrimination- and religious groups act-opposed-by-ethnic-and-religious-groups TG_153 11/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/11/trum Privacy experts fear Donald Trump running global p-surveillance-network-nsa-privacy surveillance network TG_154 11/11/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/us- 'Fearful' national security officials prepare for major shift in news/2016/nov/11/national-security-shift-us-policy- US policy trump-presidency TG_155 11/13/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/australia- The tirade about 18C is a massive piece of fakery, a culture news/commentisfree/2016/nov/14/the-tirade-about- war conceit 18c-is-a-massive-piece-of-fakery-a-culture-war-conceit TG_156 12/12/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/20 Putin's new ghetto has no barbed-wire fence – just 16/dec/12/putins-new-ghetto-has-no-barbed-wire-fence- surveillance and harassment' just-surveillance-and-harassment TG_157 12/12/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/12/crim Crimean Tatars accuse Russia of kidnappings and political ean-tatars-accuse-russia-of-kidnappings-and-political- arrests arrests TG_158 12/12/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/ The corrosive effect of jailing novelists and journalists in dec/12/the-corrosive-effects-of-jailing-novelists-and- Turkey journalists-in-turkey TG_159 12/13/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/13/thou Thousands protest against rightwing government in Poland sands-protest-in-poland-against-rightwing-government TG_160 12/13/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/13/we- We said never again, but let Aleppo happen said-never-again-but-let-aleppo-happen TG_161 12/13/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/13/came Cameroon urged to investigate deaths amid anglophone roon-urged-investigate-clashes-anglophone-regions protests TG_162 12/13/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/ Record number of journalists in jail globally after Turkey dec/13/turkey-has-81-of-the-worlds-259-jailed- crackdown journalists-behind-bars TG_163 12/14/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/14/dont- Don't spread 'straight-man cancer', China feminist warns

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spread-straight-man-cancer-china-feminist-warns-trump Trump TG_164 12/14/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- Only swift action can avert South Sudan genocide, says UN development/2016/dec/14/south-sudan-swift-action- human rights chief genocide-un-human-rights-chief TG_165 12/15/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/dec/14/mps- British MPs join calls for release of Bahraini activist Nabeel urge-uk-foreign-secretary-boris-johnson-bahrain-activist- Rajab nabeel-rajab-release TG_166 12/16/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/16/disa Disabled workers paid 99c an hour to receive share of $100m bled-workers-paid-as-little-as-99c-an-hour-to-receive- court settlement back-pay-under-100m-settlement TG_167 12/16/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- Hunting must be regarded as a human right for indigenous professionals-network/2016/dec/16/respect-human- and tribal peoples right-hunt-indigenous-tribes TG_168 12/16/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/16/china China police confirm detention of human rights lawyer Jiang -police-confirm-detention-of-human-rights-lawyer-jiang- Tianyong tianyong TG_169 12/16/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/global- Human rights watchdog urges Ireland to do more to development/2016/dec/16/irish-government-failing-to- safeguard trafficking victims protect-trafficking-victims-says-human-rights-watchdog- ihrec TG_170 12/18/2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/18/at- Saudi Arabia set to execute 150 people for second year in least-150-people-executed-in-saudi-arabia-for-second- row year-in-row

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