AN INTRODUCTION to the ”SWEDISH RITE” and a Brief Historic Account of the Orders of Freemasons Within This Rite
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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ”SWEDISH RITE” and a brief Historic account of the Orders of Freemasons within this rite Version 8 – DDFO The Swedish Rite INTRODUCTION The four Grand Lodges in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland are all working “The Swedish Rite” which was developed in Stockholm during the second half of the 18th century and finished in the year 1800 under the leadership of Duke Carl, later King Carl XIII. The four Orders, Swedish Order of Freemasons (SFMO), Danish Order of Freemasons (DDFO), The Norwegian Order of Freemasons (DNFO) and The Icelandic Order of Freemasons (IFMO), are all sovereign Masonic bodies working the same rituals. In Finland there is a Grand Chapter which as a part of the Swedish Order of Freemasons is working The Swedish Rite. The Swedish Rite has its foundation for the work follows a manuscript origin in the work led by in The Swedish Rite. when working a Lodge first Carl Friedrich Eckleff but some parts of the It is a progressive, and subsequently Duke ritual must be memorised continuous and Carl of Södermanland and performed by heart. homogenous system (the later King Carl XIII through its eleven of Sweden) during the degrees. Each degree second half of the 18th leads to the next and each century and finished in degree sums up the 1800. contents of the preceding degrees. To ensure that each degree is kept separate and distinct, different lodge rooms are used, each specially designed for its degree. The way of working is also The system is grouped unique, based on the into three divisions with lodge room, the ritual and ten degrees altogether, the individual which every brother can examination in each reach eventually. The rituals and the degree. Progression through the fundamental laws of Carl degrees is slow, especially XIII governing the system There is one ritual for in the higher degrees, still constitute – with few advancement in each although with some modifications – the degree and the Worshipful Master variation between the four countries. A brother reach the sixth degree in In The Swedish Rite the will typically reach the X about four to six years. brother is supposed to be degree after some 12-20 searching for his personal CHAPTER DEGREES years’ time after his entry development and to (VII – X): as an apprentice in the St practice friendship and John’s Lodge. The last charity. He is supposed to Very Illustrious (XI) degree called Knight 7th degree accept the Christian faith. Brother Commander of the Red During his travel through Cross is almost Most Illustrious 8th degree the degrees he is exclusively for officers in Brother supposed to grow in his the Grand Lodge. own understanding of the Enlightened Brother 9th degree ST JOHN’S (CRAFT) of St. John’s Lodge basic principles of DEGREES (I – III): Religion and Christianity Very Enlightened that should bring value to 10th degree Brother of St. 1st degree Apprentice Andrew’s Lodge his life and develop his nd relation to his fellow 2 degree Fellow Craft brother. In this way he is 3rd degree Master Mason This division is related to rituals in Great Priories also to grow in his understanding of- and his This division is closely and Supreme Councils belief in God. He is related to the rituals in but has its own rituals guided closer to the Craft lodges and the and lodge rooms. answers to eternal normal time for a brother questions: Where do I is to be a raised Master in come from, what is my two to three years. task in life and where am ST ANDREW’S I heading? (SCOTTISH) During the whole DEGREES (IV-VI): progress from the first degree to the tenth, the Very Worshipful 4th degree / brother is member of the Apprentice and The Chapter also includes same Order. Each the final (XI) degree: division of degrees: the St 5th degree Fellow of St Andrew Most Enlightened John’s Lodge, the St Brother, Knight & Andrew’s Lodge and the Illustrious Scottish Commander of the Chapter, enjoys a certain 6th degree Master of St Andrew Red Cross. This degree amount of autonomy, but is almost exclusively for they are under the rule of This division is somewhat officers in the Grand the Sovereign Grand related to Mark Master Lodge and Provincial Master / Commander. Masons and Royal Arch, Grand Masters. respectively, but has its The Swedish Rite is own rituals and lodge explicitly based on rooms. A brother can Christianity. The Danish Order of Freemasons Freemasonry arrived in Denmark when five Master Masons met in Copenhagen on November 11, 1743, and founded a lodge which would later be named St Martin. The following year, brethren from St Martin left it to found another lodge, which obtained a constitution from the Grand Lodge in London in 1745 and exists to this day under the name Z&F as the oldest masonic lodge in operation in the Nordic countries. Freemasonry arrived in Denmark when five Master Masons met in Copenhagen on November 11, 1743, and founded a lodge which would later be named St Martin. The following year, brethren from St Martin left it to found another lodge, which obtained a constitution from the Grand Lodge in London in 1745 and exists to this day under the name Z&F as the oldest masonic lodge in operation in the Nordic countries. Rite. A similar development Master by Prince Christian had occurred in the Strict Frederik who three years later Observance lodges in France in succeeded to the Danish throne 1778, and the Rite Écossais as King Christian VIII in 1839. Rectifié (Rectified Scottish Rite, He was Grand Master until his RER) survived in Switzerland death in 1848 and was from where it has spread to succeeded by his son, King other countries in recent Frederik VII. decades. In 1775, Prince Carl of Hessen In the early years, the lodges was initiated as a freemason, worked a German variant of the and he was the superior of rites used in England. In 1765, Danish freemasonry in Danish freemasonry joined the Denmark from his initiation Christian high-degree rite until his death in 1836. From called Strict Observance under 1765 to 1792, however, Danish In 1852, King Frederik VII German leadership. The Strict freemasonry was technically sanctioned that the new lodge Observance rite underwent a subordinate to the leadership in Kosmos in Helsingør could major revision in 1782 and Germany. Prince Carl was start working according to the became known as the Rectified succeeded as Danish Grand Swedish Rite. That happened in 1853, and in the same year King John’s Lodge in Copenhagen During the 20th century, a Frederik VII constituted a grew and split several times. number of irregular lodges were temporary Danish Grand Lodge The prosperity was stimulated founded. In 1959, the Danish with the task of preparing the by the great interest of the royal Order of Freemasons entered a transition to working the Grand Masters, King Frederik treaty with the St John’s Lodge Swedish Rite in all Danish VIII and his sons, King Association which now consists lodges. On January 6, 1855, the Christian X and Prince Harald, of three Lodges working the formal shift took place at a who one after the other led the three craft degrees according to special meeting of the Grand Danish Order of Freemasons Schröder’s Rite. In 1961, the Lodge in Copenhagen – this is from 1872 until 1949. Danish Order of Freemasons the origin of the New Year’s entered another treaty with the Festival of the Danish Order of Guild of Ancient, Free and Freemasons as it is celebrated Accepted Masons of Denmark today. Also in 1855 the first who work the three craft Danish St Andrew’s Lodge degrees according to the rites called Cubus Frederici Septimi approved by the United Grand (CFS) was founded in Lodge of England. Today, the Helsingør, only to move to Guild of Ancient, Free and Copenhagen two years later. Accepted Masons of Denmark consists of 40 Lodges as well as On November 16, 1858, the a Lodge of Research. St John’s proper Grand Lodge of Lodge Association and the Denmark was constituted Guild of Ancient, Free and according to the fundamental Accepted Masons of Denmark laws of the Swedish Rite, and Today, the Danish Order of do not require that their hence, work in the Swedish Rite Freemasons is divided into members confess Christianity. chapter degrees could begin. three Districts, of which one is However, if a Master Mason of The transition was completed led by the Grand Lodge of these Lodges is Christian, he on March 22, 1862, when King Denmark in Copenhagen, while can join a St Andrew’s Lodge Frederik VII appointed the first the other two are led by the and, subsequently, a Chapter of Knights and Commanders of Provincial Grand Lodges of the Danish Order of the Red Cross in Denmark, the Odense (founded 1881) and Freemasons. XI and highest degree of the Aarhus (founded 1959), Swedish Rite. The treaties imply that Lodges respectively. There are 48 St belonging to the Association or John’s Lodges and 11 St the Guild recognize the Grand Andrew’s Lodges in full Master of the Danish Order of operation and another 23 Freemasons as their superior Instructive Lodges of St John and, hence, are part of the and St Andrew which are fully amity between the Danish equipped for ritual meetings, Order of Freemasons and but not for initiation and United Grand Lodge of England promotion. In addition to the and, more generally, the world- Grand Chapter in Copenhagen wide amity of the Grand Lodges and the two Chapters of the of regular freemasonry.