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Bioma Septiembre2019 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 1 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 La naturaleza en tus manos Editora general Yesica M. Guardado Co–Editora Académica M.Sc. Rosa María Estrada H., Nicaragua. Coordinación de contenido en el exterior: Bióloga Andrea Castro, Colombia. Michelle Cornejo, El Salvador. M.Sc. Rosa María Estrada H., Nicaragua. Guillermo Recinos, El Salvador. Open Acces Portada: Madre Maasai, con su bebé en brazos, Coordinación general de contenido: Tanzania. Fotografia: Lilia Acevey. Carlos Estrada Faggioli., El Salvador. Corrección de estilo: Yesica M. Guardado Carlos Estrada Faggioli Toda comunicación dirigirla a: [email protected] Maquetación: Páginas Web de BIOMA: Yesica M. Guardado https://edicionbioma.wordpress.com Carlos Estrada Faggioli Soporte digital: Carlos Estrada Faggioli El Salvador, septiembre 2019. 2 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Comité editorial La naturaleza en tus manos Yesica Maritza Guardado Manuel Alberto Cortez Martínez Fotógrafa, Consultora Editorial. Médico Veterinario Zootecnista. Especilaista en fauna silvestre, El Salvador. Rosa María Estrada H. M.Sc. Bióloga, Especialista en Entomología. Carlos De Soto Molinari Consultora, Nicaragua. Fotógrafo de Naturaleza, República Dominicana. Lara-Uc Ma. Mónica, Ph.D. Michelle Cornejo Docente–Investigadora. Estudiante Tesista de Licenciatura en Biología, Ciencias Marinas y Costeras de Universidad Coordinadora de Contenido de Revista BIOMA, El Salvador. Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Geógrafo Ignacio Aisur Agudo Padrón Gerente Investigador Projeto “Avulsos Tania Vianney Gutiérrez Santillán, Ph.D. Malacológicos–AM”, Florianópolis, Santa Instituto de Ecología y Manejo de Recursos Catarina/ SC, Brasil. Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, México. Oswaldo Rodríguez Flores M.Sc. Entomólogo, Profesor titular del Departamento de protección agricola Biólogo Luis Pineda y Forestal Director del Museo de Entomología, Universidad Nacional Técnico en Gestión de Cuencas y Humedales. Agraria, Managua, Nicaragua. Dirección General de Ecosistemas y Vida Silvestre, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Antonio Tosto Recursos Naturales, MARN, El Salvador. Especialista en Arácnidos, República Dominicana. Maestra, Lilia Acevey Guillermo Recinos Maestra, articulista y fotógrafa, Argentina. Estudiante Tesista de Licenciatura en Biología, Coordinador de Contenido de Revista BIOMA, El Salvador. Biólogo Paulo Galán Biólogo-Botánico, El Salvador. Carlos Estrada Faggioli Comunicador, Consultor y Director del Proyecto BIOMA, El Salvador. Bióloga Andrea Castro Investigadora grupo Biodiversidad de Alta Montaña BAM, Colombia. 3 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Editorial Un nuevo número de la revista BIOMA sale a la luz, a pesar de los inconvenientes suscitados nuevamente por la violencia imperante en El Salvador. Nuestros equipos fueron robados y hemos tenido que comprar, no lo que teníamos, pero lo básico para salir adelante. Por qué lo hacemos? Porque es necesario, porque en El Salvador la preocupación por la democratización del conocimiento es nula por parte de los obligados a hacerlo, en los casos aislados que se dan son igual por esfuerzo propio de personas o colectivos, pero no hay una política institucional de apoyo a este tipo de actividad, sin embargo, si la hay para deportes y actividades lúdicas, que si benefician, pero hay que ser equitativos, también hay que edificar y ejercitar la mente. Hacemos público esto, no para esperar ayuda, ya que sabemos que no vendrá, sino para que los encargados de la seguridad tomen cartas en el asunto a nivel de país, esto porque muchos ambientalistas, investigadores y personas que apoyan la conservación del medio ambiente han sido sujetos de robo de equipos, en oficinas, en campo, otros amenazados de muerte. ¿Qué pasa con el medioambiente? ¿Por qué esa guerra declarada hacia lo que nos mantiene saludables, nos alimenta, nos protege? Debemos abandonar esa absurda idea de que el desarrollo se mide en M3 de cemento, para el desarrollo no es necesario destruir el medioambiente, es necesario diseñar políticas de desarrollo que sean adaptadas a la naturaleza, no adaptar la naturaleza al desarrollo. carlos estrada faggioli Fotografía: Migdy Flecha, Puerto Rico 4 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Contenido Mi encuentro con los Maasais, Pág. 9 Hyptis conferta var. angustata (Lamiaceae), nuevo registro para El Salvador, Pág. 18 Nuevos sitios de anidación de “pato aguja” Anhinga anhinga (Anhingidae: Linnaeus, 1766) para El Salvador, Pág. 24 Estructura del bosque de manglar del área natural protegida estero El Salado, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México, Pág. 35 Los moluscos no marinos ocurrentes en la República de El Salvador, América Central: una breve revisión panorámica introductoria de su actual conocimiento. Pág. 48 Los contenidos vertidos en los artículos publicados en la Revista BIOMA son de exclusiva responsabilidad de quien los remite para su publicación, BIOMA solamente responderá por el editorial. 5 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Isogona scindens (Walker,1858) Larva. Fotografía: Carlos De Soto Molinari, República Dominicana. 6 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Isogona scindens (Walker,1858) Pupa. Fotografia: Carlos De Soto Molinari, República Dominicana. 7 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Isogona scindens (Walker,1858) Adulto. Fotografia: Carlos De Soto Molinari, República Dominicana. Erebidae: Boletobiinae: Phytometrini Especie tropical que se extendió hasta algunas partes de los EE.UU. incluso hasta Paraguay. Posee unos 28mm de envergadura, habita zonas áridas. Una de sus plantas Hospederas en la República Dominicana es la planta de Cambrón, Fabaceae: Acacia macracantha nativa de RD. 8 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Mi encuentro con los Maasais Lilia Acevey Maestra, articulista y fotógrafa, Argentina. 9 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Anochece cerca del lago Manyara, Tanzania (Fig. 1), con esos colores increíbles Los hombres visten mantos rojos o púrpuras, y una vara a guisa de bastón, que que nos comienza a deparar esta tierra extraña y misteriosa. Recorremos luego supe que era signo de adultez. Hombres y mujeres van adornados con planicies bellísimas, en las que se distinguen a lo lejos varios cráteres de volcanes múltiples collares, aros y pulseras, hechas con mostacillas o cuentas de colores. y pastores con mantos rojos conduciendo a sus rebaños. Llegamos arribamos a En algunos casos, el peso de esos abalorios en las orejas, les alargan los lóbulos, nuestro alojamiento, desde donde se divisa en el horizonte un cono muy especial: algunos se lo enrollan alrededor de la oreja (Fig. 2). el Ol Doinyo Lengai, que, enganchando con su cima a una nube alargada, parece Los Maasai mantienen algunas constumbres para las distintas etapas de la vida, recibirnos humeando. Estamos en tierra de Maasai, es el primer encuentro luego de la niñez se circuncida a los varones, entre los 14 y los 17 años, hecho personal con gente de este antiguo pueblo guerrero africano, del que yo sólo que deben asumirlo sin quejas, y la única anestesia es un baño frío antes del rito. había disfrutado el conocerlos a través de lecturas o documentales. La primera Luego de su cicatrización, que pasa sin analgésicos de ninguna clase, pasa a ser sorpresa la tuve al ver que las mujeres del lugar, que tomaron nuestro equipaje, un Morán o guerrero joven (Fig. 3), en otras épocas debían cazar un león con sus lo colocaron sobre sus cabezas, y caminaron con una elegancia pocas veces vista, propias manos, eso ya no ocurre, lo hacen en una ceremonia simbólica. Aprenden comparable al andar de las gacelas. Después entendería que es una sociedad de todas las habilidades necesarias para ser un guerrero, lejos de su familia, lo cual las que hoy llamarían “machista”, y que ellas hacen todo el trabajo . lleva bastante tiempo, cuando regresan, pueden formar una familia. Figura 1. Ubicacion del lago Manyara, Localizado en la rama Natron-Manyara-Balangida del Rift de África Oriental, en la región de Arusha del norte de Tanzani Tiene 231 km², con una longitud de 50 km y una anchura de 16 km y está situado a unos 600 m. Tiene una gran diversidad de paisajes y en sus orillas habitan búfalos, elefantes, leones, leopardos, rinocerontes y un gran número de aves. 10 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Figura 2. Hombres de la tribu Maasai, luciendo sus atuendos. 11 ISSN 2307-0560 Bioma Nº 50, Año 5, septiembre 2019 Las mujeres sufrían la ablación del clítoris, pero ahora es una práctica prohibida, sin embargo, en algunas partes se hace en secreto. Tienen un monte sagrado, el Ol Doinyo Lengai, (Fig. 4) al que van a orar y pedir por sus necesidades, a su deidad le llaman Enkai o Ngai, muchos se están volviendo cristianos o musulmanes. Los hombres mayores ostentan un bastón de mando, las mujeres mayores siguen cuidando la casa y la familia, pues cuando los hombres llevan a pastar al ganado, pueden estar ausentes mucho tiempo, los vi caminar por lugares inhóspitos, llevando a sus animales en busca de mejores pastos, (Fig. 5). Son un pueblo ganadero seminómada,cultivan poca cosa. Se alimentan con leche de su ganado, mezclada con sangre, batida, de los mismos animales, que obtienen con un certero puntazo de flecha en su yugular. Ambas cosas se guardan en “envases” que se hacen con los cuernos de los animales, o calabazas huecas. Pude observar que las mujeres caminan grandes distancias para conseguir agua, que transportan en bidones. Las chozas están construidas con ramas entrelazadas, recubiertas de una mezcla de barro, paja y estiércol, (Fig. 6). Con respecto a la vestimenta, ¡Qué bellos colores los de las mujeres! las mujeres tienen dos mudas, los hombres sólo una, La ropa se lava en el río o en una charca, en la que también buscarán agua y se higienizarán temprano, antes que los animales vayan a abrevar. Cuando los hombres van a lavar sus cosas, deben esperar que se sequen antes de volver a vestirse, (Fig.
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