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H. PREFACE To hoI t t evolopment ot t Unlted. States w111 never bo oompletely understood until the defi nitive hi s tiO% or the 1ndividual utatoo i s wr1tton 13 som&th1ng .Of.6 tI'U.t. I»IOl . of' Since the pUblIcat1on/ Fre derick. 0I &o.1(80n 1'ur-ner' 9 f r ont i er 1 othesis , there has been a t endencY to mako tll.a bistory of l '.£'here.exlats io tne Dol tod Statos an area of fre contl nual rocession and set tlement weat ward hav ,1llerioa. ' s d.evoloprnont . 'ostern s t ates uall of one p1ece"--the buffalo p.ath tollo' b v the .dian bee the trappers' route ltb1ch ever:t ua.ll~ ic.1enod l nto the oovered wagon trail bearIng. missionariea , gold seekers to the '~ est . In s pi to of the oo.ursey of th1 aneral pattern each state w ot t 8 - slsaippl , like those east of t l'l vor ha nt ist1nct1y its own . This studY, therefore, 18 o.n invest Igation 0 the t ypi cal ··pects or i!ontanats h1story during t he f"ur tradlng nd trap­ 1"1 0d 1804 and 1843 wi t h t he pur poso of dot ning 'bat .influence . i f any ~ t ll era of Mountain l.~e n hed in t tory of t he state. 1 ehel'aeto r l a tics of tn ceky Mountal n r Traae 1 nveoSt1.rto t nd narratod :1 t t onden 's cl l e , Thl pec'ta 0 fu r a do pooul l ar t o dof1nit e rop.ion t n1n t hw Roc to b r l.t t on . o n Op,rtlPLl 8 ttOOl)ts t o sUPj)l y t hts laouna f or onl y ono r e~lton ·.n &::ont>ane. , the Three Forks country_ The stu<tv ot this are plU"sttod mn ':' nly th'l'ou.gO. a ~eQd1ng of fur trader'" conte!!q"'lorory newspapers Ilnd :mtted states Covern.."'lOnt p\~blloat'on . I n pl"opnrat1on of tM s study tho wrl tel' hQG boon t no reOlplent of mr favors part iculnrl y t rom be l' jor ,Viser, The vet' phael Hami lton, $ . J . , who direct.ed to' tudy; • Anne r.~cDonnell , uss~stntlt 11.01'81'1 on at tb ontanll Stete Hi stor1cal Libra!:"y and M1t"s Relon 'MoFllrland, 11brarian at th te t!1stor'cal Sooiety, who supplied valuable source 1 . Sincore Gratitudo Is elso due to Mothor 1;101' 'remoosoo. , l!othor Oeneral of the Sisters of Ct.ar Hy at {,oaven- 1I0l"t,'l . ..ho ae generosity hE4S made pos,ilJ101e the eutn~rlnc:::: ot erIal from a rcll1v6S 1n :!:oatana, Ka.nsas and ~,U3 Bot.;.rl . COl, on, . ,~ •• o>ti •••' • ••• • • , vo •• ,•••••• , •• • it, •••• o' •••••••• I ",'Pi onl r,ur Wltry tUl d Conu>un3.cs .. .................. .........' 10 Che r n upln ni en, ,voue in the • •••••• j •••••••••••• ••• ••••••• • ~ •• 8 eba rIll of io tureo 0: the ! ountn1n Men • •••••••••••••• J •• Chn!)ter I ,10 ';ountn1n n ••••.• .•, •••• '• •- •.•• ••• •' ••••_ '••• ' •••••' ••' . 63 Coo rV cl ine of ',' ,1n •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 83 hunter Cono,luolono •••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ,,9 B:1bl 1op;r's'nhy •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 INtRODUCl'lOp, Tn. history ot the UnIted s tates is anamn1gam of many t:actors. 'l'o understand our heritage one needs to be taml11Glr wl ttl t he elerants that trlade tor Our' WlIQue expansIon across continent . one t hose elements are the tur trappers and fur traders; wIthout a ' knowlad,e or theIr actlvlt1eatbe history 'of our country 1s not completely understood.1 ~lram Chlttende'o 1s s tlll cons1dered the cla..sl,e ooth. !mor1- eM fur tJoado. In. the malDl tllt. • 1ntroo'uctory chapter hils been culled from hIs two vo waGS" Tnt ,NgerlcAQ lyr trade sat the FiU' y;.,t. The1r beg1nn1ngs reach back to t,h. openlngdays ot Fr.aIlce. The llu<1aon Bay Compan,y took over the fleld a't the end or ',the Frenoh and Indian war . 'b1s CQtIIPafiY had rocolveda charter May 2, 1670, grantlnc it the Clost comprehensIve privileges. Ab.olllte pr oprietors of an I mmense area, tbey had supreme jurisdiotion 1n oivil and m111 t (;lry arrairs, power to ,Cilake laws and to wale war agaInst the natlv.s.2 2LcOAAld " Narratlye, 1; mts, tile greatest ot all tar companies, .a. the longest- livod and tho' moat pr osperoua ot a11 cOIDa1e£oial monopolies. Unbar­ a8,s.4 by rear ot comp.t!~l on , ttle Hudaon Bay Comp.:m.y was able to oonduct tllo fur tradeaocordlng to its o~n st andards. whicb II fortunately were very high. they built t aotories and taught the Indiana to br1ng their seasoll"s oatch to these depots for trade. 'nder the Br1tish system, the white men were spared the labor and risks involved 1.n the. trapping business. Their rela tions with the Indians were most oommendable. The sale of liquor and firearms was prohibIted and just pr1ces were paid tor the f 'urs reoeived. They also made erforts to prevent tbe e.xtinction or the. fur-bear1ng animals and sent no more turs to European Clarkets t han t he cond1tion of trade might warrant. Their employees, well-paid and well-treated, were markedly loyal to the oompany.) 3 Katharine Coman, EconomiC:: Beginning. of the It'Qr West, 1:291-292 The first opPosit10n enoountered by the Hudson Bay Company after the Treaty of Paris of 176) came trom the ~l orthwest COIl­ pany oomposcd ot Sootch merchants from Montreal, who arte·r the French and Ind1an War, took over tIle old Frenoh fur trade. D1rected by forceful and enterprls.1ng men , 'theeompany lost no tIme in explorIng and exploit1ng the entire reg1-on f rom the Great J:.l:jkes to the Pacifio coast. In their mad pursuit of furs, they explored the r1vers and traversed the plains to the base ot the Rookies, establlshedtrade relatl,ons with t he r~motest . tribe,s, and glea:ned a gre.at harvest of furs. TheIr met hods did not aontorm to the h1.gh standa.rds set by the Hudson Bay Company. They hired yoyageur" free trappe.rs andcoureyts de .iW..t. to go 1nto t he fur-bear1ng re.glons and take tho rurs III t hemselves. Their zeal 1n trapl,l ,ng led to the demorallzat1on ot the Indians and to the depletion ot the ricbest hunt 1ng 4 grounda. 4 .K. Coman, op , cit., 293- 294 In an effort to get aCcess to the Interloroolit'ltry, the North­ wes,t Company Gncroached upon. the territorial domaIn or the Hudson Bay ComPt'illl thus starting fa bItter rivalry which \faa to KnQiR no bounds. This compet1 tlon waaag;gr avated In 1311, wh.en the nUd.son Bay Companl granted a tr£1 cto.f land in the Red River Valley to the Earl ot Selkirk for the purpose of toundlnga. ·c~lonl . The Northwest Company considered this an Ittfrlnge.ment upon their territory and mad .• every effort to prevent It. A. sttuggle, tantaCLoWlt to a civil war t f ollowed with the HQdson Day Company ana theoolonlsts on one slde, and the Northwest Company on the other. When t his eo.nfl1ct had taken a tol l ot lives, the BrItish Government, In 1819, lald the ma. t ter before Parliament,. No settlement was reac.hed thoagh a balt million dollars was spont 1n litigation. The oventual solution of the problem was a coa11 tion ot the two e.ompan1es ~tfec ted . 1n 1821 under the older n.deof the Hudson. Bay Company. This anion of the tworlvals was a bappy one. Prof1ting by their combined knowl ed.ge and exporience, the new 'Drgan1zation S0011 .merited t he replltat lon ot being one 'Or the great.es,t com­ merCi al or gani zations 1n ~he world. Jast and f air 1n 1ts dealtngs witb the Indians, it forbade th,e sale of liquor exoept in oase. or compe·t1tlon. I ts whole system, based on the ,. IV strictest discipline, absolute subordination of individual interest to t hat of the company and regular promotion accord­ ing to merit, called forth admiration from even its bi tterest enemIes.' 'Leonard, op.cit., 18 ; K. Coman, op.elt.. 1:292 Among these were the newly organized American fur companies who reatly resented the presence ot the Hudson Bay Company within . tho limits ot the United Stutes. The Hudson Bay Company had extended its souther.n line ot operation to the sources of t he lSsissippi and to the lJissouri r iver near the Mandan Villages, thus incurring t he wI'at h of t he Americans trapping in t hat I'eglon. erlcan interest in the great fur trading poss1bilities west of the lfississippl came as a rosul t of the Lewis and Clark erpedltlon, (1804-1806) . Thetr reports told of rouny fine game reKlons and excellent beaver' streams in the Northwest and gave · the real impetus t o the trappIng Industry which operated out f St . Louis. President Jefferson rightly de serves tb.e cr edit for the Lewis and Clark expedition. He apparently pl anned such art undertaking even befor·G the purchase of the Louisiana. territory in 1803. The object or t i1i s expedl tion i1I~a s the 8.xtenslon of the commerce of the United States and the promo tion of t r ade wl th the Indians. Jerrer~on wc a ospecially eager tha t the v furs the British were getting shoul d o t o St.
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