Bacterial Steroid Hydroxylases: Enzyme Classes, Their Functions and Comparison of Their Catalytic Mechanisms
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Suitability of Immobilized Systems for Microbiological Degradation of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
molecules Review Suitability of Immobilized Systems for Microbiological Degradation of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Danuta Wojcieszy ´nska , Ariel Marchlewicz and Urszula Guzik * Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello´nska28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (A.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-3220-095-67 Academic Editors: Urszula Guzik and Danuta Wojcieszy´nska Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 25 September 2020; Published: 29 September 2020 Abstract: The rising pollution of the environment with endocrine disrupting compounds has increased interest in searching for new, effective bioremediation methods. Particular attention is paid to the search for microorganisms with high degradation potential and the possibility of their use in the degradation of endocrine disrupting compounds. Increasingly, immobilized microorganisms or enzymes are used in biodegradation systems. This review presents the main sources of endocrine disrupting compounds and identifies the risks associated with their presence in the environment. The main pathways of degradation of these compounds by microorganisms are also presented. The last part is devoted to an overview of the immobilization methods used for the purposes of enabling the use of biocatalysts in environmental bioremediation. Keywords: EDCs; hormones; degradation; immobilization; microorganisms 1. Introduction The development of modern tools for the separation and identification of chemical substances has drawn attention to the so-called micropollution of the environment. Many of these contaminants belong to the emergent pollutants class. According to the Stockholm Convention they are characterized by high persistence, are transported over long distances in the environment through water, accumulate in the tissue of living organisms and can adversely affect them [1]. -
Microbial Community Structure Dynamics in Ohio River Sediments During Reductive Dechlorination of Pcbs
University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2008 MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS Andres Enrique Nunez University of Kentucky Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Nunez, Andres Enrique, "MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS" (2008). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 679. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/679 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Andres Enrique Nunez The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2008 MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By Andres Enrique Nunez Director: Dr. Elisa M. D’Angelo Lexington, KY 2008 Copyright © Andres Enrique Nunez 2008 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS The entire stretch of the Ohio River is under fish consumption advisories due to contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study, natural attenuation and biostimulation of PCBs and microbial communities responsible for PCB transformations were investigated in Ohio River sediments. Natural attenuation of PCBs was negligible in sediments, which was likely attributed to low temperature conditions during most of the year, as well as low amounts of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon. -
Interoperability in Toxicology: Connecting Chemical, Biological, and Complex Disease Data
INTEROPERABILITY IN TOXICOLOGY: CONNECTING CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND COMPLEX DISEASE DATA Sean Mackey Watford A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Gillings School of Global Public Health (Environmental Sciences and Engineering). Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Rebecca Fry Matt Martin Avram Gold David Reif Ivan Rusyn © 2019 Sean Mackey Watford ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Sean Mackey Watford: Interoperability in Toxicology: Connecting Chemical, Biological, and Complex Disease Data (Under the direction of Rebecca Fry) The current regulatory framework in toXicology is expanding beyond traditional animal toXicity testing to include new approach methodologies (NAMs) like computational models built using rapidly generated dose-response information like US Environmental Protection Agency’s ToXicity Forecaster (ToXCast) and the interagency collaborative ToX21 initiative. These programs have provided new opportunities for research but also introduced challenges in application of this information to current regulatory needs. One such challenge is linking in vitro chemical bioactivity to adverse outcomes like cancer or other complex diseases. To utilize NAMs in prediction of compleX disease, information from traditional and new sources must be interoperable for easy integration. The work presented here describes the development of a bioinformatic tool, a database of traditional toXicity information with improved interoperability, and efforts to use these new tools together to inform prediction of cancer and complex disease. First, a bioinformatic tool was developed to provide a ranked list of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) to gene associations based on literature support, enabling connection of compleX diseases to genes potentially involved. -
Supplementary Information for Microbial Electrochemical Systems Outperform Fixed-Bed Biofilters for Cleaning-Up Urban Wastewater
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Supplementary information for Microbial Electrochemical Systems outperform fixed-bed biofilters for cleaning-up urban wastewater AUTHORS: Arantxa Aguirre-Sierraa, Tristano Bacchetti De Gregorisb, Antonio Berná, Juan José Salasc, Carlos Aragónc, Abraham Esteve-Núñezab* Fig.1S Total nitrogen (A), ammonia (B) and nitrate (C) influent and effluent average values of the coke and the gravel biofilters. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Fig. 2S Influent and effluent COD (A) and BOD5 (B) average values of the hybrid biofilter and the hybrid polarized biofilter. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Fig. 3S Redox potential measured in the coke and the gravel biofilters Fig. 4S Rarefaction curves calculated for each sample based on the OTU computations. Fig. 5S Correspondence analysis biplot of classes’ distribution from pyrosequencing analysis. Fig. 6S. Relative abundance of classes of the category ‘other’ at class level. Table 1S Influent pre-treated wastewater and effluents characteristics. Averages ± SD HRT (d) 4.0 3.4 1.7 0.8 0.5 Influent COD (mg L-1) 246 ± 114 330 ± 107 457 ± 92 318 ± 143 393 ± 101 -1 BOD5 (mg L ) 136 ± 86 235 ± 36 268 ± 81 176 ± 127 213 ± 112 TN (mg L-1) 45.0 ± 17.4 60.6 ± 7.5 57.7 ± 3.9 43.7 ± 16.5 54.8 ± 10.1 -1 NH4-N (mg L ) 32.7 ± 18.7 51.6 ± 6.5 49.0 ± 2.3 36.6 ± 15.9 47.0 ± 8.8 -1 NO3-N (mg L ) 2.3 ± 3.6 1.0 ± 1.6 0.8 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 2.0 0.9 ± 0.6 TP (mg -
Diabejesg\Re
DIABEJESG\RE Book Reviews critique publications related to diabetes of in- Information for Authors terest to professionals. Letters & Comments include opinions on topics published in CONTENT the journal or relating to diabetes in general. Diabetes Care publishes original articles and reviews of human Organization Section includes announcement of meetings, spe- and clinical research intended to increase knowledge, stimulate cial events, and American Diabetes Association business. research, and promote better management of people with dia- betes mellitus. Emphasis is on human studies reporting on the GENERAL GUIDELINES pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes and its complications; genetics; epidemiology; psychosocial adaptation; education; and Diabetes Care publishes only material that has not been printed the development, validation, and application of accepted and new previously or is submitted elsewhere without appropriate anno- therapies. Topics covered are of interest to clinically oriented tation. In submitting an article, the author(s) must state in a cov- physicians, researchers, epidemiologists, psychologists, diabetes ering letter (see below) that no part of the material is under con- educators, and other professionals. sideration for publication elsewhere or has already been published, Diabetes publishes original research about the physiology and including tables, figures, symposia, proceedings, preliminary pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Submitted manuscripts can communications, books, and invited articles. Conflicts of interest report any aspect of laboratory, animal, or human research. Em- or support of private interests must be clearly explained. All hu- phasis is on investigative reports focusing on areas such as the man investigation must be conducted according to the principles pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, normal and path- expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. -
Part I Biopharmaceuticals
1 Part I Biopharmaceuticals Translational Medicine: Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Discovery First Edition. Edited by Robert A. Meyers. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2018 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 3 1 Analogs and Antagonists of Male Sex Hormones Robert W. Brueggemeier The Ohio State University, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA 1Introduction6 2 Historical 6 3 Endogenous Male Sex Hormones 7 3.1 Occurrence and Physiological Roles 7 3.2 Biosynthesis 8 3.3 Absorption and Distribution 12 3.4 Metabolism 13 3.4.1 Reductive Metabolism 14 3.4.2 Oxidative Metabolism 17 3.5 Mechanism of Action 19 4 Synthetic Androgens 24 4.1 Current Drugs on the Market 24 4.2 Therapeutic Uses and Bioassays 25 4.3 Structure–Activity Relationships for Steroidal Androgens 26 4.3.1 Early Modifications 26 4.3.2 Methylated Derivatives 26 4.3.3 Ester Derivatives 27 4.3.4 Halo Derivatives 27 4.3.5 Other Androgen Derivatives 28 4.3.6 Summary of Structure–Activity Relationships of Steroidal Androgens 28 4.4 Nonsteroidal Androgens, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) 30 4.5 Absorption, Distribution, and Metabolism 31 4.6 Toxicities 32 Translational Medicine: Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Discovery First Edition. Edited by Robert A. Meyers. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2018 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 4 Analogs and Antagonists of Male Sex Hormones 5 Anabolic Agents 32 5.1 Current Drugs on the Market 32 5.2 Therapeutic Uses and Bioassays -
Evolution of the Bile Salt Nuclear Receptor FXR in Vertebrates
Supplemental Material can be found at: http://www.jlr.org/cgi/content/full/M800138-JLR200/DC1 Evolution of the bile salt nuclear receptor FXR in vertebrates † † † †† †† Erica J. Reschly,* Ni Ai, Sean Ekins, ,§,** William J. Welsh, Lee R. Hagey, Alan F. Hofmann, and Matthew D. Krasowski1,* † Department of Pathology,* University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854; Collaborations in Chemistry,§ Jenkintown, PA 19046; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,** †† University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21202; and Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0063 Abstract Bile salts, the major end metabolites of cho- Bile salts are water-soluble, amphipathic end metabolites lesterol, vary significantly in structure across vertebrate of cholesterol that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids species, suggesting that nuclear receptors binding these (1), enhance proteolytic cleavage of dietary proteins (2), Downloaded from molecules may show adaptive evolutionary changes. We com- and have potent antimicrobial activity in the small intestine pared across species the bile salt specificity of the major (3). In addition, bile salt signaling via nuclear hormone re- transcriptional regulator of bile salt synthesis, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). We found that FXRs have changed speci- ceptors (NHRs) is important for bile salt homeostasis (4). ficity for primary bile salts across species by altering the Bile salts have not been detected in invertebrate animals. shape and size of the ligand binding pocket. In particular, In contrast to steroid hormones and vitamins, whose struc- the ligand binding pockets of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) tures tend to be strongly conserved, bile salts exhibit www.jlr.org and zebrafish (Danio rerio) FXRs, as predicted by homology marked structural diversity across species (5–7). -
1970Qureshiocr.Pdf (10.44Mb)
STUDY INVOLVING METABOLISM OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS AND 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS OF HEALTHY YOUNG MEN DURING AMBULATION AND RECUMBENCY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN NUTRITION IN THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE TEXAS WOI\IIAN 'S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HOUSEHOLD ARTS AND SCIENCES BY SANOBER QURESHI I B .Sc. I M.S. DENTON I TEXAS MAY I 1970 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express her sincere gratitude to those who assisted her with her research problem and with the preparation of this dissertation. To Dr. Pauline Beery Mack, Director of the Texas Woman's University Research Institute, for her invaluable assistance and gui dance during the author's entire graduate program, and for help in the preparation of this dissertation; To the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for their support of the research project of which the author's study is a part; To Dr. Elsa A. Dozier for directing the author's s tucly during 1969, and to Dr. Kathryn Montgomery beginning in early 1970, for serving as the immeclia te director of the author while she was working on the completion of the investic;ation and the preparation of this dis- sertation; To Dr. Jessie Bateman, Dean of the College of Household Arts and Sciences, for her assistance in all aspects of the author's graduate program; iii To Dr. Ralph Pyke and Mr. Walter Gilchrist 1 for their ass is tance and generous kindness while the author's research program was in progress; To Mr. Eugene Van Hooser 1 for help during various parts of her research program; To Dr. -
Topic 3.1 Interactions of Xenobiotics with the Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis Pathway*
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 75, Nos. 11–12, pp. 1957–1971, 2003. © 2003 IUPAC Topic 3.1 Interactions of xenobiotics with the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway* Thomas Sanderson‡ and Martin van den Berg Institute for Risk Assessment Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 8017, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands Abstract: Environmental contaminants can potentially disrupt endocrine processes by inter- fering with the function of enzymes involved in steroid synthesis and metabolism. Such in- terferences may result in reproductive problems, cancers, and toxicities related to (sexual) differentiation, growth, and development. Various known or suspected endocrine disruptors interfere with steroidogenic enzymes. Particular attention has been given to aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Studies of the potential for xenobiotics to interfere with steroidogenic enzymes have often involved microsomal frac- tions of steroidogenic tissues from animals exposed in vivo, or in vitro exposures of steroid- ogenic cells in primary culture. Increasingly, immortalized cell lines, such as the H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line are used in the screening of effects of chemicals on steroid synthesis and metabolism. Such bioassay systems are expected to play an increasingly important role in the screening of complex environmental mixtures and individual contami- nants for potential interference with steroidogenic enzymes. However, given the complexities in the steroid synthesis pathways and the biological activities of the hormones, together with the unknown biokinetic properties of these complex mixtures, extrapolation of in vitro effects to in vivo toxicities will not be straightforward and will require further, often in vivo, inves- tigations. INTRODUCTION There is increasing evidence that certain environmental contaminants have the potential to disrupt en- docrine processes, which may result in reproductive problems, certain cancers, and other toxicities re- lated to (sexual) differentiation, growth, and development. -
Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Vitamin B5 Biosynthesis As a Host Specificity Factor in Campylobacter
Genome-wide association study identifies vitamin B5 biosynthesis as a host specificity factor in Campylobacter Samuel K. Shepparda,b,1, Xavier Didelotc, Guillaume Mericb, Alicia Torralbod, Keith A. Jolleya, David J. Kellye, Stephen D. Bentleyf,g, Martin C. J. Maidena, Julian Parkhillf, and Daniel Falushh aDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; bInstitute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom; cSchool of Public Health, St. Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; dDepartment of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; fWellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; gDepartment of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SP, United Kingdom; and hMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, and approved June 3, 2013 (received for review March 22, 2013) Genome-wide association studies have the potential to identify sources and locations by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has causal genetic factors underlying important phenotypes but have shown that there is genetic differentiation among sequence types rarely been performed in bacteria. We present an association (STs) associated with different hosts (8). Among wild birds, spe- mapping method that takes into account the clonal population cific bird species most often harbor their own Campylobacter lin- structure of bacteria and is applicable to both core and accessory eages (8, 9). However, in agricultural animals, although there are genome variation. -
5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenasefrom
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Feb. 1991, p. 1414-1419 Vol. 173, No. 4 0021-9193/91/041414-06$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1991, American Society for Microbiology Purification and Characterization of NADP+-Dependent 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase from Peptostreptococcus productus Marburg GERT WOHLFARTH, GABRIELE GEERLIGS, AND GABRIELE DIEKERT* Institutfur Mikrobiologie, Universitat Stuttgart, Azenbergstrasse 18, D-7000 Stuttgart 1, Federal Republic of Germany Received 19 June 1990/Accepted 7 December 1990 The 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase of heterotrophicaily grown Peptostreptococcus productus Marburg was purified to apparent homogeneity. The purified enzyme catalyzed the reversible oxidation of methylenetetrahydrofolate with NADP+ as the electron acceptor at a specific activity of 627 U/mg of protein. The Km values for methylenetetrahydrofolate and for NADP+ were 27 and 113 ,M, respectively. The enzyme, which lacked 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity, was insensitive to oxygen and was thermolabile at temperatures above 40C. The apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated by gel filtration to be 66 kDa. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a single subunit of 34 kDa, accounting for a dimeric a2 structure of the enzyme. Kinetic studies on the initial reaction velocities with different concentrations of both substrates in the absence and presence of NADPH as the reaction product were interpreted to indicate that the enzyme followed a sequential reaction mechanism. After gentle ultracentrifugation of crude extracts, the enzyme was recovered to >95% in the soluble (supernatant) fraction. Sodium (10 FM to 10 mM) had no effect on enzymatic activity. The data were taken to indicate that the enzyme was similar to the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenases of other homoacetogenic bacteria and that the enzyme is not involved in energy conservation of P. -
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Induced Genes in Osteoblasts
1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3-INDUCED GENES IN OSTEOBLASTS: UNCOVERING NEW FUNCTIONS FOR MENINGIOMA 1 AND SEMAPHORIN 3B IN SKELETAL PHYSIOLOGY by XIAOXUE ZHANG Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Thesis advisor: Paul N. MacDonald Department of Pharmacology CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May 2009 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of _____________________________________________________ candidate for the ______________________degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. I dedicate this thesis to my mother and father for their lifelong love, encouragement and sacrifice TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iv Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations x Abstract xiii Chapter I Introduction 1 Chapter II Meningioma 1 (MN1) is a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3- 44 induced transcription coactivator that promotes osteoblast proliferation, motility, differentiation, and function Chapter III Semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B) is a 1,25- 108 dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced gene in osteoblasts that promotes