LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT • Ecosystem: – All the living and nonliving things that ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE interact in a particular area – An organism obtains food, water, shelter, and other Populations and Communities things it needs to live, grow and reproduce from its surroundings – Ecosystems may contain many different habitats
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LIVING THINGS AND THE LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT • Habitat: • Biotic Factors: – The place and organism – The living parts of any lives and obtains all the ecosystem things it needs to survive – Example: Prairie Dogs – Example: • Hawks • Prairie Dog • Ferrets • Needs: • Badgers – Food • Eagles – Water • Grass – Shelter • Plants – Etc.
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LIVING THINGS AND THEIR LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT • Abiotic Factors: • Abiotic Factors con’t – Water: – Sunlight: • All living things • Necessary for require water for photosynthesis survival • Your body is 65% • Organisms which water use the sun form • A watermelon is the base of the 95% water food chain • Plants need water for photosynthesis for food and oxygen production
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1 LIVING THINGS AND THEIR LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT • Abiotic Factors Con’t • Abiotic Factors con’t – Oxygen: – Temperature: • Necessary for most • The temperature of living things an area determines • Used by animals the type of for cellular organisms which respiration can live there • Ex: Polar Bears do not live in the tropics • Ex: piranha’s don’t live in the arctic
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LIVING THINGS AND THEIR LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT • Abiotic Factors con’t • Populations: – Soil: – All the members of one species in a particular area • Mixture of rock fragments, humus – Ex: the number of students in this class (nutrients), minerals, air, and water • Communities: • Soil type dictates flora in an area – All the different populations which live in an area – Ex: all the animals in the Seneca Park Zoo – Ex: all the animals in a forest
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DETERMINING POPULATION SIZE DETERMINING POPULATION SIZE
• There are several methods of determining • 2. Indirect Observation population size – If members of a population are either small or hard • 1. Direct Observation: to find, counting their tracks or signs of life can give an estimate of population size – Actually counting, one by one, all of the members of a population – Ex: counting mud swallow nests instead of the birds – Ex: counting all the elephants in a Kenyan valley – Ex: counting spittle bug nests rather than the bugs – Ex: counting all the Robins in your backyard
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2 DETERMINING POPULATION SIZE DETERMINING POPULATION SIZE
• 3. Sampling • 4. Mark and Recapture Studies – In most cases you cannot count every member of the – Researchers capture, tag and release a group of population animals in the environment – Sampling allows a researcher to count the number of – Later, they capture another group of organisms in organisms in a small area and multiply to find the the same area. number of organisms in a large area – If about ½ those caught are marked, then the first – If there are 25 deer in a 10 acre by 10 acre area, and group represented about ½ the population for that the forest is 100 times that size, there are species. approximately 2500 deer in the whole forest
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CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE DETERMINING POPULATION SIZE
• Populations change in size when new members enter the population or when members leave the population • Immigration and Emigration: • Birth Rate: – The number of births in a population in a certain – Immigration refers to the organisms which move into amount of time the population • Death Rate: – Emigration refers to the organisms which move out of the population – The number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time
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POPULATION LIMITING FACTORS POPULATION LIMITING FACTORS
• A limiting factor is an environmental factor • Food: that prevents a population from increasing – Organisms require food to survive • They determine the “carrying capacity” – When food is scarce, it of the environment becomes a limiting factor – Carrying Capacity: – If the environment cannot provide enough food for a • The largest population of a particular population, individuals organism that the environment can will be culled support
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3 POPULATION LIMITING FACTORS POPULATION LIMITING FACTORS
• Space: • Weather: – Organisms require space – Temperature and to exist and reproduce precipitation limit – If a bird doesn’t have population growth room to nest, it will not – Ex: cold weather kills off reproduce, thus slowing insects limiting the population growth population – Plants need room to – Ex: frost or snow can ruin capture sunlight, if large a citrus crop trees block the sun, small – Ex: an early frost can kill plants will not thrive off your garden and the under them limit vegetable population
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HOMEWORK ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
• Page 28 • Natural Selection: – the way that changes which make organisms better suited to • Numbers 1-5 their environments occur • Use COMPLETE SENTENCES !!!!!!! • Adaptations: – The behavior and physical characteristics of a species that allows it to survive successfully in the environment • Niche: – An organism’s role or how it makes a living – Type of food, how it gets its food, what critters use the organism for food
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ORGANISM INTERACTIONS ORGANISM INTERACTIONS
• Competition: • Predation: – The struggle between organisms to survive in a – When one organism kills and eats another habitat with limited resources • Predator: – Limited amounts of food, water, and shelter cause – Organism doing the killing organisms to be in conflict with each other • Prey: – Organism being killed and eaten
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4 EFFECT OF PREDATION ON A SYMBIOSIS POPULATION • An increase in predation, decreases the • A close relationship between two species population size that benefits at least one of them. • A decrease in predation, increases the population size – Ex: Moose and Wolves on Isle Royale, in Lake Superior • Moose pop. rose, Wolf pop. Rose • Moose pop. fell due to predation, wolf pop. fell due to lack of prey
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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS • Commensalisms: • Mutualism: – A relationship in which one species benefits and the – A relationship where BOTH species benefit other is neither helped nor harmed – Ex: – Ex: • Honey Bees and Dandelions • Robins building their nest in a maple tree – Honey bees use nectar for food, and dandelions get their – However: commensalism is rare in nature since one pollen spread from plant to plant or both of the organisms involved are either helped or harmed a little
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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS • Parasitism: – One organism lives on or inside another; thus • Parasitism Example: harming it – Deer Tick – Parasite: • The organism that benefits; lives on or in another organism – Host: • The organism that is harmed; is fed on by the parasite • Usually not killed because then the parasite loses its food source
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5 HOMEWORK CHAPTER 1 TEST
• Populations • Communities • Page 38 • Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Questions 1-5 • Population Dynamics • Complete Sentences!!!!!!! • Limiting Factors • Adaptations • Interactions between Organisms
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ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
• Producers: – Organism that can make its own food ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE – These organisms are generally plants – Means of energy production is primarily, but not always photosynthesis Chapter 2 Ecosystems and Biomes
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ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
• Consumers: • Decomposers: – Organisms which obtain energy by consuming other – Organisms that break organisms down wastes and dead – Herbivores: organisms to return raw • Consumers that eat plants materials to the – Carnivores: environment; RECYCLERS • Consumers that eat only other animals • Fungi: – Omnivores: – Molds and mushrooms • Consumers that eat both plants and animals • Bacteria: – Scavengers: – Single celled organisms • Carnivore that feeds on dead, decaying organisms
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6 FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS
• Food Chains: • Food Webs: – A series of events – 2 or more overlapping in which ONE food chains in an organism eats ecosystem another and – How 2 or more organisms obtains energy interact with their environment in terms of energy transfer
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ENERGY PYRAMIDS HOMEWORK
• A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web • Page 50 – Most energy is available at the producer level • Numbers 1-5 – At each higher level of the pyramid, less energy is • Complete Sentences!!!!! available than at the level below – Only about 10% of energy from one level is transferred to the next level
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CYCLES OF MATTER THE WATER CYCLE
• Water Cycle: – A continuous process by which water moves from earth’s surface to the atmosphere and then back – Evaporation: • Process where liquid water, gains heat, and becomes water vapor (gas) – Condensation: • The process where water vapor loses heat, and becomes a liquid water droplets to form clouds – Precipitation: • Any form of water which falls to earth from the atmosphere
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7 THE CARBON/OXYGEN CYCLE THE NITROGEN CYCLE
• These two cycles are • How Nitrogen moves through the linked – Produces use carbon environment from carbon dioxide to – Plants “fix” or capture “free” Nitrogen from the air produce carbon- containing molecules and – Consumers eat N-compounds in plants release oxygen – Consumers eat carbon- – Animal Waste and plant remains decompose; containing compounds bacteria release “Free” nitrogen back to the air for energy and breath oxygen; releasing – Bacteria in roots of plants “Fix” the “Free” Nitrogen carbon dioxide as a into the plant again byproduct; for use by producers – The Cycle Continues
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THE NITROGEN CYCLE HOMEWORK
• Page 55 • Questions # 1-5 • Complete Sentences
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BIOGEOGRAPHY ORGANISM DISPERSAL
• The study of where organisms live • the movement of – Continental Drift: organisms from • The slow movement of continents across one place to the earth’s surface another • Huge impact on biogeography • Organisms were isolated from one • Example: another and thus began to evolve in – Milkweed seed different ways
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8 ORGANISM DISPERSAL ORGANISM DISPERSAL
• Wind • Water: – Plants and small – Water can transport organisms need assistance objects which float to move – Ex: coconuts and leaves – Wind spreads seeds, – Insects and small animals spores of fungi, and tiny get a free ride to a new spiders home aboard floating rafts
Whirling Nut (Gyrocarpus)
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ORGANISM DISPERSAL EXOTIC VS. NATIVE SPECIES
• Other living things: • Native Species: – organisms can be carried – Species that naturally from place to place by evolved in an area animals which come into contact with them – Ex: Northern Pike in – Ex: ducks carry algae Conesus Lake from pond to pond • Exotic Species: – Ex: birds carry seeds and drop them in their waste – Species carried into a new – Ex: dogs carry sticky seeds location by people from place to place in fur – Ex: Zebra Mussels
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LIMITS TO SPECIES DISPERSAL LIMITS TO SPECIES DISPERSAL
• Physical Barriers: • Competition: – Water, mountains, and – When organisms enter a deserts can make it new area, they must difficult for organisms to compete for survival move from one area to resources another – To survive, they must find a unique niche in which to make a living – If no niche is available, Mount the organism will die out Everest and dispersion will stop
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9 LIMITS TO SPECIES DISPERSAL HOMEWORK
• Climate: – Variation in climate serves as a barrier to dispersal • Page 59 – Organisms adapted to • Numbers 1-5 warm, moist climates, cannot survive in dry, cold • Complete sentences climates and visa versa – This is why different species are found at different elevations in the mountains
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EARTH’S BIOMES TROPICAL RAIN FOREST BIOME
• Biome: • Warm regions close to – A group of ecosystems with similar climate and the equator organisms • Constant, warm – Classified mainly by climate conditions-temperature temps with high and rainfall-in an area rainfall rates – Include: • As many as 300 • Rain Forest Biomes, Desert Biomes, different trees in a 2 Grassland Biomes, Forest Biomes, 100 m area Tundra Biomes, Freshwater and marine biomes,
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TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST BIOME DESERT BIOME
• The Pacific Northwest • Receives less than 25 cm of precip. per year United States • Scorching days and cold nights • More than 300 cm of • Cactus, tortoise, reptiles rain a year • Huge trees; cedars, redwoods, Douglas firs • Cool, very wet Gobi climate Desert, Mongolia Science 7 Science 7
10 GRASSLAND BIOMES DECIDUOUS FOREST BIOME
• Grassland: • Experience 4 seasons – 25-75 cm of precip. per year • Deciduous Trees: lose – Grasses and other non-woody plants their leaves in winter • Savannas: • Oak, maple, ash, etc. – Up to 120 cm of precip. per trees year – Located closer to the equator- • At least 50cm of hotter precip. per year – Populated by large herbivores, From: scavengers, and large • Many different nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/info.a carnivores habitats sp?parkID=12
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BOREAL FOREST (TIAGA) BIOME TUNDRA BIOME
• Northern, colder • Very cold and very dry climates land biome • Coniferous trees • Less than 25 cm (evergreens) precip. per year • Mosses, grass, shrubs, • Cool summers and caribou, insects, very cold winters birds, fox, wolves, • Moose, bear, hares, and lichens porcupine, wolves • Permafrost: tundra near Churchill, Manitoba, Taiga Woods-Denali National – Annually frozen soil Canada Park; Alaska
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FRESHWATER BIOME MARINE BIOME
• Many organisms make • Contains 5 specific their homes in water habitats • Much photosynthesis • Estuary Habitat: takes place here near the – Where fresh and salt surface of the water waters meet and mix • Algae are common – Marsh grasses, algae, producers plants, water birds, crabs, • Frogs, snails, fish, worms, clams, oysters, and fish An unnamed lake at Acadia salamanders, insects, National Park, Maine etc. – Breeding grounds for many organisms From: http://www.estuarylive.org/
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11 MARINE BIOMES MARINE BIOMES
• Intertidal Zone: • Neritic Zone: – Shoreline – Region of between the shallow water highest high-tide below the low- line and the tide line lowest low-tide – Schools of fish, line algae, coral – Barnacles, sea reefs, crabs, stars, crabs, etc. mussels, worms, – Extends to the copepods, other continental rock dwellers http://library.thinkquest.org/J002608/low_intertidal_ shelf From: http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/coral/index.html zone.html Science 7 Science 7
MARINE BIOMES MARINE BIOMES
• Surface Zone: • Deep (benthic) zone: – Off-shore, Open ocean – Completely dark and very water cold – Algae carrying out – A harsh environment to photosynthesis survive in – Major producer of oxygen – Giant squid, for the atmosphere bioluminescent fish, etc. – Extends to depths of up to – Can only be reached with 100 meters of about 300 a submersible Blue-green algae from: feet http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/water/blue_green/blue_g reen.html Science 7 Science 7
HOMEWORK
• Page 73 • Questions 1-5 • Complete Sentences!!!
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