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Draft Bi-National Recovery Plan for the Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle

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Draft Bi-National Recovery Plan for the Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle Draft Bi-National Recovery Plan for the Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) SECOND REVISION Secretariat of Environment & Natural Resources Mexico U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Interior National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Draft Bi-National Recovery Plan for the Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) Original Approved: September 19, 1984 First Revision Approved: August 21, 1992 DRAFT Approved: _________________________________________________________ James W. Balsiger, Ph.D., Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Silver Spring, Maryland Date: _____________________ DRAFT Approved: _________________________________________________________ Benjamin Tuggle, Ph.D., Region 2 Director U.S. Department of the Interior Fish andWildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico Date: _____________________ DRAFT Approved: _________________________________________________________ Juan Rafael Elvira Quesada Secretariat of Environment & Natural Resources Mexico Date: _____________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii DISCLAIMER.............................................................................................................................. iv RECOVERY TEAM ..................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. xii PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... xiv PART I: BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... I-1 A. LISTING STATUS ........................................................................................................... I-1 B. TAXONOMY ..................................................................................................................... I-2 C. SPECIES DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................... I-4 D. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND TRENDS ........................................................ I-4 E. LIFE HISTORY/ECOLOGY .......................................................................................... I-9 E.1. Terrestrial Zone: Nesting Female/Egg/Hatchling Stage ........................................ I-10 E.2. Neritic Zone: Early Transitional Neritic Stage for Hatchling/Post-Hatchling .... I-10 E.3. Oceanic Zone: Juvenile Stage ................................................................................... I-11 E.4. Neritic Zone: Juvenile Stage..................................................................................... I-12 E.5. Neritic Zone: Adult Stage ......................................................................................... I-16 F. DEMOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. I-17 F.1. Age and Growth ......................................................................................................... I-17 F.2. Reproduction.............................................................................................................. I-18 F.3. Survival Rates .......................................................................................................... I-199 F.4. Population Model....................................................................................................... I-20 G. CONSERVATION ACCOMPLISHMENTS ................................................................ I-21 G.1. Existing Regulatory Mechanisms ........................................................................... I-21 G.2. Beach Protection ....................................................................................................... I-22 G.3. Marine Protection ..................................................................................................... I-25 G.4. Research Efforts ........................................................................................................ I-27 G.5 Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network ........................................................... I-35 G.6. Educational Efforts ................................................................................................... I-36 H. THREATS ........................................................................................................................ I-38 H.1. Terrestrial Zone (Nesting Beach) ............................................................................ I-38 H.1.1. Resource Use ........................................................................................................ I-38 H.1.2. Construction ......................................................................................................... I-41 H.1.3. Ecosystem Alterations.......................................................................................... I-42 H.1.4. Pollution ............................................................................................................... I-43 H.1.5. Species Interactions.............................................................................................. I-45 H.1.6. Other Factors ........................................................................................................ I-46 H.2. Marine: Neritic and Oceanic Zone .......................................................................... I-49 H.2.1. Resource Use: Fisheries Bycatch ......................................................................... I-49 H.2.2. Resource Use: Non Fisheries ............................................................................... I-59 H.2.3. Construction ......................................................................................................... I-60 H.2.4. Ecosystem Alterations.......................................................................................... I-63 H.2.5. Pollution ............................................................................................................... I-66 ii H.2.6. Species Interactions.............................................................................................. I-70 H.2.7 Other Factors ......................................................................................................... I-71 PART II: RECOVERY STRATEGY .................................................................................... II-1 A. OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................... II-1 B. RECOVERY GOAL ........................................................................................................ II-1 C. RECOVERY CRITERIA ................................................................................................ II-2 C.1. Downlisting Criteria ................................................................................................. II-2 C.1.1. Demographic Criteria ........................................................................................... II-2 C.1.2. Listing Factor Criteria .......................................................................................... II-2 C.2. Delisting Criteria ....................................................................................................... II-3 C.2.1. Demographic Criteria ........................................................................................... II-3 C.2.2. Listing Factor Criteria .......................................................................................... II-3 D. STEPDOWN OUTLINE AND NARRATIVE .............................................................. II-6 PART III: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ................................................................... III-1 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................... IV-1 APPRENDIX: KEMP’S RIDLEY THREATS ANALYSIS ................................................. V-1 iii DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions, which are required to recover and/or protect listed species based on the best available science. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (collectively referred to as the Services), sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, state agencies, and others. The Kemp’s Ridley recovery plan is a bi-national plan approved by the Services and the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, Mexico (SEMARNAT). Nothing in this plan should be construed as a commitment or requirement that any Federal agency obligate or pay funds in contravention of the Anti-Deficiency Act, 31 U.S.C. 1341, or any other law or regulation. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views or the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other
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