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Yoga in De Werksfeer: Een Techniek Voor Sociale Controle of Zelfontwikkeling?

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Yoga in De Werksfeer: Een Techniek Voor Sociale Controle of Zelfontwikkeling? Yoga in de werksfeer: Een techniek voor sociale controle of zelfontwikkeling? Een kwalitatief onderzoek naar de wijze waarop yoga wordt geïntegreerd in de werksfeer Masterthesis algemene sociologie augustus 2017 Eelco Biersteker 11142480 Begeleider: Kobe de Keere Tweede lezer: Anna Aalten 1 Voorwoord Hier ligt dan mijn thesis. De eerlijkheid gebied mij te zeggen dat er dagen tussen zaten dat ik het vervloekte – misschien is dit ook wel inherent aan het schrijfproces. Maar het uiteindelijke resultaat heelt alle wonden. Ashley, mijn vriendin, wil ik graag bedanken voor haar aanwezigheid en bemoedigende woorden als tegenhanger van de soms sombere scriptiedagen. Kobe wil ik bedanken voor zijn scherpe kritiek dat er toe leidde dat mijn thesis in zijn geheel meer diepte kreeg. Ik wil zowel Anna als Kobe bedanken voor het vertrouwen dat ze me schonken door het onderzoeksvoorstel goed te keuren. Ik hoop dat het resultaat jullie positief zal verassen. Verder wil ik ook van deze gelegenheid gebruik maken om alle yogadocenten te bedanken die mee wilden doen aan het onderzoek. Zonder jullie was dit onderzoek niet mogelijk geweest. 2 Samenvatting Yoga lijkt zodanig te zijn geïntegreerd in het westen dat er de laatste jaren een nieuwe trend is ontstaan: bedrijfsyoga. Bedrijfsyoga is het praktiseren van yoga door werknemers in een door de werkgever gefaciliteerde ruimte. Het doel van deze studie is om de wijze waarop yoga in de werksfeer wordt geïntegreerd te onderzoeken. Vanuit theoretisch perspectief kan bedrijfsyoga enerzijds beschouwd worden als een techniek voor sociale controle, anderzijds als een techniek voor zelfontwikkeling. Middels het empirische onderzoek tracht ik zichtbaar te maken vanuit welk perspectief de integratie van yoga in de werksfeer kan worden geïnterpreteerd. Om mijn onderzoeksvraag hoe wordt yoga geïntegreerd in de werksfeer te beantwoorden heb ik interviews gehouden onder yogadocenten, participerend onderzoek uitgevoerd door deel te nemen aan bedrijfsyoga sessies en heb ik een survey gehouden onder deelnemers van de door het bedrijf gefaciliteerde yogasessie. Uit mijn empirische onderzoek maak ik op dat de implementatie van structurele bedrijfsyoga – op wekelijkse basis – zelden een initiatief is geweest van het management om de vitaliteit van werknemers te verbeteren. Veel vaker kwam het initiatief van een werknemer met affiniteit voor yoga die er de voordelen van in zag om yoga op het werk te organiseren. Yoga wordt door de werknemer en de yogadocent beschouwd als een wijze om spanningen opgedaan tijdens werk te helpen ontladen: een manier om het ‘volle’ hoofd te legen om zodoende een staat van perfectie of geluk te bemachtigen. Om yoga toegankelijker te maken voor werknemers passen de yogadocenten de vorm en de stijl van lesgeven aan. De aard van de yogales wordt aangepast om de context van de werksfeer tegemoet te komen. De huidige werkethos lijkt echter nog niet de ruimte te bieden aan werknemers om tijdens werktijd yoga poses of stretchoefeningen uit te oefenen. Docenten zijn zich hiervan bewust en leren de werknemers aan hoe ze op een laagdrempelige manier aandacht kunnen geven aan het lichaam. Concreet houdt dit in dat docenten werknemers aanleren regelmatig te bewegen en op de ademhaling te letten tijdens stressvolle situaties. Concluderend kan bedrijfsyoga worden beschouwd als technologie van het self om bevrijdende zelfvorming te realiseren, een wijze om het ‘volle’ hoofd te legen en werkgerelateerde klachten te helpen voorkomen. 3 Inhoudsopgave Inleiding................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Theoretisch kader ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 De ontwikkeling van yoga in het westen ................................................................................. 7 1.2 Het spirituele westen ............................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Yoga als technologie van het self of ‘tool’ van de werkgever ............................................... 11 1.4 Van een passief naar een voelend lichaam ........................................................................... 15 2. Methodiek ..................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Semigestructureerd interview ............................................................................................... 18 2.2 Participerende observatie ..................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Survey .................................................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Codering ................................................................................................................................ 20 3. Analyse .......................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 De totstandkoming van bedrijfsyoga .................................................................................... 21 3.2 Beeldvorming en toegankelijkheid ........................................................................................ 28 3.3 De bewegingsvrijheid van de yogadocent ............................................................................. 34 3.4 Yoga als remedie tegen werkgerelateerde klachten ............................................................. 35 3.5 Bewustwording ...................................................................................................................... 39 Conclusie ............................................................................................................................................... 42 Discussie ................................................................................................................................................ 45 Referenties ............................................................................................................................................ 46 Bijlage 1: verslagen van participerende observaties bij bedrijfsyoga sessies .................................... 49 Bijlage 2: resultaten van enquêtes ....................................................................................................... 51 Bijlage 3: Interviewschema .................................................................................................................. 59 Bijlage 4: Codeerschema ...................................................................................................................... 60 4 Inleiding Sinds de jaren zestig versterkte de positie van yoga zich in de Westerse psyche. Dit bracht vele Westerlingen er toe om zich aan te sluiten bij de ‘pelgrimstocht’ naar India om daar alternatieve filosofieën en levensstijlen na te jagen, waaronder yoga (Singleton, 2008). Voor de Westerlingen die de innerlijke rust liever dicht bij huis zochten kwam er een uitkomst. Sinds de jaren tachtig veranderde de status van yoga, het bevond zich niet langer in de culturele periferie, maar werd onderdeel van de mainstream cultuur (Lau, 2000). Zo zouden er tegenwoordig wereldwijd ruim 300 miljoen yoga beoefenaars zijn (Stretch, 2016). Volgens een onderzoek van Yoga Online (2016) zijn er in Nederland ruim 800.000 yoga beoefenaars die wekelijks gemiddeld bijna twee uur aan yoga doen. De populariteit van yoga in het westen wordt vaak gerelateerd aan een wijdverspreid geloof in de praktische en wetenschappelijke voordelen met betrekking tot gezondheid en welzijn. Daarnaast draagt ook het traditionele en historische karakter van yoga bij aan de populariteit in het westen (Newcombe, 2009). Het beoefenen van yoga wordt steeds meer norm en lijkt zodanig te integreren dat er laatste jaren een nieuwe vorm is ontstaan: bedrijfsyoga. Bedrijfsyoga is het praktiseren van yoga door werknemers in een door de werkgever gefaciliteerde ruimte. Zo biedt bijvoorbeeld Google op wekelijkse basis yoga voor de werknemers. Ook Nederlandse organisaties als Marktplaats en het Ministerie van Financiën of buitenlandse bedrijven met vestigingen in Nederland zoals Apple, Nike en Google, faciliteren ruimtes die mogelijkheid bieden om tijdens of na werktijd yoga te beoefenen (Bel, 2015). Zoals Strauss (2005) stelt is yoga uitgebreid bestudeerd als een filosofisch en religieus systeem, maar minder als een systeem dat lichamelijke praktijken in een bepaalde socioculturele context plaatst. In navolging op Strauss (2005) vormt het doel van mijn thesis om yoga in zijn specifieke socioculturele setting, namelijk de werksfeer, te onderzoeken. De vraag die in deze these centraal staat luidt: Hoe wordt yoga in de werksfeer geïntegreerd? Deze vraag tracht ik te beantwoorden met de volgende drie deelvragen: 1) Hoe ontstaat het initiatief om yoga te implementeren in de werksfeer? 2) Hoe wordt yoga toegepast in de werksfeer? En 3) Hoe wordt dit door de yogadocent en de werknemer ervaren? Om tot een antwoord op deze vragen te komen is ervoor gekozen om deze praktijk in zijn specifieke context te onderzoek, namelijk de werksfeer, middels een kwalitatief onderzoek waarbij ik interviews heb gehouden met yogadocenten die ervaring hebben met het geven van bedrijfsyoga of momenteel actief zijn als yogadocent bij een bedrijf. Verder heb ik een
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